1386:. The trials began in Istanbul on 28 April 1919. The prosecution presented "forty-two authenticated documents substantiating the charges therein, many bearing dates, identification of senders of the cipher telegrams and letters, and names of recipients." On 22 July, the court-martial found several defendants guilty of subverting constitutionalism by force and found them responsible for massacres. During its whole existence from 28 April 1919, to 29 March 1920, Ottoman trials were performed very poorly and with increasing inefficiency, as presumed guilty people were already intended as a sacrifice to save the Empire. However, as an occupation authority, the historical rightfulness of the Allies was at stake. Calthorpe wrote to London: "proving to be a farce and injurious to our own prestige and to that of the Turkish government". The Allies considered Ottoman trials as a travesty of justice, so Ottoman justice had to be replaced with
594:
461:
337:
322:
1902:
620:
507:
483:
520:
533:
419:
406:
364:
1255:
378:
2103:
611:
472:
1464:
2332:
350:
392:
1150:
577:
2369:
1414:
2207:
1239:
450:
439:
308:
2253:
293:
2405:
1448:
145:
1362:
1732:
sovereignty. British intelligence registered the
Turkish national movement as a movement of the Muslim citizens of Anatolia. The Muslim unrest in Anatolia brought two arguments to the British government regarding the new establishments: the Muslim administration was not safe for Christians; that the Treaty of Sèvres was the only way that Christians could be safe. Enforcing the Treaty of Sèvres could not happen without repressing Kemal's
1777:
1536:
22:
1432:'s behavior during this period did nothing to improve matters. Calthorpe urged that Kemal be recalled. Thanks to friends and sympathizers of Kemal in government circles, a 'compromise' was developed whereby the power of the inspector general was curbed, at least on paper. "Inspector General" became a title that had no power to command. On 23 June 1919, Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe began to understand Kemal and his role in the
2300:
2427:
3412:
2094:, who announced the intention to convoke the Senate for the purpose of ratification of the Treaty, provided that national unity be achieved. This required seeking cooperation with Kemal. The latter expressed disdain to the Treaty and started a military assault. As a result, the Turkish Government issued a note to the Entente that the ratification of the Treaty was impossible at that time.
1339:
Muslim-Turks while
Bulgarian, Austrian and German offenders were as yet neither arrested nor molested". However, the government and the Sultan understood the message. In February 1919, Allies were informed that the Ottoman Empire was in compliance with its full apparatus to the occupation forces. Any source of conflict (including
1731:
Negotiations for the Treaty of Sèvres presumed a Greek, French-Armenian, Wilsonian
Armenia and Italian occupation region being Christian administrations, as opposed to the prior Muslim administration of the Ottoman Empire. Muslim citizens of the Ottoman Empire perceived this plan as depriving them of
1338:
and the military/political personalities. He wanted to send a message that a military occupation was in effect and failure to comply would end with harsh punishment. His position was not shared with other partners. The French
Government's response to those accused was "distinction to disadvantage of
1743:
at that time, they could at least control
Istanbul. The plan was to begin with methodically dismantling organizations within Istanbul and to then slowly advance into Anatolia. The British foreign department was asked to devise a plan to ease this path, and developed the same plan that they had used
1377:
Calthorpe's message was fully noted by the Sultan. There was an eastern tradition of presenting gifts to the authority during serious conflicts, sometimes "falling of heads". There was no higher goal than preserving the integrity of the
Ottoman Institution. If Calthorpe's anger could be calmed down
1897:
being killed when troops raided their barracks. On 18 March, the
Ottoman parliamentarians came together in a last meeting. A black cloth covered the pulpit of the Parliament as reminder of its absent members and the Parliament sent a letter of protest to the Allies, declaring the arrest of five of
1225:
by "occupying
Constantinople". This verbal promise and lack of mention of the occupation of Istanbul in the armistice proper did not change the realities for the Ottoman Empire. Calthorpe put the British position as "No kind of favour whatsoever to any Turk and to hold out no hope for them". The
1728:. In doing so, all forms of resistance originating from the Ottoman Empire (rebellions, Sultan, etc.) were to be dismantled. The Allies' military forces in Istanbul ordered that the necessary actions be taken; while the political side increased efforts to put the Treaty of Sèvres into writing.
2066:
The treaty terms were presented to the Sultan in the middle of June. The treaty was harsher than the
Ottomans expected, because of the military pressure placed on the insurgency from April to June 1920, the Allies did not expect that there would be any serious opposition.
1230:, in which he promised on behalf of the British government that only British and French troops would be used in the occupation of the Straits fortifications. A small number of Ottoman troops could be allowed to stay on in the occupied areas as a symbol of sovereignty.
1343:) would be investigated by a commission, to which neutral governments could attach two legal superintendents. Calthorpe's correspondence to Foreign Office was "The action undertaken for the arrests was very satisfactory, and has, I think, intimidated the
2008:
quickly escalated, with
British forces opening fire on the nationalists, and bombing them from the air. Although the attack forced the nationalists to retreat, the weakness of the British position had been made apparent. The British commander, General
1278:; on 12 November 1918, a French brigade entered Istanbul. The first British troops entered the city on the following day. Early in December 1918, Allied troops occupied sections of Istanbul and set up an Allied military administration.
2013:, asked for reinforcements of at least twenty-seven divisions. The British were unwilling to agree to a deployment of this size, as it could have political consequences that were beyond the British government's capacity to handle.
1390:
justice by moving the trials to Malta as "International" trials. The "International" trials declined to use any evidence developed by the Ottoman tribunals. When the International trials were staged, Calthorpe was replaced by
1509:
took place; it featured discussions about settling the treaty terms to be offered in San Remo. De Robeck reminded participants that Anatolia was moving into a resistance stage. There were arguments of "National Pact"
1921:, saying, "There would be no one left to blame for what will be coming soon"; the Sultan revealed his own version of the declaration of dissolution on 11 April, after approximately 150 Turkish politicians accused of
1916:
The dissolution of the Ottoman left the Sultan as the sole legal authority of the Empire; in line with British aims to isolate the Sultan. Beginning with 18 March, the Sultan followed the directives of the British
699:
4027:
3760:
1082:
and set up an Allied military administration early in December 1918. The occupation had two stages: the initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the
2388:
496:
1494:
with the title of "Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, and High Commissioner at Constantinople". He was responsible for activities regarding Russia and Turkey (Ottoman Empire-Turkish national movement).
