4548:
2506:
4799:
723:
2192:
3667:
4420:
4450:
4484:
2000:), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived.
3437:
82:
2306:
2015:
1853:
2526:
1059:
14987:
2497:
approved by the
Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum. The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.
1487:
3448:
1712:
4266:
507:
4519:
2750:
14976:
2086:
3016:
3107:
96:
1335:. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital,
2046:. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I.
1362:
1627:
17242:
3993:
1944:
1225:
1933:
794:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire, together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population. An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the
17252:
14998:
2252:
3939:, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it".
4967:, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies." A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish,
4697:
15900:
5120:
3904:
4871:
16122:
3458:
802:
4590:
17262:
3587:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic. In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia,
17272:
14832:
15888:
3008:
1884:, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name "
4547:
4026:. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones.
4820:
Other
Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries,
2484:
was started by the
Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to
1923:
and other parts of
Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds.
1470:
and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them. Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for
Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was
1312:
Roman/Byzantine and
Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following
12258:
Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history
4884:
is similar to other Middle
Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine
2286:
of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target
Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities,
1808:
By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new
Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and
11958:
was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the
Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little
10006:
In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East
6535:
The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the
2496:
A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum
1573:, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the
4999:
clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the
4029:
Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity. By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct,
4855:
Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian
1478:
They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs. They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim
2076:
returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to
1673:
The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth
5014:
which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among
4155:
and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the
3786:
equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents. This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek
2243:
in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies. The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed. Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as
2227:
in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports.
1557:. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby.
4947:
and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the
4836:
Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the
4100:, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking
1813:
in Eastern Syria"; "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul"; "Patriarch of the Chaldeans"; "Patriarch of Mosul"; or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his
5886:
2152:, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During
1782:(still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the
1589:, invaded their region. After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the
3583:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians". Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "
2738:, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000
2199:
Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph
1965:
of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey.
4770:, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation.
1565:
conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.
4921:, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from. It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles.
2348:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq.
11919:
Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (February 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region".
10203:, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian.
1973:
which occurred during the First World War. Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population.
1274:. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac
12198:
Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012).
6068:
2489:, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of
722:
1479:
woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the
4856:
dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.
3840:), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads
4710:
Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of
4092:
languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.
6236:
4483:
3468:
Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities. During the 19th century, English archaeologist
969:, part of the Northwest Semitic languages. Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire. The
5878:
2644:) in Turkey, among others. Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was
3153:. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in
2248:. Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church).
4408:
During the "Seyfo" genocide, there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam. They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity. A small number of Assyrian Jews exist as well.
1560:
Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century, and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler
1910:
in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in
8547:
12301:
Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS:
11067:
Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near
5703:
5384:
1797:, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the
6628:
4449:
3752:, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and
4994:
shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background." In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi
2753:
Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.
8578:
5682:
10580:
6301:
5799:
4419:
6065:"According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same"
6066:
2383:, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered. Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the
8611:
11980:"In the less frequent J1-M267* clade, only marginally affected by events of expansion, Marsh Arabs shared haplotypes with other Iraqi and Assyrian samples, supporting a common local background."
8982:
3911:
Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity. There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as
11135:
4746:
Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the
1872:
eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid
4939:, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population." Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of
2432:
which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions,
6240:
9685:
9622:
5621:
9814:
8483:
10917:
Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.
8912:
8690:
4719:, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the
1205:. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the
8884:
937:
had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (
6331:
6453:
4405:; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning.
11971:
Al-Zahery et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:288, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq"
1739:. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.
7899:, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans".
1981:, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as
11243:
8862:
5354:
4030:
although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.
2789:
There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously.
8668:
11738:
10377:
9003:
Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)
8947:
8642:
7113:
992:
rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.
6039:
6396:
12304:
Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.
8539:
8402:
495:), one of the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic has influenced Hebrew, Arabic, and some parts of Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic was the
16504:
11113:
2208:. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the
5856:
14483:
Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification
9795:
9422:
9082:
1381:
The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century
4220:
script. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the
2443:
in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands." These include the
12116:
Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011).
11887:
4232:
form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the
2436:, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories.
6666:
6636:
3055:, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.
2505:
1281:
All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the
1104:
withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD. Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of
5376:
9258:
9220:
3771:. Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict.
5990:
5535:
5459:
1483:
tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.
13930:
11888:"Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia""
8802:
5518:
5561:
2761:, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between
8828:
8295:
7394:
5499:"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East."
1961:
The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, culminating in the large-scale
1876:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the
4518:
4104:
alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are
1809:
was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of
15808:
8570:
6169:
5674:
4339:. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into:
3473:
believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians, a view that was also shared by
1767:
12395:(1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; And of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840".
11408:
Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.
11341:
J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.
10572:
7578:
6293:
5803:
6084:
5000:
original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".
4335:
Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman
16533:
14736:
8442:
5744:
13168:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression"
12054:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis"
11992:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis"
11685:
11143:
8601:
6553:
16803:
9626:
9586:"Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."
3817:), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the
2832:
The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, however not all
1805:. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur.
622:
and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the
8974:
8179:
Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin
7280:
6145:
4739:
is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the
1243:. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of
3563:, and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered
2401:. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by
686:
10450:
3850:
The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective
2191:
16417:
14916:
14241:
12880:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
11799:"Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East"
4798:
4332:
and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.
2394:, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.
11541:
2983:
were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in
2493:. However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement.
15937:
6937:
5613:
4401:
in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of
2097:
The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the
14867:
8720:
6887:
3537:, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people, is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based
841:
does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that
14872:
11511:
10174:
9839:
9811:
7758:
14340:
8473:
6323:
3954:
marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim. Throughout history,
3496:
Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs", "Turks" and "Kurds". In addition,
1829:
in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of
849:
c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing
8909:
8698:
7709:
5959:
3032:, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting
2384:
8888:
6430:
6114:
4983:") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation.
12606:
11973:
11210:
8780:
3858:
like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both
1604:—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups.
1252:
13754:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
9741:
1841:, he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops, thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the
1678:, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted."
13837:
3028:
Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of
12965:
6705:
5429:
11235:
5651:
5501:
Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria
5350:
4088:
between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The
3962:, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore,
1845:. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of
11597:
8664:
7368:
17316:
16421:
15700:
14955:
14862:
11746:
8858:
8634:
6016:
5015:
Assyrians of Iran. the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".
4148:
1313:
the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels. With the rise of
14857:
10373:
8939:
5929:
1317:, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic (
673:. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic
17326:
16793:
14852:
8355:
7175:
6037:
3821:, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see
2778:
13241:
10278:
9284:
9138:
6387:
5334:
3666:
615:
was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists.
15133:
12465:
8409:
5189:
3011:
With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.
2547:
2473:
13454:
12565:
Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora
11105:
9899:
9729:
Deniz, F. 2000, 'Maintenance and Transformation of Ethnic Identity: the Assyrian Case', The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal
9372:
15448:
15442:
11661:
9086:
8240:
8040:
6606:
5848:
2877:
14885:
12502:
Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). "Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods".
9792:
9470:
9418:
7976:
5480:"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians"
17346:
16109:
14813:
14789:
14652:
14631:
14607:
14584:
14547:
14526:
14491:
14402:
14379:
14227:
14204:
14155:
14095:
14015:
13979:
13956:
13916:
13895:
13831:
13808:
13785:
13666:
13633:
13610:
13584:
13560:
13537:
13514:
13491:
13425:
13404:
13354:
13333:
13179:
13156:
13100:
13079:
13042:
12934:
12888:
12864:
12815:
12792:
12771:
12740:
12682:
12661:
12573:
12552:
12492:
12357:
12333:
11871:
11779:
11622:
11491:
11466:
11441:
11401:
10938:
10887:
10667:
10516:
10444:
10150:
10093:
9999:
9869:
9669:
9443:
The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.
9346:
9115:
9024:
8386:
7662:
7635:
7533:
7442:
7313:
7139:
7020:
6853:
6784:
6745:
6528:
5313:
5303:
2719:
in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the
2696:
1728:
1658:
in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably
17:
16087:
14101:
13985:
13722:
13692:
13672:
13639:
13360:
12821:
12363:
11894:
11798:
10997:
9060:
Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301–320.
6751:
5253:
3500:
often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,
2236:
1689:. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into
1471:
not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the
17341:
16545:
16452:
14909:
12163:
Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".
9452:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.
9198:
8273:
6658:
3763:. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that
2774:
2406:
13126:
10549:
7072:
4788:
Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane
473:
17336:
17331:
16447:
15930:
15783:
14780:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".
11640:
8513:
6969:
5591:
3625:. To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now
2440:
2391:
2300:
465:
10190:
6048:
Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995
4794:
Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.
2275:, and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s. Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the
16798:
16714:
16437:
16402:
15460:
13382:
A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
12708:
11166:"Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe"
9171:
7262:
Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218.
7200:
5982:
5723:
5531:
5451:
4930:
1956:
639:
13934:
13291:
13261:
13015:
12990:
11571:
11176:
10862:
9720:
Kinarah: Twentieth Anniversary of Assyrian Australian Association 1989, Assyrian Australian Association, Edensor Park.
8806:
6270:
16842:
14782:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
14320:
13762:
11459:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
11313:
10119:
9014:
8223:
7679:
7469:
7004:
6362:
5557:
4715:
that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is
14986:
11351:
9647:
Assyrian Australian Association & Ettinger House 1997, Settlement Issues of the Assyrian Community, AAA, Sydney.
8836:
7892:
7402:
5825:
5073:
and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of
3710:
considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the
3402:
speakers, who also originate from Iraq. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be
3063:
1596:
Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs,
1590:
17321:
16930:
16915:
16511:
16499:
15842:
14836:
9596:
6536:
free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.
4785:
Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes
4524:
4240:
form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.
3209:
13881:
9575:
6990:
Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times.
6166:
5484:
1727:
The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the
17311:
16788:
16774:
16526:
16176:
15128:
14902:
11648:
7570:
7032:
6820:
4321:
3955:
3818:
3181:
3149:, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the
2943:. Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following:
2397:
In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked
2333:
2329:
1075:
631:
10067:
9333:
Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938
6088:
17306:
17301:
16392:
15923:
15523:
15508:
15490:
15466:
15371:
15196:
14764:
14704:
14675:
12631:
10716:
9929:
8434:
5414:
5154:
4656:
3101:
2656:. Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in
2444:
1706:
1324:
698:
662:
14848:
YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people
14721:
14167:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"
14126:
12926:
The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission
12907:
2927:. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically,
918:
are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.
15377:
15338:
15252:
15123:
14166:
11933:
11689:
10506:
8742:
6550:
5503:
3737:
This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during
3265:
2223:
The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President
1895:
in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.
1873:
1194:
9771:
7525:
Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia
5777:
4757:
Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:
2529:
The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919
2240:
16538:
15862:
15837:
15773:
15537:
14368:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria"
12201:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians"
9690:
7272:
6137:
5436:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria".
3759:
The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the
3695:
3344:
3205:
3158:
3097:
2268:
837:, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians. However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The
665:
was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of
12760:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East"
8071:
6551:
Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East
6050:
642:, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war
17087:
16852:
16815:
16747:
16516:
15847:
15793:
15656:
15354:
15073:
15048:
15042:
14965:
14803:
14461:
10424:
8606:
7338:"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)"
6773:
Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
6509:
Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.
5159:
4723:, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and
4344:
4329:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4008:
3154:
2794:
2593:
2217:
2204:
However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed
2098:
2065:
1892:
1885:
1802:
1574:
1366:
1050:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia.
921:
Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god
822:
670:
14256:
12784:
Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism
8112:
The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress
17265:
16940:
16920:
16762:
16752:
16742:
16442:
16432:
16211:
15857:
15079:
13052:
11301:
6815:
4580:
4348:
4302:
4290:
3525:
3249:
3197:
2469:
15502:
11533:
8303:
7435:
The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
6944:
6212:"The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia"
3036:
Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose
16892:
16737:
16307:
16102:
14799:
14079:
13439:
12438:
12424:
12392:
11857:
11378:
6879:
6482:
Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.
5204:
5069:
in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with
4936:
4754:, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based.
4455:
4170:
Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the
2765:
in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in
2296:
1382:
1356:
1187:
1152:
728:
14242:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
13417:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
11507:
11277:
10478:
9835:
7751:
6938:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
4197:
used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional
2018:
Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918
1902:
occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan
17296:
16979:
16950:
16594:
15778:
15316:
15067:
14842:
14372:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
13507:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
12694:"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community"
12647:
12545:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
9583:
8403:"Coaliton [sic] Provisional Authority Order Number 1 – De-Ba'Athification Of Iraqi Society"
8333:
8166:
Lundgren, Svante (2020), THE FAILURE OF THE ASSYRIAN LOBBIES AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919.
7230:
6727:
4497:
4489:
4362:
4294:
4282:
3788:
3304:
3253:
2837:
2818:
2485:
include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian." Associated with the SUP is the
1977:
This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria,
1877:
1798:
1394:
1093:
674:
510:
14975:
7033:"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed)
5951:
2840:
dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western
2014:
1321:) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East.
17207:
16955:
16619:
16352:
15867:
15401:
15389:
15262:
15161:
13972:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
13748:
13718:
13688:
12808:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
6737:
6422:
5800:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016"
4336:
4274:
3715:
3387:
2543:
2486:
2305:
1779:
1736:
1655:
1539:
1414:
1290:
1214:
985:
12584:
11970:
11308:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24.
11202:
9338:
8772:
8723:. Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018
6110:
5062:
16910:
16769:
16639:
16614:
16484:
16236:
15622:
15234:
15036:
15030:
14938:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
10473:
9847:
9738:
7273:"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica"
6012:
4894:
4679:
4617:
4553:
4459:
4429:
4386:
4372:
4310:
4306:
4278:
3702:. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous
3513:
3217:
3059:
2924:
2920:
2873:
2716:
2657:
2417:
1783:
1751:
1702:
1578:
1282:
1116:
in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.
1085:
866:
15138:
14595:
13819:
13525:
12759:
12349:
Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire
11719:
11612:
10657:
9548:
8921:
7652:
7523:
7303:
3774:
Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (
3436:
2351:
Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by
1343:, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime.
1023:
81:
17275:
17014:
16882:
16494:
16367:
16346:
16266:
16226:
16117:
15999:
15946:
15246:
15222:
14557:
13773:
12945:
12837:
12118:"Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation"
11771:
Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals
11393:
10928:
10711:
10199:
9533:
9519:
7625:
6701:
5184:
4675:
performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation.
4425:
4085:
3997:
3987:
3806:
3675:
3555:
is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the
3509:
3482:
3474:
3225:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2936:
2525:
2321:
2165:
2068:
that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of
1881:
1318:
914:
889:
881:
623:
453:
370:
14355:
9711:
Fairfield City Council 2003, State of the Community Report, Fairfield City Council, Wakeley.
5643:
3382:
are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted
1852:
1742:
The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the
1258:
Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the
17109:
16991:
16925:
16887:
16783:
16709:
16704:
16629:
16477:
16095:
15963:
15829:
15815:
15763:
15738:
15728:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15472:
15166:
13873:
Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan
13859:
Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan
12212:
12065:
12003:
11593:
11021:
Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974), The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press
9822:
7849:
De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...
7337:
7105:
5054:
5022:
5011:
4593:
4293:, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the
4125:
4012:
3963:
3621:
Churches. Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the
3505:
3501:
3419:
3399:
3395:
2944:
2452:
1418:
1267:
1228:
1175:
1058:
643:
14997:
9069:
Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144–149.
6598:
2952:
669:
and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the
8:
17051:
17009:
16935:
16810:
16732:
16261:
16231:
16216:
16053:
15904:
15788:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15733:
15651:
15413:
15322:
15240:
15228:
15176:
15171:
15011:
14991:
14950:
13867:
13853:
11815:
11062:
9259:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te"
9221:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te"
7163:
5921:
5194:
5125:
5101:
5026:
4691:
4597:
4584:
4398:
4260:
4182:
3847:
or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".
3803:
3799:
3722:
explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the
3576:
3572:
3546:
3470:
3383:
3352:
3336:
3269:
3261:
3193:
2956:
2904:
2743:
2680:
2509:
Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "
2364:
2039:
2026:
and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by
2009:
1631:
1314:
1244:
1218:
1071:
1043:
1035:
877:
806:
795:
717:
449:
409:
14501:
13658:
Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts
13530:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
12216:
12069:
12007:
8363:
6999:
E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995,
6262:
4743:
and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.
4205:
script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the
2105:
and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader
587:. A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including
17182:
17177:
17162:
17124:
17099:
17036:
16897:
16832:
16467:
16276:
16191:
15803:
15723:
15644:
15617:
15334:
14960:
14561:
14312:
14276:
14069:
14053:
14045:
13926:
13594:
13570:
13390:
13233:
13213:
12732:
12527:
12519:
12412:
12284:
12235:
12200:
12180:
12145:
12088:
12053:
12026:
11991:
11945:
11834:
11817:
10573:"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law"
10274:
10168:
9337:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp.
9331:
9292:
7627:
The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran
7360:
6469:
6167:
State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census
5452:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
5331:
5295:
5164:
5065:, were also frequent at 29.2% each. Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup
4773:
4740:
4557:
4501:
4015:, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the
3926:
People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "
3822:
3787:
corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the
3622:
3292:
3229:
3162:
2833:
2731:
2724:
2676:
2645:
2465:
2420:
groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the
2224:
2157:
2134:
2090:
2061:
2055:
1962:
1743:
1527:
1486:
1259:
1202:
1047:
1008:
901:
739:
is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest
666:
650:
469:
434:
17024:
14431:"Report of a Visit of the Rev. H. Southgate to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia, 1841"
12453:
7863:
7732:
4735:
Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which
4324:
in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the
2948:
2660:
to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the
1327:, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the
638:, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the
17251:
17202:
17167:
17004:
16945:
16847:
16757:
16727:
16722:
16589:
16584:
16568:
16457:
16397:
16317:
16312:
16221:
16046:
16039:
16032:
16025:
15798:
15768:
15595:
15546:
15532:
15383:
15186:
14809:
14785:
14648:
14627:
14603:
14580:
14543:
14522:
14487:
14446:
14426:
14412:
14398:
14375:
14316:
14223:
14200:
14151:
14091:
14057:
14011:
13975:
13952:
13912:
13891:
13827:
13804:
13781:
13758:
13662:
13629:
13606:
13580:
13556:
13533:
13510:
13487:
13469:
13421:
13400:
13350:
13329:
13237:
13189:
13175:
13152:
13096:
13075:
13038:
12930:
12884:
12860:
12811:
12788:
12767:
12746:
12736:
12678:
12657:
12569:
12548:
12531:
12488:
12353:
12329:
12276:
12240:
12149:
12137:
12093:
12031:
11937:
11867:
11839:
11775:
11618:
11487:
11462:
11437:
11397:
11309:
10934:
10663:
10512:
10440:
10156:
10146:
9995:
9895:
9665:
9362:
9342:
9020:
8832:
8736:
8382:
8236:
7658:
7631:
7529:
7465:
7438:
7309:
7135:
7016:
7000:
6849:
6780:
6741:
6524:
6368:
6358:
5309:
5169:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5081:
5058:
5046:
5018:
4902:
4850:
4838:
4829:
4528:
4462:
4171:
4152:
4121:
4070:
4023:
4019:
4004:
3783:
3760:
3727:
3588:
3478:
3407:
3371:
3300:
3201:
3146:
3091:
3079:
3071:
2746:, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements.
2739:
2735:
2672:
2649:
2553:
2539:
2421:
2398:
2352:
2345:
2149:
2144:
were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as
2114:
2110:
2043:
2023:
1986:
1970:
1952:
1759:
1390:
1386:
1255:
was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire).
1183:
1015:
996:
970:
870:
736:
568:
564:
480:
457:
395:
391:
177:
128:
12379:
Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church".
12288:
12117:
11949:
11668:
8540:"Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands"
8215:
8048:
7702:
Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past".
7245:
4628:, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and
3447:
2601:
2271:
took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of
1530:
was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside
17094:
17029:
17019:
16693:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16604:
16579:
15743:
15328:
15181:
15153:
15059:
15022:
14882:
14304:
14181:
14037:
13435:
13225:
12957:
12596:
12511:
12404:
12268:
12230:
12220:
12172:
12129:
12083:
12073:
12021:
12011:
11929:
11829:
11386:
Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context
10432:
9686:"Fairfield's Assyrian Resource Centre has secured $ 40,000 to fund its renovations"
9462:
8478:
8272:. Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII.
8232:
7969:
7703:
7352:
7225:
7162:, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the
7155:
7131:
6962:"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East"
6465:
5246:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs"
5085:
5008:
4918:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4636:
4376:
4352:
4178:
4133:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4058:
3898:
3618:
3556:
3542:
3538:
3379:
3308:
3257:
3241:
3177:
2928:
2916:
2822:
2798:
2758:
2433:
2368:
2213:
2122:
2106:
1789:
In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of
1535:
1328:
1306:
1113:
1112:, into a frontier Roman province. Roman influence in the area came to an end under
981:
905:
771:
635:
533:
529:
506:
387:
152:
15681:
13942:
10891:
10089:
9873:
8975:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph"
6294:"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark"
5675:"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan""
3978:, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities.
1711:
1681:
The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the
1151:, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were
988:, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of
17192:
17157:
17041:
16960:
16871:
16609:
16462:
16374:
16362:
16286:
16281:
16271:
16206:
16181:
16166:
16153:
16141:
16005:
15671:
15496:
15286:
15280:
15143:
15118:
15098:
14889:
14642:
14621:
14572:
14537:
14505:
14481:
14450:
14430:
14416:
14390:
14367:
14215:
14194:
14143:
14083:
14025:
14005:
13967:
13946:
13906:
13885:
13871:
13857:
13796:
13752:
13737:
13707:
13656:
13621:
13598:
13574:
13548:
13502:
13481:
13443:
13415:
13394:
13380:
13344:
13321:
13317:
13287:
13257:
13209:
13193:
13167:
13146:
13090:
13067:
13056:
13032:
12924:
12878:
12874:
12852:
12841:
12803:
12782:
12672:
12651:
12563:
12540:
12482:
12442:
12428:
12347:
12321:
12225:
12133:
12078:
12016:
11977:
11954:
The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities.
11861:
11802:
11769:
11644:
11325:
10990:
10194:
9818:
9799:
9745:
9579:
9111:
8916:
8266:"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII"
8177:
7896:
7847:
7762:
7683:
7459:
6843:
6774:
6731:
6557:
6173:
6072:
6054:
6043:
5731:
5727:
5507:
5488:
5338:
5199:
5105:
5030:
4960:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4825:
4747:
4629:
4265:
4206:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4165:
4109:
4101:
4066:
4054:
4050:
3711:
3568:
3375:
3237:
3173:
3075:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2720:
2653:
2557:
2490:
2232:
2205:
2141:
2130:
2126:
1755:
1732:
1690:
1550:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1352:
1302:
1286:
1198:
1148:
1128:
1004:
954:
930:
842:
810:
783:
767:
752:
541:
13376:
8265:
6324:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education"
6211:
5245:
4943:
demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim
3828:
The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki,
1969:
The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the
17172:
17147:
16427:
16357:
15892:
15551:
15478:
15454:
15342:
15113:
15108:
13111:
12176:
10436:
9844:
From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series
9836:
Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area
9497:
9194:
8885:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian"
8602:"Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In"
7068:
6500:
Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.
5328:
5066:
4972:
4889:
are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to
4640:
4244:
4224:
Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the
4089:
4062:
3810:
3718:
or King of the Syrians. The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and
3564:
3356:
3221:
3185:
3172:
By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in
3067:
3037:
2841:
2762:
2341:
2283:
2276:
2118:
2031:
1903:
1899:
1857:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1554:
1336:
1298:
1294:
1236:
1089:
1079:
1063:
885:
678:
658:
14847:
13549:"The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch"
13148:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
12523:
11637:
10539:
10115:
9186:
8505:
7356:
6961:
5583:
5532:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey"
5521:"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000."
