3703:
74:
86:
364:, Bulgaria in September 1918. He came away with the understanding that the war was no longer winnable. With Germany likely seeking a separate peace, the Ottomans would be forced to do so as well. Talaat convinced the other members of the ruling party that they must resign, as the Allies would impose far harsher terms if they thought the people who started the war were still in power. He also sought out the United States to see if he could surrender to them and gain the benefits of the
101:
4211:
476:(1919â23) saw the rejection of the treaty by Turkish nationalist forces based in Ankara, who eventually took control of the Anatolian Peninsula. Ottoman territory in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia stayed as distributed by the Treaty of Sèvres while the borders of the Turkish nation-state were set by the
518:
The
Bolsheviks had support only in Petrograd and Moscow in 1917 and 1918. After allowing both Trotsky and Lenin to return to Russia by train from Switzerland and lead the October Revolution, Germany considered the Bolshevik government a puppet state under its power. After the signing of the Treaty of
454:
with
Bulgaria, which had been negotiated by French General Franchet d'Espèrey, and that Great Britain (and Tsarist Russia) had committed the vast majority of troops to the campaign against the Ottoman Empire. The French agreed to accept the matter as closed. The Ottoman educated public, however, was
385:
The
British cabinet received word of the offer and were eager to negotiate a deal. The standing terms of the alliance was that the first member that was approached for an armistice should conduct the negotiations; the British government interpreted that to mean that Britain conduct the negotiations
442:
The
Ottoman authorities, for their part, believed the war to be lost and would have accepted almost any demands placed on them. As a result, the initial draft prepared by the British was accepted largely unchanged; the Ottoman side did not know it could have pushed back on most of the clauses, and
416:
Both sides did not know that the other was actually quite eager to sign a deal and willing to give up some of their objectives to do so. The
British delegation had been given a list of 24 demands, but were told to concede on any of them if pressed, except occupation of the forts on the Dardanelles
437:
was also very contemptuous of
President Wilson and anxious to arrange the division of Turkey between France, Italy, and G.B. before speaking to America. He also thought it would attract less attention to our enormous gains during the war if we swallowed our share of Turkey now, and the German
386:
alone. The motives for this are not entirely clear, whether it was the sincere
British interpretation of the alliance terms, fears that the French would insist on over-harsh demands and foil a treaty, or a desire to cut the French out of territorial "spoils" promised to them in the
301:
put the
Ottomans at odds with their ally, Germany, which had been hoping to purchase Caucasus oil from the Bolshevik government in Moscow, while the Ottomans wanted to establish their eastern borders. The Ottoman armies advanced far into Caucasus, gathering supporters as far away as
443:
the
British did not know they could have demanded even more. Still, the terms were largely pro-British and close to an outright surrender; the Ottoman Empire ceded the rights to the Allies to occupy "in case of disorder" any Ottoman territory, a vague and broad clause.
455:
given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the
Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later when it seemed that the Allies had violated the offered terms during the
390:. Townshend also indicated that the Ottomans preferred to deal with the British; he did not know about the American contact or that Talaat had sent an emissary to the French as well but that emissary had been slower to respond back. The British cabinet empowered
467:
The Armistice of Mudros officially brought hostilities to an end between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire. However, incursions by the Italians and Greeks into Anatolia in the name of "restoring order" soon came close to an outright partition of the country. The
394:
to conduct the negotiations with an explicit exclusion of the French from them. They also suggested an armistice rather than a full peace treaty, in the belief that a peace treaty would require the approval of all of the Allied nations and be too slow.
594:
368:
despite the Ottoman Empire and the United States not being at war; however, the Americans never responded, as they were waiting on British advice as to how to respond that never came. On October 13, Talaat and the rest of his ministry resigned.
318:, one of the most influential members of the Ottoman government, maintained an optimistic stance, hid information that made the Ottoman position appear weak, and led most of the Ottoman elite to believe that the war was still winnable.
226:
in Istanbul. The Ottoman Parliament was officially disbanded by the Allies on 11 April 1920 due to the overwhelming opposition of the Turkish MPs to the provisions discussed in Sèvres. This was followed by the
341:. That undermined both the German and Ottoman cause simultaneously, as the Germans had no troops to spare to defend Austria-Hungary from the newly formed vulnerability in Southeastern Europe after the
3583:
2283:
406:
2298:
2482:
450:
disliked the British making unilateral decisions in so important a matter. Lloyd George countered that the French had concluded a similar armistice on short notice in the
3414:
243:
and his followers (including former MPs of the closed Ottoman Parliament), became the new de facto government of Turkey. The Armistice of Mudros was superseded by the
4309:
3648:
2380:
306:, on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea. Additionally, with the Bolsheviks in power in Moscow, chaos spread in Persia, as the Russo-British favoring government of
3669:
2017:
1841:
1181:
4319:
3214:
2459:
3337:
2487:
994:
2675:
2402:
2094:
1052:
4169:
2782:
519:
Brest-Litovsk, most Russians disliked the terms of the Bolshevik signed treaty and believed that the Bolsheviks were a puppet under German interests, too.