1989:
should be suppressed by local forces in Anatolia, with the help of British training and arms. In response to a formal British request, the Istanbul government appointed an Anatolian general inspector
2197:
on 24 July 1923. Under the terms of the treaty, Allied forces started evacuating Istanbul on 23 August 1923 and completed the task on 4 October 1923 – British, Italian, and French troops departing
1518:). He tried to persuade the leaders to take quick action to control the Sultan and pressure the rebels from both directions. This request posed awkward problems at the highest level: promises for
2118:. The British decided to resist any attempt to penetrate the neutral zone of the Straits. Kemal was persuaded by the French to order his forces to avoid any incident at Chanak. Nevertheless, the
3099:
692:
1663:, the security of Istanbul, the opening of the Straits, and the abolition of the capitulations. While in Istanbul self-determination and protection of the Ottoman Empire were voiced, the
2767:
Clarence Richard Johnson Constantinople To-day; Or, The Pathfinder Survey of Constantinople; a Study in Oriental Social Life, Clarence Johnson, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1922) p. 164
685:
2044:, and was exiled to Malta in 1920 when British forces took the city. The British were quick to accept the fact that the nationalistic movement, which had solidified during World
3701:
3154:
Beyinli, Gökçen (2019). "At Liberty under Occupation but Bound Hand and Foot in the Republic: Istanbul Women, Corruption and Moral Decay after the First World War (1918–1923)".
4053:
4048:
2290:
3723:
3713:
1498:
De Robeck was very worried by the defiant mood of the Ottoman parliament. When 1920 arrived, he was concerned by reports that substantial stocks of arms were reaching
2383:
487:
3520:
3718:
1436:. He sent a report about Kemal to the Foreign Office. His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst (British army) in
3678:
3444:
727:
2510:
4014:
3631:
3587:
3691:
2135:
1173:. The uncertainty in the figure reflects the uncounted population of war refugees and disagreements as to the boundaries of the city. Half or less were
3894:
2352:
4298:
4303:
2230:) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. On 29 October 1923, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the
1206:
3770:
1433:
967:
2863:
23 (1991): 554; idem, "The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series",
3651:
3561:
3416:
3334:Şenışık, Pınar (2018). "The allied occupation of İstanbul and the construction of Turkish national identity in the early twentieth century".
1292:
On 10 February 1919, the commission divided the city into three zones for police matters: Stambul (the old city) was assigned to the French,
4201:
3262:
MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph (2022). "States of drunkenness: bar-life in Istanbul between empire, occupation, and republic, 1918–1923".
576:
298:
195:
2485:
1766:
2004:
Despite this, combined attempts by British and local forces proved unsuccessful in quelling the nationalist movement. A clash outside
1687:. Both these two movements (Misak-ı Milli and the Khilafat Movement) shared a lot of notions on the ideological level, and during the
1071:. The first French troops entered the city on 12 November 1918, followed by British troops the next day. The Italian troops landed in
4130:
3437:
1849:
1608:
1096:
233:
86:
2460:
1901:
3614:
1821:
1580:
1502:, some from French and Italian sources. In one of his letters to London, he asked: "Against whom would these sources be employed?"
58:
1894:
1798:
1557:
39:
2954:
4097:
217:
1828:
1587:
65:
4278:
4243:
4170:
2995:
2928:
2158:
1885:, began to occupy the key buildings and arrest nationalist politicians and journalists. A British Indian Army operation, the
1752:
against each other, such as the Christian millet against the Muslim millet, to use the minimum force to achieve their goals.
1356:
1243:
4293:
4283:
4180:
3977:
3430:
1953:
In an effort to prevent the spread of Turkish nationalism, General Sir George Milne and an Allied force occupied İstanbul.
1707:
1688:
1650:
1506:
850:
4288:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
3291:
Mills, Amy (2017). "The Cultural Geopolitics of Ethnic Nationalism: Turkish Urbanism in Occupied Istanbul (1918–1923)".
1881:
The Telegram House was occupied by Allied troops on 14 March. On the morning of 16 March, British forces, including the
1835:
1594:
72:
3183:
Göknar, Erdağ (2014). "Reading Occupied Istanbul: Turkish Subject-Formation from Historical Trauma to Literary Trope".
2190:
1717:
1515:
1210:
2943:
League of Nations Archives, Palais des Nations, CH-1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland Center for the Study of Global Change,
3904:
3696:
3642:
3540:
3324:
3144:
3128:
3036:
2486:"Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2146:
2079:
1868:
1724:
on 4 March 1920, the Triple Entente decided to implement its previous (secret) agreements and form what would be the
1627:
775:
105:
1806:
1565:
1817:
1576:
54:
1683:, and though it was primarily a Muslim religious movement, the Khilafat struggle was becoming a part of the wider
3467:
2514:
2286:
2266:
1941:, an influential journalist, and was the main media organ in Turkey publishing Turkish news to global audiences.
1379:
1344:
443:
132:
3390:"The View and the Attitude of Allies High Commissioners Toward Istanbul During the Declaration of National Pact"
3233:
MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph (2018). "Resurrecting legal extraterritoriality in occupied Istanbul, 1918–1923".
1514:) circulating, and if these were solidified, it would take a longer time and more resources to handle the case (
3212:
MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph (2017). "Intoxication and Imperialism: Nightlife in Occupied Istanbul, 1918–23".
2865:
2649:
2609:
2584:
2544:
1802:
1561:
43:
3972:
1925:
were interned in Malta. The dissolution of the parliament was followed by the raid and closing of the journal
845:
149:
3566:
3556:
2972:
2215:
2010:
1266:
style building in the background is the Turkish Maritime Lines (Türkiye Denizcilik İşletmeleri) headquarters.
1100:
454:
3967:
2725:
840:
4238:
2357:
1890:
1684:
1395:. De Robeck said regarding the trials "that its findings cannot be held of any account at all." All of the
1383:
1963:
The Allies persuaded the Ottoman government to denounce the Turkish nationalists and sent many into exile.