4824:
Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the
869:(14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across
17290:
17245:
17197:
17187:
17152:
17104:
17081:
17056:
16820:
16649:
16644:
16521:
16322:
16171:
16072:
16067:
16018:
16009:
15993:
15969:
15395:
15002:
14980:
14617:
14001:
13503:"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey"
12750:
12343:
11355:
11046:
10187:
10160:
9615:
9192:
5074:
5038:
4964:
4949:
4898:
4890:
4652:
4078:
3778:) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" (
3497:
3461:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3150:
2940:
2826:
2773:
due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims. Prior to the
2770:
2700:
2679:, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the
2376:
2325:
2272:
2085:
1936:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1582:
1499:
1271:
1124:
1027:
830:
627:
619:
588:
544:
as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to
518:
496:
414:
86:
15661:
14805:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
12693:
12601:
11564:"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז"
10819:
9859:
B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349
9600:
9163:
7192:
6372:
6013:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"
5720:
5558:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran"
4791:
Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.
4053:. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using
3106:
2988:
2749:
2629:
1766:", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the
1201:, organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the
953:) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the
95:
17071:
16837:
16634:
16342:
16337:
16327:
16161:
16060:
15981:
15419:
14469:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
14237:
14065:
13968:"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians"
13306:
13276:
13007:
12982:
12764:
Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World
12280:
12244:
12141:
12097:
12035:
11941:
11563:
11434:
Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923
11165:
10851:
10545:
9850:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013.
7419:
Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors,
5034:
4956:
4712:
4248:
4074:
4016:
3584:
3391:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3015:
2861:
2806:
2704:
2448:
2153:
1907:
1747:
1686:
1675:
1663:
1621:
1545:
From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs,
1531:
1511:
1263:
1171:
934:
838:
748:
545:
537:
514:
500:
437:
14289:
13058:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament
11843:
11774:. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 545–552.
11594:"Qenshrin.com: Guide to the Christian congregations in Aleppo (in Arabic)"
10904:
Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night".
7970:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
7677:
6036:"This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre"
2597:
2089:
Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the
17255:
17217:
17066:
16902:
16827:
16624:
16186:
15666:
15304:
15298:
14935:
14185:
13931:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States"
13483:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
12961:
10090:"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs"
9749:
8571:"Militias of Iraqi Christians resist Islamic State amid sectarian strife"
6733:
Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation
6454:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem"
5817:
5243:
4987:
4976:
4968:
4761:
4668:
4644:
4317:
3920:
3731:
3719:
3671:
3486:
3451:
3423:
3029:
2814:
2665:
2410:
2113:
to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "
2101:. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of
2027:
1826:
1507:
1467:
1340:
1332:
1120:
1039:
922:
779:
709:
441:
15915:
14280:
14222:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536.
14196:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
14148:
Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium
11816:
Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986).
9812:
Fairfield struggles to cope after threefold increase in refugee arrivals
7731:
Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali".
6869:"Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006.
5377:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home""
4682:
was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally.
4269:
Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East
4045:
or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly
2609:
2340:
military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President
1361:
16332:
15632:
15627:
15425:
14144:"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History"
14084:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period"
14071:
The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century
14049:
12674:
The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity
12585:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)"
12416:
12184:
10374:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"
10218:
9572:
8940:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria"
8638:
8124:
The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum
7364:
6659:"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group"
5519:
Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays
5481:
4886:
4700:
4648:
4605:
4394:
3950:, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although
3854:
referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to
3642:
3367:
3348:
3280:
2885:
2692:
2209:
2185:
2145:
2038:
tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the
1943:
1924:
Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.
1916:
1912:
1682:
1634:
in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by
1617:
1402:
1339:. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of
1206:
1167:
1100:. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor
980:, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the
893:
814:
763:
654:
612:
557:
525:
14418:
Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia
12444:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
12430:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
11136:"The inside story of how 226 Assyrian Christians were freed from ISIS"
10953:
The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.
9139:"Assyrians Continue to Struggle to Survive Post-U.S. Invasion of Iraq"
7043:
6810:
5053:
comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups
4659:. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include
4243:
Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the
2605:
2287:
and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.
1626:
1449:
of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving
1224:
977:
17142:
17114:
17061:
16599:
16291:
16251:
15852:
15686:
15566:
15407:
15348:
14267:
Rollinger, Robert (2006a). "Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros".
13445:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
13112:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians"
12197:
11715:
11258:
10706:
10059:
9949:
9947:
7885:
7015:
K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,
6629:"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians"
6085:"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network"
5174:
5077:
due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.
5070:
4991:
4660:
4613:
4609:
4531:
4493:
4466:
4436:
4432:
4393:
Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a
4198:
4141:
3992:
3967:
3916:
3723:
3707:
3638:
3340:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3276:
3213:
3166:
2984:
2900:
2853:
2712:
2633:
2460:
2414:
2251:
1716:
1667:
1635:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1410:
1210:
1159:
1132:
1031:
1000:
909:
854:
740:
596:
549:
461:
445:
14756:
14692:
14663:
14041:
13396:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
12623:
12408:
9921:
8296:"Iraq: Information on treatment of Assyrian and Chaldean Christians"
6581:
6579:
5406:
4696:
3903:
2781:
official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.
1932:
1119:
The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in
16659:
16489:
16472:
16246:
16241:
15957:
15637:
15610:
15583:
15571:
15556:
15310:
15257:
14452:
Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia
14308:
14118:
13229:
13068:"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective"
12899:
12515:
11955:
11106:"Australia's only Assyrian school is giving refugees a fresh start"
10425:"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites"
9755:
9367:
7593:
5179:
5093:
5089:
5050:
4944:
4672:
4193:. It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be
4137:
3959:
3947:
3940:
3753:
3741:
3703:
3687:
3614:
3490:
3000:
2971:, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of
2881:
2766:
2688:
2684:
2668:
like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.
2661:
2481:
2402:
1846:
1763:
1519:
1422:
1240:
1232:
1179:
1140:
1136:
1084:
From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted
989:
942:
897:
862:
858:
850:
649:
The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the
608:
14894:
14460:
Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).
13346:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923
12272:
9944:
9164:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community"
9051:
Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)
8859:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools"
6423:"ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details"
5745:"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan"
5049:, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians. Yet another
4870:
3617:, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based
2683:
in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in
571:
and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day
17119:
17076:
16256:
16201:
15899:
15292:
15214:
15094:
14877:
14602:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–109.
14521:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 237–77, 293–294.
11389:
9959:
9763:
9193:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (13 October 2010).
8758:
Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain
7737:. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277.
7159:
6576:
6186:
5769:
5500:
5283:
5134:
5119:
4996:
4704:
4589:
4535:
4221:
4202:
3951:
3855:
3837:
3814:
3630:
3288:
3245:
3233:
2857:
2849:
2613:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2380:
2372:
2314:
2310:
2169:
1982:
1830:
1818:, of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's
1696:
1570:
1491:
1406:
1105:
1101:
1019:
966:
946:
846:
834:
826:
801:
787:
713:
484:
422:
31:
14519:
Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan
12162:
10622:
10305:
7461:
Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates
5332:
estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic
4782:, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer.
3833:
3457:
2976:
1762:(565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or "
758:
The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of
16999:
16654:
15975:
15872:
15676:
15605:
15578:
15561:
14831:
14757:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora"
14539:
The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France
12115:
11918:
10794:
9083:"Al-Monitor: Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored"
8302:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from
8079:
7464:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163.
6047:
4980:
4940:
4736:
4716:
4505:
4470:
4440:
4136:
and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (
3934:
3912:
3829:
3738:
3683:
3654:
3646:
3634:
3580:
3560:
3406:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from
3403:
3360:
3324:
3312:
3296:
3284:
3189:
2996:
2972:
2932:
2912:
2869:
2845:
2802:
2675:-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan,
2637:
2625:
2617:
2573:
2429:
2196:
2177:
2161:
2073:
1990:
1834:
1794:
1771:
1662:, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in
1586:
1503:
1480:
1462:
1426:
1398:
1163:
1144:
1109:
1097:
926:
682:
604:
600:
592:
576:
553:
492:
380:
13034:
The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans
11236:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture"
10831:
10770:
9625:. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). Archived from
5351:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture"
3599:, and in some later works also noted the same origin of local
3530:
Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:.
2455:. The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded.
2180:. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro-
1906:. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert
1891:
In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of
925:. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The
17212:
16196:
15600:
15588:
15484:
14623:
Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History
13826:. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150.
13626:
Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century
11818:"Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities"
10782:
10206:
9112:"مسؤول مسيحي: عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف"
7999:
7997:
5704:"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus"
5097:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4724:
4625:
4621:
4561:
4474:
4402:
4174:
4046:
3626:
3332:
3311:, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout
3052:
2959:, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah,
2810:
2708:
2641:
2589:
2585:
2565:
2561:
2425:
2360:
2264:
2256:
2173:
2069:
2035:
1997:
1920:
1861:
1810:
1775:
1720:
1562:
1546:
1523:
1515:
1472:
1370:
950:
938:
791:
775:
759:
744:
584:
488:
418:
376:
14125:. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309.
13778:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
12726:
11709:
11707:
11330:
Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar
11240:
Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture
10758:
10505:
Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013).
10116:"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians"
10029:
10027:
8691:"Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains"
8009:
3196:, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of
3058:
More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the
3007:
2220:
to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.
1569:
From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the
1385:. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the
973:
has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.
762:, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. During the early
16407:
16384:
16127:
16121:
15987:
14722:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes"
14220:
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity
11856:
10688:
10293:
7914:
5084:
has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the
4815:
4751:
4664:
4565:
4539:
4509:
3975:
3971:
3650:
3347:
mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of
2992:
2865:
2621:
2356:
2337:
2181:
2102:
1978:
1898:
Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the
1790:
1374:
580:
572:
14761:
The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence
13434:
11793:
11791:
11413:
11051:
A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel
10926:
10486:
10341:
10317:
10224:
8829:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time"
8379:
The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence
7994:
6845:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
6599:"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq"
6491:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.
4620:. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the
2727:
and title to their established land until late the 1940s.
2263:
In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the
1289:) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's
1170:, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to
14512:. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323.
13723:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive"
13622:"The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East"
11964:
11704:
10392:
10024:
8021:
7938:
7767:
5042:
4281:, which has over 1 million members around the world, the
3943:
on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.
3661:
2836:
identify as Chaldean. They are traditionally speakers of
14164:
13603:
Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata
11934:
10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2
10961:
10959:
10734:
10722:
10612:
10610:
10595:
10404:
10329:
9312:
9310:
8325:
5305:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook
2464:
modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity
30:"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with
14459:
13887:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
12397:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
11788:
10825:
10353:
10254:
10181:
10039:
10012:
9971:
9566:
8803:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war"
8078:. Assyrian American National Federation. Archived from
7827:
7503:
5584:"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly"
4305:, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the
3690:
subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as
3575:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy,
3374:, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly
3019:
A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914
14397:. London: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 276–287.
13072:
The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies
13012:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
12987:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
12326:
The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies
11880:
11073:
11029:
11027:
10746:
10676:
10639:
10637:
9399:
8665:"Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'"
7779:
7691:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7605:
5922:"Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece"
4963:
populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and
4234:
4226:
4214:
4033:
To the native speaker, the language is usually called
3489:
that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the
2987:, there were also sizable populations in the towns of
2821:
dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the
1650:, the region eventually came under the control of the
1466:) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted
984:. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any
949:) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states (
476:
for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.
14074:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.
13119:
Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand
10956:
10607:
9307:
9033:
8427:
7950:
7902:
7815:
7803:
7791:
7395:"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization"
7087:
6564:
4635:
Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are
4212:
The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the
1825:
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern
1768:
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
14341:"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898–1918)"
13414:
Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006).
13413:
13074:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136.
12630:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274.
11484:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies
11037:. The Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988.
10971:
9732:
9485:
8457:
7926:
7599:
7542:
5885:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021.
5273:
5271:
5115:
3767:
is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term
3706:, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East,
2596:(a large region which comprises the modern towns of
2212:
in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of
1309:
and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.
774:-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the
70:
62:
54:
46:
14644:
Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis
14462:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy"
14395:
Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations
14374:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326.
14165:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019).
12906:. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612.
12547:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 215–232.
12328:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–105.
12257:
11739:"An Ancient Empire Gets New Life — on a Food Truck"
11024:
10634:
10504:
10242:
10057:
9387:
9239:
8635:"Iraq's Christian paramilitaries split in IS fight"
8376:
8186:
8094:
6111:"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine"
1460:
Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (
464:. Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as
14858:A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East
14763:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 201–220.
14141:
14116:
14078:
12804:"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?"
11085:
10930:Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society
10230:
9953:
9330:
7305:Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period
7220:
7218:
6902:
6512:
5399:
5289:
1778:for half a century, before settling in the nearby
14664:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality"
14535:
14150:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148.
13509:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 41–60.
13328:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78.
12850:
11379:"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World"
11264:
10371:
9655:
9653:
8721:"The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF"
8435:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq"
7864:"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)"
7490:
7488:
7295:
5907:
5512:
5268:
3876:, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses
3595:consider themselves to be descended from ancient
2734:, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and
1096:from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of
1038:around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by
1011:for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes.
687:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
17288:
13925:
13628:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620.
13174:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369.
11230:
11228:
10927:Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi (14 September 2014).
10849:
9277:
9106:
9104:
8760:, Assyrian Policy Institute, p. 38 & 39
6385:
5041:. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al.,
4821:or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby.
3907:An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes
3212:. There is also a sizable Assyrian community in
2472:(SUP) has become a major political actor in the
1642:After initially coming under the control of the
14216:"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"
14090:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164.
13948:Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur
11568:JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל
10983:
10275:"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers"
9285:"Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq"
8851:
7654:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
7215:
6880:"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO"
6291:
5244:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
4828:and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the
4604:Assyrian music is a combination of traditional
3791:in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria.
2424:of northern Iraq, together with cities such as
1147:element in the cities, still strong during the
14573:"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview"
14536:Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007).
13817:
13803:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88.
13555:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55.
13553:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East
13088:
12853:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions"
11481:
11384:. In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.).
9650:
9077:
9075:
8154:The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East
7845:
7485:
7154:Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with
6726:
6585:
5444:
4608:and western contemporary music genres, namely
4365:following the East Syriac Rite, also known as
3726:in contrast to Assyrians who had their native
2255:Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in
1697:From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule
1526:where they established numerous churches. The
1506:, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in
1251:Another council held in 424 declared that the
1139:in the far south and the western deserts, and
16103:
15931:
14910:
14693:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification"
14030:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq
13014:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93.
12989:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45.
12541:"Assyrian Genocide from a Gender Perspective"
11332:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. .
11225:
9992:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
9793:The facts about Syrian refugees and Fairfield
9101:
6237:"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian"
5057:, found in its greatest concentration in the
4990:of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome
4802:Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year (
4289:, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the
4151:exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the
3956:relations between the Assyrians and Armenians
3355:, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in
2899:The Western subgroup, historically inhabited
2468:. The largest proponent of the movement, the
1833:at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of
1217:, each of which was under the authority of a
653:Valley and the areas surrounding the city of
563:The ancestral indigenous lands that form the
14934:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
14779:
14600:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
14388:
14213:
12766:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415.
12624:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant"
11431:
10920:
10655:
10628:
10311:
9503:
9328:
8474:"Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district"
7437:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164.
7112:6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by
5901:
4986:In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of
4935:Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by
4003:The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the
3927:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3413:
2793:The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited
2730:Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in
2164:. The Parachute Company was attached to the
1927:
1607:
1213:was also used. Dioceses were organised into
13780:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33.
13532:. London-New York: Routledge. p. 517.
13110:Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009).
13109:
13089:Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006).
12646:
12156:
11912:
11866:. Princeton University Press. p. 243.
11713:
11610:
11456:
10492:
10323:
10299:
9983:
9589:
9072:
8933:
8931:
8910:Syriacs establish military council in Syria
8533:
8531:
8216:"Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians"
7944:
7644:
7308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 501.
6523:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.
6263:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel"
4316:A small minority of Assyrians accepted the
4149:loanwords from the aforementioned languages
876:The Assyrian people, after the fall of the
100:World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora
16110:
16096:
15938:
15924:
14917:
14903:
14287:
14266:
14199:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
14123:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization
12691:
12437:
12423:
12322:"The Term Seyfo in Historical Perspective"
11860:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994).
11688:. syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Archived from
11200:
10837:
10776:
10764:
10429:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
10372:Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684).
10347:
10173:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9761:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8887:. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from
8805:. ARA News. 19 August 2016. Archived from
8764:
8258:
7754:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana
7560:According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola
6521:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
5919:
5913:
5818:"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute"
4832:. It is commemorated annually on August 7.
3919:. There are also secular holidays such as
2156:, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in
2133:, established numerous villages along the
1182:despite becoming, from the 8th century, a
94:
80:
16418:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
15945:
14500:
14445:
14425:
14411:
13908:The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje
13771:
13593:
13569:
13389:
13349:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13151:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
12653:The Church of the East: A Concise History
12600:
12487:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12391:
12378:
12234:
12224:
12087:
12077:
12025:
12015:
11833:
11767:
11079:
10788:
10477:
10410:
10398:
10335:
10212:
10060:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism"
10033:
9156:
8632:
8182:. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
7773:
7730:
7623:
7335:
7125:
6848:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6720:
6547:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
6357:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
6292:Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017).
4893:, as well as being very similar to other
4777:
4765:
4116:. Historically many Assyrians also spoke
1774:until 1089, when he moved to the city of
1666:. He spent some time in Persia under the
1221:. Six such areas were instituted in 410.
1053:
880:in 609 BC, were under the control of the
16242:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
13904:
13880:
13599:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation"
13452:
13030:
13005:
12980:
12950:The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
12810:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120.
12787:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12484:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
12458:The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal
12451:
12111:
12109:
12107:
11863:The History and Geography of Human Genes
11678:
11035:The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho
11015:
10616:
10260:
10018:
9994:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
9659:
8928:
8528:
8381:. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289.
8033:
8015:
6239:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from
4869:
4797:
4695:
4588:
4264:
3991:
3902:
3665:
3456:
3446:
3435:
3275:Small Assyrian communities are found in
3105:
3014:
3006:
2779:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council
2748:
2524:
2504:
2304:
2250:
2190:
2084:
2013:
1942:
1931:
1851:
1710:
1625:
1485:
1360:
1223:
1135:was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians,
1057:
800:
786:(2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and
721:
703:
505:
14843:BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia
14719:
14690:
14579:. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133.
14570:
14486:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.
14236:
14024:
13974:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71.
13866:
13852:
13794:
13165:
13144:
12943:
12922:
12859:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265.
12846:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co.
12836:
12801:
12501:
12480:
12319:
12191:
11724:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6
11486:. Transaction Publishers. p. 268.
11419:
11158:
11103:
10965:
10694:
10682:
10422:
10359:
10272:
10045:
9977:
9965:
9828:
9316:
9136:
9012:
8962:
8861:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016.
8568:
8288:
8213:
8121:
7920:
7833:
7521:
7499:. Oxford University Press. p. 219.
7457:
7301:
6932:
6930:
6518:
6355:In the world of Sumer: an autobiography
6138:"Learning the language of Jesus Christ"
5672:
5301:
5190:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
4844:
3674:and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD,
2548:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
2474:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
1947:The burning of bodies of Assyrian women
1457:were of Assyrian Christian background.
14:
17289:
14754:
14661:
14616:
14556:
14516:
14421:. Vol. 2. London: Tilt and Bogue.
14064:
14000:
13951:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
13941:
13824:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
13747:
13717:
13687:
13619:
13546:
13523:
13479:
13342:
13051:
12780:
12757:
12670:
12447:. Vol. 2. London: John W. Parker.
12433:. Vol. 1. London: John W. Parker.
12342:
12047:
12045:
11736:
11614:Monks and Monasteries of the Near East
11003:from the original on 21 September 2018
10800:
10728:
10643:
10570:
10248:
10225:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859
9405:
8599:
8537:
8486:from the original on 24 September 2015
8276:from the original on 27 September 2011
8192:Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281
8175:
8100:
8003:
7932:
7908:
7821:
7809:
7797:
7785:
7748:Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha
7657:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 255.
7611:
7548:
7509:
7432:
7093:
7075:from the original on 29 September 2018
7035:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture
6924:, Chicago University Press, 1959, p.39
6841:
6772:
6570:
6451:
6352:
6229:
5719:70,000 Syriac Christians according to
5697:
5277:
3782:). According to Tsereteli, however, a
3662:Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy
2757:In Tur Abdin, a traditional centre of
2723:. The Assyrians in Syria did not have
2003:
1490:Assyrian Church of Our Virgin Lady in
1088:. Much of the region would become the
896:soldiers for the Persian Empire under
865:territories. The rise and rule of the
27:Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia
16977:
16869:
16691:
16566:
16139:
16091:
15919:
14898:
14798:
14707:from the original on 5 September 2022
14678:from the original on 27 February 2022
14647:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation.
14626:. New York: Oxford University Press.
14479:
14192:
13965:
13654:
13605:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114.
13375:
13326:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
13065:
12897:
12873:
12851:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019).
12727:BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007).
12714:from the original on 27 February 2008
12656:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon.
12538:
12104:
12051:
11989:
11376:
11116:from the original on 20 December 2019
11091:
11070:. Cambridge University Press, London.
10380:from the original on 17 November 2020
10281:from the original on 17 November 2020
10273:Fathers, Council (14 December 1431).
10236:
10140:
9989:
9902:from the original on 10 November 2001
9662:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq
9535:A Short World History of Christianity
9491:
9393:
9375:from the original on 28 November 2020
9201:from the original on 21 December 2019
9174:from the original on 21 December 2019
9039:
8770:
8755:
8336:from the original on 3 September 2016
8246:from the original on 19 February 2018
8063:
8027:
7956:
7852:ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti.
7701:
7650:
7494:
7374:from the original on 24 November 2020
7302:Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983).
7182:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
7025:
6708:from the original on 17 November 2020
6669:from the original on 16 February 2022
6503:
6135:
5980:
5859:from the original on 14 December 2022
5713:
5564:from the original on 18 December 2019
3485:claimed during their travels through
3047:During the eras of Mongol rule under
2784:
2769:. Most Assyrians currently reside in
2049:
965:Modern Assyrian derives from ancient
957:in the region in the 3rd century AD.
17271:
17213:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
14697:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14668:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14640:
14593:
14510:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique
14365:
14338:
14326:from the original on 10 October 2017
14249:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14117:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) .
14104:from the original on 15 January 2023
13988:from the original on 15 January 2023
13840:from the original on 15 January 2023
13730:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13700:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13675:from the original on 15 January 2023
13642:from the original on 15 January 2023
13500:
13462:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13363:from the original on 15 January 2023
13316:
13299:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13286:
13269:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13256:
13244:from the original on 5 February 2021
13208:
13188:
13172:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context
13132:from the original on 27 January 2021
12824:from the original on 15 January 2023
12701:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
12621:
12561:
12366:from the original on 15 January 2023
11959:intermixture with other populations.
11611:Leroy, Jules; Collin, Peter (2004).
11306:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts
11246:from the original on 11 January 2020
11182:from the original on 10 October 2017
10868:from the original on 10 October 2017
10752:
10740:
10601:
10583:from the original on 18 October 2019
10552:from the original on 19 October 2019
10122:from the original on 14 October 2007
10096:from the original on 26 January 2021
9774:from the original on 17 October 2013
9473:from the original on 20 January 2023
9355:
9245:
9118:from the original on 8 February 2020
8950:from the original on 29 October 2019
8937:
8667:. World Bulletin. 18 February 2015.
8633:Henderson, Peter (30 October 2014).
