3286:
Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a union would be credited to Sarah (Gn. 16:2). The name Yishmaʿeʾl is known from various ancient
Semitic cultures and means "God has hearkened," suggesting that a child so named was regarded as the answer to a request. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of thirteen by Abraham and expelled with his mother Agar at the instigation of Sarah, Abraham's wife, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir (Gn. 21). In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship between Judaism and Christianity (Gal. 4:21–31). In the Genesis account, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would be the founder of a great nation and a "wild ass of a man" always at odds with others (Gn. 16:12). So Abraham rose up in the morning, and taking bread and a bottle of water, put it upon her shoulder, and delivered the boy, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Bersabee. And when the water in the bottle was spent, she cast the boy under one of the trees that were there. Genesis chapter 21: And she went her way, and sat over against him a great way off as far as a bow can carry, for she said: I will not see the boy die: and sitting over against, she lifted up her voice and wept. And God heard the voice of the boy: and an angel of God called to Agar from heaven, saying: What art thou doing, Agar? fear not: for God hath heard the voice of the boy, from the place wherein he is. Arise, take up the boy, and hold him by the hand: for I will make him a great nation. And God opened her eyes: and she saw a well of water, and went and filled the bottle, and gave the boy to drink. And God was with him: and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became a young man, an archer. And he dwelt in the wilderness of Pharan, and his mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt. At the same time Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army said to Abraham: God is with thee in all that thou dost. Swear therefore by God, that thou wilt not hurt me, nor my posterity, nor my stock: but according to the kindness that I have done to thee, thou shalt do to me, and to the land wherein thou hast lived a stranger. And Abraham said: I will swear. And he reproved Abimelech for a well of water, which his servants had taken away by force. And Abimelech answered: I knew not who did this thing: and thou didst not tell me, and I heard not of it till today. And Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech: and both of them made a league. And Abraham set apart seven ewe lambs of the flock. And Abimelech said to him: What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set apart? But he said: Thou shalt take seven ewe lambs at my hand: that they may be a testimony for me, that I dug this well. Therefore that place was called Bersabee: because there both of them did swear. And they made a league for the well of oath. And Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army arose and returned to the land of the Palestines. But Abraham planted a grove in Bersabee, and there called upon the name of the Lord God eternal. And he was a sojourner in the land of the Palestines many days. Douay Rheims Bible. He is credited with twelve sons, described as "princes according to their tribes" (Gn. 25:16), representing perhaps an ancient confederacy. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael's wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis 25:17, Ishmael lived to the age of 137. Islamic tradition tends to ascribe a larger role to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, according to certain theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was commanded to sacrifice (although surah Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is also ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his two wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad's wife and daughter Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. Bibliography A survey of the Bible's patriarchal narratives can be found in Nahum M. Sarna's Understanding Genesis (New York, 1966). Postbiblical traditions, with reference to Christian and Islamic views, are collected in Louis Ginzberg's exhaustive Legends of the Jews, 2d ed., 2 vols., translated by Henrietta Szold and Paul Radin (Philadelphia, 2003). Frederick E. Greenspahn (1987 and 2005)
3600:
between the two of them—Iraq under
Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce, and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."
1210:
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819:
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435:
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570:
1004:
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42:
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882:
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1726:("the Young Arab Society"), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the
1609:
Intellectual life in Egypt during the
Fatimid period achieved great progress and activity, due to many scholars who lived in or came to Egypt, as well as the number of books available. Fatimid Caliphs gave prominent positions to scholars in their courts, encouraged students, and established libraries
1730:
in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the
Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab
1035:
tribe. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the
Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from "Qaryah Dhat Kahl" (the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw). The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids
3599:
At the time of the
Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided
1302:
strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in 717. He rectified the disparity, demanding that all
Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising
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ISHMAEL, or, in Hebrew, Yishmaʿeʾl; eldest son of
Abraham. Ishmael's mother was Agar, an Egyptian slave-girl whom Sarah had as her maid and eventually donated to Abraham because this royal couple were aged and childless but they were unaware then of God's plan and Israel; in accordance with
3446:
1898:
During the Cold War the Arab world would be fought over by the West and East, with both sides supporting and sending troops into various conflicts. The UK would set up the
Central Treaty Organization to serve as the Middle East equivalent of NATO in 1955 before it was disbanded in 1979.
593:
Zabdibel, who aided the
Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name "Zabdibel" is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra. After the
1828:, meaning "catastrophe." To this day, millions of Palestinians are still displaced from their homes and are unable to return. After the 1948 Arab Israeli war and subsequent conflicts due to antisemitism, pogroms, and state oppression, the vast majority of Jews in the Arab world would
3454:
1890:
in an attempt to force America to stop supporting Israel. The abundance of oil in the Arab countries has directly and indirectly led to conflict and prevented Arab countries from diversifying their economies in what some economists calls the
684:. To the east of Antioch was another Arab group that ruled in Chalcidice represented by the Rhambaei, Gambarus and Themella, who were ruled by way of various Arab princes, including a famous Alchaedamnus who fought against
842:
often in form of "King of the Arabs". The Osroeni and Hatrans were part of several Arab groups or communities in upper Mesopotamia, who also included the Praetavi of Singara (present-day Sinjar, Iraq) reported by
1048:
Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty in 602, being under puppet kings, then under their direct control. They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian peninsula, until they were destroyed by the Lakhmid king
1661:. According to some modern historians, their influx was a major factor in the arabization of the Maghreb. Although Berbers ruled the region until the 16th century (under such powerful dynasties as the
1906:
would begin in Tunisia and soon spread across the Arab world. During the Arab Spring many Arab countries underwent pro-democracy revolutions against their ruling governments. It would result in the
3994:(Suppl. 4). Lyon, France: Société des Amis de la bibliothèque Salomon-Reinach/Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux (Fédération de recherche sur les sociétés anciennes): 310–340.
1859:
On March 22, 1945, the Arab League would be founded in Cairo, originally with only six but currently consisting of 21 member countries. Its goal is to foster cooperation between member countries.
1610:
in their palaces, so that scholars might expand their knowledge and reap benefits from the work of their predecessors. The Fatimids were also known for their exquisite arts. Many traces of
1719:
in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Arabs did not feel the change of administration because the Ottomans modeled their rule after the previous Arab administration systems.