1748:. The aim was to break down authority by separating the Sultan from his government, and working different
4150:
4087:
3826:
3453:
2313:
2142:
2127:
1721:
1138:
898:
710:
465:
136:
4228:
4223:
3884:
3661:
3505:
2917:
Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present
1440:
warned Calthorpe one more time about the Turkish national movement, but his units were replaced with a
1366:
954:
667:
492:
3997:
870:
4002:
3495:
3477:
3100:"Κωνσταντινούπολη: Το σχέδιο κατάληψής της από τον Ελληνικό Στρατό το 1922 και γιατί δεν υλοποιήθηκε"
2920:
2111:
1990:
1986:
1938:
1733:
1499:
1408:
1182:
1134:
875:
423:
1842:
1655:
The newly elected Ottoman parliament in Istanbul did not recognize the occupation; they developed a
1601:
1254:
79:
3879:
3813:
1787:
1546:
1491:
1309:
1214:
1115:
949:
885:
3745:
3740:
3389:
2235:
2071:
2041:
1886:
1468:
1429:
747:
740:
4273:
4233:
4160:
4145:
3912:
3803:
3798:
3123:
Ferudun Ata: The Relocation Trials in Occupied Istanbul, 2018 Manzara Verlag, Offenbach am Main,
1791:
1749:
1550:
990:
975:
783:
32:
3992:
2193:
on 20 November 1922 and reopened after a break on 23 April 1923. This led to the signing of the
2048:, could not be faced without the deployment of reliable and well-trained forces. On 25 June the
2001:
groups in the Anatolian heartland (officially called 'independent armies') with money and arms.
865:
4140:
3957:
3836:
3750:
3364:
2396:
1997:, to enforce central government control with British support. The British also supported local
1905:
1170:
1166:
1126:
908:
830:
757:
511:
3014:
2218:(3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the
1103:(3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the
4079:
4022:
3982:
3874:
3869:
3831:
3735:
3621:
3592:
1463:
1178:
1092:
1014:
944:
939:
903:
855:
752:
593:
460:
327:
199:
2588:
2114:
against the French and Greeks was followed by their forces threatening the Allied forces at
2102:
4175:
4155:
3916:
2418:
2123:
1949:
On 16 March 1920, the third day of hostilities, the Allied forces declared the occupation:
1370:
1130:
788:
537:
245:
3778:
3525:
1000:
8:
4092:
3962:
3947:
3656:
2280:
2270:
2239:
2021:
1882:
1711:
1425:
1326:
The British rounded up a number of members of the old establishment and interned them in
1281:
On 7 February 1919, an Italian battalion with 19 officers and 740 soldiers landed at the
1275:
1226:
Ottoman side returned to the capital with a personal letter from Calthorpe, intended for
1222:
1198:
1064:
835:
820:
582:
524:
191:
4120:
2679:
Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri
2666:
Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri
2061:
1725:
1221:'s position that they had no intention to dismantle the government or to place it under
1084:
227:
4185:
4115:
3846:
3788:
3351:
3308:
3279:
3250:
3200:
3171:
3084:
2966:
2194:
2131:
2087:
1909:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1441:
1335:
1149:
1088:
980:
916:
341:
272:
250:
3952:
3889:
959:
825:
3932:
3708:
3609:
3472:
3355:
3320:
3312:
3283:
3254:
3204:
3175:
3140:
3124:
3032:
2991:
2924:
2645:
2605:
2580:
2540:
2440:
2374:
2083:
2049:
2029:
2017:
1998:
1994:
1918:
1676:
1664:
1646:
1340:
1305:
805:
762:
619:
506:
482:
369:
211:
3319:
Bilge Criss, Nur (1999). "Constantinople under Allied Occupation 1918–1923", Brill,
1957:
The Allies gave assurances that they had no intention of taking over the government.
1698:, but Misak-ı Milli with the local Khilafat Movement was still fighting the Allies.
4058:
4043:
3854:
3636:
3515:
3376:
3343:
3300:
3271:
3242:
3221:
3192:
3163:
3080:
2337:
2223:
1108:
1091:, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the
1032:
924:
610:
471:
355:
203:
3380:
3347:
3304:
3275:
3246:
3167:
2561:İstanbul'un işgali ve İşgal Dönemindeki Uygulamalar (13 Kasım 1918 – 16 Mart 1920)
2322:
1511:
3987:
3937:
3864:
3793:
3783:
3535:
3510:
3500:
3327:
3196:
2122:
nearly resulted in hostilities, these being avoided on 11 October 1922, when the
1418:
1413:
1068:
995:
985:
934:
860:
810:
397:
207:
144:
2206:
2052:
was dismantled on the advice of the British, as they were becoming a liability.
1460:
Calthorpe was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919, and left Istanbul.
1238:
4165:
4107:
3942:
3859:
3821:
3604:
3530:
2276:
2258:
2166:
1680:
1487:
1481:
1392:
1289:, commanded by Colonel Balduino Caprini. The Carabinieri assumed police tasks.
1271:
1218:
1048:
1044:
929:
893:
815:
659:
564:
556:
519:
449:
438:
411:
221:
3927:
3422:
800:
4217:
3755:
3599:
3582:
3225:
2511:"Missioni all'estero:1918 – 1923. In Turchia: da Costantinopoli all'Anatolia"
2410:
2119:
2025:
1522:
were on the table and the United States was fast withdrawing into isolation.
1451:
1387:
767:
677:
560:
383:
240:
3071:
Darwin, J. G. (February 1980). "The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet".
3013:, Volume 13, New York Times Co., 1921, "Dividing the Former Turkish Empire"
2887:
The verdict is reproduced in Akçam, Armenien und der Völkermord, pp. 353–64.
1447:
3922:
3626:
2346:
2091:
2037:
1519:
1396:
1321:
1301:
1297:
1189:; there had been a substantial Western European population before the war.
795:
672:
2: Commander of the Istanbul Command (10 December 1922 – 29 September 1923)
476:
2811:
2743:
2115:
3104:
2859:
Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal",
2812:"index | Arama sonuçları | Türkiye Denizcilik İşletmeleri A.Ş."
1967:
1745:
1382:, the Ottoman Empire could thereby receive more lenient treatment at the
1286:
1263:
1154:
634:
625:
603:
586:
312:
307:
3029:
The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy
1960:
The Allies sought to keep the Straits open and to protect the Armenians.
1165:
in 1920 was between 800,000 and 1,200,000 inhabitants, having collected
2729:
2199:
2172:
2033:
1227:
2055:
1293:
1259:
1095:
departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the
153:
2162:
2154:
1922:
1361:
1247:
638:
3052:
Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)".
1980:
1776:
1701:
1535:
21:
1740:
1162:
1079:
179:
2695:
2005:
2179:
2169:
655:
649:
2563:, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, XVIII (53): pages 338–339.
1078:
Allied troops occupied zones based on the existing divisions of
3411:
3137:
Understanding the Armenian Question: Malta Tribunal (1919-1921)
2305:
2231:
2150:
2075:
1659:(Misak-ı Milli). They adopted six principles, which called for
1437:
1334:. Calthorpe included only Turkish members of the Government of
1282:
1174:
1072:
1060:
1052:
599:
268:
2878:
Dadrian, "The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution", p. 45.