8516:from the original on 16 January 2008
8506:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004"
7756:(Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661)
7581:from the original on 10 October 2017
7203:from the original on 7 December 2018
7110:A shameful peace concluded by Jovian
6927:
6908:
6609:from the original on 8 December 2012
6402:from the original on 10 October 2017
6304:from the original on 16 October 2021
6273:from the original on 22 January 2019
6117:from the original on 7 November 2022
5962:from the original on 16 October 2021
5846:
5828:from the original on 16 October 2021
5780:from the original on 17 October 2013
5462:from the original on 15 January 2020
5387:from the original on 20 January 2017
5357:from the original on 11 January 2020
3928:
3881:
3872:
3863:
2931:was centred in two monasteries near
2775:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2064:was an uprising by the Assyrians in
900:, playing a significant role in the
122:Regions with significant populations
17261:
14924:
14290:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again"
14142:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015).
14007:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours
13876:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
13862:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
12946:"The Church of the East since 1914"
12582:
12568:. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
12042:
11761:
11617:. Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167.
11203:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin"
10991:"Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian"
10977:
10472:"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003.
9137:McBride, Julian (4 February 2023).
8985:from the original on 14 August 2020
8835:. 24 September 2016. Archived from
8773:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin"
8581:from the original on 10 August 2020
8445:from the original on 8 January 2009
8151:
7752:Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor),
6433:from the original on 4 October 2022
6395:. The University of Chicago Press.
5889:from the original on 3 January 2023
4897:and Caucasian cuisines, as well as
3519:
3366:To note, the Assyrians residing in
2439:In response to the Islamic State's
2392:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy
2301:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul
1858:massacre of Armenians and Assyrians
890:Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire
24:
14767:from the original on 25 April 2022
14742:from the original on 23 April 2021
14563:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours
14129:from the original on 26 March 2023
14028:(1983). "Assyrians and Arameans".
13799:. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.).
13095:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing.
13092:Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts
13018:from the original on 1 August 2021
12993:from the original on 17 April 2022
12634:from the original on 17 April 2022
12609:from the original on 26 March 2021
12468:from the original on 30 April 2015
12306:Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1023–1034.
11822:American Journal of Human Genetics
11600:from the original on 1 March 2011.
11514:from the original on 1 August 2019
10508:Minority Rights in the Middle East
10453:from the original on 23 April 2021
9802:by SSI News Blog, 23 February 2017
9521:This History of the Medieval World
9363:"Who are the Chaldean Christians?"
8671:from the original on 14 April 2019
8600:Nelson, Steven (6 February 2015).
7982:from the original on 7 August 2017
7712:from the original on 21 April 2023
7600:Gaunt, Beṯ-Şawoce & Donef 2006
7392:
7283:from the original on 15 April 2023
7119:
6972:from the original on 18 April 2023
6890:from the original on 13 April 2018
6823:from the original on 16 April 2021
6779:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
6754:from the original on 18 April 2023
6470:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x
6334:from the original on 30 March 2021
5983:"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien"
5932:from the original on 30 March 2019
5538:from the original on 25 April 2020
5417:from the original on 23 April 2023
5021:has been measured at 15.09% among
4931:Genetic history of the Middle East
4285:, with about 600,000 members, the
4084:There is a considerable amount of
2279:Ba'ath government for many years.
1957:Assyrian struggle for independence
1735:. Non-Muslims were organised into
1723:plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831
1630:A map of the Aramaic language and
798:, in the 21st or 20th century BC.
87:Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians
25:
17358:
14824:
14784:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32.
14389:Schniedewind, William M. (2002).
13797:"The Assyrian Church of the East"
13420:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
13385:. London: Williams & Norgate.
13037:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
12968:from the original on 7 March 2021
12910:from the original on 8 April 2022
12052:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017).
11990:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017).
11574:from the original on 22 July 2019
11534:"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?"
11508:"Muslim Assyrians? Who are they?"
11213:from the original on 10 July 2019
10571:Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018).
10058:Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003).
9932:from the original on 29 July 2019
9538:by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82–85
9085:. 10 October 2014. Archived from
8938:Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018).
8783:from the original on 10 July 2019
8645:from the original on 4 March 2016
8614:from the original on 24 July 2022
8550:from the original on 1 April 2015
7108:The Later Roman Empire (354–378)
6148:from the original on 23 July 2019
5993:from the original on 24 June 2019
5952:"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit"
5920:Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003).
5654:from the original on 4 March 2020
5624:from the original on 23 July 2020
5594:from the original on 7 March 2020
4181:and shares similarities with the
3970:is quite common, most notably in
3516:, a label rejected by Assyrians.
3343:has a small number of Assyrians.
2921:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
2441:invasion of the Assyrian homeland
2379:, a neighborhood in southwestern
2168:and were involved in fighting in
2080:
1285:, also known as Jacobites, after
1209:of the East. Later, the title of
743:sites in Assyria belonged to the
524:Assyrians are almost exclusively
17317:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
17270:
17260:
17250:
17241:
17240:
16546:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
16120:
15898:
15886:
15843:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
14996:
14985:
14974:
14868:Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects
14830:
14391:"The Rise of the Aramean States"
13624:. In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.).
12295:
12251:
11983:
11850:
11809:
11730:
11654:
11631:
11604:
11586:
11556:
11544:from the original on 3 July 2019
11526:
11500:
11482:G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011).
11475:
11450:
11425:
11370:
11344:
11335:
11319:
11295:
11270:
11194:
11128:
11097:
11056:
11040:
10947:
10911:
10898:
10880:
10843:
10806:
10700:
10656:Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013).
10649:
10564:
10532:
10498:
10465:
10416:
10365:
10266:
10134:
10108:
10082:
10070:from the original on 4 July 2008
10051:
9914:
9888:
9862:
9853:
9805:
9786:
9723:
9714:
9705:
9678:
9660:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019).
9641:
9541:
9527:
9513:
9455:
9446:
9437:
9425:from the original on 11 May 2023
9411:
9322:
9251:
9213:
9130:
9063:
9054:
9045:
9019:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
9006:
8997:
8903:
8877:
8865:from the original on 14 May 2021
8821:
8795:
8749:
8713:
8683:
8657:
8626:
8593:
8562:
8538:Burger, John (4 December 2014).
8498:
8466:
8395:
8377:Certrez; Donabed; Makko (2012).
8370:
8348:
8318:
8237:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x
8207:
8195:
8169:
8160:
8145:
8136:
8130:
8115:
8106:
8069:
7962:
7878:
7856:
7839:
7741:
7724:
7695:
7687:"Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth.
7671:
7651:Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008).
7617:
7563:
7423:Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304.
6420:
6017:Federal State Statistics Service
5482:Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute
5118:
5025:. The haplogroup is frequent in
4546:
4525:Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows
4517:
4482:
4448:
4418:
4081:, are spoken by Assyrian Jews.
3698:corruption of the original term
3232:, Assyrians are mostly found in
2216:the Catholicos Patriarch of the
2121:period, some Assyrians, fleeing
1346:
1186:in their homeland following the
17327:Indigenous peoples of West Asia
17025:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
16448:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
16438:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
16177:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
14297:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
13818:Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005).
13772:Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011).
13453:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002).
13218:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
13031:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004).
12504:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
11737:Mandel, Pam (5 December 2017).
11649:United States Naval Observatory
11436:. Berghahn Books. p. 109.
11354:. Adherents.com. Archived from
10852:"The Assyrian Academic Society"
9922:"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z"
9896:"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)"
9623:"American FactFinder – Results"
9419:"FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey"
8569:Jeffrey, Paul (29 April 2016).
8176:Wigram, William Ainger (1920).
7554:
7515:
7451:
7426:
7409:
7386:
7329:
7265:
7256:
7238:
7185:
7169:
7148:
7099:
7061:
7009:
6993:
6984:
6954:
6914:
6872:
6863:
6835:
6803:
6794:
6766:
6694:
6681:
6651:
6621:
6591:
6541:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6445:
6414:
6379:
6346:
6316:
6285:
6255:
6204:
6179:
6160:
6136:Shams, Alex (2 November 2015).
6129:
6103:
6077:
6059:
6030:
6005:
5974:
5944:
5871:
5847:Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021).
5840:
5810:
5792:
5762:
5737:
5710:(archived link, 8 October 2011)
5685:from the original on 9 May 2018
5666:
5636:
5606:
5576:
5550:
5524:
5493:
5474:
5308:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
5256:from the original on 3 May 2019
5218:
5045:has been measured at 40% among
3819:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3682:As early as the 8th century BC
3003:as well as some other villages.
2813:, and parts of the Nineveh and
2715:and a few other small towns in
2500:
2334:Coalition Provisional Authority
2290:
2117:" in northern Iraq. During the
1758:. The latter were organised by
1076:History of Eastern Christianity
657:in Syria by 2015, and from the
16308:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
15509:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
15372:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
14174:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
14088:The Christian Heritage of Iraq
13890:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
13693:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
12883:. London-New York: Routledge.
12650:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003).
12481:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
11282:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
10906:American Journal of Psychology
10659:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
9872:. Crwflags.com. Archived from
9524:by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85–87
9329:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977).
8697:. 7 March 2015. Archived from
8463:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19.
8139:Not Even My Name: A True Story
6452:Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008).
5981:Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012).
5369:
5343:
5322:
5237:
5155:Assyrian independence movement
5003:
4810:, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra (
4389:following the West Syriac Rite
4144:) and Armenia still do today.
4057:, a derivative of the ancient
3102:Assyrian population by country
3064:massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)
3040:continued during the reign of
3023:
2445:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
2309:Assyrian Genocide Memorial in
2184:Iraqi forces at the battle of
1707:Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)
1502:was punishable by death under
1453:dynasty. Many scholars of the
1034:, began to decline during the
699:History of the Assyrian people
663:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
661:in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the
499:of West Asia and the language
13:
1:
16567:
15253:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
14863:Traditional Assyrian Costumes
14566:. London: G. Bell & Sons.
14010:. New York: Delacorte Press.
13262:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
13214:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
12589:Journal of Universal Language
11768:Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011).
11461:. Berghahn Books. p. 2.
11432:N. Shirinian, George (2017).
11352:"Assyrian Church of the East"
10814:Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk
10717:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7
9664:. Nineveh Press. p. 14.
9195:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians"
9013:Sherman (13 September 2013).
7890:, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80
7874:– via Internet Archive.
7497:Legal Traditions of the World
7421:Medieval Islamic Civilization
7417:Philosophy in the Middle Ages
6922:History of the Persian Empire
6458:Digest of Middle East Studies
5908:Wieviorka & Bataille 2007
5614:"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill"
5231:
4411:
4177:directly descending from the
3981:
2744:Assyrian population in Turkey
1729:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)
1195:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
999:was preserved by the ancient
995:From 1700 BC and onward, the
548:, along with Jews, Arameans,
17347:Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey
16804:in ISIL-controlled territory
16692:
15863:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
15838:Assyrian Democratic Movement
14853:A virtual Assyria: Cyberland
14571:Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019).
14441:: 163–174, 246–251, 276–280.
13911:. Södertälje: Tigris Press.
13801:The Orthodox Christian World
13620:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014).
13343:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
12226:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252
12134:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562
12079:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408
12017:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408
11662:"AUA Release March 26, 2006"
10541:אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים
9990:Cross, Frank Leslie (2005).
9764:"Brief History of Assyrians"
9549:"Nestorian (Christian sect)"
9433:– via www.reuters.com.
9265:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023
9227:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023
8756:Hanna, Reine (1 June 2020),
8607:U.S. News & World Report
8122:Hovannisian, Richard (ed.).
6353:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988).
6187:"Brief History of Assyrians"
5879:"Canada Census Profile 2021"
5849:"Chaldeans in Europe Part V"
5770:"Brief History of Assyrians"
4730:
4273:Assyrians belong to various
4235:
4227:
4215:
4020:Assyrian dialect of Akkadian
3477:. Although at the same time
3345:Assyrians in the Netherlands
3098:List of Assyrian settlements
2269:Assyrian Democratic Movement
1864:, Ottoman Empire, April 1909
1278:, king), meaning royalists.
892:in 539 BC. Assyrians became
888:, which consumed the entire
528:, with most adhering to the
71:
63:
55:
47:
7:
17342:Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria
16978:
16870:
16715:Council of Representatives
16453:Weapons of mass destruction
16140:
15848:Assyrian Universal Alliance
15074:Assyrian Church of the East
15049:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
15043:Assyrian Evangelical Church
14966:Terms for Syriac Christians
14808:. Oxford University Press.
14288:Rollinger, Robert (2006b).
13795:Kitchen, Robert A. (2012).
13579:. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
13166:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017).
13145:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015).
13006:Coakley, James F. (2011b).
12981:Coakley, James F. (2011a).
12929:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
12677:. London-New York: Tauris.
12452:Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (1999).
11686:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh"
11570:(in Hebrew). 18 July 2019.
11457:O. Barthoma, Soner (2017).
8771:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015).
7705:The Lesser Eastern Churches
5883:Census Profile, 2021 Census
5673:Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018).
5302:Simmons, Mary Kate (1998).
5160:Assyrian Universal Alliance
5111:
4924:
4671:. Assyrian-Australian band
4345:Assyrian Church of the East
4330:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
4326:Assyrian Evangelical Church
4299:Assyrian Church of the East
4287:Assyrian Church of the East
4254:
4009:Afroasiatic language family
3579:of the Aramaic speakers in
3370:and Russia tend to be from
3085:
2955:, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe,
2533:
2218:Assyrian Church of the East
2160:and another four served in
2099:Turkish War of Independence
1886:Assyrian Church of the East
1746:, commonly referred to as "
1397:to Syriac and afterward to
960:
823:Assyrian Church of the East
444:, a geographical region in
10:
17363:
17337:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq
17332:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran
16443:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
15858:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
15080:Ancient Church of the East
14517:Travis, Hannibal (2010) .
14214:O'Mahony, Anthony (2006).
14080:Murre van den Berg, Heleen
13933:(Abstract). Archived from
13736:(1): 70–76. Archived from
13706:(2): 37–43. Archived from
13468:(1): 77–95. Archived from
13440:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel
13305:(1): 69–70. Archived from
13275:(2): 30–36. Archived from
12944:Coakley, James F. (1996).
12923:Coakley, James F. (1992).
12671:Baumer, Christoph (2006).
12352:. Amherst: Cambria Press.
12312:
12177:10.1163/157338406780345899
11858:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
11743:Jewish in Seattle Magazine
11201:Carl Drott (25 May 2015).
10933:. Lulu.com. pp. 75–.
10662:. Routledge. p. 652.
10437:10.31826/9781463238933-014
7495:Glenn, H. Patrick (2007).
7180:Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace
6816:World History Encyclopedia
6738:Oxford University Press US
4928:
4891:Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine
4863:
4859:
4848:
4689:
4632:), and other instruments.
4581:Assyrian/Syriac folk music
4578:
4349:Ancient Church of the East
4303:Ancient Church of the East
4291:Ancient Church of the East
4258:
4163:
4011:, ultimately descend from
3985:
3896:
3892:
3809:, uncovered from Çineköy,
3744:rule from 323 BC the name
3613:, named after the ancient
3526:Names of Syriac Christians
3523:
3417:
3095:
3089:
2742:, and a small but growing
2537:
2294:
2053:
2007:
1950:
1770:. The Maphrian resided at
1700:
1611:
1350:
1069:
825:, they are descended from
707:
696:
692:
29:
17236:
17135:
16990:
16986:
16973:
16878:
16865:
16700:
16687:
16575:
16562:
16383:
16300:
16152:
16148:
16135:
15953:
15881:
15828:
15699:
15531:
15522:
15435:
15364:
15271:
15212:
15195:
15152:
15093:
15058:
15021:
15010:
14972:
14943:
14932:
14255:(2): 5–22. Archived from
14193:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
13905:Lundgren, Svante (2016).
12320:Abdalla, Michael (2017).
10528:– via Google Books.
10388:– via Google Books.
8979:Assyrian Policy Institute
8741:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7667:– via Google Books.
7624:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006).
7522:Winkler, Dietmar (2009).
7458:Bennett, Clinton (2005).
7357:10.1163/22118993-90000037
7126:Etheredge, Laura (2011).
6842:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
6386:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964).
5438:Assyrian Policy Institute
5205:World Council of Arameans
4456:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church
4209:from the 1st century AD.
4159:
3414:Identity and subdivisions
3394:intake. The Assyrians in
3110:Assyrian world population
2880:, they live scattered in
2371:aimed at Assyrians &
2297:Assyrian exodus from Iraq
1928:World War I and aftermath
1816:De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum
1608:Mongolian and Turkic rule
1383:Muslim conquest of Persia
1357:Muslim conquest of Persia
1231:(Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in,
1188:Muslim conquest of Persia
1158:Along with the Arameans,
821:In the traditions of the
729:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
407:
402:
369:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
196:
188:
175:
167:
159:
147:
139:
126:
121:
110:
105:
93:
79:
16794:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
16705:Administrative divisions
15378:Muslim conquest of Syria
15068:Chaldean Catholic Church
14641:Yana, George V. (2008).
14594:Wolk, Daniel P. (2008).
14354:: 73–112. Archived from
14119:"Syriac Orthodox Church"
13547:Healey, John F. (2010).
13486:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
13399:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
13194:"Assyriens ou Araméens?"
12898:Butts, Aaron M. (2017).
12802:Beitrag, Onders (2012).
12781:Becker, Adam H. (2015).
12758:Becker, Adam H. (2008).
12729:Assyrians of New Britain
12454:"Who are the Assyrians?"
11720:"FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian"
10540:
10376:. Chez Frederic Arnaud.
9968:, p. IX-X, 38, 241.
9584:Swedish Language Council
8214:Zubaida, S (July 2000).
7761:19 December 2019 at the
7336:Contadini, Anna (2003).
7250:Encyclopaedia Britannica
7231:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5644:"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver"
5381:www.culturalsurvival.org
5211:
4703:in an Assyrian party in
4685:
4678:The first international
4574:
4498:Chaldean Catholic Church
4490:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
4363:Chaldean Catholic Church
4295:Chaldean Catholic Church
4283:Chaldean Catholic Church
4013:Late Old Eastern Aramaic
3305:London Borough of Ealing
3254:West Bloomfield Township
2903:. They mainly speak the
2868:. In Syria they live in
2838:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
2819:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
2777:, in a 2013 report by a
2344:and began a process of "
1878:Chaldean Catholic Church
1799:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
1750:", and followers of the
1693:hands from 1501 and on.
1401:. They also excelled in
1393:by translating works of
1331:and the wife of Emperor
1293:, which has adopted the
1127:. The population of the
1003:and Assyrians only as a
675:Syrian Democratic Forces
17322:Ethnic groups in Turkey
16353:Mandate for Mesopotamia
16227:First Babylonian Empire
15905:Christianity portal
15868:Syriac Military Council
15467:Massacres of Diyarbekir
15402:Principality of Antioch
15355:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
15162:Assyrian folk/pop music
14720:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b).
14691:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a).
13661:. Münster: LIT Verlag.
13655:Jakob, Joachim (2014).
13480:Gzella, Holger (2015).
12843:The World's Inhabitants
12622:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017).
12602:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1
12583:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004).
12259:of human populations".
11976:5 November 2015 at the
10888:"The Assyrian New Year"
10803:, p. 89, 206, 233.
10493:Donabed & Mako 2009
10423:Akopian, Arman (2017).
10324:Baum & Winkler 2003
10300:Baum & Winkler 2003
9954:Murre van den Berg 2015
9752:, The America Spectator
8224:Nations and Nationalism
8041:"The Old Assyrian Flag"
7945:Baum & Winkler 2003
7846:Pietro Strozzi (1617).
7720:– via Wikisource.
7682:22 October 2020 at the
7193:"Definition of melkite"
6519:Minahan, James (2002).
6172:24 October 2019 at the
6053:28 October 2020 at the
6042:1 November 2020 at the
5506:28 October 2020 at the
5487:31 October 2020 at the
5290:Murre van den Berg 2011
5224:(ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē)
4955:In a 2006 study of the
4560:located in the city of
4275:Christian denominations
3734:east of the Euphrates.
3571:. This happened at the
3116: more than 500,000
2929:Syriac Orthodox culture
2544:List of Assyrian tribes
2487:Syriac Military Council
2246:Iraqi/Syrian Christians
1820:Lesser Eastern Churches
1780:Monastery of Mar Mattai
1715:Mar Elias (Eliya), the
1591:massacres of Diyarbakır
1415:Eutychius of Alexandria
1291:Eastern Orthodox Church
1270:(451), which condemned
1262:(431), which condemned
1024:Assyrian and Babylonian
747:culture c. 7100 BC and
17312:Ethnic groups in Syria
16512:Insurgency (2011–2013)
16433:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
16237:Middle Assyrian Empire
15623:Al-Hasakah Governorate
15461:Massacres of Badr Khan
15235:Middle Assyrian Empire
15037:Syriac Catholic Church
15031:Syriac Orthodox Church
14755:Yildiz, Efrem (2012).
14662:Yildiz, Efrem (1999).
14558:Wigram, William Ainger
14506:"L'Église nestorienne"
14435:The Spirit of Missions
13576:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
13292:"Reply to John Joseph"
12904:A Companion to Assyria
12628:A Companion to Assyria
11265:Briquel-Chatonnet 2019
10850:ASSYRIANS OF CHICAGO.
10816:, Moscow: Nauka, 1964.
10143:A companion to Assyria
10141:Frahm, Eckart (2017).
9848:Wayne State University
9573:Demographics of Sweden
8915:6 October 2014 at the
8356:"The Anfal Offensives"
7886:"Myth vs. Reality" to
7528:. LIT Verlag Münster.
6776:A Companion to Assyria
5749:ChristianHeadlines.com
5337:2 January 2012 at the
4878:
4818:
4707:
4680:Aramaic Music Festival
4618:electronic dance music
4601:
4387:Syriac Catholic Church
4373:Syriac Orthodox Church
4318:Protestant Reformation
4311:Syriac Catholic Church
4307:Syriac Orthodox Church
4279:Syriac Orthodox Church
4270:
4086:mutual intelligibility
4000:
3966:between Assyrians and
3908:
3679:
3670:The proximity between
3465:
3454:
3444:
3287:in the United States,
3142:
3140: less than 10,000
3060:massacres of Badr Khan
3020:
3012:
2925:Syriac Catholic Church
2919:churches, such as the
2915:). Most adhere to the
2874:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2754:
2717:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2530:
2522:
2476:. In August 2016, the
2418:Islamic Fundamentalist
2317:
2260:
2201:
2094:
2019:
1948:
1940:
1865:
1784:Patriarch of Tur Abdin
1752:Syriac Orthodox Church
1724:
1703:Massacres of Badr Khan
1639:
1495:
1378:
1283:Syriac Orthodox Church
1253:Catholicos of the East
1248:
1067:
1054:Early Christian period
986:Indo-European language
867:Middle Assyrian Empire
818:
770:united all the native
733:
521:
17307:Ethnic groups in Iraq
17302:Ethnic groups in Iran
16799:in post-invasion Iraq
16505:U.S. troop withdrawal
16267:Neo-Babylonian Empire
15947:Ethnic groups in Iran
15491:Independence movement
15247:Post-imperial Assyria
15223:Early Assyrian period
14455:. New York: Appleton.
14366:Sato, Noriko (2018).
14339:Садо, Стефан (1996).
13524:Hanish, Shak (2015).
12900:"Assyrian Christians"
12562:Atto, Naures (2011).
12539:Atman, Sabri (2018).
12439:Ainsworth, William F.
12425:Ainsworth, William F.
12393:Ainsworth, William F.
12165:Iran and the Caucasus
11394:University of Ostrava
11377:Boháč, Artur (2010).
10200:Catholic Encyclopedia
9817:6 August 2018 at the
9016:The West in the World
8981:. 30 September 2018.
8439:National Public Radio
8366:on 28 September 2011.
8203:Blood Sweat and Tears
7433:Brague, Rémi (2009).
7405:on 27 September 2013.