3457:
2917:
2690:
2445:
2685:
2375:
2326:
2241:
2529:
4259:
3946:
2370:
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222:(10 August 1920), which was signed in the aftermath of World War I, imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire, but it was never ratified by the
4304:
3043:
1159:
4299:
4274:
3597:
1221:
537:
314:
in October 1918. Hopes were initially high for the Ottomans that their losses in Syria might be compensated with successes in the Caucasus.
4284:
4249:
4115:
3497:
2955:
2430:
2360:
1999:
1211:
1122:
310:
lost authority outside of the capital. In contrast, in Syria, the Ottomans were steadily pushed back by British forces, culminating in the
111:
2454:
1345:
799:
85:
700:
409:, the senior French naval officer in the area, despite his desire to join; the Ottoman delegation, headed by Minister of Marine Affairs
4329:
4294:
3691:
3082:
1022:
1352:
3699:
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3019:
1004:
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4159:
2910:
2612:
2450:
2437:
2394:
2303:
2029:
1831:
1738:
1640:
1398:
1045:
3707:
3492:
2960:
2804:
2794:
2662:
342:
3554:
2576:
2510:
2347:
2226:
1899:
918:
774:
603:
256:
131:
3798:
3111:
2751:
2171:
956:
3192:
4269:
4244:
4085:
3749:
3658:
3009:
2522:
1846:
1474:
979:
274:
2736:
203:) was demobilized; and all ports, railways and other strategic points were made available for use by the Allies. In the
2903:
2721:
2011:
1413:
1171:
215:
3061:
4279:
3511:
3052:
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232:
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4289:
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814:
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which proved quite successful. The Bulgarian army was defeated, and Bulgaria was forced to sue for peace in the
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3180:
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3131:
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2138:
2035:
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1193:
1032:
931:
294:
4222:
4040:
4015:
3807:
3530:
3351:
3165:
2809:
2246:
2231:
2089:
2041:
1806:
1357:
1231:
1144:
1139:
908:
896:
891:
540:. This led to the recognition that a state of war exists between Tiflis and Constantinople in April 1918.
473:
456:
286:
228:
207:, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
1418:
4314:
4179:
4174:
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4000:
3995:
3778:
3715:
2950:
2789:
2746:
2023:
1781:
1766:
1668:
1537:
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1017:
974:
422:
311:
4005:
4129:
4045:
3990:
3677:
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1826:
1811:
1532:
1423:
1117:
1095:
844:
834:
767:
729:
494:
429:
also wanted to make a deal quickly before the United States could step in; according to the diary of
387:
326:
1678:
373:
replaced Talaat as Grand Vizier. Two days after taking office, he sent the captured British General
3970:
3136:
2706:
2193:
2183:
2112:
2065:
2053:
1993:
1801:
1796:
1718:
1127:
1100:
804:
595:
A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
533:
391:
4030:
3936:
325:, also known as the Salonika campaign, had been largely stable since 1916. In September 1918, the
240:
4134:
4075:
3773:
3633:
3507:
3447:
3262:
3024:
2945:
2777:
2769:
2711:
2471:
2166:
1929:
1756:
1751:
1683:
1542:
1527:
1522:
1502:
1383:
1260:
529:
3921:
1723:
413:, indicated that it was acceptable as they were accredited only to the British, not the French.
4055:
3985:
3975:
3862:
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3332:
3116:
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2268:
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1786:
1713:
1663:
1648:
1630:
1603:
1517:
1484:
1149:
1110:
1090:
901:
794:
211:
632:
From Paris to Sèvres. The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919â1920
4164:
4154:
4065:
4060:
4035:
3906:
3896:
3822:
3545:
3462:
3197:
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3096:
2534:
2188:
2077:
1853:
1816:
1746:
1693:
1615:
1583:
1557:
1507:
1438:
1340:
1293:
1077:
946:
829:
489:
451:
338:
195:, and to occupy any Ottoman territory "in case of disorder" threatening their security. The
3817:
3573:
3563:
3175:
3106:
2884:
2799:
1479:
1453:
1403:
760:
399:
158:
139:
104:
56:
3857:
1428:
8:
4254:
4010:
3891:
3867:
3729:
3724:
3428:
3287:
3151:
2970:
2866:
2005:
1869:
1698:
1658:
1653:
1598:
1281:
1275:
1176:
4194:
3535:
2819:
472:
in 1920 officially partitioned the Ottoman Empire into zones of influence; however, the
469:
219:
3916:
3882:
3592:
3342:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3160:
3126:
3101:
3004:
2826:
2741:
2100:
1964:
1946:
1911:
1875:
1708:
1673:
1625:
1610:
1497:
1448:
1287:
1246:
926:
477:
447:
426:
244:
223:
3847:
4090:
4070:
3965:
3955:
3852:
3525:
3438:
3248:
2965:
2859:
2853:
2814:
2716:
2549:
2132:
1987:
1970:
1771:
1593:
1573:
1408:
1393:
1323:
1311:
1012:
989:
936:
717:
709:
676:
657:
599:
370:
298:
260:
200:
277:
deserting after the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Ottomans regained ground in
247:, signed on 24 July 1923, following the Turkish victory in the War of Independence.