2130:
to an end. The handling of this crisis caused the collapse of
3214:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
2432:
2189:
Negotiations for a new peace treaty with Turkey began at the
2183:
1668:
1327:
1201:
of 30 October 1918, which ended Ottoman involvement in World
1125:
1918 was the first time the city had changed hands since the
1056:
1760:
170:(4 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)
2720:
2718:
2716:
2681:, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 118.
1739:
The British claimed that if the Allies could not control
1424:
Calthorpe was alarmed when he learned that the victor of
1186:
2626:İdealden gerçeğe: Misâk-ı Millî'den Lozan'a dış politika
1043:(12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923), the capital of the
1330:, awaiting their trial for alleged crimes during World
670:
and the Istanbul Guard (6 October 1919 – 16 March 1920)
2713:
2461:"Constantinople occupied by British and Indian troops"
2214:
Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by
1944:
2905:
Public Record Office, Foreign Office, 371/4174/136069
2896:
Public Record Office, Foreign Office, 371/4174/118377
1122:) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary.
3588:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
2846:
Public Record Office, Foreign Office, 371/4172/23004
2837:
Public Record Office, Foreign Office, 371/4172/28138
2245:
2178:
on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in
3156:
International Journal of Regional and Local History
2855:Vahakn N. Dadrian, "The Documentation of the World
2677:T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları,
2664:T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları,
2056:
Presentation of the treaty to the Sultan, June 1920
1475:
1428:had become the inspector general for Anatolia, and
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3139:. Offenbach am Main: Manzara Verlag. p. 304.
2513:(in Italian). Arma dei Carabinieri. Archived from
2020:exiles, who had emigrated to the Empire after the
1755:
1312:was assigned as the military adviser to Istanbul.
3293:Annals of the American Association of Geographers
2694:Network, Hellenic Resources (25 September 1997).
2165:, was expelled from the city. Leaving aboard the
1981:Early pressure on the insurgency, April–June 1920
1702:Solidification of the partitioning, February 1920
4215:
2961:. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004.
2781:Constantinople under Allied Occupation 1918–1923
2318:30 January 1919 – December 1920: Albert Defrance
2106:Turkish troops enter Istanbul on 6 October 1923.
289:
3452:
3367:[The Official Occupation of Istanbul].
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2210:Turkish troops enter Kadıköy on 6 October 1923.
374:
3261:
3232:
3211:
2671:
1985:The British argued that the insurgency of the
1434:establishment of the Turkish national movement
1378:by foisting the blame on a few members of the
1161:The Ottomans estimated that the population of
707:
3438:
2955:"Occupation case studies: Algeria and Turkey"
2833:
2831:
2658:
2086:was replaced by a provisional ministry under
2032:and ravaged the countryside. Others, such as
1975:
1640:
1192:
693:
2861:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2496:
1417:Allied occupation troops marching along the
1285:pier; one day later they were joined by 283
1805:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1564:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1067:, which ended Ottoman participation in the
3445:
3431:
2828:
1767:Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1233:
1063:forces, took place in accordance with the
700:
686:
3026:
1869:Learn how and when to remove this message
1761:Dissolution of the parliament, March 1920
1628:Learn how and when to remove this message
1350:
1315:
1262:, in front of the coastal tram line. The
1258:British occupation forces at the port of
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2365:
2205:
2101:
2097:
1900:
1469:a British raid against Mızıka watchhouse
1462:
1446:
1412:
1360:
1253:
1237:
1148:
360:
318:
4299:Battles of World War I involving Greece
3333:
3153:
3097:
2693:
2328:
2024:may have supported the British—notably
388:
346:
120:Allied occupation of Istanbul after WWI
4304:Battles of World War I involving Italy
4216:
3362:
3182:
3070:
3051:
2480:
2478:
2312:November 1918 – January 1919: General
1133:, it spurred the establishment of the
3426:
3387:
3290:
2985:
2952:
2914:
1691:Allies concentrated on these issues.
681:
3134:
2953:Singh, K Gajendra (7 January 2004).
2668:, Genelkurmay Basımevi, 1972, p. 51.
1803:adding citations to reliable sources
1770:
1708:Conference of London (February 1920)
1689:Conference of London (February 1920)
1651:Conference of London (February 1920)
1562:adding citations to reliable sources
1529:
1507:Conference of London (February 1920)
1217:, the British signatory, stated the
1157:airfield, after the Mudros armistice
1119:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
3031:. New York: Pella. pp. 27–38.
2804:
2537:Mütareke döneminde İstanbul Rumları
2475:
2463:. British Pathé. 30–31 October 1918
2082:. On 18 October, the government of
1945:Official declaration, 16 March 1920
1525:
13:
3116:
3098:Stoukas, Michalis (9 April 2022).
3085:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb02082.x
2579:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011,
2577:The Mediterranean Fleet, 1919–1929
2417:August 1919-October 1923: Admiral
2351:September 1920 – 22 October 1923:
1718:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
1516:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
1467:Death of a Turkish soldier during
14:
4315:
2628:, Küre Yayınları, 2002, page 21.
2490:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
2246:List of Allied High Commissioners
2157:on 1 November 1922, and the last
2147:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2080:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2074:had set up a rival government in
1402:
1357:Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20
1205:, mentions the occupation of the
168:12 November 1918 – 4 October 1923
4171:Conference of London (1921–1922)
3410:
2604:, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, 2003,
2425:
2403:
2367:
2330:
2321:1921 – 22 October 1923: General
2298:
2251:
1775:
1720:needed to be solidified. At the
1534:
1476:John de Robeck, August 1919–1922
618:
609:
592:
575:
531:
518:
505:
481:
470:
459:
448:
437:
417:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
335:
320:
306:
291:
143:
20:
3697:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
3468:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
3091:
3064:
3045:
3020:
3004:
2979:
2946:
2937:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2849:
2840:
2795:
2786:
2773:
2761:
2736:
2687:
2267:Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe
1756:Military occupation of Istanbul
1471:at Şehzadebaşı on 16 March 1920
1380:Committee of Union and Progress
1345:Committee of Union and Progress
571:Land forces by 5 November 1919:
551:Land forces on 13 November 1918
444:Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe
133:partition of the Ottoman Empire
31:needs additional citations for
3567:Grand National Assembly (1923)
3562:Grand National Assembly (1920)
2866:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2801:Yakn Tarihimiz, Vol. 2, p. 49.
2726:"6 Ekim İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu"
2634:
2618:
2594:
2569:
2553:
2539:, Genelkurmay Basımevi, 2006,
2529:
2453:
2345:November 1918 – January 1919:
2265:November 1918 – 1919: Admiral
2234:, with Ankara as its capital.