6556:13 March 2018 at the
5185:Neo-Aramaic languages
4929:Further information:
4873:
4801:
4699:
4592:
4426:Mor Hananyo Monastery
4414:Assyrian Christianity
4268:
3995:
3988:Neo-Aramaic languages
3906:
3676:Alain Manesson Mallet
3669:
3483:George Thomas Bettany
3475:William Ainger Wigram
3460:
3450:
3439:
3418:Further information:
3122: 100,000–500,000
3109:
3018:
3010:
2935:(west of Tur Abdin),
2752:
2528:
2508:
2375:). In places such as
2322:2003 Invasion of Iraq
2308:
2254:
2194:
2166:Royal Marine Commando
2088:
2017:
1946:
1935:
1855:
1714:
1629:
1612:Further information:
1489:
1364:
1351:Further information:
1319:Neo-Aramaic languages
1227:
1197:, the capital of the
1070:Further information:
1061:
882:Neo-Babylonian Empire
804:
725:
704:Pre-Christian history
624:2003 invasion of Iraq
618:The emergence of the
567:are those of ancient
509:
454:Ancient Mesopotamians
371:Neo-Aramaic languages
151:200,000–877,000 (pre-
18:Aramean-Syriac people
16748:Council of Ministers
16630:Mesopotamian Marshes
15167:Music of Mesopotamia
15114:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
15109:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
14839:at Wikimedia Commons
14596:"Assyrian Americans"
14480:Tezel, Aziz (2003).
14269:Die Welt des Orients
14262:on 28 November 2007.
13966:Makko, Aryo (2012).
13066:Demir, Sara (2017).
12962:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14
11674:on 19 November 2011.
11540:. 28 November 2016.
11510:. 23 November 2016.
11063:Maclean, Arthur John
10431:. pp. 217–222.
10193:17 July 2018 at the
9821:by Penny Timms from
9798:21 July 2018 at the
8839:on 24 September 2016
7884:In his contribution
7399:christiansofiraq.com
7106:Ammianus Marcellinus
6950:on 19 November 2020.
6330:. 19 December 2014.
6142:Roads & Kingdoms
5726:25 June 2008 at the
5407:"Population Project"
5023:Assyrians in Armenia
4959:DNA of six regional
4845:Traditional clothing
4841:they last 1–2 days.
4594:Traditional clothing
4156:diaspora in Europe.
3761:etymology of "Syria"
3591:reported that local
3559:. It was so used by
3420:Assyrian nationalism
3128: 50,000–100,000
2453:Nineveh Plain Forces
2365:Kurdish nationalists
2267:movement within the
2259:, early 20th century
1996:During World War I (
1419:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
1268:Council of Chalcedon
1229:Mor Mattai Monastery
1176:Eastern Christianity
1042:during the reign of
908:in 490 BC. However,
871:northern Mesopotamia
751:, the centre of the
536:liturgical rites of
17010:Mesopotamian Arabic
16816:Freedom of religion
16262:Neo-Assyrian Empire
16232:Old Assyrian Period
16217:Neo-Sumerian Empire
15473:Rise of nationalism
15414:Jalayirid Sultanate
15241:Neo-Assyrian Empire
15229:Old Assyrian period
15172:Syriac sacral music
14992:Aramean-Syriac flag
14951:Assyrian continuity
14361:on 10 October 2017.
14348:Христианское чтение
13595:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
13571:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
13501:Halo, Thea (2018).
13391:Gallagher, Edmon L.
12217:2012PLoSO...741252G
12070:2017PLoSO..1287408D
12008:2017PLoSO..1287408D
11726:. pp. 561–563.
11538:The Armenian Weekly
11053:. Leiden: EJ Brill.
10828:, p. 961-1007.
10826:Tekoğlu et al. 2000
9739:Thrown to the Lions
9691:The Daily Telegraph
9629:on 12 February 2020
9467:textbook.surayt.com
9421:. 22 January 2009.
9295:on 20 November 2008
9263:www.hurriyet.com.tr
9225:www.hurriyet.com.tr
8922:Hürriyet Daily News
8701:on 7 September 2016
7164:Council of Seleucia
7071:. G. W. Bowersock.
6665:. 23 October 2016.
6639:on 11 December 2007
6586:Laing-Marshall 2005
6427:factsanddetails.com
6389:Ancient Mesopotamia
6243:on 24 December 2018
5195:Syriac Christianity
5126:Christianity portal
5061:, and the northern
5027:Middle Eastern Jews
4979:in Iran, Iraq, and
4692:Assyrian folk dance
4598:Assyrian folk dance
4585:Syriac sacral music
4261:Syriac Christianity
4201:marks. Syriac is a
3800:Hieroglyphic Luwian
3796:Çineköy inscription
3789:Çineköy inscription
3573:Council of Florence
3547:Syriac Christianity
3510:Christians in Syria
3471:Austen Henry Layard
3464:, published in 1999
3452:Syriac-Aramean flag
3134: 10,000–50,000
2905:Central Neo-Aramaic
2681:Neo-Assyrian empire
2646:ethnically cleansed
2560:cities of Nineveh (
2369:Dohuk Riots of 2011
2040:Assyrian volunteers
2022:In reaction to the
2010:Assyrian volunteers
2004:Assyrian volunteers
1880:) was conferred on
1638:in the 14th century
1632:Syriac Christianity
1445:) and the personal
1315:Syriac Christianity
1219:metropolitan bishop
1072:Syriac Christianity
1044:Tiglath-Pileser III
1036:Neo-Assyrian Empire
878:Neo-Assyrian Empire
807:Neo-Assyrian Empire
796:Old Assyrian period
718:Neo-Assyrian Empire
583:, and northeastern
448:. Modern Assyrians
410:Syriac Christianity
76:
16941:Telecommunications
16916:Foreign Investment
16853:Wars and conflicts
16789:in pre-Saddam Iraq
16753:Presidency Council
16539:2019–2021 protests
16468:Invasion of Kuwait
16292:Sassanid Asorestan
16287:Parthian Babylonia
16282:Seleucid Babylonia
16277:Achaemenid Assyria
16192:Jemdet Nasr period
15893:History portal
15335:Church of the East
15124:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
14961:Chaldean Catholics
14888:2018-03-18 at the
14873:Who Are Assyrians?
14447:Southgate, Horatio
14427:Southgate, Horatio
14413:Southgate, Horatio
14186:10.1093/hgs/dcz045
13455:"We Are Assyrians"
13448:. London: Bagster.
13190:Fiey, Jean Maurice
12838:Bettany, George T.
12733:Arcadia Publishing
11900:on 17 October 2015
11805:on 16 August 2000.
11714:Piroyan, William;
11692:on 25 October 2012
11643:2011-08-14 at the
11638:The Date of Easter
11267:, p. 243–265.
10840:, p. 283–287.
10791:, p. 106–107.
10779:, p. 283-287.
10743:, p. 281–285.
10697:, p. 299–317.
10631:, p. 276-287.
10604:, p. 141–160.
10314:, p. 526-527.
10215:, p. 123-141.
10188:"Eastern Churches"
9876:on 12 October 2008
9744:2013-08-08 at the
9578:2 May 2019 at the
9089:on 17 October 2015
8575:CatholicPhilly.com
8306:on 19 October 2012
8152:Korbani, Agnes G.
8082:on 7 February 2005
8030:, p. 215-232.
8018:, p. 105-107.
8006:, p. 218-219.
7923:, p. 126-127.
7895:2020-07-13 at the
7734:Oriens Christianus
7571:"History of Ashur"
7277:www.britannica.com
7246:"Aramaic language"
7234:. 29 January 2024.
6740:. pp. 20–21.
6633:The Christian Post
6603:The Christian Post
6588:, p. 149-150.
6298:Kristeligt Dagblad
6091:on 5 November 2014
6071:2021-10-25 at the
5165:The Last Assyrians
4945:Persian population
4879:
4819:
4741:Gregorian calendar
4708:
4602:
4502:Church of the East
4492:: is an important
4428:: is an important
4271:
4065:varieties such as
4001:
3958:have tended to be
3923:(vernal equinox).
3909:
3823:Etymology of Syria
3813:, Turkey (ancient
3680:
3623:Israeli government
3514:Turkish Christians
3506:Iranian Christians
3466:
3455:
3445:
3388:Federal Government
3143:
3021:
3013:
2834:Chaldean Catholics
2785:Assyrian subgroups
2763:Turkey and the PKK
2755:
2725:Syrian citizenship
2671:In ancient times,
2531:
2523:
2470:Syriac Union Party
2353:Islamic extremists
2318:
2261:
2225:Abd al-Karim Qasim
2202:
2137:during the 1930s.
2095:
2062:Assyrian rebellion
2056:Assyrian rebellion
2050:Assyrian rebellion
2020:
1963:Hamidian massacres
1949:
1941:
1866:
1754:, commonly called
1744:Church of the East
1731:and the resulting
1725:
1640:
1534:in Europe and the
1532:Latin Christianity
1528:Church of the East
1496:
1395:Greek philosophers
1391:Abbasid Caliphates
1379:
1260:Council of Ephesus
1249:
1203:Church of the East
1086:Roman–Persian Wars
1068:
1048:Hellenistic period
1009:classical language
902:Battle of Marathon
819:
734:
667:Iraqi Armed forces
522:
511:Chaldean Catholics
224:61,000 (2020 est.)
42:
17284:
17283:
17232:
17231:
17228:
17227:
17218:Mandaean New Year
16969:
16968:
16861:
16860:
16843:Political parties
16738:Foreign relations
16683:
16682:
16590:Lower Mesopotamia
16585:Upper Mesopotamia
16558:
16557:
16554:
16553:
16318:Abbasid Caliphate
16313:Umayyad Caliphate
16222:Isin-Larsa period
16085:
16084:
15913:
15912:
15824:
15823:
15540:
15518:
15517:
15485:Assyrian genocide
15384:Abbasid Caliphate
15206:
15089:
15088:
14956:Assyrian diaspora
14835:Media related to
14815:978-0-19-965522-9
14791:978-1-78533-499-3
14729:Dialogo Ecumenico
14654:978-1-4653-1629-5
14633:978-0-19-063346-2
14609:978-1-4129-2694-2
14586:978-1-138-89901-8
14549:978-90-04-16337-9
14528:978-1-59460-436-2
14502:Tisserant, Eugène
14493:978-91-554-5555-2
14404:978-0-567-08231-2
14381:978-1-4632-0730-4
14229:978-0-521-81113-2
14206:978-0-7864-5133-3
14157:978-90-429-3046-9
14097:978-1-60724-111-9
14017:978-0-440-01769-1
13981:978-3-643-90268-9
13958:978-3-11-005959-5
13918:978-91-983441-2-7
13897:978-90-429-0859-8
13868:Layard, Austen H.
13854:Layard, Austen H.
13833:978-1-135-19388-1
13810:978-0-415-45516-9
13787:978-1-59884-362-0
13757:. Leiden: Brill.
13668:978-3-643-50616-0
13635:978-1-317-81866-3
13612:978-88-7158-024-1
13586:978-1-55540-430-7
13562:978-1-135-19371-3
13539:978-1-317-46400-6
13516:978-1-4632-0730-4
13493:978-90-04-28510-1
13475:on 21 April 2003.
13436:Gesenius, Wilhelm
13427:978-1-59333-301-0
13406:978-90-04-22802-3
13356:978-0-521-02700-7
13335:978-88-8483-107-1
13322:"Mapping Assyria"
13181:978-90-429-3164-0
13158:978-0-7486-8605-6
13102:978-0-7385-4480-9
13081:978-1-138-28405-0
13044:978-1-59333-077-4
12936:978-0-19-826744-7
12890:978-1-134-15907-9
12866:978-1-138-89901-8
12817:978-3-643-90268-9
12794:978-0-226-14531-0
12773:978-3-16-149411-6
12742:978-0-7385-5012-1
12684:978-1-84511-115-1
12663:978-1-134-43019-2
12575:978-90-8728-148-9
12554:978-1-4632-0730-4
12494:978-1-107-24456-6
12359:978-1-60497-583-3
12335:978-1-138-28405-0
11873:978-0-691-08750-4
11781:978-0-7637-5965-0
11651:(March 27, 2007).
11624:978-1-59333-276-1
11493:978-1-4128-3592-3
11468:978-1-78533-499-3
11443:978-1-78533-433-7
11422:, p. 92-105.
11403:978-80-7368-717-5
11358:on 1 October 2003
11278:"Syriac alphabet"
10940:978-1-291-83577-9
10669:978-1-136-78800-0
10629:Schniedewind 2002
10548:. 9 August 2013.
10518:978-0-19-967949-2
10446:978-1-4632-3893-3
10152:978-1-118-32524-7
10064:Middle East Forum
10001:978-0-19-280290-3
9671:978-91-984101-7-4
9371:. 13 March 2008.
9348:978-0-87808-320-6
9026:978-1-259-15705-9
8925:, 2 February 2013
8891:on 7 October 2016
8833:Hawar News Agency
8809:on 18 August 2016
8441:. 1 August 2007.
8388:978-91-554-8303-6
8051:on 5 January 2006
8045:Chaldeans On Line
7664:978-0-470-76639-2
7637:978-1-84511-056-7
7535:978-3-643-50045-8
7444:978-0-226-07080-3
7315:978-0-521-24015-4
7226:"Syriac language"
7141:978-1-61530-304-5
7037:: 91–120 Chicago"
7021:978-975-16-2235-8
6855:978-1-108-47874-8
6786:978-1-118-32524-7
6747:978-0-19-953222-3
6530:978-0-313-32109-2
6113:. 28 March 2017.
5730:(of which 55,000
5706:Borkener Zeitung
5458:. 28 April 2014.
5411:Shlama Foundation
5383:. 25 March 2010.
5315:978-90-411-0223-2
5170:List of Assyrians
5150:Assyrian homeland
5145:Assyrian genocide
5140:Assyrian diaspora
5059:Arabian peninsula
5047:Assyrians in Iran
5019:Haplogroup T-M184
4903:Levantine cuisine
4851:Assyrian clothing
4839:Assyrian diaspora
4830:Assyrian genocide
4554:Saint Mary Church
4529:Chaldean Catholic
4467:Al-Jdayde quarter
4385:adherents of the
4371:adherents of the
4361:adherents of the
4343:adherents of the
4153:Iranian languages
4077:, written in the
3998:Assyrian dialects
3589:Horatio Southgate
3479:Horatio Southgate
3443:, adopted in 1968
3378:. More recently,
3339:, the commune of
3266:Stanislaus County
3202:Fairfield Heights
3165:(80,000), and in
3147:Assyrian genocide
3092:Assyrian Diaspora
3080:al-Anfal campaign
3072:Assyrian genocide
2860:, as well as the
2740:Assyrians in Iran
2650:Assyrian genocide
2588:(Erbil) in Iraq,
2554:Assyrian homeland
2540:Assyrian homeland
2422:Assyrian Homeland
2399:Islamic terrorism
2388:Muhammad cartoons
2346:de-Baathification
2123:ethnic cleansings
2115:Assyrian triangle
2111:League of Nations
2077:retreat to Iraq.
2044:Our Smallest Ally
2024:Assyrian Genocide
1971:Assyrian genocide
1953:Assyrian genocide
1760:Marutha of Tikrit
1579:massacred in 1843
1305:, which kept its
1184:minority religion
1129:Sasanian province
1016:Akkadian language
997:Sumerian language
971:Akkadian language
813:(dark green) and
565:Assyrian homeland
540:. Both rites use
458:ancient Assyrians
428:
427:
178:Assyrian diaspora
129:Assyrian homeland
16:(Redirected from
17354:
17274:
17273:
17264:
17263:
17254:
17244:
17243:
16988:
16987:
16975:
16974:
16906:
16867:
16866:
16718:
16689:
16688:
16675:Sinjar Mountains
16665:Zagros Mountains
16605:Hamrin Mountains
16564:
16563:
16527:Mosul liberation
16500:Iraqi insurgency
16422:National Command
16411:
16247:Simurrum culture
16150:
16149:
16137:
16136:
16126:
16125:
16124:
16112:
16105:
16098:
16089:
16088:
16075:
16063:
16056:
16049:
16042:
16035:
16028:
16021:
15940:
15933:
15926:
15917:
15916:
15903:
15902:
15891:
15890:
15889:
15536:
15529:
15528:
15503:Post-Saddam Iraq
15329:Nestorian schism
15323:Christianization
15295:(132 BCE–244 CE)
15289:(247 BCE–224 CE)
15249:(609 BCE–240 CE)
15210:
15209:
15200:
15060:East Syriac Rite
15023:West Syriac Rite
15019:
15018:
15000:
14989:
14978:
14919:
14912:
14905:
14896:
14895:
14878:Assyrian History
14834:
14819:
14800:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
14795:
14776:
14774:
14772:
14751:
14749:
14747:
14741:
14735:(112): 263–282.
14726:
14716:
14714:
14712:
14687:
14685:
14683:
14658:
14637:
14613:
14590:
14577:The Syriac World
14567:
14553:
14532:
14513:
14497:
14476:
14466:
14456:
14442:
14422:
14408:
14385:
14362:
14360:
14345:
14335:
14333:
14331:
14325:
14294:
14284:
14263:
14261:
14246:
14233:
14210:
14189:
14171:
14161:
14138:
14136:
14134:
14113:
14111:
14109:
14075:
14061:
14026:Millard, Alan R.
14021:
13997:
13995:
13993:
13962:
13938:
13937:on 10 June 2007.
13929:(29 July 2004).
13927:MacDonald, Kevin
13922:
13901:
13882:Lipiński, Edward
13877:
13863:
13849:
13847:
13845:
13814:
13791:
13768:
13744:
13743:on 15 July 2020.
13742:
13727:
13714:
13713:on 15 July 2020.
13712:
13697:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13651:
13649:
13647:
13616:
13590:
13566:
13543:
13520:
13497:
13476:
13474:
13459:
13449:
13431:
13410:
13386:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13339:
13318:Frye, Richard N.
13313:
13312:on 11 July 2020.
13311:
13296:
13288:Frye, Richard N.
13283:
13282:on 13 July 2020.
13281:
13266:
13258:Frye, Richard N.
13253:
13251:
13249:
13210:Frye, Richard N.
13205:
13185:
13162:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13131:
13116:
13106:
13085:
13062:
13061:. London: Asher.
13053:Davies, Benjamin
13048:
13027:
13025:
13023:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12940:
12919:
12917:
12915:
12894:
12875:Bryce, Trevor R.
12870:
12857:The Syriac World
12847:
12833:
12831:
12829:
12798:
12777:
12754:
12723:
12721:
12719:
12713:
12698:
12692:Benjamin, Yoab.
12688:
12667:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12604:
12579:
12558:
12535:
12498:
12477:
12475:
12473:
12448:
12434:
12420:
12388:
12375:
12373:
12371:
12339:
12307:
12299:
12293:
12292:
12255:
12249:
12248:
12238:
12228:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12160:
12154:
12153:
12113:
12102:
12101:
12091:
12081:
12064:(11): e0187408.
12049:
12040:
12039:
12029:
12019:
12002:(11): e0187408.
11987:
11981:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11916:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11899:
11893:. Archived from
11892:
11884:
11878:
11877:
11854:
11848:
11847:
11837:
11813:
11807:
11806:
11801:. Archived from
11795:
11786:
11785:
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11745:. Archived from
11734:
11728:
11727:
11711:
11702:
11701:
11699:
11697:
11682:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11667:. Archived from
11666:
11658:
11652:
11635:
11629:
11628:
11608:
11602:
11601:
11590:
11584:
11583:
11581:
11579:
11560:
11554:
11553:
11551:
11549:
11530:
11524:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11429:
11423:
11417:
11411:
11410:
11383:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11363:
11348:
11342:
11339:
11333:
11326:Nestle, Eberhard
11323:
11317:
11299:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11274:
11268:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11232:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11198:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11181:
11170:
11162:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11146:on 29 March 2019
11142:. Archived from
11132:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11104:O'Brien, Abbie.
11101:
11095:
11089:
11083:
11077:
11071:
11060:
11054:
11044:
11038:
11031:
11022:
11019:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11008:
11002:
10995:
10987:
10981:
10975:
10969:
10963:
10954:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10924:
10918:
10915:
10909:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10890:. Archived from
10884:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10867:
10856:
10847:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10823:
10817:
10810:
10804:
10798:
10792:
10786:
10780:
10774:
10768:
10767:, p. 72-82.
10762:
10756:
10755:, p. 30–36.
10750:
10744:
10738:
10732:
10731:, p. 37-43.
10726:
10720:
10704:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10673:
10653:
10647:
10641:
10632:
10626:
10620:
10614:
10605:
10599:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10568:
10562:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10502:
10496:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10420:
10414:
10408:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10246:
10240:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10185:
10179:
10178:
10172:
10164:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10112:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10037:
10031:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10009:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9969:
9963:
9957:
9951:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9918:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9898:. Crwflags.com.
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9866:
9860:
9857:
9851:
9832:
9826:
9825:, 3 January 2017
9809:
9803:
9790:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9762:Peter BetBasoo.
9759:
9753:
9736:
9730:
9727:
9721:
9718:
9712:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9682:
9676:
9675:
9657:
9648:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9599:. Archived from
9593:
9587:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9545:
9539:
9531:
9525:
9517:
9511:
9501:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9478:
9459:
9453:
9450:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9415:
9409:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9359:
9353:
9352:
9336:
9326:
9320:
9314:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9291:. Archived from
9281:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9108:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9079:
9070:
9067:
9061:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9043:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9010:
9004:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8971:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8935:
8926:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8740:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8687:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8566:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8535:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8479:The Boston Globe
8470:
8464:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8414:
8408:. Archived from
8407:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8362:. Archived from
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8245:
8220:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8119:
8113:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8047:. Archived from
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7981:
7974:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7699:
7693:
7688:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7621:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7519:
7513:
7512:, p. 48-49.
7507:
7501:
7500:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7430:
7424:
7415:Hyman and Walsh
7413:
7407:
7406:
7401:. Archived from
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7342:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7269:
7263:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7189:
7183:
7176:Michael Goldfarb
7173:
7167:
7166:was held in 359.
7156:Seleucia Isauria
7152:
7146:
7145:
7132:Rosen Publishing
7123:
7117:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7049:on 29 April 2013
7048:
7042:. Archived from
7041:
7029:
7023:
7013:
7007:
6997:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6943:. Archived from
6942:
6934:
6925:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6859:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6704:. Max Mallowan.
6698:
6692:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6635:. Archived from
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6394:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6328:The Astana Times
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6183:
6177:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6087:. Archived from
6081:
6075:
6063:
6057:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5802:. Archived from
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5741:
5735:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5497:
5491:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5347:
5341:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5241:
5225:
5222:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5086:Fertile Crescent
5009:Y-DNA haplogroup
4919:Armenian cuisine
4882:Assyrian cuisine
4876:Assyrian cuisine
4866:Assyrian cuisine
4779:
4767:
4637:Ashur Bet Sargis
4630:electronic drums
4596:may be worn for
4556:: is an ancient
4550:
4521:
4486:
4452:
4422:
4379:, also known as
4377:West Syriac Rite
4355:, also known as
4353:East Syriac Rite
4247:, especially in
4238:
4230:
4218:
4191:Arabic alphabets
4179:Aramaic alphabet
3931:
3930:
3899:Assyrian culture
3884:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3844:
3756:of the Levant.
3619:West Syriac Rite
3609:, also known as
3557:Aramaic language
3543:West Syriac Rite
3520:Self-designation
3502:Iraqi Christians
3380:Syrian Assyrians
3250:Sterling Heights
3178:Stockholm County
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
2799:Zagros Mountains
2797:in the northern
2759:Assyrian culture
2434:ethnic cleansing
2235:seized power in
2214:Shimun XXI Eshai
2148:, Rab-talia and
2107:Shimun XXI Eshai
1882:Yohannan Hormizd
1536:Byzantine Empire
1329:Byzantine Empire
1307:West Syriac Rite
1245:Syriac Christian
1018:, with its main
982:Hittite language
644:Iraqi population
636:Syrian civil war
542:Classical Syriac
479:Assyrians speak
394:(in antiquity),
388:Classical Syriac
384:
184:Numbers can vary
153:Syrian civil war
135:Numbers can vary
106:Total population
98:
84:
77:
74:
66:
58:
50:
41:
21:
17362:
17361:
17357:
17356:
17355:
17353:
17352:
17351:
17297:Assyrian people
17287:
17286:
17285:
17280:
17224:
17208:Public holidays
17131:
16982:
16965:
16904:
16874:
16857:
16716:
16696:
16679:
16610:Iraqi Kurdistan
16600:Euphrates river
16571:
16550:
16517:War (2014–2017)
16463:Operation Opera
16409:
16379:
16375:Arab Federation
16363:Kingdom of Iraq
16296:
16272:Fall of Babylon
16207:Akkadian Empire
16182:Samarra culture
16167:Hassuna culture
16144:
16131:
16119:
16118:
16116:
16086:
16081:
16073:
16061:
16054:
16047:
16040:
16033:
16026:
16019:
15949:
15944:
15914:
15909:
15897:
15887:
15885:
15877:
15820:
15695:
15672:Mardin Province
15535:
15514:
15497:Simele massacre
15431:
15360:
15325:(1st to 3rd c.)