1334:
Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. Before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including
3245:
368:
letter from before 648 BC. The Nabaytau reportedly lived in the Babylonian border region, and were probably the namesake of the city of Nabatu mentioned in an inscription of
1578:, the daughter of Muhammad, in the early 10th century. Egypt was the political, cultural, and religious centre of the Fatimid empire. The Fatimid state took shape among the
3778:
Schsenwald, William L. "The Vilayet of Syria, 1901–1914: A Re-Examination of Diplomatic Documents As Sources." Middle East Journal (1968), Vol 22, No. 1, Winter: p. 73.
1536:
generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.
4325:
4273:
325:(744–727 BC), the "Arabāy" (Arabs) were among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system, and were reportedly located in the regions of
3894:. Routledge. pp. 11 METHODOLOGY (modern Saudi Arabia minus the east coast, the Sinai and Negev deserts, and parts of modern Jordan, Syria, and Iraq).
1298:
of the region. However, the Arabs' higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter's obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph
3238:
1813:. All are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities. There is also a large Arab diaspora worldwide following the fall,
1458:
became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the "
3771:
3525:
1532:. Members of the Abbasid royal family escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the
4143:
234:
since 6000 BCE. By about 850 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps were established. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins.
956:
language like the ones spoken in Yemen at the time. Upon their settlement in the Levant around 300 CE, the Ghassanids also became part of the
3231:
1294:
established Arabic as the Caliphate's official language in 686. This reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled the
1143:
of the surrounding territories controlled by the Sassanians and Romans, effectually establishing what is known in Islamic chronology as the
1814:
180:
4519:
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1261:. The Umayyads derived most of their military from Arabs of Syria, and heavily sponsored poetry. They established garrison towns at
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457:
texts give a clearer picture of Arabic's developmental history and emergence. Ancient North Arabian is a collection of texts from
4997:
4278:
1454:
such as "The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs" stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the
1358:. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of
100:
is the home of the first attested "Arab" groups, as well as other Arab groups that spread in the land and existed for millennia.
1438:
was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from
893:; these included kingdoms and confederations of tribes that dominated large swaths of land in the Arabian Peninsula, Levant and
1209:
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which they had occupied and ruled since the 2nd century BC, and which they had continued to rule until the 3rd century CE. The
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began to fracture in the 10th century; afterwards, in the 1190s, there was a revival of their power, which was ended by the
979:
Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen "
5007:
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4496:
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and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects.
904:
Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century at its peak. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids.
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until the 2nd century, and were involved in the affairs of late Seleucid monarchs under their chief Sempsigeramus. In
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was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by
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1350:, the Umayyads lost most of their territories with the exception of Iberia. Their last holding became known as the
3615:
822:
Approximate map of the kingdoms of Hatra, Edessa and Adiabene as vassals of the Parthians in Mesopotamia in 200 CE
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caused nearly one million Arabs to flee to nearby countries. The events of 1948 are known to Palestinians as the
1050:
184:
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1354:. It was the rule of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the
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1657:, they travelled westwards. The Banu Hilal quickly defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring
1408:
662:
649:. The Tanukhids initially appear in 196 CE as a federation of Arab tribes roaming the western banks of the
17:
2372:
1023:. The Kindites originally migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids, where they had served as nomad
517: – Semitic-speakers who settled the region centuries before them. Their early inscriptions were in
1054:
952:
in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE; it's not clear whether or not Ghassanids originally spoke Arabic or a
920:
and acting as a buffer between them and the Romans and unruly nomadic Arab tribes further south. Their
196:
4753:
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inhabited and became numerous in the area west of the Dead Sea, whose names comprised an admixture of
230:
Historically, the Bedouin engaged in nomadic herding, agriculture and sometimes fishing in the Syrian
4918:
4333:
1755:
1559:
4548:
Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four: The University of California Book of North African Literature
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were an Arab group ruled by a certain Aziz, who played an important role in the affairs of the last
4408:
3121:
1821:
1716:
1571:
1533:
1501:
1214:
681:
168:
4811:
Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (2008-01-07).
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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38
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1913:
In modern times an Arab diaspora of 50 million has been formed by emigrants from Arab countries.
1704:
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1388:
1327:
1291:
1196:
953:
148:
3789:
3504:(1st Harvard Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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was similarly ruled by an Arab dynasty since the 2nd century CE, whose rulers assumed the title
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was yet another Arab entity in central Arabia, established in 450 CE as a confederation of the
818:
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661:, who lead her forces into Palestine, Arabia and even the edges of Egypt, and also served as
490:
454:
369:
123:. Today, "Arab" refers to a variety of large numbers of people whose native regions form the
3804:
1351:
4911:
3852:
3554:
3106:
2987:
1611:
4772:
1229:; it is the oldest mosque in the Maghreb and represents an architectural testimony of the
8:
4836:
4810:
3196:
2207:
1619:
780:
732:
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in 853 BC, Arabs were part of a Damascene coalition of Syrian and Israelite allies under
263:
188:
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1016:
768:
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685:
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477:, but also of pre-Arabic languages previously spoken in the Arabian peninsula, such as
212:
136:
104:
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which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 AD,
1249:, built in 715, is one of the oldest, largest and best preserved mosques in the world.
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and defeated the Sassanian armies in several battles, even reaching the capital city,
4868:
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4252:
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2082:
1967:
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saw a large influx of ethnic Arabs. Starting with the 11th century, the Arab bedouin
1545:
1416:
1379:
1304:
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795:
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inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BC) and the many Arabic personal names in
518:
259:
144:
140:
112:
1491:
1415: clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the
912:
assumed leadership from the Tanukhids and established themselves as clients for the
4768:
4385:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Volume 1
4321:
3166:
3162:
3151:
3132:
2797:
2777:
2757:
2677:
2472:
2352:
2277:
2267:
2217:
2147:
2047:
1997:
1907:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1801:
Most Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in
1403:
Scholars at an Abbasid library in Baghdad. Maqamat of al-Hariri Illustration, 1237.