1694:The Ottoman Empire lost World
1177:, with the rest being largely
1:
3648:Ankara Government and Georgia
3381:10.14783/od.v11i41.5000011263
3348:10.1080/00905992.2017.1369018
3305:10.1080/24694452.2017.1298433
3276:10.1080/00263206.2021.2007082
3247:10.1080/00263206.2018.1462162
3168:10.1080/20514530.2019.1673536
2642:Türk sosyologları ve eserleri
2602:İstiklal Harbi'nde Bahriyemiz
2446:
1966:The Sultan had established a
1906:French Senegalese Tirailleurs
1898:its members as unacceptable.
1144:
4279:British military occupations
4244:Military history of Istanbul
4028:Liberation of Constantinople
3761:Liberation of Constantinople
3417:Occupation of Constantinople
3197:10.1080/14735784.2014.882792
3185:Culture, Theory and Critique
3027:Psomiades, Harry J. (2000).
2696:"The Peace Treaty of Sèvres"
2275:August 1919 – 1920: Admiral
2238:became the Republic's first
1685:Indian independence movement
1041:occupation of Constantinople
255:Liberation of Constantinople
7:
4294:Turkish War of Independence
4284:French military occupations
4151:Conference of London (1920)
3454:Turkish War of Independence
3365:"İstanbul'un Resmen İşgali"
3017:(retrieved 26 October 2010)
2640:Ertan Eğribel, Ufuk Özcan:
2279:, also Commander-in-Chief,
2269:, also Commander-in-Chief,
2143:Turkish War of Independence
2128:Turkish War of Independence
2040:descent, remained loyal to
1296:-Galata to the British and
1270:The Allies began to occupy
1139:Turkish War of Independence
137:Turkish War of Independence
10:
4320:
4289:1923 in the Ottoman Empire
4269:1922 in the Ottoman Empire
4264:1921 in the Ottoman Empire
4259:1920 in the Ottoman Empire
4254:1919 in the Ottoman Empire
4249:1918 in the Ottoman Empire
3662:Yalova Peninsula massacres
3506:Sultanahmet demonstrations
2700:Hellenic Resources Network
2559:Zekeriya Türkmen, (2002),
2059:
1976:Enforcing the peace treaty
1764:
1705:
1644:
1641:Ottoman parliament of 1920
1479:
1406:
1367:Sultanahmet demonstrations
1354:
1319:
1193:Legality of the occupation
236:capture of Constantinople
4198:
4129:
4106:
4078:
4071:
4036:
4013:
3903:
3845:
3812:
3769:
3677:
3670:
3575:
3557:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
3549:
3496:Turkish National Movement
3486:
3460:
2971:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2921:New York University Press
2439:April 1921-October 1923:
2126:was signed, bringing the
2112:Turkish National Movement
1993:and a new Security Army,
1987:Turkish National Movement
1908:during Military Drill on
1500:Turkish National Movement
1409:Turkish national movement
1274:territory soon after the
1246:of the Greek Navy in the
1135:Turkish National Movement
721:
665:
548:
543:
429:
424:Turkish National Movement
282:
160:
142:
130:
125:
3958:Summer Offensive of 1920
3751:Summer Offensive of 1920
3226:10.1215/1089201x-4132917
2986:Natho, Kadir I. (2009).
2748:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2314:Louis Franchet d'Esperey
2285:1920 – 22 October 1923:
1818:"Occupation of Istanbul"
1577:"Occupation of Istanbul"
1373:by the Kingdom of Greece
1310:Somerset Gough-Calthorpe
1215:Somerset Gough-Calthorpe
1129:in 1453. Along with the
648:13 November 1918: 50–61
466:Louis Franchet d'Esperey
150:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey
55:"Occupation of Istanbul"
3998:Liberation of Balıkesir
3799:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
3541:Grand National Assembly
2990:. Xlibris Corporation.
2384:Efthimios Kanellopoulos
1671:tried to influence the
1365:Istanbul, 23 May 1919:
1234:Military administration
567:(Total: 3,626 soldiers)
488:Efthimios Kanellopoulos
4181:Conference of Lausanne
4141:Treaty of Alexandropol
4098:Paris Peace Conference
3363:Saylan, G. F. (2014).
3264:Middle Eastern Studies
3235:Middle Eastern Studies
2397:Charalambos Simopoulos
2211:
2191:Conference of Lausanne
2107:
1973:
1913:
1895:10th Infantry Division
1472:
1457:
1421:
1384:Paris peace conference
1374:
1351:Ottoman courts-martial
1316:Establishing authority
1267:
1251:
1158:
1153:Greek aviators at the
1127:Fall of Constantinople
1113:İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu,
1036:
1029:occupation of Istanbul
654:15 November 1918: 167
633:~51,300 soldiers (411
598:: 19,069 soldiers (30
581:: 27,419 soldiers (27
512:Charalambos Simopoulos
430:Commanders and leaders
126:Occupation of Istanbul
4023:Bombardment of Samsun
3593:Bombardment of Samsun
3478:King–Crane Commission
3135:Uluç, Gürkan (2024).
2236:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2228:İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu
2209:
2105:
2098:End of the occupation
1951:
1904:
1466:
1450:
1416:
1407:Further information:
1364:
1320:Further information:
1257:
1241:
1167:population statistics
1152:
831:1920 Summer Offensive
758:1920 Summer Offensive
538:Selâhattin Âdil Pasha
4176:Armistice of Mudanya
4156:Cilicia Peace Treaty
4088:Conference of London
3419:at Wikimedia Commons
3336:Nationalities Papers
2915:Aksin, Sina (2007).
2419:Mark Lambert Bristol
2138:on 19 October 1922.
2124:Armistice of Mudanya
1991:Süleyman Şefik Pasha
1939:Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu
1799:improve this section
1722:Conference of London
1558:improve this section
1520:national sovereignty
1371:Occupation of Smyrna
1347:of Constantinople".
1242:The armored cruiser
1213:. That day, Admiral
1131:occupation of Smyrna
1075:on 7 February 1919.
886:Turkish–Armenian War
666:1: Commander of the
624:: 795 soldiers (160
246:Armistice of Mudanya
40:improve this article
4239:Military occupation
4093:San Remo conference
3714:Battle of Babaçiçek
3657:Samsun deportations
3652:Population exchange
3643:Personae non gratae
2281:Mediterranean Fleet
2271:Mediterranean Fleet
2110:The success of the
2022:Circassian genocide
1883:British Indian Army
1712:San Remo conference
1276:Armistice of Mudros
1223:military occupation
1199:Armistice of Mudros
1120:استانبولڭ قورتولوشی
1065:Armistice of Mudros
583:artillery batteries
192:Military occupation
4186:Treaty of Lausanne
3789:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
3521:Balıkesir Congress
3388:Yavuz, R. (2017).