4144:
3926:
3837:
3578:
3452:
3361:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3277:
3141:
3038:
3014:
2995:
1917:
1887:
1881:
1791:
1620:
1588:
1578:
1317:
1241:
1236:
1164:
984:
884:
334:
322:
307:
270:
264:
123:
705:
4184:
3960:
3842:
3832:
3783:
3739:
3623:
3370:
3317:
3267:
3202:
3170:
3071:
3056:
2726:
2566:
1905:
1458:
1433:
1132:
1040:
879:
365:
739:, German Historical Institute, Washington, DC (www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org)
4124:
4080:
3827:
3702:
3228:
3219:
2559:
2539:
2210:
1923:
1761:
1552:
1443:
1299:
1203:
1186:
346:
135:
73:
187:, granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Straits of the
4238:
4215:
3297:
2670:
1958:
1952:
1388:
1305:
1216:
742:
721:
589:
536:
convened but failed to define the borders between the Ottoman Empire and the
321:
Developments in Southeast Europe quashed the Ottoman government's hopes. The
146:. It was signed on 30 October 1918 by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs
2895:
3385:
2120:
1547:
625:
Great Britain and the Kemalist Movement for Turkish Independence, 1919â1923
353:
196:
281:
and even pushed into formerly Russian-controlled Caucasus with, at first,
3233:
3033:
2940:
2331:
2236:
1934:
1362:
783:
405:, a British battleship. The British refused to admit French Vice-Admiral
315:
282:
188:
143:
3628:
3409:
3380:
3375:
3356:
3238:
410:
290:
147:
100:
3613:
2126:
1893:
418:
349:
against an overland European siege without help from the Bulgarians.
269:
World War I took a chaotic turn in 1918 for the Ottoman Empire. With
180:
2386:
303:
204:
192:
184:
78:
3643:
278:
165:
151:
562:
Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East
673:
Understanding the Armenian Question: Malta Tribunal (1919-1921)
357:
236:
179:
Among its conditions, the Ottomans surrendered their remaining
173:
169:
752:
728:"Mudros Agreement: Armistice with Turkey (October 30, 1918)" (
639:
AtatĂźrk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey
446:
The French were displeased with the precedent; French Premier
2554:
634:, Ohio 1974, S. 3â5, the text can be found on pages pp. 341f.
361:
3638:
746:
421:; the British desired access to the Black Sea for the
3458:
Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
345:, and the Ottomans suddenly faced having to defend
16:
1918 truce between Ottoman Empire and Allied powers
699:
675:. Offenbach am Main: Manzara Verlag. p. 304.
656:. Offenbach am Main: Manzara Verlag. p. 357.
4236:
398:The negotiations began on Sunday, October 27 on
1729:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
3685:
3598:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
2925:
2911:
768:
538:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
377:to the Allies to seek terms on an armistice.
4310:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861â1946)
3498:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2956:Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence
297:which excluded German officers and men. The
2219:
176:, and it took effect at noon the next day.
4320:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801â1922)
3692:
3678:
2918:
2904:
775:
761:
654:The Relocation Trials in Occupied Istanbul
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
110:on an earlier visit to Mudros during the
3020:December 1915 Greek legislative election
2018:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
697:
564:, (Harvard University Press, 2001), 327.
289:and, later beginning in June 1918, with
99:
3039:Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia
2395:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
588:
4260:Military history of the Ottoman Empire
4237:
2961:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
737:German History in Documents and Images
567:
4305:Treaties of the French Third Republic
3673:
3015:Establishment of the Macedonian front
2899:
2348:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
1684:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
756:
257:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
4300:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom
4275:Peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire
3044:Surrender and internment of IV Corps
2752:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
670:
4285:Peace treaties of the United States
4250:Treaties entered into force in 1918
3659:Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece)
3010:May 1915 Greek legislative election
2681:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
1475:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
651:
13:
3493:Paris Peace Conference (1919â1920)
1414:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
216:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
210:The armistice was followed by the
14:
4346:
4295:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
3584:Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace
3555:Conference of London of 1921â1922
691:
233:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
4209:
3701:
3654:Medal of Military Merit (Greece)
3429:Accession of Alexander of Greece
1777:Second Battle of the Piave River
1399:Russian invasion of East Prussia
708:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
343:losses it had suffered in France
231:which continued until 1923. The
84:
72:
4150:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
3541:1920 Greek legislative election
3526:League of Nations establishment
2848:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
2048:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
782:
598:. Macmillan. pp. 360â373.