1319:
1037:
1012:
925:
852:
835:
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622:
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period through their onomastics and toponyms. These tribes were present throughout
64:
56:
4504:
1711:
From 1517 to 1918, much of the Arab world was under the suzerainty of the Turkish
1582:
Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering
1314:
657:
of the Romans. They rebelled against Roman authority in 378 CE under their queen,
653:
who later made way into central and northern Syria, where they became part of the
313:, who ruled over an Arab kingdom located in the northeastern parts of present-day
305:: a certain Bur-'Anat of Yašbuq, and Hadaṯa of a tribe whose name is lost. In the
84:
begins in the mid-9th century BCE, which is the earliest known attestation of the
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1987:
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550:
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342:
290:
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489:. The texts are either written in variants or closely related sister scripts of
63:. One of several ancient female rulers in antiquity of Arab origin. Depicted as
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effectively ending their rule in all parts of the Empire with the exception of
1242:
1200:
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988:
929:
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283:
172:
60:
4864:
Fear and Faith in Paradise: Exploring Conflict and Religion in the Middle East
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1722:
In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed
1384:
434:
5031:
4703:
4337:
4129:
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3648:
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1630:
1521:
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The Abbasids ruled for 200 years before they lost their central control when
1226:
1136:
1020:
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Tanukhid territories in the Levant, Mesopotamia and Arabia in the 4th century
693:
658:
538:
377:
302:
271:
97:
1930:
1237:
996:, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east
851:. This elaborate Arab presence in upper Mesopotamia was acknowledged by the
569:
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1806:
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for the armies of the Sabaean and Himyarite kings, but were turned back in
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997:
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791:
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was taken prisoner. Assuming the side of Rome, the Palmyrenes united under
493:
462:
373:
346:
298:
69:
4201:
Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs
932:
likely between 250 and 300 CE. The Ghassanids were part of an influx from
3740:
Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921
2921:
2687:
2597:
2382:
2237:
2187:
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Many Arab countries rely heavily on oil exports to fuel their economies.
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1833:
1802:
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41:
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The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
3415:
1770:
971:
4160:
The Arabs in Antiquity Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads
3806:
The League of Arab States: A Study in Dynamics of Regional Organization
3207:
2847:
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2017:
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1182:
921:
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486:
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413:
357:
250:
texts of the 9th to 5th centuries BC where they inhabited parts of the
124:
85:
1832:. There would be subsequent wars between Arab countries and Israel in
4813:"The Baghdad Pact (1955) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)"
3192:
3147:
3117:
3042:
3027:
2432:
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2247:
2007:
1947:
1879:
1696:
1447:
1424:
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772:
748:
705:
654:
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646:
626:
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inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from
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in 858 BC, he fought a force which included two Arab chieftains from
243:
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677:
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389:
326:
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160:
3267:
Fredrick E. Greenspahn (2005). "Ishmael". In Lindsay Jones (ed.).
900:
203:
while respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states.
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2767:
2727:
2637:
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1977:
1883:
1670:
1638:
1583:
1575:
1517:
1495:
1479:
1471:
1443:
1428:
1399:
1392:
1343:
1335:
1308:
1299:
1282:
1222:
1188:
941:
827:
807:
673:
618:
586:
573:
The ruins of Palmyra. The Palmyrenes were an admixture of Arabs,
474:
417:
409:
393:
384:. Ashurbanipal launched a punitive campaign against the Arabs in
365:
330:
310:
247:
93:
89:
48:
4890:"Diasporas: A Global and Vibrant Force for Arab Democratization"
3790:
Arab League formed — History.com This Day in History — 3/22/1945
3500:
Ruthven, Albert Hourani; with a new afterword by Malise (2010).
3472:"ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran (pre-Islamic) – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3211:
3091:
2947:
1957:
1886:. OPEC would cease the export of oil to America after the 1973
1871:
1751:
1650:
1591:
1579:
1451:
1373:
1339:
1288:
1152:
1080:
1041:
960:, along with several other Arab tribes in the region including
831:
799:
776:
752:
728:
638:
590:
558:
458:
385:
314:
294:
251:
231:
152:
128:
116:
3872:
The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources
1590:
capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of
1411:, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same
525:, thus producing some of the earliest clear Arabic texts. The
3181:
2936:
2906:
1825:
1614:
exist in Cairo today; the most defining examples include the
1603:
1563:
1487:
1475:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate shifted into the hands of the
1192:
1166:
1148:
1128:
993:
933:
881:
787:
756:
630:
466:
443:
279:
164:
156:
108:
3982:
Graf, David Franck (1 January 2003). Sartre, Maurice (ed.).
3574:
Lewis, Bernard Ellis & Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2008).
3273:. Vol. 7. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4551–4552.
1676:
1602:
in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established
286:(911–891 BC), Aramaean and Arab clans formed a confederacy.
187:, forming the modern Arab states. After the adoption of the
4445:. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. pp. 50–52.
3340:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. January 2012. p. 156.
3076:
1867:
1863:
1820:
In 1948, Britain withdrew from Palestine and the resulting
1594:
as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to
1274:
1160:
803:
701:
380:, and by the 6th century had migrated to the area south of
334:
4184:
Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1, Part 1
1691:
983:". The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the
747:, and from there they expanded their territories into the
262:. Several Arab tribes and towns are identified during the
107:(632–661), the term "Arab" referred to any of the largely
1486:
were also major intellectual centres with cities such as
1156:
692:. Another Arab group or community was established in the
469:
which not only recorded ancient forms of Arabic, such as
4507:
on 2010-06-16 – via Shorter Shi'ite Encyclopaedia.
4704:"OPEC: What is it and what is happening to oil prices?"
3958:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
4081:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
3266:
1746:, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the
337:. Tiglath-Pileser III even appointed a certain Arab,
4326:"Kinda — The relations of Kinda with Saba and Himyar"
3649:"The Arab Empire | Mohammed | Umayyad Empire History"
1645:
tribes migrated to the West. Having been sent by the
617:
succeeded him in 270 under the regency of his mother
589:
in the late first millennium BC. The soldiers of the
274:, and in many times their presence often accompanied
3825:"Arab League from The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed"
3709:
Published by New Zealand History at nzhistory.net.nz
3292:
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (April 2010).
513:
were nomads who moved into territory vacated by the
4054:
Tiglath-pileser III, Founder of the Assyrian Empire
3429:
The Syrian desert: caravans, travel and exploration
889:Several Arab entities flourished during middle and
392:, capturing Abiyate the Qedarite and taking him to
345:jurisdiction. Arab raiders were also active in the
135:of the 7th and 8th centuries. The Arabs forged the
4225:
1007:Approximate extent of the Kingdom of Kinda, c. 500
645:with the help of the Arab enemies of Zenobia, the
88:language. Tradition holds that Arabs descend from
55:240 – c. 274 CE) was a third-century queen of the
553:inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at
5029:
4933:
4754:"What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse?"