2988:Circassian History
2644:, Kitabevi, 2010,
2291:British ambassador
2287:Sir Horace Rumbold
2212:
2195:Treaty of Lausanne
2186:, on 16 May 1926.
2132:David Lloyd George
2108:
2088:Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
2034:Hüseyin Rauf Orbay
1914:
1910:Sultanahmet Square
1893:soldiers from the
1673:British government
1661:self-determination
1473:
1458:
1442:brigade of Gurkhas
1422:
1419:Grande Rue de Péra
1375:
1341:Armenian questions
1336:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
1268:
1252:
1183:Armenian Apostolic
1159:
1089:Treaty of Lausanne
1087:. Ultimately, the
1037:İstanbul'un işgali
917:Franco-Turkish War
342:French West Africa
273:Treaty of Lausanne
251:Treaty of Lausanne
218:Ottoman Parliament
4229:1920s in Istanbul
4224:1910s in Istanbul
4209:
4208:
4194:
4193:
4067:
4066:
4003:Capture of Smyrna
3779:Koçgiri rebellion
3719:Özdemir Operation
3709:Tal Afar uprising
3610:Burning of Smyrna
3526:Alaşehir Congress
3473:Khilafat Movement
3415:Media related to
3328:(limited preview)
2997:978-1-4653-1699-8
2930:978-0-8147-0722-7
2792:Simsir BDOA, 1:6.
2732:. 6 October 2017.
2575:Paul G. Halpern:
2441:Sadatsuchi Uchida
2216:Şükrü Naili Pasha
2145:(1919–1922), the
2084:Damat Ferid Pasha
2050:Kuva-i Inzibatiye
2030:Kuva-i Inzibatiye
1995:Kuva-i Inzibatiye
1919:Foreign Secretary
1879:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1734:national movement
1665:Khilafat Movement
1647:Khilafat Movement
1638:
1637:
1630:
1612:
1306:High Commissioner
1304:to the Italians.
1137:, leading to the
1101:Şükrü Naili Pasha
1097:Ankara government
1024:
1023:
851:Kütahya–Eskişehir
776:Greco-Turkish War
728:Anglo-Turkish War
676:
675:
278:
277:
156:, 8 February 1919
116:
115:
108:
90:
4311:
4161:Treaty of Ankara
4146:Treaty of Moscow
4121:Treaty of Sèvres
4076:
4075:
3895:Alemdar Incident
3741:Şehzadebaşı raid
3732:Eskişehir (1920)
3692:Al-Jazeera Front
3675:
3674:
3637:Menemen massacre
3622:Kaç Kaç incident
3516:Erzurum Congress
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3401:
3394:Tarih ve Günce 1
3384:
3359:
3316:
3299:(5): 1179–1193.
3287:
3258:
3229:
3208:
3179:
3150:
3110:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2869:, 11 (1997): 31.
2858:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2598:
2592:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2232:Turkish Republic
2062:Treaty of Sèvres
2047:
1889:, resulted in 5
1887:Şehzadebaşı raid
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1811:
1779:
1771:
1726:Treaty of Sèvres
1697:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1570:
1538:
1530:
1526:Treaty of Sèvres
1333:
1211:Dardanelles fort
1204:
1171:religious bodies
1121:
1085:Treaty of Sèvres
716:
715:
702:
695:
688:
679:
678:
623:
622:
615:: 3,992 soldiers
614:
613:
597:
596:
580:
579:
536:
535:
534:
523:
522:
510:
509:
500:
486:
485:
475:
474:
464:
463:
453:
452:
442:
441:
422:
421:
420:
410:
408:
407:
400:
396:
394:
393:
386:
382:
380:
379:
372:
368:
366:
365:
358:
354:
352:
351:
340:
339:
338:
330:
326:
324:
323:
311:
310:
301:
297:
295:
294:
228:Treaty of Sèvres
162:
161:
147:
123:
122:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4190:
4132:
4125:
4102:
4063:
4032:
4009:
3988:Great Offensive
3899:
3841:
3808:
3794:Battle of Geyve
3784:Konya rebellion
3765:
3666:
3571:
3545:
3536:Amasya Protocol
3511:Amasya Circular
3501:Karakol society
3488:
3482:
3456:
3451:
3406:
3404:
3147:
3119:
3117:Further reading
3114:
3113:
3096:
3092:
3069:
3065:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3011:Current History
3009:
3005:
2998:
2984:
2980:
2964:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2624:Mustafa Budak:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2599:
2595:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2426:
2424:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2353:Camillo Garroni
2331:
2329:
2299:
2297:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2045:
1983:
1978:
1947:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1758:
1714:
1704:
1695:
1675:to protect the
1653:
1643:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1539:
1528:
1505:In London, the
1486:In August 1919
1484:
1478:
1411:
1405:
1399:were released.
1359:
1353:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1236:
1202:
1195:
1147:
1116:Ottoman Turkish
1099:, commanded by
1069:First World War
1025:
1020:
1019:
861:Great Offensive
717:
712:
709:
708:
706:
671:
660:auxiliary ships
652:
647:
643:
642:
629:
617:
616:
608:
607:
591:
590:
574:
573:
569:
568:
554:
532:
530:
517:
504:
502:
490:
480:
479:
469:
468:
458:
457:
447:
446:
436:
418:
416:
405:
403:
391:
389:
387:
377:
375:
373:
363:
361:
359:
349:
347:
336:
334:
321:
319:
305:
292:
290:
267:Recognition of
263:
182:
169:
148:
121:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
4317:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:1923 in Turkey
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Constantinople
4231:
4226:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Treaty of Kars
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3689:
3687:Constantinople
3683:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3615:Responsibility
3607:
3605:Fire of Manisa
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Sivas Congress
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3403:
3402:
3385:
3360:
3342:(3): 501–513.
3331:
3317:
3288:
3270:(2): 271–283.
3259:
3241:(5): 769–787.
3230:
3220:(2): 299–313.
3209:
3191:(3): 321–341.
3180:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3090:
3079:(213): 32–48.
3063:
3054:Balkan Studies
3044:
3037:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2978:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2848:
2839:
2827:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2783:, (1999) p. 1.