15307:(64 BCE–637 CE)
15301:(66 BCE–217 CE)
15287:Parthian Empire
15281:Seleucid Empire
15273:
15267:
15263:Assyrian tribes
15231:(2025–1364 BCE)
15225:(2600–2025 BCE)
15204:
15202:
15199:
15191:
15148:
15101:
15085:
15054:
15013:
15006:
15005:
15001:
14995:
14994:
14990:
14984:
14983:
14979:
14970:
14939:
14928:
14926:Assyrian people
14923:
14890:Wayback Machine
14883:Aramean History
14837:Assyrian people
14827:
14822:
14816:
14792:
14770:
14768:
14745:
14743:
14739:
14724:
14710:
14708:
14681:
14679:
14655:
14634:
14610:
14587:
14550:
14529:
14494:
14464:
14405:
14382:
14358:
14343:
14329:
14327:
14323:
14292:
14259:
14244:
14230:
14207:
14169:
14158:
14132:
14130:
14107:
14105:
14098:
14042:10.2307/4200184
14018:
13991:
13989:
13982:
13959:
13919:
13898:
13843:
13841:
13834:
13811:
13788:
13765:
13749:Joseph, John B.
13740:
13725:
13719:Joseph, John B.
13710:
13695:
13689:Joseph, John B.
13678:
13676:
13669:
13645:
13643:
13636:
13613:
13587:
13563:
13540:
13517:
13494:
13472:
13457:
13428:
13407:
13366:
13364:
13357:
13336:
13309:
13294:
13279:
13264:
13247:
13245:
13198:L'Orient Syrien
13182:
13159:
13135:
13133:
13129:
13114:
13103:
13082:
13045:
13021:
13019:
12996:
12994:
12971:
12969:
12937:
12913:
12911:
12891:
12867:
12827:
12825:
12818:
12795:
12774:
12743:
12717:
12715:
12711:
12696:
12685:
12664:
12637:
12635:
12612:
12610:
12576:
12555:
12495:
12471:
12469:
12409:10.2307/1797632
12369:
12367:
12360:
12336:
12315:
12310:
12300:
12296:
12261:Nature Genetics
12256:
12252:
12196:
12192:
12161:
12157:
12114:
12105:
12050:
12043:
11988:
11984:
11978:Wayback Machine
11969:
11965:
11917:
11913:
11903:
11901:
11897:
11890:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11874:
11855:
11851:
11814:
11810:
11797:
11796:
11789:
11782:
11766:
11762:
11752:
11750:
11735:
11731:
11712:
11705:
11695:
11693:
11684:
11683:
11679:
11671:
11664:
11660:
11659:
11655:
11647:. Article from
11645:Wayback Machine
11636:
11632:
11625:
11609:
11605:
11592:
11591:
11587:
11577:
11575:
11562:
11561:
11557:
11547:
11545:
11532:
11531:
11527:
11517:
11515:
11506:
11505:
11501:
11494:
11480:
11476:
11469:
11455:
11451:
11444:
11430:
11426:
11418:
11414:
11404:
11381:
11375:
11371:
11361:
11359:
11350:
11349:
11345:
11340:
11336:
11324:
11320:
11300:
11296:
11286:
11284:
11276:
11275:
11271:
11263:
11259:
11249:
11247:
11234:
11233:
11226:
11216:
11214:
11199:
11195:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11168:
11164:
11163:
11159:
11149:
11147:
11140:Catholic Herald
11134:
11133:
11129:
11119:
11117:
11102:
11098:
11090:
11086:
11078:
11074:
11061:
11057:
11045:
11041:
11033:Avenery, Iddo,
11032:
11025:
11020:
11016:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10984:
10980:, p. 1–20.
10976:
10972:
10964:
10957:
10952:
10948:
10941:
10925:
10921:
10916:
10912:
10908:, 1908 – JSTOR.
10903:
10899:
10886:
10885:
10881:
10871:
10869:
10865:
10854:
10848:
10844:
10838:Rollinger 2006b
10836:
10832:
10824:
10820:
10811:
10807:
10799:
10795:
10787:
10783:
10777:Rollinger 2006b
10775:
10771:
10765:Rollinger 2006a
10763:
10759:
10751:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10727:
10723:
10705:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10681:
10677:
10670:
10654:
10650:
10642:
10635:
10627:
10623:
10615:
10608:
10600:
10596:
10586:
10584:
10569:
10565:
10555:
10553:
10542:
10538:
10537:
10533:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10503:
10499:
10491:
10487:
10479:10.1.1.694.4099
10471:
10470:
10466:
10456:
10454:
10447:
10421:
10417:
10409:
10405:
10397:
10393:
10383:
10381:
10370:
10366:
10358:
10354:
10348:Ainsworth 1842b
10346:
10342:
10334:
10330:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10298:
10294:
10284:
10282:
10271:
10267:
10259:
10255:
10247:
10243:
10235:
10231:
10223:
10219:
10211:
10207:
10195:Wayback Machine
10186:
10182:
10166:
10165:
10153:
10145:. Hoboken, NJ.
10139:
10135:
10125:
10123:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10099:
10097:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10073:
10071:
10056:
10052:
10044:
10040:
10032:
10025:
10017:
10013:
10002:
9988:
9984:
9976:
9972:
9964:
9960:
9952:
9945:
9935:
9933:
9920:
9919:
9915:
9905:
9903:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9879:
9877:
9868:
9867:
9863:
9858:
9854:
9833:
9829:
9819:Wayback Machine
9810:
9806:
9800:Wayback Machine
9791:
9787:
9777:
9775:
9760:
9756:
9746:Wayback Machine
9737:
9733:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9706:
9696:
9694:
9684:
9683:
9679:
9672:
9658:
9651:
9646:
9642:
9632:
9630:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9606:
9604:
9603:on 5 March 2015
9595:
9594:
9590:
9580:Wayback Machine
9571:
9567:
9557:
9555:
9547:
9546:
9542:
9532:
9528:
9518:
9514:
9502:
9498:
9490:
9486:
9476:
9474:
9461:
9460:
9456:
9451:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9428:
9426:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9404:
9400:
9392:
9388:
9378:
9376:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9349:
9327:
9323:
9315:
9308:
9298:
9296:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9268:
9266:
9257:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9204:
9202:
9191:
9187:
9177:
9175:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9143:Geopolitics.com
9135:
9131:
9121:
9119:
9110:
9109:
9102:
9092:
9090:
9081:
9080:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9046:
9038:
9034:
9027:
9011:
9007:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8973:
8972:
8963:
8953:
8951:
8944:National Review
8936:
8929:
8917:Wayback Machine
8908:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8868:
8866:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8842:
8840:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8812:
8810:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8769:
8765:
8754:
8750:
8734:
8733:
8726:
8724:
8719:
8718:
8714:
8704:
8702:
8695:Warisboring.com
8689:
8688:
8684:
8674:
8672:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8648:
8646:
8631:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8598:
8594:
8584:
8582:
8567:
8563:
8553:
8551:
8536:
8529:
8519:
8517:
8504:
8503:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8418:
8416:
8412:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8389:
8375:
8371:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8279:
8277:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8191:
8187:
8174:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8150:
8146:
8135:
8131:
8120:
8116:
8111:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8068:
8064:
8054:
8052:
8039:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7995:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7968:
7967:
7963:
7955:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7897:Wayback Machine
7883:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7844:
7840:
7832:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7808:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7768:
7763:Wayback Machine
7746:
7742:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7713:
7700:
7696:
7686:
7684:Wayback Machine
7676:
7672:
7665:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7622:
7618:
7610:
7606:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7536:
7520:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7493:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7431:
7427:
7414:
7410:
7391:
7387:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7286:
7284:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7206:
7204:
7191:
7190:
7186:
7174:
7170:
7153:
7149:
7142:
7124:
7120:
7114:Walter Hamilton
7104:
7100:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7014:
7010:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6947:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6891:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6856:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6771:
6767:
6757:
6755:
6748:
6725:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6686:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6558:Wayback Machine
6546:
6542:
6531:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6421:Hays, Jeffrey.
6419:
6415:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6365:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6174:Wayback Machine
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6073:Wayback Machine
6064:
6060:
6055:Wayback Machine
6044:Wayback Machine
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6011:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5914:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5822:Assyrian Policy
5816:
5815:
5811:
5806:on 9 July 2017.
5798:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5732:Syriac Orthodox
5728:Wayback Machine
5718:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5597:
5595:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5508:Wayback Machine
5498:
5494:
5489:Wayback Machine
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5418:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5388:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5339:Wayback Machine
5327:
5323:
5316:
5300:
5296:
5292:, p. 2304.
5288:
5284:
5276:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5200:Syriac language
5124:
5117:
5114:
5106:Iranian plateau
5006:
4933:
4927:
4915:Israeli cuisine
4911:Iranian cuisine
4907:Turkish cuisine
4868:
4862:
4853:
4847:
4826:Simele massacre
4774:Sauma d-Ba'utha
4748:Julian calendar
4733:
4694:
4688:
4587:
4579:Main articles:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4558:Assyrian church
4551:
4542:
4522:
4513:
4487:
4478:
4460:Syriac Catholic
4453:
4444:
4430:Syriac Orthodox
4423:
4322:Reform Orthodox
4263:
4257:
4207:Syriac language
4168:
4166:Syriac alphabet
4162:
4067:Lishanid Noshan
3990:
3984:
3901:
3895:
3842:
3748:was altered to
3664:
3569:Catholic Church
3545:Churches. (see
3528:
3522:
3434:
3416:
3376:Iraqi Assyrians
3210:Greenfield Park
3161:(100,000), the
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3076:Simele massacre
3026:
2911:(also known as
2894:Mardin Province
2890:Sirnak Province
2787:
2721:Simele massacre
2654:First World War
2550:
2538:Main articles:
2536:
2503:
2491:Bashar al-Assad
2480:in the city of
2386:Jyllands-Posten
2303:
2295:Main articles:
2293:
2206:Kingdom of Iraq
2195:Three Assyrian
2142:Assyrian Levies
2131:Simele massacre
2083:
2058:
2052:
2012:
2006:
1959:
1951:Main articles:
1930:
1860:in the city of
1803:Yohannan Sulaqa
1733:Treaty of Zuhab
1709:
1699:
1656:fall of Baghdad
1624:
1610:
1551:Iranian peoples
1540:Greek Orthodoxy
1498:As non-Islamic
1455:House of Wisdom
1443:Thomas of Marga
1435:Babai the Great
1367:Mar Toma Church
1359:
1353:Fall of Babylon
1349:
1303:Maronite Church
1301:, but also the
1287:Jacob Baradaeus
1199:Sasanian Empire
1153:Eastern Aramaic
1149:Parthian Empire
1082:
1056:
1030:of the Ancient
963:
955:Sasanian Empire
884:and later, the
843:Ashur-uballit I
811:Shalmaneser III
784:Akkadian Empire
768:Sargon of Akkad
753:Hassuna culture
732:, c. 645–635 BC
720:
708:Main articles:
706:
701:
695:
579:, northwestern
575:, southeastern
412:
386:
374:
373:
143:142,000–200,000
101:
89:
44:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17360:
17350:
17349:
17344:
17339:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17282:
17281:
17279:
17278:
17268:
17258:
17248:
17237:
17234:
17233:
17230:
17229:
17226:
17225:
17223:
17222:
17221:
17220:
17215:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17175:
17170:
17165:
17160:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17139:
17137:
17133:
17132:
17130:
17129:
17128:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17097:
17092:
17091:
17090:
17085:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17034:
17033:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17002:
16996:
16994:
16984:
16983:
16971:
16970:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16946:Transportation
16943:
16938:
16936:Stock Exchange
16933:
16931:Reconstruction
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16911:Infrastructure
16908:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16879:
16876:
16875:
16863:
16862:
16859:
16858:
16856:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16807:
16806:
16796:
16791:
16781:
16780:
16779:
16778:
16777:
16770:Prime Minister
16767:
16766:
16765:
16755:
16750:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16712:
16707:
16701:
16698:
16697:
16685:
16684:
16681:
16680:
16678:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16576:
16573:
16572:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16555:
16552:
16551:
16549:
16548:
16543:
16542:
16541:
16531:
16530:
16529:
16524:
16514:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16487:
16482:
16481:
16480:
16478:1991 uprisings
16470:
16465:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16428:Saddam Hussein
16425:
16414:
16413:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16389:
16387:
16381:
16380:
16378:
16377:
16372:
16371:
16370:
16360:
16358:Mandatory Iraq
16355:
16350:
16347:Mamluk dynasty
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16304:
16302:
16298:
16297:
16295:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16249:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16212:Gutian dynasty
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16158:
16156:
16146:
16145:
16133:
16132:
16115:
16114:
16107:
16100:
16092:
16083:
16082:
16080:
16079:
16078:
16077:
16070:
16065:
16058:
16051:
16044:
16037:
16030:
16023:
16013:
16003:
15997:
15991:
15985:
15979:
15973:
15967:
15961:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15943:
15942:
15935:
15928:
15920:
15911:
15910:
15908:
15907:
15895:
15882:
15879:
15878:
15876:
15875:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15834:
15832:
15826:
15825:
15822:
15821:
15819:
15818:
15813:
15812:
15811:
15801:
15799:United Kingdom
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15705:
15703:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15693:
15692:
15691:
15690:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15642:
15641:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15615:
15614:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15593:
15592:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15552:Nineveh Plains
15543:
15541:
15526:
15520:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15512:
15506:
15500:
15494:
15488:
15482:
15479:Adana massacre
15476:
15470:
15464:
15458:
15455:Schism of 1552
15452:
15449:Ottoman Empire
15446:
15443:Safavid Empire
15439:
15437:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15429:
15423:
15417:
15411:
15405:
15399:
15393:
15390:Emirs of Mosul
15387:
15381:
15375:
15368:
15366:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15358:
15352:
15346:
15332:
15326:
15320:
15314:
15308:
15302:
15296:
15290:
15284:
15277:
15275:
15269:
15268:
15266:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15244:
15238:
15237:(1363–912 BCE)
15232:
15226:
15219:
15217:
15207:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15158:
15156:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15105:
15103:
15091:
15090:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15083:
15077:
15071:
15064:
15062:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15052:
15046:
15040:
15034:
15027:
15025:
15016:
15008:
15007:
14973:
14971:
14969:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14947:
14945:
14941:
14940:
14933:
14930:
14929:
14922:
14921:
14914:
14907:
14899:
14893:
14892:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14865:
14860:
14855:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14826:
14825:External links
14823:
14821:
14820:
14814:
14796:
14790:
14777:
14752:
14717:
14688:
14659:
14653:
14638:
14632:
14618:Yacoub, Joseph
14614:
14608:
14591:
14585:
14568:
14554:
14548:
14533:
14527:
14514:
14498:
14492:
14477:
14475:(3): 961–1007.
14457:
14443:
14423:
14409:
14403:
14386:
14380:
14363:
14336:
14309:10.1086/511103
14303:(4): 283–287.
14285:
14264:
14234:
14228:
14211:
14205:
14190:
14180:(3): 412–428.
14162:
14156:
14139:
14114:
14096:
14076:
14062:
14036:(1): 101–108.
14022:
14016:
14002:Millar, Fergus
13998:
13980:
13963:
13957:
13943:Macuch, Rudolf
13939:
13923:
13917:
13902:
13896:
13878:
13864:
13850:
13832:
13815:
13809:
13792:
13786:
13769:
13763:
13745:
13715:
13685:
13667:
13652:
13634:
13617:
13611:
13591:
13585:
13573:, ed. (1990).
13567:
13561:
13544:
13538:
13521:
13515:
13498:
13492:
13477:
13450:
13432:
13426:
13411:
13405:
13387:
13373:
13355:
13340:
13334:
13314:
13284:
13254:
13230:10.1086/373570
13224:(4): 281–285.
13206:
13186:
13180:
13163:
13157:
13142:
13107:
13101:
13086:
13080:
13063:
13049:
13043:
13028:
13003:
12978:
12956:(3): 179–198.
12941:
12935:
12920:
12895:
12889:
12871:
12865:
12848:
12834:
12816:
12799:
12793:
12778:
12772:
12755:
12741:
12724:
12689:
12683:
12668:
12662:
12644:
12619:
12580:
12574:
12559:
12553:
12536:
12524:10.1086/677249
12516:10.1086/677249
12510:(2): 299–317.
12499:
12493:
12478:
12449:
12435:
12421:
12389:
12376:
12358:
12344:Aboona, Hirmis
12340:
12334:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12308:
12294:
12250:
12190:
12171:(2): 191–208.
12155:
12122:Ann. Hum. Biol
12103:
12041:
11982:
11963:
11911:
11879:
11872:
11849:
11808:
11787:
11780:
11760:
11749:on 3 June 2019
11729:
11703:
11677:
11653:
11630:
11623:
11603:
11585:
11555:
11525:
11499:
11492:
11474:
11467:
11449:
11442:
11424:
11412:
11402:
11396:. p. 71.
11369:
11343:
11334:
11318:
11302:Hatch, William
11294:
11269:
11257:
11242:(in Turkish).
11224:
11193:
11157:
11127:
11096:
11084:
11080:Heinrichs 1990
11072:
11055:
11047:Khan, Geoffrey
11039:
11023:
11014:
10982:
10970:
10955:
10946:
10939:
10919:
10910:
10897:
10894:on 2 May 2006.
10879:
10842:
10830:
10818:
10805:
10793:
10789:Heinrichs 1993
10781:
10769:
10757:
10745:
10733:
10721:
10699:
10687:
10675:
10668:
10648:
10633:
10621:
10606:
10594:
10563:
10531:
10517:
10511:. OUP Oxford.
10497:
10485:
10464:
10445:
10415:
10411:Southgate 1844
10403:
10401:, p. 249.
10399:Southgate 1842
10391:
10364:
10362:, p. 260.
10352:
10350:, p. 272.
10340:
10336:Ainsworth 1841
10328:
10316:
10304:
10302:, p. 112.
10292:
10265:
10253:
10241:
10229:
10217:
10213:Gallagher 2012
10205:
10180:
10151:
10133:
10107:
10081:
10050:
10048:, p. 491.
10038:
10036:, p. 179.
10034:Southgate 1840
10023:
10011:
10000:
9982:
9980:, p. 237.
9970:
9958:
9956:, p. 127.
9943:
9913:
9887:
9861:
9852:
9827:
9804:
9785:
9754:
9731:
9722:
9713:
9704:
9677:
9670:
9649:
9640:
9614:
9588:
9565:
9553:Britannica.com
9540:
9526:
9512:
9496:
9484:
9463:"Šlomo Surayt"
9454:
9445:
9436:
9410:
9408:, p. 238.
9398:
9386:
9354:
9347:
9321:
9306:
9276:
9250:
9238:
9212:
9185:
9155:
9129:
9100:
9071:
9062:
9053:
9044:
9042:, p. 439.
9032:
9025:
9005:
8996:
8961:
8927:
8902:
8876:
8850:
8820:
8794:
8763:
8748:
8712:
8682:
8656:
8625:
8592:
8561:
8527:
8497:
8465:
8456:
8426:
8394:
8387:
8369:
8347:
8317:
8287:
8257:
8206:
8201:Len Dieghton,
8194:
8185:
8168:
8159:
8144:
8141:. p. 131.
8129:
8126:. p. 272.
8114:
8105:
8093:
8062:
8032:
8020:
8008:
7993:
7961:
7959:, p. 604.
7949:
7937:
7925:
7913:
7901:
7877:
7855:
7838:
7836:, p. 127.
7826:
7814:
7802:
7790:
7788:, p. 248.
7778:
7776:, p. 228.
7774:Tisserant 1931
7766:
7740:
7723:
7694:
7670:
7663:
7643:
7636:
7630:. I.B.Tauris.
7616:
7614:, p. 105.
7604:
7592:
7562:
7553:
7541:
7534:
7514:
7502:
7484:
7470:
7450:
7443:
7425:
7408:
7393:Brague, Rémi.
7385:
7328:
7314:
7294:
7264:
7255:
7237:
7214:
7197:Dictionary.com
7184:
7168:
7147:
7140:
7134:. p. 72.
7118:
7098:
7096:, p. 211.
7086:
7060:
7024:
7008:
6992:
6983:
6953:
6926:
6913:
6901:
6871:
6862:
6854:
6834:
6802:
6793:
6785:
6765:
6746:
6728:Deutscher, Guy
6719:
6693:
6687:Georges Roux,
6680:
6650:
6620:
6590:
6575:
6573:, p. 517.
6563:
6561:
6560:
6540:
6529:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6484:
6475:
6444:
6413:
6378:
6363:
6345:
6315:
6284:
6254:
6228:
6216:www.armstat.am
6203:
6178:
6159:
6128:
6102:
6076:
6058:
6029:
6004:
5973:
5943:
5912:
5910:, pp. 166
5900:
5870:
5839:
5809:
5791:
5761:
5736:
5712:
5696:
5681:(in Swedish).
5665:
5635:
5605:
5575:
5549:
5523:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5443:
5428:
5398:
5368:
5342:
5329:SIL Ethnologue
5321:
5314:
5294:
5282:
5267:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5113:
5110:
5005:
5002:
4937:Cavalli-Sforza
4926:
4923:
4895:Middle Eastern
4864:Main article:
4861:
4858:
4849:Main article:
4846:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4822:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4771:
4732:
4729:
4690:Main article:
4687:
4684:
4641:Sargon Gabriel
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4375:following the
4369:
4359:
4351:following the
4277:, such as the
4259:Main article:
4256:
4253:
4245:Latin alphabet
4164:Main article:
4161:
4158:
4090:Jewish Aramaic
4059:Aramaic script
4007:branch of the
3986:Main article:
3983:
3980:
3964:mixed marriage
3946:Assyrians are
3897:Main article:
3894:
3891:
3811:Adana Province
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3615:Aramean people
3611:Syriac-Aramean
3604:
3550:
3524:Main article:
3521:
3518:
3415:
3412:
3398:are primarily
3357:Krasnodar Kray
3222:Meadow Heights
3186:Fairfield City
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3090:Main article:
3087:
3084:
3068:Adana massacre
3038:Zoroastrianism
3025:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2897:
2842:Nineveh Plains
2830:
2786:
2783:
2572:/Beth Garmai (
2535:
2532:
2502:
2499:
2458:In Syria, the
2342:Saddam Hussein
2336:disbanded the
2292:
2289:
2284:Anfal campaign
2277:Saddam Hussein
2119:French mandate
2082:
2081:Modern history
2079:
2054:Main article:
2051:
2048:
2032:Malik Khoshaba
2008:Main article:
2005:
2002:
1929:
1926:
1904:Abdul Hamid II
1900:Ottoman Empire
1719:bishop of the
1698:
1695:
1614:Timurid Empire
1609:
1606:
1585:, the emir of
1555:Turkic peoples
1348:
1345:
1337:Constantinople
1295:Byzantine Rite
1090:Roman province
1055:
1052:
962:
959:
886:Persian Empire
845:overthrew the
755:, c. 6000 BC.