4656:"About the League of Arab States: Member States"
376:(669–631 BC) most Nabayatu clans shifted to the
4787:"The Impact of the Cold War on the Middle East"
1539:
1407:The Abbasids were the descendants of
1116:
3573:
3547:"The Emergence and Expansion of Islam to 1500"
4919:
4103:
4101:
3686:"10 Greatest Empires in the History of World"
3291:
3239:
924:counterparts served the same purpose for the
916:by 300 CE, ruling from their capital city of
4544:
4521:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
4488:
4111:Ancient Syria: a three thousand year history
3770:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3671:
3524:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3469:
1815:defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
1374:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 & 1261–1517)
1285:, all of which developed into major cities.
561:, one of which dates to the 2nd century AD.
4565:
4517:
4387:. Cambridge University Press. p. lix.
3672:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (22 February 2015).
3295:The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
1637:It was not until the 11th century that the
282:, which was mentioned in an inscription by
147:(750–1258) caliphates, creating one of the
4926:
4912:
4347:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4244:
4142:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4098:
3984:"Arabs in Syria: Demography and epigraphy"
3875:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
3792:. History.com. Retrieved on 28 April 2014.
3622:. Archived from the original on 2014-12-15
3260:
3246:
3232:
1562:for the newly established capital city of
1470:) in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such as the
1167:Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 & 756–1031)
356:A reference to the potential ancestors of
4887:
4375:
4194:
4192:
4077:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3802:
3385:
3338:Britannica Student Encyclopedia (A-Z Set)
1677:Under the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922/1923)
1040:in 540 after the fall of their main ally
175:, which ruled much of the Arab world. In
4551:. Univ of California Press. p. 42.
4436:
4434:
4407:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3954:
3803:MacDonald, Robert W. (8 December 2015).
3674:"The 5 Most Powerful Empires in History"
3616:"Islam, The Arab Empire Of The Umayyads"
1690:
1624:
1549:
1500:
1398:
1383:
1313:
1236:
1208:
1074:
1002:
970:
899:
880:
830:Arabs were in possession of the city of
817:
568:
433:
4867:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4320:
4279:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
4271:
4223:
3916:
3889:
3783:
3499:
3386:MacArthur, John F. (15 December 2001).
3360:
1307:came to power and moved the capital to
1225:was founded in 670 by the Arab general
521:but gradually switched to their spoken
14:
5030:
4860:
4761:The Annual Review of Political Science
4545:Joris, Pierre; Tengour, Habib (2012).
4472:
4198:
4189:
3975:
3935:
3850:
3580:. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 137.
1446:. The Abbasids were influenced by the
541:reveal a dialect no longer considered
372:(721–710 BC). During the campaigns of
4907:
4773:10.1146/annurev-polisci-052213-040359
4729:"The Truth About the 1973 Oil Crisis"
4632:"Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries"
4440:
4431:
4227:"Hatra and the Parthian Commonwealth"
4156:
4107:
4050:
4023:
4010:
3868:
3426:
1882:founded OPEC on 14 September 1960 in
1570:The Fatimid caliphate was founded by
1558:, commissioned by the Fatimid Caliph
399:
31:History of the Arabs (disambiguation)
4751:
4414:Historic Cities of the Islamic World
4355:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 120.
3981:
3738:L., Rogan, Eugene (1 January 2004).
3661:"Top 10 Greatest Empires In History"
1924:Historical Arab states and dynasties
1765:
1629:Arabesque pattern behind hunters on
1423:. In 762, the second Abbasid Caliph
975:Ghassanid kingdom in the 6th century
4494:
4282:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4248:The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire
1606:as the capital of their caliphate.
1467:
1257:, who established their capital in
127:due to the spread of Arabs and the
24:
4518:Shillington, Kevin (4 July 2013).
3844:
3737:
3577:Islam: The Religion and the People
1326:, constructed during the reign of
1060:
195:was founded on 22 March 1945. The
111:or settled Arabic tribes from the
25:
5049:
4114:. Corby. pp. 278 & 359.
3869:Myers, E. A. (11 February 2010).
3707:Page 8 – The Arab Revolt, 1916–18
3544:
1370:was divided into small kingdoms.
813:
731:, another Arab group known since
716:, was an Arab group known as the
278:tribes. In the land of Laqē near
131:throughout the region during the
4203:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 3–6.
3453:. 2 October 2016. Archived from
3427:Grant, Christina Phelps (2003).
2345:Western dynasties and caliphates
1929:
1769:
1761:
1362:architecture and the library of
1147:. The state was centered at the
908:In central Arabia and Iraq, the
862:
625:, quickly capturing most of the
225:
40:
4888:al-Sharif, Amine (2020-08-11).
4881:
4854:
4829:
4804:
4779:
4745:
4721:
4696:
4672:
4648:
4624:
4599:
4574:
4538:
4511:
4459:
4401:
4369:
4314:
4296:
4265:
4238:
4217:
4177:
4150:
4071:
4044:
3910:
3861:
3795:
3431:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
3389:Terrorism, Jihad, and the Bible
1508:receiving a delegation sent by
859:, meaning "land of the Arabs".
149:largest land empires in history
4605:
4582:"A Chronology of Arab History"
4417:. Leiden: Brill. p. 264.
4276:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
3809:. Princeton University Press.
3742:. Cambridge University Press.
3729:
3698:
3607:
3491:
3447:"The Nomadic Tribes of Arabia"
3406:
3379:
3354:
3326:
1528:in 1258 and killed the Caliph
13:
1:
4752:Ross, Michael L. (May 2015).
3857:. Human Relations Area Files.
3563:"History of the Arabs (book)"
3502:A history of the Arab peoples
1916:
1442:to the newly founded city of
1231:Arab conquest of North Africa
598:in 260 CE, the Roman emperor
504:
242:Arabs are first mentioned in
217:History of the ancient Levant
199:endorsed the principle of an
52:
4934:History of the Arab diaspora
4684:Council on Foreign Relations
4272:Jullien, Christelle (2018).
4232:Oriens et Occidens – Band 21
1910:as well as other conflicts.
1715:. The Ottomans defeated the
1540:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
1155:from 632 until 656 CE, when
1117:Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
936:due to conflict between the
720:who came into conflict with
585:Arabs are first recorded in
206:
185:territories were partitioned
103:Before the expansion of the
7:
4861:Karber, Phil (2012-06-18).
4467:A history of medieval Islam
4308:www.cartographic-images.net
3917:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
3890:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
3551:University of Massachusetts
3361:Hoyland, Robert G. (2001).