2779:Criss, Bilge,
2772:
2760:
2735:
2712:
2686:
2670:
2657:
2633:
2617:
2593:
2568:
2552:
2528:
2495:
2474:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2422:
2421:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2363:
2362:
2349:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2277:John de Robeck
2273:
2259:United Kingdom
2247:
2244:
2220:Liberation Day
2159:Ottoman Sultan
2153:abolished the
2141:Following the
2099:
2096:
2070:Concurrently,
2057:
2054:
2028:, who led the
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1943:
1877:
1876:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1716:The plans for
1703:
1700:
1681:Ottoman Empire
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1542:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1488:John de Robeck
1482:John de Robeck
1477:
1474:
1404:
1403:A new movement
1401:
1393:John de Robeck
1355:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1317:
1314:
1235:
1232:
1219:Triple Entente
1194:
1191:
1179:Greek Orthodox
1146:
1143:
1105:Liberation Day
1045:Ottoman Empire
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
972:
971:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
920:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
890:
889:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
868:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
792:
791:
780:
779:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
736:Constantinople
732:
731:
723:
722:
719:
718:
711:Turkish War of
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
674:
673:
663:
662:
546:
545:
541:
540:
528:
525:Ali Sait Pasha
515:
432:
431:
427:
426:
414:
412:Ottoman Empire
401:
345:
344:
316:
315:
299:United Kingdom
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
248:
243:
231:
230:
225:
196:United Kingdom
188:
184:
183:
178:
176:
172:
171:
166:
158:
157:
140:
139:
128:
127:
119:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4316:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Misak-ı Millî
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Artvin (1921)
4047:
4045:
4044:Artvin (1919)
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Chanak crisis
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Chanak crisis
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Amasya trials
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:(1): 281–304.
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:(41): 17–40.
3374:
3370:
3369:Öneri Dergisi
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:90-04-11259-6
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:(2): 94–109.
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3146:9783911130004
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3129:9783939795926
3126:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:0-918618-79-7
3034:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2562:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2517:on 6 May 2014
2516:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:United States
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2324:
2323:Maurice Pellé
2320:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:of Istanbul (
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:Chanak Crisis
2117:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Mustafa Kemal
2068:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2036:, who was of
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Ahmet Anzavur
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1937:was owned by
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820: –
1819:
1815:
1814:Find sources:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:This section
1782:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:National Pact
1652:
1648:
1632:
1629:
1621:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579: –
1578:
1574:
1573:Find sources:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:This section
1541:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:Misak-ı Milli
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Mustafa Kemal
1427:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:Bosporus fort
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:from various
1168:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:of Istanbul (
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Ahmet Anzavur
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:Chanak crisis
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
725:
724:
720:
714:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
680:
669:
664:
661:
657:
653:
651:
646:
645:Naval forces:
640:
636:
632:
627:
621:
612:
605:
601:
595:
588:
584:
578:
572:
566:
562:
558:
552:
547:
542:
539:
529:
526:
521:
516:
513:
508:
503:
498:
494:
489:
484:
478:
473:
467:
462:
456:
451:
445:
440:
434:
433:
428:
425:
415:
413:
402:
399:
385:
384:United States
371:
357:
343:
333:
332:
331:
329:
314:
313:British India
309:
304:
303:
302:
300:
287:
286:
281:
274:
270:
266:
261:
260:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Chanak Crisis
239:
238:
237:
235:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:
167:
164:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
141:
138:
134:
129:
124:
118:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
4211:
4200:
3913:Smyrna, 1919
3837:Alexandropol
3686:
3641:
3627:Malta exiles
3405:
3397:
3393:
3372:
3368:
3339:
3335:
3296:
3292:
3267:
3263:
3238:
3234:
3217:
3213:
3188:
3184:
3159:
3155:
3136:
3103:
3093:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3060:(2): 309–41.
3057:
3053:
3047:
3028:
3022:
3010:
3006:
2987:
2981:
2958:
2948:
2939:
2916:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2864:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2738:
2703:. Retrieved
2699:
2689:
2683:(in Turkish)
2678:
2673:
2665:
2660:
2654:(in Turkish)
2652:, page 352.
2641:
2636:
2630:(in Turkish)
2625:
2620:
2614:(in Turkish)
2601:
2600:Metin Ataç:
2596:
2576:
2571:
2565:(in Turkish)
2560:
2555:
2549:(in Turkish)
2536:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:the original
2489:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2423:
2401:
2364:
2347:Carlo Sforza
2327:
2296:
2249:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2188:
2174:
2140:
2109:
2092:Grand Vizier
2069:
2065:
2015:
2011:George Milne
2003:
1984:
1952:
1948:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1891:Ottoman Army
1880:
1865:
1856:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1813:
1797:Please help
1785:
1738:
1730:
1715:
1693:
1654:
1624:
1615:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1572:
1556:Please help
1544:
1504:
1497:
1485:
1459:
1456:in Istanbul.
1452:
1423:
1397:Malta exiles
1376:
1369:against the
1325:
1322:Malta exiles
1291:
1280:
1269:
1196:
1160:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1077:
1040:
1028:
1026:
1007:
966:
915:
909:Alexandropol
884:
774:
735:
726:
713:Independence
644:
635:machine guns
630:
626:machine guns
604:machine guns
587:machine guns
570:
550:
549:
477:Carlo Sforza
455:George Milne
435:
317:
288:
283:Belligerents
232:
190:
152:marching in
131:Part of the
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3108:(in Greek).
3105:Proto Thema
3015:pp. 441–444
2820:10 December
2705:20 December
2612:, page 20.
2547:, page 29.
2535:Hülya Toker
2395:1921–1923:
2387: [
2382:1918–1921:
2356: [
1970:government.