380:
155:Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe
91:Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe
4101:Brussels Conference Act (1890)
3708:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
2671:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
2530:Deportations from East Prussia
2327:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
716:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
554:
522:
512:
375:Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend
1:
4330:Greco-Turkish War (1919â1922)
3512:Greco-Turkish War (1919â1922)
3424:French occupation of Thessaly
2582:Ukrainian Canadian internment
747:Turkey in the First World War
616:
547:
500:Armistice of 11 November 1918
417:and free passage through the
250:
3569:11 September 1922 Revolution
3502:Southern Russia intervention
3473:Occupation of Constantinople
3062:National Defence coup d'ĂŠtat
2976:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
2737:SazonovâPalĂŠologue Agreement
2036:Estonian War of Independence
1704:Southern Palestine offensive
462:
7:
3531:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
3517:VenizelosâTittoni agreement
3352:Hellenic Army General Staff
3166:National Defence Army Corps
2691:USA against Austria-Hungary
2090:Turkish War of Independence
2042:Latvian War of Independence
1767:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
1358:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
483:
474:Turkish War of Independence
457:Turkish War of Independence
229:Turkish War of Independence
130:) ended hostilities in the
10:
4351:
4270:1918 in the Ottoman Empire
4245:Treaties concluded in 1918
3644:Allied cemetery of Moudros
3193:ArmĂŠe d'Orient (1915â1919)
2951:Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
2774:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
2322:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
1782:Second Battle of the Marne
1669:Second battle of the Aisne
1538:Second Battle of Champagne
1379:German invasion of Belgium
254:
41:October 30, 1918
4203:
4114:
3945:
3881:
3797:
3748:
3714:
3606:
3481:
3398:
3247:
3188:Allied Army of the Orient
3081:
3070:
2984:
2933:
2927:Greece during World War I
2880:
2839:
2760:
2699:
2661:
2605:
2594:
2555:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
2498:
2470:
2418:
2340:
2314:
2266:
2159:
2152:
2084:Irish War of Independence
1980:
1862:
1827:Armistice of Villa Giusti
1812:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
1737:
1639:
1566:
1467:
1424:First Battle of the Marne
1371:
1333:
1268:
1259:
1202:
1076:
1065:
1031:
1003:
965:
917:
870:
863:
790:
644:Sir Frederick B. Maurice
495:Armistice of Villa Giusti
65:
52:
37:
29:
24:
4280:Peace treaties of France
3208:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
3137:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos
2707:Constantinople Agreement
2000:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
1863:Co-belligerent conflicts
1832:Second Romanian campaign
1802:Third Transjordan attack
1513:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
1419:Battle of Grand CouronnĂŠ
698:YanÄąkdaÄ, YĂźcel (2020).
637:Patrick Balfour Kinross
534:Trabzon peace conference
505:
331:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
4290:Peace treaties of Italy
4155:Armenian reforms (1914)
3649:Greek cemetery of Pirot
3634:Serbian Museum of Corfu
3508:Greek landing at Smyrna
3448:Battle of Skra-di-Legen
3434:Great Thessaloniki Fire
3263:Constantine I of Greece
2946:Treaty of London (1913)
2770:Modus vivendi of Acroma
2722:BulgariaâGermany treaty
2030:Greater Poland Uprising
1930:National Protection War
1807:MeuseâArgonne offensive
1757:German spring offensive
1752:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1528:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
1503:Second Battle of Artois
1384:Battle of the Frontiers
530:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
528:Under the terms of the
4026:HĂźnkar Ä°skelesi (1833)
3619:Mikra British Cemetery
3333:Dimitrios Kalapothakis
3117:Nikolaos Christodoulou
2795:Paris Peace Conference
2783:UkraineâCentral Powers
2577:Massacres of Albanians
2545:Late Ottoman genocides
2352:Bulgarian occupations
2060:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2024:HungarianâRomanian War
1842:Naval Victory Bulletin
1837:Armistice with Germany
1787:Hundred Days Offensive
1714:Battle of La Malmaison
1664:Second battle of Arras
1631:Battle of Transylvania
1485:Second Battle of Ypres
1353:Sarajevo assassination
1242:South African Republic
714:Encyclopaedia of Islam
701:"Mudros, Armistice of"
646:The Armistices of 1918
440:
329:(under the command of
212:occupation of Istanbul
132:Middle Eastern theatre
127:
115:
4325:Greece in World War I
4140:Constantinople (1913)
4106:Constantinople (1897)
4096:Constantinople (1888)
4086:Constantinople (1881)
4021:Constantinople (1832)
3981:Constantinople (1800)
3932:Kßçßk Kaynarca (1774)
3912:Constantinople (1736)
3902:Constantinople (1724)
3873:Constantinople (1700)
3813:Constantinople (1590)
3789:Constantinople (1562)
3774:Franco-Ottoman (1536)
3769:Constantinople (1533)
3764:Constantinople (1479)
3759:Constantinople (1454)
3546:1920 Greek referendum
3463:Armistice of Salonica
3215:Democratic Battalions
3198:British Salonika Army
3147:Neokosmos Grigoriadis
3122:Themistoklis Sofoulis
3112:Emmanouil Zymvrakakis
3097:Eleftherios Venizelos
3025:Serbian Army in Corfu
2805:Treaty of St. Germain
2778:RussiaâCentral Powers
2732:SykesâPicot Agreement
2560:Pontic Greek genocide
2535:Destruction of Kalisz
2511:Eastern Mediterranean
2072:PolishâLithuanian War
1854:Armistice of Belgrade
1817:Armistice of Salonica
1747:Operation Faustschlag
1694:Third Battle of Oituz
1616:Baranovichi offensive
1584:Lake Naroch offensive
1558:Battle of Robat Karim
1533:VistulaâBug offensive
1508:Battles of the Isonzo
1439:First Battle of Ypres
671:Uluç, Gßrkan (2024).