2065:Arab empires and caliphates
1107: Expansion during the
1097: Expansion during the
564:
237:
167:in the south. In 1517, the
10:
5054:
4636:Jewish Virtual Library.org
4524:. Routledge. p. 668.
4497:"Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt"
4469:, Routledge, 1965, page 13
3990:. La Syrie hellénistique.
3714:The Berlin–Baghdad Express
1756:League of Nations mandates
1680:
1633:, 11th–12th century, Egypt
1543:
1377:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1120:
1064:
928:after their settlement in
866:
786:Arabs were also living in
641:. Zenobia was defeated by
403:
210:
197:Charter of the Arab League
28:
4939:
4078:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
3955:Lipiński, Edward (2000).
3639:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1409:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
4660:Museum With No Frontiers
4245:Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021).
4224:de Jong, Albert (2013).
4030:. Taylor & Francis.
3854:Culture Summary: Bedouin
3270:Encyclopedia of Religion
2373:Umayyad state of Córdoba
1215:Great Mosque of Kairouan
855:, who called the region
682:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
353:'s (722–705 BC) troops.
4051:Elayi, Josette (2022).
3420:Encyclopædia Britannica
3318:www.therefinersfire.org
1705:Flag of the Arab Revolt
1389:Mustansiriya University
1197:Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)
798:nome called Arabia, in
446:, Jordan, built by the
4894:Arab Reform Initiative
4465:John Joseph Saunders,
4304:"Dionysius Periegetes"
4199:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
4108:Bryce, Trevor (2014).
3961:. Peeters Publishers.
3534:"HISTORY OF MIGRATION"
1742:was overthrown by the
1708:
1634:
1567:
1513:
1404:
1396:
1346:and Romans. After the
1331:
1303:occurred in which the
1250:
1234:
1113:
1087: Expansion under
1071:Early Muslim conquests
1036:eventually destroying
1008:
976:
905:
886:
823:
745:Anti-Lebanon mountains
582:
451:
349:, where they attacked
221:Bedouin § History
181:defeated and dissolved
133:early Muslim conquests
4612:Question of Palestine
4571:Choueiri, pp.166–168.
4251:. Oxford: Routledge.
3851:Chatty, Dawn (2009).
3712:Sean McMeekin (2012)
3678:The National Interest
3476:www.iranicaonline.org
3392:. Thomas Nelson Inc.
2963:Sultanate of Zanzibar
2878:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
1728:Arab Congress of 1913
1694:
1649:to punish the Berber
1628:
1553:
1504:
1402:
1387:
1317:
1240:
1212:
1159:moved the capital to
1141:campaigns of conquest
1111:, 661–750/A.H. 40–129
1078:
1065:Further information:
1006:
974:
903:
884:
867:Further information:
821:
672:and in the region of
572:
455:Ancient North Arabian
437:
370:Marduk-apla-iddina II
171:was conquered by the
67:on the obverse of an
5038:History of the Arabs
4441:Lunde, Paul (2002).
3919:Arabia and the Arabs
3892:Arabia and the Arabs
3557:on 3 September 2016.
3538:www.historyworld.net
3363:Arabia and the Arabs
1612:Fatimid architecture
1427:founded the city of
1356:Caliphate of Córdoba
1179:Caliphate of Córdoba
1101:, 632–661/A.H. 11–40
1019:tribes ruled by the
992:, after the city of
712:region close by the
700:Arabs who dominated
547:pre-classical Arabic
301:tribes of the lower
82:history of the Arabs
29:For other uses, see
4817:2001-2009.state.gov
4409:Bosworth, C. Edmund
4157:Retso, Jan (2013).
4024:Retso, Jan (2013).
3653:www.historybits.com
3457:on 21 December 2016
3334:"Arabian Peninsula"
3314:"Ishmael and Isaac"
3298:. Scarecrow Press.
1940:Ancient Arab states
1809:, and parts of the
1620:Al-Azhar University
1151:, in particular in
1131:after the death of
1091:, 622–632/A.H. 1–11
847:, and the Arabs of
826:Further north, the
733:Alexander the Great
665:in the Roman army.
621:, who declared the
323:Tiglath-Pileser III
189:Alexandria Protocol
3545:Power, Bethany G.
3470:electricpulp.com.
3005:Current monarchies
2668:Sharifate of Mecca
2138:Emirate of Tbilisi
2128:Emirate of Armenia
1978:Kingdom of Osroene
1781:. You can help by
1709:
1635:
1574:, a descendant of
1568:
1514:
1436:Islamic Golden Age
1405:
1397:
1352:Emirate of Córdoba
1348:Abbasid Revolution
1332:
1251:
1235:
1145:Rashidun Caliphate
1123:Rashidun Caliphate
1114:
1099:Rashidun Caliphate
1031:by the Abdul Qais
1009:
977:
906:
887:
824:
763:, coming close to
722:Alexander Jannaeus
714:Qalamoun Mountains
690:Caesar's civil war
583:
527:Nabataean alphabet
452:
400:Classical kingdoms
321:. In the reign of
213:Pre-Islamic Arabia
163:in the north, and
151:reaching southern
143:(661–750) and the
119:, North and Lower
105:Rashidun Caliphate
5025:
5024:
4874:978-1-4422-1479-8
4680:"The Arab League"
4608:"About the Nakba"
4558:978-0-520-26913-2
4531:978-1-135-45670-2
4424:978-90-04-15388-2
4362:978-90-04-07819-2
4322:Beeston, A. F. L.
4289:978-0-19-866277-8
4258:978-0-367-48190-2
4210:978-0-88402-115-5
4170:978-1-136-87282-2
4121:978-0-19-100292-2
4091:978-90-04-28982-6
4064:978-1-62837-430-8
4037:978-1-136-87282-2
3968:978-90-429-0859-8
3882:978-1-139-48481-7
3816:978-1-4008-7528-3
3716:. Belknap Press.
3620:history-world.org
3587:978-0-13-271606-2
3511:978-0-674-05819-4
3422:. 3 October 2023.