1968:Damad Ferid
1746:Arab revolt
1744:during the
1287:Carabinieri
1264:art nouveau
1155:San Stefano
1015:1922 Samsun
753:1920 Samsun
741:Şehzadebaşı
514:(1921–1923)
501:(1918–1921)
491: [
262:Territorial
4218:Categories
4072:Agreements
3993:Dumlupınar
3917:Occupation
3885:Kanlıgeçit
2959:Asia Times
2815:tdi.gov.tr
2650:6054208624
2610:9754092397
2585:1409427560
2545:9754093555
2521:8 November
2447:References
2200:pari passu
2060:See also:
2018:Circassian
1923:war crimes
1829:newspapers
1765:See also:
1706:See also:
1645:See also:
1588:newspapers
1480:See also:
1228:Rauf Orbay
1145:Background
955:Kanlıgeçit
899:Sarikamish
876:2nd Smyrna
866:Dumlupınar
789:Occupation
784:1st Smyrna
224:dismantled
96:March 2023
66:newspapers
3978:Eskişehir
3973:2nd İnönü
3968:1st İnönü
3948:Tellidede
3880:Kovanbaşı
3870:Karboğazı
3827:Sarıkamış
3724:Köysancak
3671:Campaigns
3550:Elections
3489:awakening
3356:158927256
3313:152272634
3284:245157187
3255:150066434
3205:145516457
3176:211452302
2967:cite news
2240:President
2163:Mehmed VI
2155:Sultanate
1999:guerrilla
1859:July 2021
1786:does not
1677:caliphate
1618:July 2021
1545:does not
1492:Calthorpe
1490:replaced
1426:Gallipoli
1248:Bosphorus
950:Kovanbaşı
940:Karboğazı
871:Balıkesir
846:2nd İnönü
841:1st İnönü
821:Tellidede
668:XXV Corps
639:artillery
4202:Timeline
4133:Assembly
4131:National
3487:National
3461:Concepts
2744:"Turkey"
2467:25 April
2136:Ministry
1935:Yeni Gün
1927:Yeni Gün
1741:Anatolia
1308:Admiral
1209:and the
1163:Istanbul
1080:Istanbul
763:Tal Afar
656:warships
650:warships
544:Strength
180:Istanbul
175:Location
135:and the
4108:Ottoman
4054:Ardahan
4037:Georgia
3983:Sakarya
3938:Erbeyli
3933:Bergama
3875:Kaç Kaç
3814:Armenia
3771:Revolts
3702:Taşlıca
3679:British
3073:History
2753:12 July
2289:(later
2224:Turkish
2180:Sanremo
2170:warship
2167:British
1931:New Day
1912:in 1919
1843:scholar
1807:removed
1792:sources
1750:millets
1679:of the
1602:scholar
1566:removed
1551:sources
1388:Western
1302:Scutari
1298:Kadıköy
1272:Ottoman
1260:Karaköy
1109:Turkish
1057:Italian
1049:British
1033:Turkish
1001:Koçgiri
968:Revolts
945:Kaç Kaç
856:Sakarya
811:Erbeyli
806:Bergama
641:pieces)
600:cannons
565:Italian
557:British
264:changes
234:Turkish
194:by the
154:Beyoğlu
80:scholar
4080:Allies
4059:Batumi
3943:Erikli
3928:Malgaç
3865:Aintab
3855:Marash
3847:French
3804:Yozgat
3736:Samsun
3576:Issues
3354:
3323:
3311:
3282:
3253:
3203:
3174:
3143:
3127:
3035:
2994:
2927:
2648:
2608:
2589:page 3
2583:
2543:
2430:
2408:
2375:Greece
2372:
2335:
2306:France
2303:
2256:
2175:Malaya
2151:Ankara
2116:Chanak
2078:, the
2076:Ankara
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1438:Samsun
1283:Galata
1250:, 1919
1244:Averof
1187:Jewish
1185:, and
1175:Muslim
1093:Allies
1073:Galata
1059:, and
1053:French
991:Yozgat
935:Aintab
925:Marash
816:Erikli
801:Malgaç
631:Total:
585:, 160
563:, 470
561:French
559:, 540
555:2,616
409:
395:
381:
370:Greece
367:
353:
328:France
325:
296:
269:Turkey
222:Empire
212:Greece
200:France
187:Result
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3963:Gediz
3953:Aydın
3905:Greek
3890:Fadıl
3746:Akbaş
3632:Media
3352:S2CID
3309:S2CID
3280:S2CID
3251:S2CID
3201:S2CID
3172:S2CID
2857:War I
2730:Sözcü
2433:Japan
2391:]
2360:]
2338:Italy
2184:Italy
2046:War I
2042:Kemal
2038:Ubykh
2016:Some
2006:İzmit
1850:JSTOR
1836:books
1696:War I
1669:India
1609:JSTOR
1595:books
1332:War I
1328:Malta
1203:War I
1061:Greek
1047:, by
1039:) or
1008:Naval
996:Konya
986:Geyve
981:İzmit
960:Fadıl
836:Gediz
826:Aydın
748:Akbaş
637:, 57
602:, 91
499:]
398:Japan
356:Italy
271:with
208:Japan
204:Italy
87:JSTOR
73:books
4015:U.S.
3923:Urla
3860:Urfa
3832:Kars
3822:Oltu
3321:ISBN
3141:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3033:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2973:link
2925:ISBN
2822:2017
2755:2018
2707:2023
2646:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2523:2012
2469:2012
2173:HMS
1822:news
1790:any
1788:cite
1710:and
1649:and
1581:news
1549:any
1547:cite
1300:and
1294:Pera
1197:The
1027:The
930:Urfa
904:Kars
894:Oltu
796:Urla
220:and
210:and
165:Date
59:news
3377:doi
3344:doi
3301:doi
3297:107
3272:doi
3243:doi
3222:doi
3193:doi
3164:doi
3081:doi
2769:ff.
2149:in
2134:'s
2090:as
1933:).
1801:by
1667:in
1560:by
42:by
4220::
3396:.
3392:.
3373:11
3371:.
3350:.
3340:46
3338:.
3307:.
3295:.
3278:.
3268:58
3266:.
3249:.
3239:54
3237:.
3218:37
3216:.
3199:.
3189:55
3187:.
3170:.
3160:14
3158:.
3102:.
3077:65
3075:.
3058:20
3056:.
2969:}}
2965:{{
2957:.
2923:.
2919:.
2830:^
2746:.
2728:.
2715:^
2698:.
2587:,
2498:^
2488:.
2477:^
2435::
2413::
2389:el
2378::
2358:it
2341::
2308::
2261::
2242:.
2226::
2203:.
2182:,
2161:,
1736:.
1453:M1
1444:.
1181:,
1141:.
1118::
1111::
1055:,
1051:,
1035::
589:)
497:el
495:;
493:de
206:,
202:,
198:,
3919:)
3915:(
3446:e
3439:t
3432:v
3398:1
3383:.
3379::
3358:.
3346::
3330:.
3315:.
3303::
3286:.
3274::
3257:.
3245::
3228:.
3224::
3207:.
3195::
3178:.
3166::
3149:.
3131:.
3087:.
3083::
3041:.
3000:.
2975:)
2933:.
2824:.
2757:.
2709:.
2591:.
2525:.
2492:.
2471:.
2293:)
1929:(
1872:)
1866:(
1861:)
1857:(
1847:·
1840:·
1833:·
1826:·
1809:.
1795:.
1631:)
1625:(
1620:)
1616:(
1606:·
1599:·
1592:·
1585:·
1568:.
1554:.
1510:(
1031:(
701:e
694:t
687:v
658:+
628:)
606:)
553::
527:¹
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