705:
702:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
679:Khabour Guards
659:Nineveh Plains
452:directly from
426:
425:
408:Predominantly
405:
404:
400:
399:
398:(in antiquity)
390:(liturgical),
367:
366:
362:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:United Kingdom
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
216:30,000–150,000
214:
210:
209:
208:70,000–100,000
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
91:
90:
85:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17359:
17348:
17345:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17294:
17292:
17277:
17269:
17267:
17259:
17257:
17253:
17249:
17247:
17239:
17238:
17235:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17210:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17140:
17138:
17134:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17102:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17089:
17086:
17083:
17082:Iraqi Turkmen
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17039:
17038:
17035:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17007:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16997:
16995:
16993:
16989:
16985:
16981:
16976:
16972:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16881:
16880:
16877:
16873:
16868:
16864:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16786:
16785:
16782:
16776:
16773:
16772:
16771:
16768:
16764:
16761:
16760:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16746:
16745:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16717:(legislative)
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16702:
16699:
16695:
16690:
16686:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16650:Syrian Desert
16648:
16646:
16645:Shatt al-Arab
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16580:Faw peninsula
16578:
16577:
16574:
16570:
16565:
16561:
16547:
16544:
16540:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16532:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16522:Fall of Mosul
16520:
16519:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16495:U.S. invasion
16493:
16492:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16479:
16476:
16475:
16474:
16471:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16461:
16459:
16458:Iran–Iraq War
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16423:
16419:
16416:
16415:
16412:
16406:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16390:
16388:
16386:
16382:
16376:
16373:
16369:
16366:
16365:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16348:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16323:Buyid dynasty
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16305:
16303:
16299:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16253:
16250:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16172:Halaf culture
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16159:
16157:
16155:
16151:
16147:
16143:
16138:
16134:
16129:
16123:
16113:
16108:
16106:
16101:
16099:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16076:
16071:
16069:
16068:Afro-Iranians
16066:
16064:
16059:
16057:
16052:
16050:
16045:
16043:
16038:
16036:
16031:
16029:
16024:
16022:
16017:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16010:Turkic people
16007:
16004:
16001:
15998:
15995:
15992:
15989:
15986:
15983:
15980:
15977:
15974:
15971:
15968:
15965:
15962:
15959:
15956:
15955:
15952:
15948:
15941:
15936:
15934:
15929:
15927:
15922:
15921:
15918:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15894:
15884:
15883:
15880:
15874:
15871:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15835:
15833:
15831:
15827:
15817:
15814:
15810:
15807:
15806:
15805:
15804:United States
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15706:
15704:
15702:
15698:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15674:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15654:
15653:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15624:
15621:
15620:
15619:
15616:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15598:
15597:
15594:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15553:
15550:
15549:
15548:
15545:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15534:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15521:
15510:
15507:
15504:
15501:
15498:
15495:
15492:
15489:
15486:
15483:
15480:
15477:
15474:
15471:
15468:
15465:
15462:
15459:
15456:
15453:
15450:
15447:
15444:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15434:
15427:
15424:
15421:
15418:
15415:
15412:
15409:
15406:
15403:
15400:
15397:
15396:Buyid amirate
15394:
15391:
15388:
15385:
15382:
15379:
15376:
15373:
15370:
15369:
15367:
15363:
15356:
15353:
15350:
15347:
15344:
15340:
15336:
15333:
15330:
15327:
15324:
15321:
15318:
15317:Roman Assyria
15315:
15312:
15309:
15306:
15303:
15300:
15297:
15294:
15291:
15288:
15285:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15276:
15270:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15248:
15245:
15243:(911–609 BCE)
15242:
15239:
15236:
15233:
15230:
15227:
15224:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15216:
15211:
15208:
15198:
15194:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15151:
15145:
15144:Syriac script
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15081:
15078:
15075:
15072:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15063:
15061:
15057:
15050:
15047:
15044:
15041:
15038:
15035:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15009:
15004:
15003:Chaldean flag
14999:
14993:
14988:
14982:
14981:Assyrian flag
14977:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14948:
14946:
14942:
14937:
14931:
14927:
14920:
14915:
14913:
14908:
14906:
14901:
14900:
14897:
14891:
14887:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14866:
14864:
14861:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14838:
14833:
14829:
14828:
14817:
14811:
14807:
14806:
14801:
14797:
14793:
14787:
14783:
14778:
14766:
14762:
14758:
14753:
14738:
14734:
14730:
14723:
14718:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14694:
14689:
14677:
14673:
14669:
14665:
14660:
14656:
14650:
14646:
14645:
14639:
14635:
14629:
14625:
14624:
14619:
14615:
14611:
14605:
14601:
14597:
14592:
14588:
14582:
14578:
14574:
14569:
14565:
14564:
14559:
14555:
14551:
14545:
14541:
14540:
14534:
14530:
14524:
14520:
14515:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14499:
14495:
14489:
14485:
14484:
14478:
14474:
14470:
14463:
14458:
14454:
14453:
14448:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
14424:
14420:
14419:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14387:
14383:
14377:
14373:
14369:
14364:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14342:
14337:
14322:
14318:
14314:
14310:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14286:
14282:
14278:
14274:
14270:
14265:
14258:
14254:
14250:
14243:
14239:
14238:Parpola, Simo
14235:
14231:
14225:
14221:
14217:
14212:
14208:
14202:
14198:
14197:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14168:
14163:
14159:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14140:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14115:
14103:
14099:
14093:
14089:
14085:
14081:
14077:
14073:
14072:
14067:
14066:Mooken, Aprem
14063:
14059:
14055:
14051:
14047:
14043:
14039:
14035:
14031:
14027:
14023:
14019:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14003:
13999:
13987:
13983:
13977:
13973:
13969:
13964:
13960:
13954:
13950:
13949:
13944:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13928:
13924:
13920:
13914:
13910:
13909:
13903:
13899:
13893:
13889:
13888:
13883:
13879:
13875:
13874:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13855:
13851:
13839:
13835:
13829:
13825:
13821:
13816:
13812:
13806:
13802:
13798:
13793:
13789:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13770:
13766:
13764:90-04-11641-9
13760:
13756:
13755:
13750:
13746:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13709:
13705:
13701:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13674:
13670:
13664:
13660:
13659:
13653:
13641:
13637:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13618:
13614:
13608:
13604:
13600:
13596:
13592:
13588:
13582:
13578:
13577:
13572:
13568:
13564:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13545:
13541:
13535:
13531:
13527:
13522:
13518:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13499:
13495:
13489:
13485:
13484:
13478:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13456:
13451:
13447:
13446:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13429:
13423:
13419:
13418:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13392:
13388:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13377:Fürst, Julius
13374:
13362:
13358:
13352:
13348:
13347:
13341:
13337:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13308:
13304:
13300:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13278:
13274:
13270:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13219:
13215:
13211:
13207:
13203:
13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13177:
13173:
13169:
13164:
13160:
13154:
13150:
13149:
13143:
13128:
13124:
13120:
13113:
13108:
13104:
13098:
13094:
13093:
13087:
13083:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13064:
13060:
13059:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13040:
13036:
13035:
13029:
13017:
13013:
13009:
13004:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12979:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12947:
12942:
12938:
12932:
12928:
12927:
12921:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12896:
12892:
12886:
12882:
12881:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12858:
12854:
12849:
12845:
12844:
12839:
12835:
12823:
12819:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12800:
12796:
12790:
12786:
12785:
12779:
12775:
12769:
12765:
12761:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12738:
12734:
12730:
12725:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12695:
12690:
12686:
12680:
12676:
12675:
12669:
12665:
12659:
12655:
12654:
12649:
12648:Baum, Wilhelm
12645:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12620:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12594:
12590:
12586:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12567:
12566:
12560:
12556:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12537:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12521:
12517:
12513:
12509:
12505:
12500:
12496:
12490:
12486:
12485:
12479:
12467:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12450:
12446:
12445:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12431:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12377:
12365:
12361:
12355:
12351:
12350:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12318:
12317:
12305:
12298:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12278:
12274:
12273:10.1038/81685
12270:
12267:(3): 358–61.
12266:
12262:
12254:
12246:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12211:(7): e41252.
12210:
12206:
12202:
12194:
12186:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12159:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12128:(3): 364–71.
12127:
12123:
12119:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12099:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12048:
12046:
12037:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11975:
11972:
11967:
11960:
11957:
11951:
11947:
11943:
11939:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11923:
11915:
11896:
11889:
11883:
11875:
11869:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11853:
11845:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11804:
11800:
11794:
11792:
11783:
11777:
11773:
11772:
11764:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11733:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11710:
11708:
11691:
11687:
11681:
11670:
11663:
11657:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11639:
11634:
11626:
11620:
11616:
11615:
11607:
11599:
11595:
11589:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11495:
11489:
11485:
11478:
11470:
11464:
11460:
11453:
11445:
11439:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11416:
11409:
11405:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11380:
11373:
11357:
11353:
11347:
11338:
11331:
11327:
11322:
11315:
11314:1-931956-53-7
11311:
11307:
11303:
11298:
11283:
11279:
11273:
11266:
11261:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11229:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11197:
11178:
11174:
11167:
11161:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11131:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11088:
11081:
11076:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11052:
11048:
11043:
11036:
11030:
11028:
11018:
10999:
10992:
10986:
10979:
10974:
10967:
10962:
10960:
10950:
10942:
10936:
10932:
10931:
10923:
10914:
10907:
10901:
10893:
10889:
10883:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10839:
10834:
10827:
10822:
10815:
10809:
10802:
10797:
10790:
10785:
10778:
10773:
10766:
10761:
10754:
10749:
10742:
10737:
10730:
10725:
10718:
10714:
10713:
10712:The Histories
10708:
10703:
10696:
10691:
10685:, p. 28.
10684:
10679:
10671:
10665:
10661:
10660:
10652:
10645:
10640:
10638:
10630:
10625:
10618:
10617:Lipiński 2000
10613:
10611:
10603:
10598:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10551:
10547:
10544:(in Hebrew).
10543:
10535:
10520:
10514:
10510:
10509:
10501:
10495:, p. 75.
10494:
10489:
10480:
10475:
10468:
10452:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10419:
10413:, p. 80.
10412:
10407:
10400:
10395:
10379:
10375:
10368:
10361:
10356:
10349:
10344:
10338:, p. 36.
10337:
10332:
10326:, p. 63.
10325:
10320:
10313:
10312:O'Mahony 2006
10308:
10301:
10296:
10280:
10276:
10269:
10263:, p. 93.
10262:
10261:Coakley 2011b
10257:
10250:
10245:
10238:
10233:
10226:
10221:
10214:
10209:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10184:
10176:
10170:
10162:
10158:
10154:
10148:
10144:
10137:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10042:
10035:
10030:
10028:
10021:, p. 45.
10020:
10019:Coakley 2011a
10015:
10008:
10003:
9997:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9974:
9967:
9962:
9955:
9950:
9948:
9931:
9927:
9926:Chaldean Flag
9923:
9917:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9875:
9871:
9865:
9856:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9831:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9813:
9808:
9801:
9797:
9794:
9789:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9740:
9735:
9726:
9717:
9708:
9693:
9692:
9687:
9681:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9656:
9654:
9644:
9628:
9624:
9618:
9602:
9598:
9592:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9574:
9569:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9537:
9536:
9530:
9523:
9522:
9516:
9510:, p. 19.
9509:
9507:
9500:
9494:, p. 15.
9493:
9488:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9458:
9449:
9440:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9407:
9402:
9395:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9369:
9364:
9358:
9350:
9344:
9340:
9335:
9334:
9325:
9318:
9313:
9311:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9280:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9248:, p. 83.
9247:
9242:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9200:
9196:
9189:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9144:
9140:
9133:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9088:
9084:
9078:
9076:
9066:
9057:
9048:
9041:
9036:
9028:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9009:
9000:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8934:
8932:
8924:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8906:
8890:
8886:
8880:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8782:
8778:
8777:Warscapes.com
8774:
8767:
8759:
8752:
8744:
8738:
8722:
8716:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8565:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8534:
8532:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8469:
8460:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8415:on 9 May 2008
8411:
8404:
8398:
8390:
8384:
8380:
8373:
8365:
8361:
8360:indict.org.uk
8357:
8351:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8231:(3): 363–82.
8230:
8226:
8225:
8217:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8189:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8163:
8155:
8148:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8118:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8029:
8024:
8017:
8016:Courtois 2004
8012:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7978:
7971:
7965:
7958:
7953:
7946:
7941:
7934:
7929:
7922:
7917:
7911:, p. 56.
7910:
7905:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7881:
7866:. 11 May 1939
7865:
7859:
7851:
7850:
7842:
7835:
7830:
7824:, p. 57.
7823:
7818:
7812:, p. 33.
7811:
7806:
7800:, p. 45.
7799:
7794:
7787:
7782:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7749:
7744:
7736:
7735:
7727:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7698:
7692:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7666:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7620:
7613:
7608:
7602:, p. 32.
7601:
7596:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7557:
7551:, p. XI.
7550:
7545:
7537:
7531:
7527:
7526:
7518:
7511:
7506:
7498:
7491:
7489:
7473:
7471:0-8264-5481-X
7467:
7463:
7462:
7454:
7446:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7389:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7317:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7298:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7259:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7143:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7045:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7006:
7005:975-16-0246-7
7002:
6996:
6987:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6946:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6923:
6917:
6911:, p. 30.
6910:
6905:
6889:
6885:
6884:parstimes.com
6881:
6875:
6866:
6857:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6838:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6797:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6769:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6690:
6684:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6417:
6398:
6391:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6364:0-8143-2121-6
6360:
6356:
6349:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6303:
6300:(in Danish).
6299:
6295:
6288:
6272:
6269:(in Hebrew).
6268:
6267:parshan.co.il
6264:
6258:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6033:
6018:
6014:
6008:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5977:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5853:Chaldean News
5850:
5843:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5716:
5705:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5653:
5649:
5648:www.azleg.gov
5645:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5618:trackbill.com
5615:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5236:
5221:
5217:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:Mediterranean
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5075:genetic drift
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4950:Christian era
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:Greek cuisine
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:) year 6769 (
4805:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ
4775:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:circle dances
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4653:Juliana Jendo
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:Millet system
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4079:Hebrew script
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:Syriac script
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:very friendly
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:King of Syria
3714:ruler as the
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:Indo-European
3693:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:and parts of
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:Western media
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3462:Chaldean flag
3459:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3441:Assyrian flag
3438:
3433:
3432:Kurdification
3429:
3428:Turkification
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:United States
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:, Australia (
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:United States
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Western world
3148:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Deyrulzafaran
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:Protestantism
2825:churches and
2824:
2820:
2817:. They speak
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:Sapna valleys
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Al Darbasiyah
2698:
2697:Al-Qahtaniyah
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:in Iran, and
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:includes the
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:in the region
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:Islamic State
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:Yonadam Kanna
2270:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1937:Assyrian flag
1934:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Isa Kelemechi
1657:
1653:
1652:Mongol Empire
1649:
1648:Buyid dynasty
1645:
1644:Seljuk Empire
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Bedr Khan Beg
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:proselytising
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:Arab conquest
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Monophysitism
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Roman Assyria
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:, centred on
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:lingua franca
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Kültepe texts
974:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:'s grandson,
828:
824:
817:(light green)
816:
812:
808:
805:A map of the
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
730:
724:
719:
715:
711:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Khabour River
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:United States
625:
621:
620:Islamic State
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:North America
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
519:Baghdad, Iraq
516:
513:praying in a
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
497:lingua franca
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
415:Protestantism
411:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
378:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:25,000–35,000
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:United States
187:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
88:
83:
78:
75:
73:
67:
65:
59:
57:
51:
49:
37:
33:
19:
17110:Christianity
17046:
16992:Demographics
16926:Oil reserves
16921:Oil Industry
16888:Central Bank
16784:Human rights
16710:Constitution
16655:Tigris river
16635:Persian Gulf
16343:Ottoman Iraq
16328:Qara Qoyunlu
16162:Ubaid period
15982:Mazandaranis
15964:Azerbaijanis
15420:Qara Qoyunlu
15283:(312–63 BCE)
15014:Christianity
14925:
14804:
14781:
14769:. Retrieved
14760:
14744:. Retrieved
14732:
14728:
14709:. Retrieved
14703:(1): 23–44.
14700:
14696:
14680:. Retrieved
14674:(1): 15–30.
14671:
14667:
14643:
14622:
14599:
14576:
14562:
14538:
14518:
14509:
14482:
14472:
14468:
14451:
14438:
14434:
14417:
14394:
14371:
14356:the original
14351:
14347:
14328:. Retrieved
14300:
14296:
14272:
14268:
14257:the original
14252:
14248:
14219:
14195:
14177:
14173:
14147:
14131:. Retrieved
14122:
14106:. Retrieved
14087:
14070:
14033:
14029:
14006:
13990:. Retrieved
13971:
13947:
13935:the original
13907:
13886:
13872:
13858:
13842:. Retrieved
13823:
13800:
13777:
13753:
13738:the original
13733:
13729:
13708:the original
13703:
13699:
13677:. Retrieved
13657:
13644:. Retrieved
13625:
13602:
13575:
13552:
13529:
13506:
13482:
13470:the original
13465:
13461:
13444:
13416:
13395:
13381:
13365:. Retrieved
13345:
13325:
13307:the original
13302:
13298:
13277:the original
13272:
13268:
13246:. Retrieved
13221:
13217:
13201:
13197:
13171:
13147:
13134:. Retrieved
13122:
13118:
13091:
13071:
13057:
13033:
13020:. Retrieved
13011:
12995:. Retrieved
12986:
12970:. Retrieved
12953:
12949:
12925:
12912:. Retrieved
12903:
12879:
12856:
12842:
12826:. Retrieved
12807:
12783:
12763:
12728:
12716:. Retrieved
12704:
12700:
12673:
12652:
12636:. Retrieved
12627:
12611:. Retrieved
12592:
12588:
12564:
12544:
12507:
12503:
12483:
12470:. Retrieved
12461:
12457:
12443:
12429:
12400:
12396:
12384:
12380:
12368:. Retrieved
12348:
12325:
12303:
12297:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12208:
12204:
12193:
12168:
12164:
12158:
12125:
12121:
12061:
12057:
11999:
11995:
11985:
11966:
11953:
11928:(1): 73–81.
11925:
11921:
11914:
11902:. Retrieved
11895:the original
11882:
11862:
11852:
11828:(1): 84–98.
11825:
11821:
11811:
11803:the original
11770:
11763:
11751:. Retrieved
11747:the original
11742:
11732:
11723:
11694:. Retrieved
11690:the original
11680:
11669:the original
11656:
11633:
11613:
11606:
11588:
11576:. Retrieved
11567:
11558:
11546:. Retrieved
11537:
11528:
11516:. Retrieved
11502:
11483:
11477:
11458:
11452:
11433:
11427:
11420:Abdalla 2017
11415:
11407:
11385:
11372:
11362:18 September
11360:. Retrieved
11356:the original
11346:
11337:
11329:
11321:
11305:
11297:
11285:. Retrieved
11281:
11272:
11260:
11248:. Retrieved
11239:
11217:25 September
11215:. Retrieved
11206:
11196:
11186:15 September
11184:. Retrieved
11173:www.aina.org
11172:
11160:
11148:. Retrieved
11144:the original
11139:
11130:
11118:. Retrieved
11109:
11099:
11087:
11075:
11066:
11058:
11050:
11042:
11034:
11017:
11005:. Retrieved
10985:
10973:
10968:, p. 9.
10966:Parpola 2004
10949:
10929:
10922:
10913:
10905:
10900:
10892:the original
10882:
10870:. Retrieved
10859:www.aina.org
10858:
10845:
10833:
10821:
10813:
10808:
10796:
10784:
10772:
10760:
10748:
10736:
10724:
10710:
10702:
10695:Andrade 2014
10690:
10683:Andrade 2013
10678:
10658:
10651:
10624:
10597:
10585:. Retrieved
10576:
10566:
10554:. Retrieved
10546:Israel HaYom
10534:
10522:. Retrieved
10507:
10500:
10488:
10467:
10455:. Retrieved
10428:
10418:
10406:
10394:
10382:. Retrieved
10367:
10360:Layard 1849a
10355:
10343:
10331:
10319:
10307:
10295:
10283:. Retrieved
10268:
10256:
10244:
10232:
10220:
10208:
10198:
10183:
10142:
10136:
10124:. Retrieved
10118:. Aina.org.
10110:
10098:. Retrieved
10092:. Aina.org.
10084:
10072:. Retrieved
10063:
10053:
10046:Bettany 1888
10041:
10014:
10007:(1895–1915).
10005:
9991:
9985:
9978:Layard 1849b
9973:
9966:Layard 1849a
9961:
9934:. Retrieved
9925:
9916:
9904:. Retrieved
9890:
9878:. Retrieved
9874:the original
9864:
9855:
9843:
9830:
9807:
9788:
9776:. Retrieved
9768:www.aina.org
9767:
9757:
9734:
9725:
9716:
9707:
9695:. Retrieved
9689:
9680:
9661:
9643:
9631:. Retrieved
9627:the original
9617:
9605:. Retrieved
9601:the original
9597:"Erzdiözese"
9591:
9568:
9558:18 September
9556:. Retrieved
9552:
9543:
9534:
9529:
9520:
9515:
9505:
9499:
9487:
9475:. Retrieved
9466:
9457:
9448:
9439:
9427:. Retrieved
9413:
9401:
9396:, p. x.
9389:
9377:. Retrieved
9366:
9357:
9332:
9324:
9317:Minahan 2002
9297:. Retrieved
9293:the original
9288:
9279:
9267:. Retrieved
9262:
9253:
9241:
9229:. Retrieved
9224:
9215:
9205:18 September
9203:. Retrieved
9197:. Refworld.
9188:
9176:. Retrieved
9167:
9158:
9146:. Retrieved
9142:
9132:
9120:. Retrieved
9091:. Retrieved
9087:the original
9065:
9056:
9047:
9035:
9015:
9008:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8978:
8952:. Retrieved
8943:
8920:
8905:
8893:. Retrieved
8889:the original
8879:
8867:. Retrieved
8853:
8843:24 September
8841:. Retrieved
8837:the original
8823:
8811:. Retrieved
8807:the original
8797:
8787:18 September
8785:. Retrieved
8776:
8766:
8757:
8751:
8725:. Retrieved
8715:
8703:. Retrieved
8699:the original
8694:
8685:
8673:. Retrieved
8659:
8647:. Retrieved
8628:
8616:. Retrieved
8605:
8595:
8583:. Retrieved
8574:
8564:
8552:. Retrieved
8543:
8518:. Retrieved
8509:
8500:
8488:. Retrieved
8477:
8468:
8459:
8449:24 September
8447:. Retrieved
8438:
8429:
8417:. Retrieved
8410:the original
8397:
8378:
8372:
8364:the original
8359:
8350:
8338:. Retrieved
8329:
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8304:the original
8299:
8290:
8280:23 September
8278:. Retrieved
8270:peshitta.org
8269:
8260:
8250:23 September
8248:. Retrieved
8228:
8222:
8209:
8202:
8197:
8188:
8178:
8171:
8162:
8153:
8147:
8138:
8137:Halo, Thea.
8132:
8123:
8117:
8108:
8096:
8084:. Retrieved
8080:the original
8075:
8065:
8053:. Retrieved
8049:the original
8044:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7984:. Retrieved
7964:
7952:
7947:, p. 4.
7940:
7935:, p. 1.
7928:
7921:Winkler 2019
7916:
7904:
7887:
7880:
7868:. Retrieved
7858:
7848:
7841:
7834:Winkler 2019
7829:
7817:
7805:
7793:
7781:
7769:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7733:
7726:
7714:. Retrieved
7704:
7697:
7690:
7673:
7653:
7646:
7626:
7619:
7607:
7595:
7583:. Retrieved
7574:
7565:
7556:
7544:
7524:
7517:
7505:
7496:
7475:. Retrieved
7460:
7453:
7434:
7428:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7403:the original
7398:
7388:
7376:. Retrieved
7348:
7344:
7331:
7319:. Retrieved
7304:
7297:
7285:. Retrieved
7276:
7267:
7258:
7249:
7240:
7229:
7205:. Retrieved
7196:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7150:
7127:
7121:
7109:
7101:
7089:
7079:29 September
7077:. Retrieved
7063:
7051:. Retrieved
7044:the original
7034:
7027:
7011:
6995:
6986:
6974:. Retrieved
6966:www.aina.org
6965:
6956:
6945:the original
6921:
6916:
6904:
6892:. Retrieved
6883:
6874:
6865:
6844:
6837:
6825:. Retrieved
6814:
6805:
6800:Genesis 25:3
6796:
6775:
6768:
6756:. Retrieved
6732:
6722:
6712:29 September
6710:. Retrieved
6696:
6689:Ancient Iraq
6688:
6683:
6671:. Retrieved
6662:
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6637:the original
6632:
6623:
6611:. Retrieved
6602:
6593:
6566:
6543:
6534:
6520:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6478:
6464:(1): 32–48.