3399:978-1-4185-1897-4
3347:978-1-61535-557-0
3305:978-1-4617-1895-6
3280:978-0-02-865740-0
3256:
3255:
3221:
3220:
2996:
2995:
2988:Tippu Tip's State
2886:
2885:
2858:Emirate of Beihan
2590:Arabian Peninsula
2581:
2580:
2336:
2335:
2120:Eastern dynasties
2111:
2110:
2056:
2055:
1968:Nabataean Kingdom
1958:Kingdom of Lihyan
1893:paradox of plenty
1830:migrate to Israel
1799:
1798:
1687:Ottoman Caliphate
1546:Fatimid Caliphate
1526:conquered Baghdad
1417:Battle of the Zab
1380:Abbasid Caliphate
1205:Ikhshidid dynasty
1173:Umayyad Caliphate
1109:Umayyad Caliphate
637:in 271, reaching
388:from his base in
113:Arabian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
5045:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4503:. Archived from
4495:al-Amin, Hasan.
4492:
4486:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4377:Yarshater, Ehsan
4373:
4367:
4366:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4196:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4021:
4008:
4007:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3952:
3933:
3932:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3886:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3827:. Archived from
3820:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3692:. 24 March 2010.
3681:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3570:
3567:Historyworld.net
3558:
3553:. Archived from
3541:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3442:
3423:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3309:
3288:
3264:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3009:
3008:
2973:Nabahani dynasty
2918:Nabahani dynasty
2903:Makhzumi dynasty
2899:
2898:
2594:
2593:
2349:
2348:
2148:Emirate of Crete
2124:
2123:
2069:
2068:
2048:Kingdom of Kinda
1998:Kingdom of Hatra
1948:Kingdom of Qedar
1944:
1943:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1908:Syrian civil war
1794:
1791:
1773:
1766:
1717:Mamluk Sultanate
1695:Soldiers of the
1469:
1450:injunctions and
1320:Dome of the Rock
1106:
1096:
1086:
1013:Kingdom of Kinda
836:Kingdom of Hatra
741:Southern Lebanon
735:, inhabited the
623:Palmyrene Empire
613:Odaenathus' son
596:Battle of Edessa
555:Sumatar Harabesi
523:Nabataean Arabic
426:Kingdom of Hatra
307:Battle of Qarqar
169:Mamluk Sultanate
57:Palmyrene Empire
54:
44:
21:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
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4902:
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4886:
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4875:
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4702:
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4464:
4460:
4453:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4374:
4370:
4363:
4330:Bosworth, C. E.
4319:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4274:"Beth 'Arabaye"
4270:
4266:
4259:
4243:
4239:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
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4106:
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3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3734:
3730:
3703:
3699:
3684:
3667:. 22 June 2010.
3659:
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3623:
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3327:
3312:
3306:
3281:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3223:
3222:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2933:Mahdali dynasty
2896:
2888:
2887:
2828:Muscat and Oman
2598:Imamate of Oman
2591:
2583:
2582:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2066:
2058:
2057:
1988:Emesene Dynasty
1941:
1919:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1779:needs expansion
1764:
1689:
1681:Main articles:
1679:
1653:for abandoning
1616:Al-Hakim Mosque
1572:al-Mahdi Billah
1556:Al-Azhar Mosque
1548:
1542:
1506:Harun al-Rashid
1460:House of Wisdom
1382:
1376:
1207:
1185:
1175:
1169:
1137:Rashidun armies
1129:their new faith
1125:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1073:
1063:
1061:Medieval period
879:
865:
845:Pliny the Elder
816:
567:
507:
432:
422:Emesene dynasty
404:Main articles:
402:
364:, is made in a
343:Sinai peninsula
291:Shalmaneser III
240:
228:
223:
211:Main articles:
209:
177:First World War
129:Arabic language
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
45:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:United Kingdom
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
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4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
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4908:
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4695:
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4647:
4623:
4598:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4537:
4530:
4510:
4487:
4471:
4458:
4451:
4430:
4423:
4400:
4393:
4381:"Introduction"
4368:
4361:
4334:van Donzel, E.
4313:
4295:
4288:
4264:
4257:
4237:
4216:
4209:
4188:
4176:
4169:
4149:
4120:
4097:
4090:
4070:
4063:
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4009:
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3927:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3900:
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3843:
3841:
3840:
3815:
3794:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3748:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3724:. pp. 288, 297
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3159:
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3143:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3114:
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3110:
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3098:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3032:Ras al Khaymah
3024:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2948:Mazrui dynasty
2944:
2943:
2940:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
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2654:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2643:
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2592:
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2529:
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2415:
2409:
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2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:Fihrid Emirate
2359:
2358:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2323:
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2200:
2194:
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2184:
2183:
2180:
2174:
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2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1888:Yom Kippur War
1811:Horn of Africa
1797:
1796:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1744:British Empire
1740:Ottoman Empire
1713:Ottoman Empire
1701:Arabian Desert
1683:Ottoman Empire
1678:
1675:
1544:Main article:
1541:
1538:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1243:Umayyad Mosque
1201:Zengid dynasty
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1062:
1059:
1053:, and his son
1029:Eastern Arabia
989:Arabia Petraea
891:late Antiquity
864:
861:
815:
814:In Mesopotamia
812:
794:times, in the
767:. In southern
724:(103–76 BCE).
566:
563:
506:
503:
401:
398:
303:Orontes valley
284:Adad-nirari II
239:
236:
227:
224:
208:
205:
173:Ottoman Empire
46:
39:
38:
37:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5050:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
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4994:
4991:
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4929:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4842:
4838:
4837:"Arab Spring"
4832:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4734:
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4724:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:0-8157-3283-X
4481:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4452:0-7894-8797-7
4448:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4394:0-521-20092-X
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4163:. Routledge.
4162:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4057:. SBL Press.
4056:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3928:0-203-76392-0
3924:
3921:. Routledge.
3920:
3913:
3903:
3901:0-203-76392-0
3897:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3831:on 2019-05-13
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:0-521-89223-6
3745:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3691:
3690:Top Ten Lists
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3601:
3589:
3583:
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3560:
3556:
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3527:
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3507:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:1-136-19271-9
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:"Arab people"
3413:
3412:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3372:0-203-76392-0
3368:
3365:. Routledge.