652:Ata, Ferudun (2018).
490:Armistice of Salonica
452:Armistice of Salonica
435:
388:SykesâPicot Agreement
339:Armistice of Salonica
275:Russian Caucasus Army
103:
4265:World War I treaties
4170:Brest-Litovsk (1918)
3574:Armistice of Mudanya
3564:Great fire of Smyrna
3338:Georgios Pesmazoglou
3176:Archipelago Division
3107:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2800:Treaty of Versailles
2516:Mount Lebanon famine
2431:in the United States
2399:Russian occupations
2113:TurkishâArmenian War
2054:PolishâUkrainian War
1994:UkrainianâSoviet War
1941:Central Asian Revolt
1724:Armistice of FocČani
1454:Battle of Sarikamish
1404:Battle of Tannenberg
800:Military engagements
239:on 23 April 1920 by
112:Dardanelles campaign
4335:October 1918 events
3863:Bakhchisaray (1681)
3468:Armistice of Mudros
3288:Stefanos Skouloudis
3152:Georgios Papandreou
2971:Massacre of Phocaea
2867:They shall not pass
2790:Treaty of Bucharest
2747:Treaty of Bucharest
2686:USA against Germany
2663:Declarations of war
2367:German occupations
2280:British casualties
2139:SovietâGeorgian War
2066:Egyptian Revolution
2006:Armeno-Georgian War
1870:Somaliland campaign
1822:Armistice of Mudros
1699:Battle of Caporetto
1689:Battle of MÄrÄČeČti
1659:Zimmermann telegram
1654:February Revolution
1599:Battle of the Somme
1523:Bug-Narew Offensive
1498:Battle of Gallipoli
1490:Sinking of the RMS
1282:Scramble for Africa
1276:Franco-Prussian War
932:Sinai and Palestine
241:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
214:and the subsequent
120:Armistice of Mudros
21:
20:Armistice of Mudros
4223:Treaties of Turkey
4066:San Stefano (1878)
4036:Balta Liman (1838)
3937:AynalÄąkavak (1779)
3907:Ahmet Pasha (1732)
3897:Passarowitz (1718)
3823:Nasuh Pasha (1612)
3593:Treaty of Lausanne
3415:Battle of Katerini
3343:Spyridon Mercouris
3308:Georgios Theotokis
3303:Konstantinos Nider
3293:Stefanos Dragoumis
3283:Sofoklis Dousmanis
3273:Dimitrios Gounaris
3161:Cretan Gendarmerie
3132:Theodoros Pangalos
3127:Nikolaos Plastiras
3102:Panagiotis Danglis
3005:Gallipoli campaign
2827:Treaty of Lausanne
2742:Paris Economy Pact
2676:UK against Germany
2606:Entry into the war
2572:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
2291:Ottoman casualties
2101:Franco-Turkish War
1981:Post-War conflicts
1965:Russian Revolution
1947:Invasion of Darfur
1912:Kelantan rebellion
1900:Kurdish rebellions
1876:Mexican Revolution
1709:October Revolution
1674:Kerensky offensive
1649:Capture of Baghdad
1626:Monastir offensive
1611:Brusilov offensive
1449:Battle of Kolubara
1288:Russo-Japanese War
704:. In Fleet, Kate;
630:Paul C. Helmreich
623:Laura M. Adkisson
478:Treaty of Lausanne
448:Georges Clemenceau
427:David Lloyd George
245:Treaty of Lausanne
224:Ottoman Parliament
128:Mondros MĂźtarekesi
116:
25:Mondros MĂźtarekesi
19:
4315:History of Lemnos
4232:
4231:
4216:Turkey portal
4016:Adrianople (1829)
3818:Zitvatorok (1606)
3808:Adrianople (1568)
3779:Adrianople (1547)
3667:
3666:
3439:Samarina Republic
3394:
3393:
2966:Protocol of Corfu
2893:
2892:
2876:
2875:
2860:The Golden Virgin
2854:Mutilated victory
2835:
2834:
2815:Treaty of Trianon
2810:Treaty of Neuilly
2717:Damascus Protocol
2590:
2589:
2550:Armenian genocide
2507:Allied blockades
2479:Belgian refugees
2262:
2261:
2172:Strategic bombing
2148:
2147:
2133:Franco-Syrian War
2107:Greco-Turkish War
2095:Anglo-Turkish War
2078:PolishâSoviet War
2012:German Revolution
1988:Russian Civil War
1971:Finnish Civil War
1797:Battle of Megiddo
1772:Battle of Goychay
1719:Battle of Cambrai
1679:Battle of MÄrÄČti
1594:Battle of Jutland
1574:Erzurum offensive
1429:Siege of PrzemyĹl
1409:Siege of Tsingtao
1394:Battle of Galicia
1324:Second Balkan War
1312:Italo-Turkish War
1269:Pre-War conflicts
1255:
1254:
1145:Portuguese Empire
1061:
1060:
1023:German New Guinea
1005:Asian and Pacific
605:978-0-8050-8809-0
425:. Prime Minister
392:Admiral Calthorpe
371:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
299:Caucasus Campaign
261:Caucasus Campaign
235:, established in
201:Ottoman Air Force
98:
97:
4342:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4180:Bucharest (1918)
4175:Trebizond (1918)
3996:Bucharest (1812)
3868:Karlowitz (1699)
3730:Selymbria (1411)
3725:Gallipoli (1403)
3706:
3705:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3629:Paionia Memorial
3579:Trial of the Six
3536:Treaty of Sèvres
3453:Vardar offensive
3362:Church of Greece
3328:Nikolaos Stratos
3323:Spyridon Lambros
3313:Dimitrios Rallis
3278:Viktor Dousmanis
3142:Nikolaos Politis
3079:
3078:
3034:Roupel surrender
2996:Serbian campaign
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2820:Treaty of Sèvres
2712:Treaty of London
2603:
2602:
2381:Northeast France
2312:
2311:
2284:Parliamentarians
2217:
2216:
2179:Chemical weapons
2157:
2156:
1918:Senussi campaign
1888:Muscat rebellion
1882:Maritz rebellion
1850:
1792:Vardar offensive
1621:Battle of Romani
1589:Battle of Asiago
1579:Battle of Verdun
1543:Kosovo offensive
1318:First Balkan War
1266:
1265:
1165:Russian Republic
1074:
1073:
868:
867:
810:Economic history
777:
770:
763:
754:
753:
734:
725:
703:
686:
667:
641:, New York 1965.
627:, Michigan 1958.
610:
609:
586:
565:
558:
541:
526:
520:
516:
470:Treaty of Sèvres
335:sudden offensive
323:Macedonian front
312:fall of Damascus
308:Ahmad Shah Qajar
287:Ottoman 3rd Army
265:Macedonian front
220:Treaty of Sèvres
89:
88:
77:
76:
48:
46:
22:
18:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4165:Erzincan (1917)
4110:
4011:Akkerman (1826)
3976:El Arish (1800)
3941:
3917:Belgrade (1739)
3877:
3793:
3744:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3668:
3663:
3624:Doiran Memorial
3602:
3477:
3390:
3318:Georgios Streit
3268:Ioannis Metaxas
3250:
3243:
3203:Maurice Sarrail
3171:Serres Division
3084:
3073:
3066:
3057:Northern Epirus
2980:
2929:
2924:
2894:
2889:
2872:
2831:
2763:
2756:
2727:Treaty of Darin
2695:
2657:
2613:Austria-Hungary
2599:
2586:
2567:Rape of Belgium
2494:
2466:
2414:
2408:Western Armenia
2403:Eastern Galicia
2336:
2310:
2274:
2273:Civilian impact
2272:
2258:
2215:
2144:
1976:
1906:Ovambo Uprising
1858:
1844:
1733:
1635:
1562:
1480:Battle of ĹomĹźa
1463:
1459:Christmas truce
1434:Race to the Sea
1367:
1329:
1251:
1222:Austria-Hungary
1198:
1133:Empire of Japan
1070:
1068:
1057:
1041:U-boat campaign
1027:
999:
961:
913:
859:
840:Popular culture
786:
781:
732:
710:Rowson, Everett
694:
689:
683:
664:
619:
614:
613:
606:
587:
568:
560:Karsh, Efraim,
559:
555:
550:
545:
544:
527:
523:
517:
513:
508:
486:
465:
438:colonies later.