6461:
6457:
6447:
6435:. Retrieved
6426:
6416:
6404:. Retrieved
6388:
6381:
6354:
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6327:
6318:
6306:. Retrieved
6297:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6266:
6257:
6245:. Retrieved
6241:the original
6231:
6221:23 September
6219:. Retrieved
6215:
6206:
6194:. Retrieved
6191:www.aina.org
6190:
6181:
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6141:
6131:
6119:. Retrieved
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6089:the original
6079:
6061:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6007:
5995:. Retrieved
5986:
5976:
5964:. Retrieved
5955:
5946:
5934:. Retrieved
5925:
5915:
5903:
5891:. Retrieved
5882:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5852:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5821:
5812:
5804:the original
5794:
5782:. Retrieved
5774:www.aina.org
5773:
5764:
5752:. Retrieved
5748:
5739:
5715:
5699:
5687:. Retrieved
5678:
5668:
5656:. Retrieved
5647:
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5617:
5608:
5596:. Retrieved
5588:www.aina.org
5587:
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5552:
5540:. Retrieved
5526:
5514:
5495:
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5455:
5446:
5437:
5431:
5419:. Retrieved
5410:
5401:
5389:. Retrieved
5380:
5371:
5361:15 September
5359:. Retrieved
5345:
5324:
5304:
5297:
5285:
5258:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5220:
5079:
5017:
5007:
4985:
4977:Arab peoples
4971:, Armenian,
4957:Y chromosome
4954:
4934:
4880:
4854:
4835:
4776:
4764:
4756:
4745:
4734:
4720:
4709:
4677:
4657:Linda George
4634:
4603:
4407:
4392:
4380:
4366:
4356:
4334:
4315:
4272:
4249:social media
4242:
4233:
4225:
4213:
4211:
4169:
4146:
4095:
4083:
4075:Lishana Deni
4071:Lishán Didán
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4017:East Semitic
4002:
3945:
3937:/Shlomo lokh
3933:
3925:
3910:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3827:
3795:
3793:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3699:
3694:, a western
3691:
3681:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3577:metropolitan
3552:
3534:
3529:
3495:
3467:
3392:humanitarian
3365:
3295:and also in
3274:
3218:Broadmeadows
3171:
3144:
3057:
3049:Genghis Khan
3046:
3042:Yazdegerd II
3027:
2980:
2862:Nahla valley
2844:villages of
2815:Urmia Plains
2788:
2756:
2729:
2705:Al-Malikiyah
2670:
2658:Iraqi cities
2564:), Nuhadra (
2551:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2501:Demographics
2495:
2478:Ourhi Centre
2477:
2459:
2457:
2449:Dwekh Nawsha
2438:
2396:
2385:
2350:
2319:
2291:21st century
2281:
2262:
2245:
2233:Ba'ath Party
2230:
2222:
2203:
2154:World War II
2139:
2135:Khabur River
2096:
2091:Khabur River
2059:
2021:
1995:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1908:Pan-Islamism
1897:
1890:
1869:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1788:
1741:
1726:
1687:Kara Koyunlu
1680:
1676:Bar Hebraeus
1672:
1641:
1622:Kara Koyunlu
1595:
1593:soon after.
1577:region were
1568:
1559:
1553:, and later
1544:
1512:Central Asia
1497:
1477:
1461:
1459:
1380:
1323:
1311:
1280:
1275:
1264:Nestorianism
1257:
1250:
1193:In 410, the
1192:
1172:Christianity
1157:
1118:
1083:
1066:(226–637 AD)
1013:
994:
975:
964:
920:
913:
875:
839:Hebrew Bible
820:
790:(modern-day
757:
749:Tell Hassuna
735:
727:
726:Part of the
648:
617:
562:
546:Christianity
538:Christianity
523:
515:Holy Qurbana
483:-influenced
478:
438:ethnic group
430:
429:
176:
171:7,000–17,000
127:
115:
111:
69:
61:
53:
45:
39:Ethnic group
36:
17266:WikiProject
17067:Marsh Arabs
17052:Circassians
16733:Foreign aid
16625:Mesopotamia
16187:Uruk period
16055:Circassians
15779:New Zealand
15774:Netherlands
15538:Settlements
15451:(1555–1917)
15428:(1453–1501)
15422:(1375–1468)
15416:(1335–1432)
15410:(1258–1335)
15404:(1098–1268)
15365:Middle ages
15305:Roman Syria
15299:Syrian Wars
14936:Middle East
14771:25 November
14746:25 November
14711:25 November
14682:25 November
14133:28 February
13820:"Assyrians"
13774:"Assyrians"
13526:"Assyrians"
13022:28 February
13008:"Chaldeans"
12997:28 February
12983:"Assyrians"
12718:12 February
12638:30 November
10872:16 November
10812:Tsereteli,
10801:Macuch 1976
10729:Joseph 1997
10644:Gzella 2015
10249:Davies 1872
10126:16 November
10100:16 November
10074:18 February
9906:16 November
9880:16 November
9750:Doug Bandow
9633:18 February
9607:18 February
9406:Travis 2010
9289:sor.cua.edu
9122:18 February
9093:22 December
8520:16 November
8490:18 February
8419:10 February
8340:18 February
8310:18 February
8101:Yacoub 2016
8004:Aboona 2008
7933:Joseph 2000
7909:Frazee 2006
7888:JAA Studies
7822:Frazee 2006
7810:Mooken 2003
7798:Healey 2010
7786:Baumer 2006
7612:Aboona 2008
7549:Aboona 2008
7510:Joseph 2000
7094:Millar 1967
6673:16 February
6643:31 December
6571:Hanish 2015
6338:18 February
6176:(Ukrainian)
6095:18 February
5926:Athens News
5863:14 December
5708:(in German)
5679:SVT Nyheter
5466:18 February
5278:Baumer 2006
5080:Haplogroup
5004:Haplogroups
4988:Marsh Arabs
4969:Zoroastrian
4762:Kha b-Nisan
4727:of a song.
4721:Sabre Dance
4669:Aril Brikha
4645:Evin Agassi
4616:, but also
4399:Bar Mitzvah
4320:and became
4216:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3921:Kha b-Nisan
3732:Mesopotamia
3720:Coele-Syria
3672:Roman Syria
3487:Mesopotamia
3424:Arabization
3390:'s special
3226:Craigieburn
3206:Prairiewood
3157:(100,000),
3030:Yazdegerd I
3024:Persecution
2977:Beth Zabday
2957:Beth Kustan
2937:Mor Gabriel
2917:West Syriac
2823:East Syriac
2666:Middle East
2648:during the
2411:Nusra Front
2129:during the
2034:of the Bit-
2028:Agha Petros
1870:Shimun line
1843:Shimun line
1827:Mesopotamia
1508:Transoxiana
1468:Arabization
1341:Miaphysites
1333:Justinian I
1247:manuscripts
1174:and spread
1121:Roman Syria
1040:Old Aramaic
1026:, once the
1001:Babylonians
780:Mesopotamia
710:Mesopotamia
671:War in Iraq
569:Mesopotamia
534:West Syriac
462:Babylonians
442:Mesopotamia
333:New Zealand
304:1,500–5,000
288:3,000–4,000
272:2,500–5,000
237:Netherlands
17291:Categories
17183:Television
17163:Literature
17125:Irreligion
17100:Secularism
17037:Minorities
16905:(currency)
16898:Corruption
16743:Government
16534:Insurgency
16333:Aq Qoyunlu
16154:Chronology
16015:Others 1%
16008:and other
15662:Diyarbakır
15633:Tell Tamer
15628:Al-Hasakah
15524:By country
15436:Modern era
15426:Aq Qoyunlu
15398:(945–1055)
15392:(905–1383)
15386:(750–1258)
15201:(including
15177:Folk dance
14330:7 December
14108:1 February
13992:2 February
13844:29 October
13679:1 February
13248:17 January
13204:: 141–160.
13136:18 January
13125:: 69–111.
12972:1 February
12914:18 January
12828:2 February
12613:17 January
12387:: 155–169.
12381:One Church
11716:Naby, Eden
11696:1 February
11092:Tezel 2003
11007:12 October
10715:, VII.63,
10587:12 October
10524:12 October
10384:8 November
10237:Fürst 1867
9697:31 January
9492:Üngör 2011
9394:Nisan 2002
9299:6 December
9040:Bryce 2009
8639:Al-Monitor
8544:Aletia.org
8028:Atman 2018
7986:12 October
7957:Butts 2017
7378:6 November
7321:20 January
7207:6 December
7053:12 October
6920:Olmatead,
6894:9 December
6613:5 December
6406:8 November
6196:11 October
6121:7 November
5956:bethnahrin
5456:Al-Monitor
5232:References
5104:, and the
5100:, coastal
4992:haplotypes
4887:wheat beer
4701:Folk dance
4649:Janan Sawa
4606:folk music
4395:Brit Milah
4357:Nestorians
4301:, and the
4183:Phoenician
3948:endogamous
3804:Phoenician
3386:under the
3368:California
3349:Overijssel
3281:Sacramento
3174:Södertälje
3169:(46,000).
3145:Since the
3096:See also:
3078:, and the
2989:Diyarbakır
2886:Diyarbakir
2693:Al-Hasakah
2630:Diyarbakır
2519:Nestorians
2451:, and the
2413:and other
2320:After the
2210:Iraqi Army
2146:Rab-shakeh
2109:asked the
1939:, c. 1920
1917:Hasankeyef
1913:Diyarbakir
1839:Eliya line
1748:Nestorians
1701:See also:
1683:Aq Qoyunlu
1664:Yuan China
1654:after the
1618:Aq Qoyunlu
1549:and other
1447:physicians
1403:philosophy
1266:, and the
1207:Catholicos
1168:Nabataeans
1155:speakers.
1005:liturgical
894:front line
855:Babylonian
815:Esarhaddon
782:under the
764:Bronze Age
655:Al-Hasakah
640:occupation
634:, and the
632:its allies
613:Emigration
558:Nabataeans
440:native to
435:indigenous
413:Minority:
357:Kazakhstan
116:5+ million
17203:Squatting
17168:Education
17115:Mandaeism
17084:/Turkoman
17062:Mandaeans
17047:Assyrians
17042:Armenians
17005:Languages
16893:Companies
16848:Judiciary
16758:President
16728:Elections
16723:Democracy
16569:Geography
16485:Sanctions
16403:2003–2011
16398:1968–2003
16393:1958–1968
16252:Babylonia
16048:Assyrians
16041:Georgians
16034:Armenians
15853:Dawronoye
15784:Palestine
15714:Australia
15687:Tur Abdin
15567:Tel Keppe
15487:(1914–20)
15475:(19th c.)
15457:(16th c.)
15445:(1508–55)
15408:Ilkhanate
15357:(502–628)
15351:(226–651)
15349:Asoristan
15319:(116–118)
15274:antiquity
15272:Classical
15205:contexts)
15102:languages
14542:. BRILL.
14317:162760021
14275:: 72–82.
14058:192959948
13870:(1849b).
13856:(1849a).
13646:24 August
13238:161323237
12751:156908771
12532:163755644
12472:19 August
12441:(1842b).
12427:(1842a).
12403:: 21–76.
12150:207460555
11207:Warscapes
10753:Frye 1997
10741:Frye 1992
10707:Herodotus
10602:Fiey 1965
10556:3 October
10474:CiteSeerX
10169:cite book
10161:962025766
9870:"Assyria"
9477:12 August
9269:7 October
9246:Atto 2011
9231:7 October
9178:3 October
8895:7 October
8869:5 October
8813:19 August
8727:5 January
8705:8 January
8330:zowaa.org
8072:"HISTORY"
7351:: 17–33.
7069:"Hadrian"
6909:Yana 2008
6758:26 August
6702:"Nineveh"
6663:France 24
6437:4 October
6022:31 August
5987:DiePresse
5893:3 January
5175:Mandaeans
5071:Armenians
5039:Somalians
5031:Georgians
4750:. During
4731:Festivals
4661:Melechesh
4614:soft rock
4532:cathedral
4494:monastery
4437:Tur Abdin
4433:monastery
4381:Jacobites
4367:Chaldeans
4199:diacritic
4142:Tur Abdin
4098:stateless
3996:A map of
3968:Armenians
3952:exogamous
3929:ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ
3917:Christmas
3807:bilingual
3724:Euphrates
3708:Herodotus
3639:West Bank
3601:Jacobites
3597:Assyrians
3593:Chaldeans
3585:Nestorian
3567:with the
3565:communion
3341:Sarcelles
3329:Wiesbaden
3321:Stuttgart
3317:Frankfurt
3277:San Diego
3228:) In the
3214:Melbourne
3198:Fairfield
3194:Australia
3184:, and in
3167:Australia
3034:Nestorian
2985:Tur Abdin
2907:language
2901:Tur Abdin
2878:In Turkey
2854:Tel Keppe
2713:Tel Tamer
2677:Palestine
2634:Tur Abdin
2628:, Amida (
2598:Yüksekova
2515:Jacobites
2511:Chaldeans
2461:Dawronoye
2415:terrorist
2188:in 1941.
2186:Habbaniya
2158:Palestine
1837:, of the
1756:Jacobites
1717:Nestorian
1674:century,
1668:Ilkhanate
1636:Tamerlane
1600:, Kurds,
1451:Bukhtishu
1439:Nestorius
1431:Bardaisan
1425:(such as
1411:Masawaiyh
1365:Assyrian
1215:provinces
1211:Patriarch
1160:Armenians
1133:Asoristan
1080:Asōristān
1064:Asōristān
1062:A map of
1046:. By the
1032:Near East
931:Parthians
915:Histories
910:Herodotus
776:Sumerians
741:Neolithic
597:Australia
550:Armenians
526:Christian
470:Chaldeans
446:West Asia
431:Assyrians
365:Languages
301:Palestine
221:Australia
43:Assyrians
17246:Category
17095:Religion
17072:Persians
16956:Railways
16951:Airlines
16833:Military
16694:Politics
16670:Wildlife
16660:Umm Qasr
16490:Iraq War
16473:Gulf War
16385:Republic
16338:Safavids
16301:638–1958
16006:Turkmens
15958:Persians
15830:Politics
15701:Diaspora
15682:Mazıdağı
15638:Qamishli
15611:Sanandaj
15584:Shaqlawa
15572:Bartella
15557:Qaraqosh
15533:Homeland
15331:(5th c.)
15313:(15–116)
15311:Adiabene
15258:Arameans
15213:Ancient
15187:Clothing
15129:Hertevin
14944:Identity
14886:Archived
14802:(2011).
14765:Archived
14737:Archived
14705:Archived
14676:Archived
14620:(2016).
14560:(1929).
14504:(1931).
14449:(1844).
14429:(1842).
14415:(1840).
14321:Archived
14281:25684050
14240:(2004).
14127:Archived
14102:Archived
14082:(2009).
14068:(2003).
14004:(1967).
13986:Archived
13945:(1976).
13884:(2000).
13838:Archived
13751:(2000).
13721:(1998).
13691:(1997).
13673:Archived
13640:Archived
13597:(1993).
13442:(1859).
13393:(2012).
13379:(1867).
13367:13 March
13361:Archived
13320:(2002).
13290:(1999).
13260:(1997).
13242:Archived
13212:(1992).
13192:(1965).
13127:Archived
13055:(1872).
13016:Archived
12991:Archived
12966:Archived
12908:Archived
12877:(2009).
12840:(1888).
12822:Archived
12709:Archived
12632:Archived
12607:Archived
12595:: 1–20.
12466:Archived
12364:Archived
12346:(2008).
12289:12893406
12281:11062480
12245:22815981
12205:PLOS ONE
12142:21329477
12098:29099847
12058:PLOS ONE
12036:29099847
11996:PLOS ONE
11974:Archived
11956:Endogamy
11950:10417591
11942:18505046
11922:Hum Biol
11753:21 March
11718:(1999).
11641:Archived
11598:Archived
11572:Archived
11542:Archived
11512:Archived
11328:(1888).
11304:(1946).
11244:Archived
11211:Archived
11177:Archived
11150:14 March
11120:14 March
11114:Archived
11110:SBS News
11065:(1895).
11049:(1999).
10998:Archived
10978:Bae 2004
10863:Archived
10581:Archived
10550:Archived
10451:Archived
10378:Archived
10279:Archived
10191:Archived
10120:Archived
10094:Archived
10068:Archived
9936:27 March
9930:Archived
9900:Archived
9823:ABC News
9815:Archived
9796:Archived
9772:Archived
9742:Archived
9576:Archived
9471:Archived
9423:Archived
9379:26 March
9373:Archived
9368:BBC News
9319:, p. 209
9199:Archived
9172:Archived
9168:aina.org
9116:Archived
8989:2 August
8983:Archived
8954:2 August
8948:Archived
8913:Archived
8863:Archived
8781:Archived
8737:cite web
8675:14 April
8669:Archived
8649:10 March
8643:Archived
8618:3 August
8612:Archived
8585:2 August
8579:Archived
8554:3 August
8548:Archived
8514:Archived
8510:Aina.org
8484:Archived
8443:Archived
8334:Archived
8300:Refworld
8274:Archived
8241:Archived
8076:AANF.org
7977:Archived
7893:Archived
7759:Archived
7710:Archived
7680:Archived
7579:Archived
7575:Assur.de
7369:Archived
7345:Muqarnas
7281:Archived
7201:Archived
7073:Archived
6976:18 April
6970:Archived
6888:Archived
6821:Archived
6752:Archived
6730:(2007).
6706:Archived
6691:, p. 187
6667:Archived
6607:Archived
6554:Archived
6431:Archived
6397:Archived
6373:17726815
6332:Archived
6308:31 March
6302:Archived
6271:Archived
6247:13 March
6170:Archived
6146:Archived
6115:Archived
6069:Archived
6051:Archived
6040:Archived
5991:Archived
5960:Archived
5930:Archived
5887:Archived
5857:Archived
5826:Archived
5778:Archived
5724:Archived
5683:Archived
5658:27 April
5652:Archived
5628:27 April
5622:Archived
5598:27 April
5592:Archived
5562:Archived
5536:Archived
5504:Archived
5485:Archived
5460:Archived
5415:Archived
5385:Archived
5355:Archived
5335:Archived
5254:Archived
5250:Refworld
5180:Mhallami
5112:See also
5094:Anatolia
5090:Caucasus
5051:DNA test
4961:Armenian
4925:Genetics
4874:Typical
4766:ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ
4673:Azadoota
4500:and the
4309:and the
4255:Religion
4228:Maḏnḥāyā
4189:and the
4138:Istanbul
4122:Armenian
4024:Sumerian
3982:Language
3941:Spitting
3832:king of
3784:Georgian
3769:Aššūrāyu
3754:Arameans
3742:Seleucid
3728:homeland
3712:Seleucid
3704:Arameans
3700:Assyrian
3688:Cilician
3553:Chaldean
3535:Assyrian
3491:Arameans
3400:Chaldean
3086:Diaspora
3001:Adiyaman
2945:Aynwardo
2923:and the
2882:Istanbul
2872:and the
2771:the West
2767:Istanbul
2689:Qamishli
2685:Nisabina
2673:Akkadian
2662:Caucasus
2620:/Urhoy (
2610:Şemdinli
2534:Homeland
2517:", and "
2409:(ISIL),
2403:Al Qaeda
2390:and the
2328:and its
2093:in Syria
1874:Joseph I
1847:Qochanis
1764:Maphrian
1646:and the
1598:Persians
1520:Mongolia
1423:theology
1325:Theodora
1233:Bartella
1180:Far East
1141:Persians
1137:Arameans
1020:dialects
990:Anatolia
961:Language
943:Adiabene
912:, whose
906:Darius I
898:Xerxes I
766:period,
609:Caucasus
607:and the
481:Akkadian
474:Arameans
456:such as
403:Religion
396:Sumerian
392:Akkadian
72:ʾĀšōrāyē
64:ʾĀṯōrāyē
17276:Commons
17193:Smoking
17158:Culture
17153:Cuisine
17136:General
17120:Yazidis
17077:Solluba
17030:Persian
17020:Kurdish
17015:Aramaic
16980:Society
16961:Tourism
16872:Economy
16620:Islands
16595:Borders
16420: (
16410:present
16345:(incl.
16257:Assyria
16202:Subartu
16142:History
16000:Balochs
15816:Uruguay
15809:Detroit
15764:Lebanon
15744:Germany
15739:Georgia
15729:Finland
15719:Belgium
15709:Armenia
15657:Hakkari
15511:(2014–)
15505:(2003–)
15493:(1919–)
15463:(1840s)
15293:Osroene
15215:Assyria
15203:related
15197:History
15182:Cuisine
15154:Culture
15095:Aramaic
15082:(1968–)
15076:(1692–)
15070:(1552–)
15051:(1940–)
15045:(1870–)
15039:(1662–)
14050:4200184
12417:1797632
12370:20 June
12313:Sources
12236:3399854
12213:Bibcode
12185:4030922
12089:5669434
12066:Bibcode
12027:5669434
12004:Bibcode
11844:3456196
11835:1684716
11578:22 July
11390:Ostrava
11287:16 June
11250:5 March
10577:Haaretz
9840:Archive
9778:7 April
9148:4 March
8086:21 June
8055:21 June
7585:12 June
7365:1523325
7160:Silifke
6811:"Ashur"
6152:23 July
5997:24 June
5966:24 June
5936:7 April
5135:Assyria
4997:Yazidis
4973:Turkmen
4965:Syrians
4860:Cuisine
4780:
4768:
4705:Chicago
4536:Baghdad
4527:: is a
4496:of the
4458:: is a
4222:Unicode
4203:cursive
4172:Semitic
4134:Persian
4130:Kurdish
4118:Turkish
4114:Swedish
4106:English
4039:Soureth
4005:Semitic
3893:Culture
3887:Sūryāyē
3878:Āṯūrāyē
3869:Ārāmayē
3860:Sūryāyē
3856:exonyms
3838:Cilicia
3836:(i.e.,
3815:Cilicia
3780:atorêta
3776:suryêta
3746:Assyria
3631:Lebanon
3607:Aramean
3396:Detroit
3309:Germany
3289:Toronto
3270:Turlock
3262:Modesto
3258:Phoenix
3246:Detroit
3234:Chicago
3159:Germany
2965:Mizizah
2858:Tesqopa
2850:Batnaya
2811:Nuhadra
2795:Hakkari
2736:in Iraq
2652:of the
2614:Uludere
2606:Çukurca
2602:Hakkâri
2594:Hakkari
2582:Tesqopa
2578:Al Qosh
2570:Arrapha
2558:ancient
2381:Baghdad
2373:Yazidis
2315:Armenia
2311:Yerevan
2200:Odisho.
2170:Albania
2066:Hakkari
1987:Georgia
1983:Armenia
1893:Hakkari
1831:Amadiya
1737:millets
1691:Safavid
1575:Hakkari
1571:Balkans
1492:Baghdad
1407:science
1387:Umayyad
1237:Nineveh
1178:to the
1106:Osroene
1102:Hadrian
1094:Assyria
967:Aramaic
947:Osroene
863:Hurrian
859:Amorite
851:Hittite
847:Mitanni
835:Jokshan
833:son of
827:Abraham
788:Nineveh
772:Semitic
737:Assyria
714:Assyria
693:History
626:by the
503:spoke.