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3297:
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3149:
3146:
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3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:Umm al-Quwain
3119:
3116:
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3111:
3108:
3104:
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2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:Muslim Sicily
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2052:450 AD–550 AD
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:64 BC–300s AD
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:132 BC–244 AD
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:400 BC–106 AD
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:600 BC–100 BC
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:800 BC–300 BC
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1790:December 2017
1784:
1780:
1777:This section
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:Modern period
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1703:carrying the
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1368:Islamic Spain
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1227:Uqba ibn Nafi
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
982:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:South Semitic
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:South Arabian
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
898:
896:
892:
883:
878:
874:
870:
863:Late kingdoms
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Orontes river
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:South of the
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
580:
576:
571:
562:
560:
557:northeast of
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Qaryat al-Faw
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
499:
495:
494:south Arabian
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Syrian Desert
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:descended on
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Syrian Desert
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
226:Neolithic age
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
201:Arab homeland
198:
194:
191:in 1944, the
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:in the east,
158:
155:in the west,
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
98:Syrian Desert
95:
92:, the son of
91:
87:
83:
80:The recorded
72:
71:
66:
62:
58:
50:
43:
32:
27:
19:
4893:
4883:
4863:
4856:
4845:. Retrieved
4843:. 2020-01-17
4840:
4831:
4820:. Retrieved
4816:
4806:
4795:. Retrieved
4793:. 2022-05-24
4790:
4781:
4764:
4760:
4747:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:
4723:
4712:. Retrieved
4710:. 2022-05-03
4707:
4698:
4687:. Retrieved
4683:
4674:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:
4650:
4639:. Retrieved
4635:
4626:
4615:. Retrieved
4611:
4601:
4590:. Retrieved
4588:. 1956-10-01
4586:The Atlantic
4585:
4576:
4567:
4547:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4505:the original
4500:
4490:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4442:
4413:
4403:
4384:
4371:
4352:
4345:
4316:
4307:
4298:
4277:
4267:
4247:
4240:
4231:
4219:
4200:
4183:
4179:
4159:
4152:
4110:
4080:
4073:
4053:
4046:
4026:
4002:– via
3991:
3987:
3977:
3957:
3918:
3912:
3891:
3871:
3863:
3853:
3846:
3833:. Retrieved
3829:the original
3805:
3797:
3785:
3739:
3731:
3713:
3700:
3689:
3677:
3664:
3652:
3624:. Retrieved
3619:
3609:
3598:
3591:. Retrieved
3576:
3566:
3555:the original
3550:
3537:
3501:
3493:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3450:
3428:
3419:
3408:
3388:
3381:
3362:
3356:
3337:
3328:
3317:
3294:
3284:
3269:
3262:
3217:1921–present
3202:1900–present
3187:1868–present
3172:1833–present
3157:1810–present
3142:1783–present
3127:1775–present
3112:1761–present
3097:1752–present
3082:1749–present
3067:1744–present
3062:Saudi Arabia
3052:1727–present
3037:1727–present
3022:1631–present
2032:300s–500s AD
1912:
1902:In 2011 the
1901:
1897:
1876:Saudi Arabia
1861:
1858:
1819:
1807:North Africa
1800:
1787:
1783:adding to it
1778:
1733:
1721:
1710:
1636:
1631:ivory plaque
1608:
1596:Al-Mansuriya
1569:
1530:Al-Musta'sim
1515:
1456:Muslim world
1433:
1406:
1333:
1328:Abd al Malik
1292:Abd al-Malik
1287:
1252:
1135:in 632, the
1126:
1010:
998:Arabia Magna
987:
985:Roman Empire
981:Arabia Felix
978:
957:
940:kingdoms of
907:
888:
839:
825:
790:even in pre-
785:
737:Bekaa valley
726:
717:
696:valley, the
670:Taurus range
667:
633:and most of
629:, including
612:
584:
546:
543:proto-Arabic
542:
508:
496:
463:Saudi Arabia
453:
374:Ashurbanipal
361:
355:
347:Beqaa Valley
338:
288:
264:Neo-Assyrian
241:
229:
102:
81:
79:
70:antoninianus
68:
26:
18:Arab history
5008:Switzerland
4998:Philippines
4988:New Zealand
4841:History.com
4767:: 239–259.
4733:The Balance
4342:Pellat, Ch.
3461:16 December
2922:Pate Island
2895:East Africa
2688:Sulaymanids
2628:Ukhaidhirds
2413:Sulaymanids
2383:Muhallabids
2288:Munqidhites
2188:Shirvanshah
2042:300s–602 AD
2012:196–1100 AD
2002:100s–241 AD
1904:Arab Spring
1803:Middle East
1738:, when the
1736:World War I
1731:provinces.
1510:Charlemagne
1413:Banu Hashim
1364:Al-Ḥakam II
1296:Arabization
1079:Age of the
1025:auxiliaries
966:Banu Judham
962:Banu Amilah
895:Mesopotamia
802:across the
757:Trachonitis
710:al-Zabadani
663:auxiliaries
615:Vaballathus
382:Wadi Sirhan
319:Wadi Sirhan
299:transhumant
268:Mesopotamia
256:Mesopotamia
193:Arab League
139:(632–661),
121:Mesopotamia
4847:2023-11-19
4822:2023-11-20
4797:2023-11-19
4738:2023-11-19
4714:2023-11-19
4689:2023-11-19
4665:2023-11-19
4641:2023-11-19
4617:2023-10-23
4592:2023-10-23
4234:: 143–161.
3835:2017-12-16
3722:0674064321
3626:2017-12-16
3208:Hashemites
3163:Al Maktoum
3133:Al Khalifa
2818:Upper Yafa
2808:Ya'arubids
2648:Qarmatians
2533:Sumadihids
2022:220–638 AD
2018:Ghassanids
1917:References
1663:Almoravids
1643:Banu Hilal
1484:al-Andalus
1468:بيت الحكمة
1421:al-Andalus
1360:al-Andalus
1187:See also:
1183:Al-Andalus
1177:See also:
1127:United by
1051:Al-Mundhir
926:Byzantines
873:Ghassanids
857:Arbayistan
800:Arsinoites
749:Phoenician
635:Asia Minor
604:Odaenathus
511:Nabataeans
505:Nabataeans
491:epigraphic
487:Taymanitic
440:Al Khazneh
438:Façade of
414:Nabataeans
366:Babylonian
358:Nabataeans
183:, and its
125:Arab world
86:Old Arabic
5003:Singapore
4993:Palestine
4973:Indonesia
4943:Argentina
4501:Imam Reza
4351:Volume V:
4338:Lewis, B.
4138:cite book
4130:877868387
4084:. BRILL.