383:
366:Fourteen Points
360:, Germany, and
267:
253:
199:(including the
83:
71:
44:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Tophane (1886)
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:Scutari (1862)
4058:
4053:
4051:Erzurum (1847)
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:KĂźtahya (1833)
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Erzurum (1823)
4003:
4001:Algiers (1815)
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3966:Tripoli (1796)
3963:
3958:
3956:Sistova (1791)
3952:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Ĺťurawno (1676)
3855:
3853:Buczacz (1672)
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3799:Transformation
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3514:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3381:Antivenizelism
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3222:
3220:Basil Zaharoff
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:Crete Division
3178:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3055:occupation of
3046:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2762:Peace treaties
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:United Kingdom
2645:
2640:
2638:Ottoman Empire
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2540:Sack of Dinant
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:United Kingdom
2485:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2442:POW locations
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:United Kingdom
2239:
2237:Ottoman Empire
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2211:Trench warfare
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1924:Volta-Bani War
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Zeebrugge Raid
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1553:Battle of Loos
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Black Sea raid
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:Historiography
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1300:Bosnian Crisis
1297:
1294:Tangier Crisis
1291:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Ottoman Empire
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:Central Powers
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1187:British Empire
1182:United Kingdom
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:Russian Empire
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1078:Entente Powers
1071:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:North Atlantic
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
957:Central Arabia
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
921:
919:Middle Eastern
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
905:
904:
894:
889:
888:
887:
876:
874:
865:
861:
860:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:Historiography
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
788:
787:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
751:
750:
740:
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706:Krämer, Gudrun
693:
692:External links
690:
688:
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681:
668:
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648:, London 1943.
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168:harbor on the
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4190:Mudros (1918)
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4135:London (1913)
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4071:Cyprus (1878)
4069:
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3947:Modernization
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3784:Amasya (1555)
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2204:Convoy system
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2199:Naval warfare
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2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
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2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
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1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:Kaocen revolt
1957:
1954:
1953:Easter Rising
1951:
1948:
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1519:
1518:Great Retreat
1516:
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1392:
1390:
1389:Battle of Cer
1387:
1385:
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1322:
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1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:Agadir Crisis
1304:
1301:
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1201:
1195:
1194:United States
1192:
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1119:
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1112:
1111:French Empire
1109:
1108:
1107:
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1102:
1099:
1097:
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1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
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1079:
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1072:
1064:
1054:
1053:Mediterranean
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:Naval warfare
1030:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
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991:
988:
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928:
925:
924:
922:
920:
916:
910:
909:Italian Front
907:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:Eastern Front
895:
893:
892:Western Front
890:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
866:
862:
856:
853:
851:
850:Puppet states
848:
846:
843:
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838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
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778:
773:
771:
766:
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759:
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755:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:), volume 6,