485:Aramaic
466:Syriacs
450:descend
433:are an
423:Judaism
349:Denmark
325:Armenia
309:Ukraine
293:Georgia
269:Austria
229:Lebanon
205:Germany
200:150,000
192:600,000
56:Suryoye
32:Syrians
17256:Portal
17198:Sports
17173:Health
17148:Cinema
17000:Iraqis
16903:Dinar
16838:Police
16640:Places
16130:topics
16074:Zagari
16020:Talysh
15976:Gilaks
15873:Sutoro
15794:Sweden
15789:Russia
15769:Mexico
15759:Jordan
15754:Israel
15749:Greece
15734:France
15724:Canada
15677:Mardin
15667:Elazığ
15652:Turkey
15645:Khabur
15606:Salmas
15579:Ankawa
15562:Alqosh
15499:(1933)
15481:(1909)
15469:(1895)
15380:(630s)
15374:(630s)
15139:Mlaḥsô
15134:Senaya
15119:Turoyo
15099:Syriac
15033:(518–)
15012:Syriac
14812:
14788:
14651:
14630:
14606:
14583:
14546:
14525:
14490:
14401:
14378:
14315:
14279:
14226:
14203:
14154:
14094:
14056:
14048:
14014:
13978:
13955:
13915:
13894:
13830:
13807:
13784:
13761:
13665:
13632:
13609:
13583:
13559:
13536:
13513:
13490:
13424:
13403:
13353:
13332:
13236:
13178:
13155:
13099:
13078:
13041:
12933:
12887:
12863:
12814:
12791:
12770:
12749:
12739:
12681:
12660:
12572:
12551:
12530:
12522:
12491:
12415:
12356:
12332:
12287:
12279:
12243:
12233:
12183:
12148:
12140:
12096:
12086:
12034:
12024:
11948:
11940:
11904:10 May
11870:
11842:
11832:
11778:
11621:
11548:4 July
11518:3 July
11490:
11465:
11440:
11400:
11312:
10937:
10666:
10515:
10476:
10457:10 May
10443:
10285:11 May
10159:
10149:
9998:
9668:
9506:et al.
9504:Gaunt
9429:11 May
9345:
9023:
8385:
8326:"زوعا"
8070:AANF.
7870:11 May
7716:11 May
7661:
7634:
7532:
7477:7 July
7468:
7441:
7363:
7312:
7287:11 May
7138:
7019:
7003:
6860:p. 145
6852:
6827:29 May
6783:
6744:
6527:
6371:
6361:
6277:7 June
5832:11 May
5784:11 May
5754:11 May
5689:11 May
5568:11 May
5542:11 May
5421:20 May
5391:11 May
5312:
5260:6 June
5088:, the
5063:R-M269
5055:J-M304
5012:J-M304
4981:Kuwait
4975:, the
4941:Persia
4917:, and
4737:Easter
4717:khigga
4655:, and
4626:davula
4506:Alqosh
4471:Aleppo
4463:Church
4441:Turkey
4328:, the
4187:Hebrew
4175:abjads
4160:Script
4132:, and
4110:German
4102:Arabic
4096:Being
4063:Jewish
4051:Surayt
4049:, and
4035:Surayt
3935:Shlama
3913:Easter
3882:ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
3864:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
3852:Syrian
3834:Hiyawa
3830:vassal
3692:Syrian
3684:Luwian
3678:, 1683
3655:Turkey
3647:Jordan
3635:Israel
3581:Cyprus
3561:Jerome
3512:, and
3430:, and
3408:Turkey
3404:Turoyo
3384:asylum
3361:Moscow
3353:Russia
3337:France
3325:Berlin
3313:Munich
3307:). In
3297:London
3293:Canada
3285:Fresno
3268:) and
3252:, and
3242:Skokie
3190:Sydney
3182:Sweden
3155:Sweden
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3074:, the
3070:, the
3066:, the
3062:, the
2999:, and
2997:Harput
2981:Azech)
2973:Midyat
2969:Kfraze
2933:Mardin
2913:Turoyo
2909:Surayt
2870:Aleppo
2846:Alqosh
2803:Simele
2801:, the
2638:Midyat
2632:) and
2626:Harran
2618:Edessa
2586:Arbela
2574:Kirkuk
2546:, and
2430:Kirkuk
2405:, the
2363:) and
2355:(both
2332:, the
2330:allies
2178:Greece
2162:Cyprus
2150:Tartan
2074:Tkhuma
1991:Russia
1835:Alqosh
1795:Salmas
1772:Tikrit
1620:, and
1587:Bohtan
1504:Sharia
1481:kharaj
1463:dhimmi
1441:, and
1427:Tatian
1421:) and
1417:, and
1399:Arabic
1166:, and
1164:Greeks
1143:. The
1114:Jovian
1110:Edessa
1098:Trajan
1078:, and
935:Romans
933:, and
927:Greeks
904:under
809:under
716:, and
685:) and
683:Sutoro
605:Russia
601:Europe
593:Levant
591:, the
577:Turkey
556:, and
554:Greeks
493:Turoyo
381:Turoyo
341:Israel
277:Russia
261:Greece
256:16,000
253:France
248:19,685
245:Canada
232:50,000
213:Jordan
197:Sweden
163:25,000
160:Turkey
48:Sūrāyē
17188:Music
17178:Media
17105:Islam
17057:Kurds
16883:Banks
16821:Women
16615:Lakes
16408:2011–
16368:Kings
16197:Sumer
15994:Arabs
15970:Kurds
15618:Syria
15601:Urmia
15589:Zakho
14740:(PDF)
14725:(PDF)
14465:(PDF)
14359:(PDF)
14344:(PDF)
14324:(PDF)
14313:S2CID
14293:(PDF)
14277:JSTOR
14260:(PDF)
14245:(PDF)
14170:(PDF)
14054:S2CID
14046:JSTOR
13741:(PDF)
13726:(PDF)
13711:(PDF)
13696:(PDF)
13473:(PDF)
13458:(PDF)
13310:(PDF)
13295:(PDF)
13280:(PDF)
13265:(PDF)
13234:S2CID
13130:(PDF)
13115:(PDF)
12712:(PDF)
12707:(2).
12697:(PDF)
12528:S2CID
12520:JSTOR
12413:JSTOR
12285:S2CID
12181:JSTOR
12146:S2CID
11946:S2CID
11898:(PDF)
11891:(PDF)
11672:(PDF)
11665:(PDF)
11382:(PDF)
11180:(PDF)
11169:(PDF)
11068:Mosul
11001:(PDF)
10994:(PDF)
10866:(PDF)
10855:(PDF)
8413:(PDF)
8406:(PDF)
8244:(PDF)
8219:(PDF)
7980:(PDF)
7973:(PDF)
7689:" in
7372:(PDF)
7361:JSTOR
7341:(PDF)
7158:(now
7047:(PDF)
7040:(PDF)
6948:(PDF)
6941:(PDF)
6791:p. 81
6400:(PDF)
6393:(PDF)
5721:REMID
5212:Notes
5098:Italy
5035:Druze
4812:Duhok
4808:Nisan
4804:Akitu
4725:tempo
4686:Dance
4622:zurna
4575:Music
4562:Urmia
4475:Syria
4403:Jesus
4236:Serṭā
4147:Many
4126:Azeri
4047:Suret
4043:Suret
3873:ܐܪܡܝܐ
3843:'
3798:is a
3765:Syria
3750:Syria
3739:Greek
3627:Syria
3351:. In
3333:Paris
3331:. In
3238:Niles
3053:Timur
2953:Kafro
2949:Anhil
2732:Syria
2709:Amuda
2642:Kafro
2590:Urmia
2566:Dohuk
2562:Mosul
2482:Zalin
2426:Mosul
2367:(ex.
2361:Sunni
2338:Iraqi
2265:Zowaa
2257:Mosul
2241:Syria
2197:Iraqi
2174:Italy
2070:Tyari
2036:Tyari
1998:Sayfo
1921:Sivas
1862:Adana
1811:Mosul
1776:Mosul
1721:Urmia
1602:Turks
1581:when
1563:Timur
1547:Kurds
1524:China
1516:India
1473:jizya
1371:Urmia
1369:near
1299:Greek
1276:malkā
1145:Greek
951:Assur
939:Hatra
923:Ashur
831:Dedan
792:Mosul
760:Assur
745:Jarmo
677:(see
585:Syria
501:Jesus
489:Suret
472:, or
419:Islam
377:Suret
344:1,000
336:1,497
328:2,755
320:3,000
317:Italy
312:3,143
296:3,299
280:4,421
264:6,000
148:Syria
17088:Jews
16811:LGBT
16775:List
16763:List
16128:Iraq
16062:Jews
16027:Tats
15988:Lurs
15596:Iran
15547:Iraq
15343:1552
14810:ISBN
14786:ISBN
14773:2020
14748:2020
14713:2020
14684:2020
14649:ISBN
14628:ISBN
14604:ISBN
14581:ISBN
14544:ISBN
14523:ISBN
14488:ISBN
14399:ISBN
14376:ISBN
14332:2008
14224:ISBN
14201:ISBN
14152:ISBN
14135:2021
14110:2021
14092:ISBN
14012:ISBN
13994:2021
13976:ISBN
13953:ISBN
13913:ISBN
13892:ISBN
13846:2015
13828:ISBN
13805:ISBN
13782:ISBN
13759:ISBN
13681:2021
13663:ISBN
13648:2017
13630:ISBN
13607:ISBN
13581:ISBN
13557:ISBN
13534:ISBN
13511:ISBN
13488:ISBN
13422:ISBN
13401:ISBN
13369:2018
13351:ISBN
13330:ISBN
13250:2021
13176:ISBN
13153:ISBN
13138:2021
13097:ISBN
13076:ISBN
13039:ISBN
13024:2021
12999:2021
12974:2021
12931:ISBN
12916:2021
12885:ISBN
12861:ISBN
12830:2021
12812:ISBN
12789:ISBN
12768:ISBN
12747:OCLC
12737:ISBN
12720:2008
12679:ISBN
12658:ISBN
12640:2020
12615:2021
12570:ISBN
12549:ISBN
12489:ISBN
12474:2015
12372:2015
12354:ISBN
12330:ISBN
12277:PMID
12241:PMID
12138:PMID
12094:PMID
12032:PMID
11938:PMID
11906:2021
11868:ISBN
11840:PMID
11776:ISBN
11755:2018
11698:2012
11619:ISBN
11580:2019
11550:2019
11520:2019
11488:ISBN
11463:ISBN
11438:ISBN
11398:ISBN
11364:2013
11310:ISBN
11289:2012
11252:2018
11219:2016
11188:2017
11152:2018
11122:2018
11009:2019
10935:ISBN
10874:2008
10664:ISBN
10589:2019
10558:2015
10526:2019
10513:ISBN
10459:2021
10441:ISBN
10386:2020
10287:2023
10175:link
10157:OCLC
10147:ISBN
10128:2008
10102:2008
10076:2015
9996:ISBN
9938:2020
9908:2008
9882:2008
9838:." (
9780:2012
9699:2014
9666:ISBN
9635:2015
9609:2015
9560:2013
9508:2017
9479:2022
9431:2023
9381:2010
9343:ISBN
9301:2008
9271:2023
9233:2023
9207:2013
9180:2007
9150:2024
9124:2015
9095:2014
9021:ISBN
8991:2020
8956:2020
8897:2016
8871:2016
8845:2016
8815:2016
8789:2016
8743:link
8729:2017
8707:2017
8677:2019
8651:2015
8620:2020
8587:2020
8556:2020
8522:2008
8492:2015
8451:2010
8421:2022
8383:ISBN
8342:2015
8312:2015
8282:2011
8252:2011
8088:2019
8057:2019
7988:2019
7872:2023
7718:2023
7659:ISBN
7632:ISBN
7587:2012
7530:ISBN
7479:2012
7466:ISBN
7439:ISBN
7380:2019
7323:2011
7310:ISBN
7289:2023
7209:2018
7136:ISBN
7128:Iraq
7116:1986
7081:2018
7055:2019
7017:ISBN
7001:ISBN
6978:2023
6896:2018
6850:ISBN
6829:2016
6781:ISBN
6760:2020
6742:ISBN
6714:2018
6675:2022
6645:2007
6615:2006
6525:ISBN
6439:2022
6408:2015
6369:OCLC
6359:ISBN
6340:2015
6310:2019
6279:2015
6249:2018
6223:2024
6198:2023
6154:2019
6123:2022
6097:2015
6024:2024
5999:2019
5968:2019
5938:2012
5895:2023
5865:2022
5834:2023
5786:2023
5756:2023
5691:2018
5660:2020
5630:2020
5600:2020
5570:2023
5544:2023
5468:2015
5423:2020
5393:2023
5363:2017
5310:ISBN
5262:2015
5037:and
4885:and
4816:Iraq
4752:Lent
4667:and
4665:Timz
4624:and
4612:and
4583:and
4566:Iran
4540:Iraq
4510:Iraq
4347:and
4195:also
4140:and
4112:and
4073:and
4022:and
3976:Iran
3972:Iraq
3915:and
3867:and
3794:The
3686:and
3653:and
3651:Iraq
3643:Gaza
3641:and
3637:the
3541:and
3539:East
3481:and
3372:Iran
3359:and
3327:and
3283:and
3240:and
3224:and
3208:and
3100:and
3051:and
2993:Urfa
2975:and
2961:Arbo
2939:and
2892:and
2866:Aqra
2864:and
2856:and
2805:and
2664:and
2640:and
2622:Urfa
2612:and
2584:and
2552:The
2513:", "
2428:and
2377:Dora
2359:and
2357:Shia
2299:and
2282:The
2239:and
2237:Iraq
2231:The
2182:Nazi
2176:and
2140:The
2127:Iraq
2103:Iraq
2072:and
2060:The
2030:and
1989:and
1979:Iran
1955:and
1868:The
1793:and
1791:Amid
1705:and
1685:and
1522:and
1389:and
1375:Iran
1355:and
1241:Iraq
1123:and
1014:The
1007:and
976:The
861:and
681:and
630:and
581:Iran
573:Iraq
532:and
530:East
460:and
421:and
168:Iran
140:Iraq
17143:Art
16828:Law
15972:10%
15966:16%
15960:53%
15339:410
14473:144
14305:doi
14182:doi
14038:doi
13226:doi
12958:doi
12597:doi
12512:doi
12405:doi
12269:doi
12231:PMC
12221:doi
12173:doi
12130:doi
12084:PMC
12074:doi
12022:PMC
12012:doi
11930:doi
11830:PMC
10433:doi
9339:366
8233:doi
7353:doi
6466:doi
6046:at
5043:R1b
4952:".
4814:),
4610:pop
4534:in
4504:in
4469:of
4465:in
4435:in
4397:or
3885:or
3825:).
3730:in
3291:in
3256:),
3244:),
3188:in
3176:in
2809:in
2624:),
2616:),
2576:),
2568:),
2324:by
2125:in
2042:or
1888:".
1542:).
1297:in
1131:of
1092:of
1022:of
778:of
517:in
360:350
352:700
112:3.3
17293::
16012:2%
16002:2%
15996:2%
15990:6%
15984:4%
15978:4%
14759:.
14733:35
14731:.
14727:.
14701:14
14699:.
14695:.
14672:13
14670:.
14666:.
14598:.
14575:.
14508:.
14471:.
14467:.
14437:.
14433:.
14393:.
14370:.
14352:13
14350:.
14346:.
14319:.
14311:.
14301:65
14299:.
14295:.
14273:36
14271:.
14253:18
14251:.
14247:.
14218:.
14178:33
14176:.
14172:.
14146:.
14121:.
14100:.
14086:.
14052:.
14044:.
14034:45
14032:.
13984:.
13970:.
13836:.
13822:.
13776:.
13734:12
13732:.
13728:.
13704:11
13702:.
13698:.
13671:.
13638:.
13601:.
13551:.
13528:.
13505:.
13466:16
13464:.
13460:.
13438:;
13359:.
13324:.
13303:13
13301:.
13297:.
13273:11
13271:.
13267:.
13240:.
13232:.
13222:51
13220:.
13216:.
13202:10
13200:.
13196:.
13170:.
13123:19
13121:.
13117:.
13070:.
13010:.
12985:.
12964:.
12954:78
12952:.
12948:.
12902:.
12855:.
12820:.
12806:.
12762:.
12745:.
12735:.
12731:.
12705:10
12703:.
12699:.
12626:.
12605:.
12591:.
12587:.
12543:.
12526:.
12518:.
12508:73
12506:.
12464:.
12460:.
12456:.
12411:.
12401:11
12399:.
12385:14
12383:.
12362:.
12324:.
12283:.
12275:.
12265:26
12263:.
12239:.
12229:.
12219:.
12207:.
12203:.
12179:.
12169:10
12167:.
12144:.
12136:.
12126:38
12124:.
12120:.
12106:^
12092:.
12082:.
12072:.
12062:12
12060:.
12056:.
12044:^
12030:.
12020:.
12010:.
12000:12
11998:.
11994:.
11952:.
11944:.
11936:.
11926:80
11924:.
11838:.
11826:38
11824:.
11820:.
11790:^
11741:.
11722:.
11706:^
11596:.
11566:.
11536:.
11406:.
11392::
11388:.
11280:.
11238:.
11227:^
11209:.
11205:.
11175:.
11171:.
11138:.
11112:.
11108:.
11026:^
10996:.
10958:^
10861:.
10857:.
10709:,
10636:^
10609:^
10579:.
10575:.
10449:.
10439:.
10427:.
10277:.
10197:,
10171:}}
10167:{{
10155:.
10066:.
10062:.
10026:^
10004:.
9946:^
9928:.
9924:.
9846:.
9842:)
9770:.
9766:.
9748:,
9688:.
9652:^
9582:,
9551:.
9469:.
9465:.
9365:.
9341:.
9309:^
9287:.
9261:.
9223:.
9170:.
9166:.
9141:.
9114:.
9103:^
9074:^
8977:.
8964:^
8946:.
8942:.
8930:^
8919:,
8831:.
8779:.
8775:.
8739:}}
8735:{{
8693:.
8641:.
8637:.
8610:.
8604:.
8577:.
8573:.
8546:.
8542:.
8530:^
8512:.
8508:.
8482:.
8476:.
8437:.
8358:.
8332:.
8328:.
8298:.
8268:.
8239:.
8227:.
8221:.
8074:.
8043:.
7996:^
7975:.
7708:.
7577:.
7573:.
7487:^
7397:.
7367:.
7359:.
7349:20
7347:.
7343:.
7279:.
7275:.
7248:.
7228:.
7217:^
7199:.
7195:.
7178:,
7130:.
6968:.
6964:.
6929:^
6886:.
6882:.
6819:.
6813:.
6750:.
6736:.
6661:.
6631:.
6605:.
6601:.
6578:^
6533:.
6462:17
6460:.
6456:.
6429:.
6425:.
6367:.
6326:.
6296:.
6265:.
6214:.
6189:.
6144:.
6140:.
6015:.
5989:.
5985:.
5958:.
5954:.
5928:.
5924:.
5881:.
5855:.
5851:.
5824:.
5820:.
5776:.
5772:.
5747:.
5734:).
5677:.
5650:.
5646:.
5620:.
5616:.
5590:.
5586:.
5560:.
5534:.
5454:.
5413:.
5409:.
5379:.
5353:.
5270:^
5252:.
5248:.
5108:.
5096:,
5092:,
5082:J2
5033:,
5029:,
4913:,
4909:,
4905:,
4901:,
4663:,
4651:,
4647:,
4643:,
4639:,
4564:,
4538:,
4508:,
4477:.
4473:,
4439:,
4313:.
4297:,
4251:.
4185:,
4128:,
4124:,
4120:,
4108:,
4069:,
4061:.
4041:,
4037:,
3974:,
3932:"
3889:.
3845:ŠR
3649:,
3645:,
3633:,
3508:,
3504:,
3493:.
3426:,
3422:,
3410:.
3363:.
3335:,
3323:,
3319:,
3315:,
3301:UK
3299:,
3279:,
3272:.
3260:,
3220:,
3204:,
3200:,
3192:,
3180:,
3082:.
3044:.
2995:,
2991:,
2967:,
2963:,
2951:,
2947:,
2888:,
2884:,
2876:.
2852:,
2848:,
2711:,
2707:,
2703:,
2699:,
2695:,
2691:,
2687:,
2608:,
2604:,
2600:,
2580:,
2542:,
2447:,
2326:US
2313:,
2172:,
1993:.
1985:,
1919:,
1915:,
1856:A
1849:.
1822:.
1801:,
1786:.
1670:.
1616:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1475:.
1437:,
1433:,
1429:,
1413:,
1405:,
1373:,
1239:,
1235:,
1190:.
1162:,
1074:,
945:,
941:,
929:,
873:.
857:,
853:,
712:,
689:.
646:.
611:.
603:,
599:,
595:,
560:.
552:,
491:,
468:,
417:,
379:,
68:/
60:/
52:/
16424:)
16349:)
16111:e
16104:t
16097:v
15939:e
15932:t
15925:v
15345:)
15341:-
15337:(
15097:/
14918:e
14911:t
14904:v
14818:.
14794:.
14775:.
14750:.
14715:.
14686:.
14657:.
14636:.
14612:.
14589:.
14552:.
14531:.
14496:.
14439:7
14407:.
14384:.
14334:.
14307::
14283:.
14232:.
14209:.
14188:.
14184::
14160:.
14137:.
14112:.
14060:.
14040::
14020:.
13996:.
13961:.
13921:.
13900:.
13848:.
13813:.
13790:.
13767:.
13683:.
13650:.
13615:.
13589:.
13565:.
13542:.
13519:.
13496:.
13430:.
13409:.
13371:.
13338:.
13252:.
13228::
13184:.
13161:.
13140:.
13105:.
13084:.
13047:.
13026:.
13001:.
12976:.
12960::
12939:.
12918:.
12893:.
12869:.
12832:.
12797:.
12776:.
12753:.
12722:.
12687:.
12666:.
12642:.
12617:.
12599::
12593:5
12578:.
12557:.
12534:.
12514::
12497:.
12476:.
12462:4
12419:.
12407::
12374:.
12338:.
12291:.
12271::
12247:.
12223::
12215::
12209:7
12187:.
12175::
12152:.
12132::
12100:.
12076::
12068::
12038:.
12014::
12006::
11932::
11908:.
11876:.
11846:.
11784:.
11757:.
11700:.
11627:.
11582:.
11552:.
11522:.
11496:.
11471:.
11446:.
11366:.
11316:.
11291:.
11254:.
11221:.
11190:.
11154:.
11124:.
11094:.
11082:.
11011:.
10943:.
10876:.
10719:.
10672:.
10646:.
10619:.
10591:.
10560:.
10482:.
10461:.
10435::
10289:.
10251:.
10239:.
10227:.
10177:)
10163:.
10130:.
10104:.
10078:.
9940:.
9910:.
9884:.
9834:"
9782:.
9701:.
9674:.
9637:.
9611:.
9562:.
9481:.
9383:.
9351:.
9303:.
9273:.
9235:.
9209:.
9182:.
9152:.
9126:.
9097:.
9029:.
8993:.
8958:.
8899:.
8873:.
8847:.
8817:.
8791:.
8745:)
8731:.
8709:.
8679:.
8653:.
8622:.
8589:.
8558:.
8524:.
8494:.
8453:.
8423:.
8391:.
8344:.
8314:.
8284:.
8254:.
8235::
8229:6
8156:.
8103:.
8090:.
8059:.
7990:.
7750:(
7640:.
7589:.
7538:.
7481:.
7447:.
7382:.
7355::
7325:.
7291:.
7252:.
7211:.
7144:.
7083:.
7057:.
6980:.
6898:.
6858:.
6831:.
6789:.
6762:.
6716:.
6677:.
6647:.
6617:.
6472:.
6468::
6441:.
6410:.
6375:.
6342:.
6312:.
6281:.
6251:.
6225:.
6200:.
6156:.
6125:.
6099:.
6026:.
6001:.
5970:.
5940:.
5897:.
5867:.
5836:.
5788:.
5758:.
5693:.
5662:.
5632:.
5602:.
5572:.
5546:.
5470:.
5440:.
5425:.
5395:.
5365:.
5318:.
5280:.
5264:.
5067:R
4600:.
4568:.
4512:.
4443:.
3802:-
3657:.
3603:.
3549:)
3303:(
3264:(
3248:(
3236:(
2979:(
2896:.
2829:.
2636:(
2521:"
1538:(
1494:.
1409:(
1377:.
487:(
385:,
383:)
375:(
181::
155:)
132::
114:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.