4000:2496-7114
3766:cite book
3758:826413749
3665:Listverse
3593:21 August
3520:cite book
3451:Boundless
3193:Al Sharqi
3148:Al Nuaimi
3118:Al Mualla
3107:Abu Dhabi
3103:Al Nahyan
3043:Al Qasimi
3028:Al Qasimi
2992:1860–1887
2982:1858–1895
2967:1856–1964
2957:1746–1828
2942:1277–1495
2927:1203–1894
2882:1926–1970
2872:1906–1934
2862:1903–1967
2852:1858–1967
2848:Qu'aitids
2842:1836–1921
2838:Rashidids
2832:1820–1970
2822:1800–1967
2812:1624–1742
2802:1597–1872
2792:1463–1521
2782:1454–1526
2772:1395–1967
2768:Kathirids
2762:1305–1487
2758:Jarwanids
2752:1253–1320
2742:1229–1454
2732:1159–1174
2722:1154–1624
2718:Nabhanids
2712:1083–1174
2702:1076–1253
2692:1063–1174
2682:1047–1138
2678:Sulayhids
2577:1837–1969
2573:Senussids
2567:1554–1659
2557:1230–1492
2547:1049–1078
2537:1041–1091
2527:1039–1110
2517:1031–1091
2513:Jawharids
2507:1027–1063
2503:Muzaynids
2497:1026–1057
2493:Hammudids
2487:1023–1062
2483:Yahsubids
2477:1023–1091
2467:1020–1086
2457:1013–1039
2447:1012–1051
2437:1004–1412
2403:Aghlabids
2332:1697–1842
2322:1517–1865
2312:1480–1677
2302:1517–1697
2292:1025–1157
2282:1024–1080
2278:Mirdasids
2268:Numayrids
2248:Jarrahids
2238:Mazyadids
2218:Hamdanids
2208:Hashimids
2168:Habbarids
2158:Dulafids
2008:Tanukhids
1880:Venezuela
1842:1967-1970
1697:Arab Army
1673:, etc.).
1659:Hammadids
1560:Al-Mu'izz
1494:rivaling
1425:al-Mansur
1324:Jerusalem
1139:launched
1067:Caliphate
958:foederati
922:Ghassanid
914:Sasanians
853:Sasanians
806:, and in
796:Ptolemaic
792:Christian
781:Canaanite
773:Idumaeans
769:Palestine
753:Aurinitis
718:Zabadaioi
655:foederati
651:Euphrates
647:Tanukhids
627:Near East
610:, twice.
608:Ctesiphon
535:Nabataean
479:Dadanitic
448:Nabateans
430:Tanukhids
406:Qedarites
351:Sargon II
341:, to the
339:Idibi'ilu
207:Antiquity
179:, it was
73:(272 CE).
5032:Category
4968:Honduras
4708:BBC News
4411:(2007).
4379:(1983).
4353:Khe–Mahi
4344:(eds.).
4324:(1986).
4186:, p. 449
3635:cite web
3481:7 August
3197:Fujairah
3178:Al Thani
3088:Al Sabah
2977:Wituland
2912:896–1279
2868:Idrisids
2798:Qasimids
2778:Tahirids
2748:Usfurids
2738:Rasulids
2708:Zurayids
2672:968–1925
2658:Wajihids
2652:899–1077
2642:897–1962
2632:865–1066
2618:Yufirids
2612:819–1138
2608:Ziyadids
2602:751–1970
2543:Tahirids
2473:Abbadids
2453:Tujibids
2427:831–1091
2393:Idrisids
2377:756–1031
2357:710–1019
2353:Salihids
2318:Harfushs
2308:Turabays
2272:990–1081
2262:990–1096
2258:Uqaylids
2252:970–1107
2242:961–1150
2232:955–1071
2228:Rawadids
2222:890–1004
2212:869–1075
2192:861–1538
2178:Kaysites
2172:854–1011
2142:736–1122
2107:909–1171
2103:Fatimids
2097:750–1258
2093:Abbasids
2083:Umayyads
2073:Rashidun
2038:Lakhmids
2028:Salihids
1724:al-Fatat
1667:Almohads
1647:Fatimids
1618:and the
1600:Kairouan
1588:Aghlabid
1480:Umayyads
1478:and the
1472:Fatimids
1448:Qur'anic
1440:Damascus
1305:Abbasids
1259:Damascus
1255:Umayyads
1247:Damascus
1219:Kairouan
1133:Muhammad
1089:Muhammad
1021:Kindites
918:Al-Hirah
910:Lakhmids
877:Kindites
869:Lakhmids
849:Adiabene
765:Damascus
761:Batanaea
743:and the
729:Itureans
706:Aresutha
686:Tigranes
678:Seleucid
643:Aurelian
600:Valerian
579:Arameans
575:Amorites
565:In Syria
531:Safaitic
515:Edomites
483:Hasaitic
471:Safaitic
390:Damascus
362:Nabayatu
327:Damascus
270:and the
248:Assyrian
244:Biblical
238:Iron age
161:Anatolia
137:Rashidun
4791:Arcadia
3137:Bahrain
3073:Al Said
3058:Al Saud
3047:Sharjah
3017:Morocco
3013:'Alawis
2952:Mombasa
2788:Jabrids
2728:Mahdids
2698:Uyunids
2662:926–965
2638:Rassids
2622:847–997
2563:Saadids
2553:Nasrids
2463:Amirids
2443:Bakrids
2433:Kanzids
2417:814–922
2407:800–909
2397:788–974
2387:771–793
2367:745-757
2328:Shihabs
2298:Ma'nids
2202:864–928
2198:Alavids
2182:860–964
2162:840–897
2152:824–961
2132:654–884
2087:661–750
2077:632–661
1884:Baghdad
1748:British
1699:in the
1671:Hafsids
1639:Maghreb
1598:, near
1584:Raqqada
1576:Fatimah
1566:in 969.
1522:Mongols
1518:Wilayas
1496:Baghdad
1492:Córdoba
1444:Baghdad
1429:Baghdad
1393:Baghdad
1344:Vandals
1336:Berbers
1309:Baghdad
1300:Umar II
1283:Samarra
1223:Tunisia
1189:Abbadid
1081:Caliphs
1046:Persian
942:Qataban
828:Osroeni
808:Thebaid
783:names.
751:coast,
698:Emesene
688:and in
674:Antioch
619:Zenobia
587:Palmyra
549:. Five
519:Aramaic
475:Hismaic
418:Palmyra
410:Osroene
394:Assyria
311:Gindibu
276:Aramean
145:Abbasid
141:Umayyad
109:nomadic
94:Abraham
90:Ishmael
65:empress
49:Zenobia
5013:Turkey
4948:Brazil
4871:
4555:
4528:
4482:
4449:
4421:
4391:
4359:
4340:&
4286:
4255:
4207:
4167:
4128:
4118:
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