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
696:
695:
684:
682:9783911130004
678:
674:
669:
665:
663:9783939795926
659:
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647:
643:
640:
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633:
629:
626:
622:
621:
607:
601:
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531:
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501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
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471:
460:
458:
453:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:
396:
393:
389:
378:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:Grand Vizier
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Allied forces
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
295:Army of Islam
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
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213:
208:
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186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
108:
102:
92:
87:
82:
80:
75:
70:
69:
68:
64:
61:
60:
55:
51:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4221:
4207:
4189:
4185:Batum (1918)
4160:Sofia (1915)
4130:Ouchy (1912)
4056:Paris (1856)
3991:Ăanak (1809)
3986:Paris (1802)
3971:Tunis (1797)
3961:Jassy (1792)
3892:Pruth (1711)
3843:Zuhab (1639)
3833:Serav (1618)
3828:Busza (1617)
3588:
3559:
3550:
3521:
3488:
3467:
3443:
3419:
3405:
3366:
3347:
3258:
3224:
3156:
3092:
3029:
3000:
2991:
2865:
2858:
2846:
2453: /
2385:
2220:Conscription
2184:Cryptography
2121:Iraqi Revolt
1821:
1548:Siege of Kut
1491:
1069:participants
1018:German Samoa
952:South Arabia
736:
733:(in English)
713:
672:
653:
645:
638:
631:
624:
593:
561:
556:
524:
514:
466:
445:
441:
436:
415:
401:
397:
384:
381:Negotiations
354:Talaat Pasha
351:
333:) mounted a
320:
268:
209:
197:Ottoman Army
178:
160:
150:and British
134:between the
119:
117:
106:
58:
4125:Daan (1911)
4118:(1908â1922)
3949:(1789â1908)
3885:(1703â1789)
3801:(1566â1703)
3752:(1453â1566)
3718:(1299â1453)
3607:Remembrance
3251:governments
3234:Megali Idea
3229:Pro-Entente
2941:Balkan Wars
2483:Netherlands
2460:Switzerland
2341:Occupations
2332:Spanish flu
2109:(1919â1922)
2103:(1918â1921)
2097:(1918â1923)
2086:(1919â1921)
2080:(1919â1921)
2074:(1919â1920)
2050:(1918â1920)
2044:(1918â1920)
2038:(1918â1920)
2020:(1918â1920)
2002:(1918â1920)
1996:(1917â1921)
1990:(1917â1921)
1937:(1916-1918)
1935:Arab Revolt
1926:(1915â1917)
1920:(1915â1917)
1908:(1914-1917)
1902:(1914â1917)
1896:(1914â1921)
1890:(1913â1920)
1878:(1910â1920)
1872:(1900â1920)
1845: [
1363:July Crisis
1284:(1880â1914)
947:Mesopotamia
825:Home fronts
784:World War I
316:Enver Pasha
283:Vehip Pasha
189:Dardanelles
157:, on board
144:World War I
66:Signatories
4255:Armistices
4239:Categories
3922:NiĹ (1739)
3883:Old Regime
3410:Noemvriana
3376:Monarchism
3371:Neutrality
3357:Epistratoi
3239:Venizelism
2934:Background
2700:Agreements
2500:War crimes
2376:Luxembourg
2269:Casualties
1140:Montenegro
975:South West
855:Technology
845:Propaganda
835:Opposition
617:Literature
548:References
291:Nuri Pasha
255:See also:
251:Background
172:island of
45:1918-10-30
3614:Zeitenlik
3482:Aftermath
2597:Diplomacy
2304:Olympians
2227:Australia
2194:Logistics
2127:Vlora War
2056:(1918â19)
2032:(1918â19)
2026:(1918â19)
2014:(1918â19)
1961:(1916â17)
1943:(1916â17)
1894:Zaian War
1884:(1914â15)
1604:first day
1492:Lusitania
1320:(1912â13)
1314:(1911â12)
1302:(1908â09)
1296:(1905â06)
1278:(1870â71)
1067:Principal
927:Gallipoli
830:Memorials
815:Geography
805:Aftermath
743:Armistice
730:full text
722:1873-9830
480:in 1923.
463:Aftermath
419:Bosphorus
407:Jean Amet
402:Agamemnon
181:garrisons
161:Agamemnon
107:Agamemnon
59:Agamemnon
33:Armistice
3083:National
3072:National
2885:Category
2472:Refugees
2438:Italians
2427:Germans
2387:Ober Ost
2167:Aviation
1261:Timeline
1232:Bulgaria
1013:Tsingtao
990:Togoland
937:Caucasus
872:European
864:Theatres
749:website.
712:(eds.).
592:(2009).
484:See also
411:Rauf Bey
356:visited
304:Tashkent
271:Yudenich
205:Caucasus
193:Bosporus
191:and the
185:Anatolia
183:outside
148:Rauf Bey
138:and the
114:in 1915.
79:Rauf Bey
53:Location
3348:Support
3157:Support
3085:Defence
3049:Italian
2623:Germany
2523:Germany
2451:Germany
2371:Belgium
2356:Albania
2315:Disease
2295:Sports
2247:Ireland
2160:Warfare
2153:Aspects
1341:Origins
1334:Prelude
1237:Senussi
1217:Germany
1212:Leaders
1150:Romania
1091:Belgium
1086:Leaders
985:Kamerun
967:African
902:Romania
880:Balkans
795:Outline
279:Armenia
166:Moudros
152:Admiral
124:Turkish
43: (
3399:Events
3259:People
3093:People
3074:Schism
3053:French
2985:Events
2643:Russia
2618:France
2446:Canada
2361:Serbia
2232:Canada
2189:Horses
2141:(1921)
2135:(1920)
2129:(1920)
2123:(1920)
2115:(1920)
2068:(1919)
2062:(1919)
2008:(1918)
1973:(1918)
1967:(1917)
1955:(1916)
1949:(1916)
1914:(1915)
1326:(1913)
1308:(1911)
1290:(1905)
1247:Darfur
1172:Serbia
1155:Russia
1118:Greece
1106:France
1096:Brazil
942:Persia
885:Serbia
720:
679:
660:
602:
532:, the
358:Berlin
263:, and
237:Ankara
218:. The
174:Lemnos
140:Allies
38:Signed
3367:Ideas
3249:Royal
3225:Ideas
2840:Other
2633:Japan
2628:Italy
2455:camps
2299:Rugby
1849:]
1128:Japan
1123:Italy
1101:China
995:North
745:, in
506:Notes
362:Sofia
170:Greek
4116:Fall
3716:Rise
3639:Vido
3589:1923
3560:1922
3551:1921
3522:1920
3510:and
3489:1919
3444:1918
3420:1917
3406:1916
3051:and
3030:1916
3001:1915
2992:1914
2420:POWs
1739:1918
1641:1917
1567:1916
1468:1915
1372:1914
1177:Siam
980:East
718:ISSN
677:ISBN
658:ISBN
600:ISBN
400:HMS
159:HMS
118:The
105:HMS
57:HMS
30:Type
293:'s
285:'s
273:'s
164:in
142:of
4241::
3591::
3562::
3553::
3524::
3491::
3446::
3422::
3408::
3369::
3350::
3261::
3227::
3159::
3095::
3032::
3003::
2994::
1847:It
569:^
459:.
433::
259:,
126::
3693:e
3686:t
3679:v
3504:)
3500:(
2919:e
2912:t
2905:v
2271:/
776:e
769:t
762:v
724:.
685:.
666:.
608:.
122:(
47:)
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