1593:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1383:
1371:
1359:
406:
202:
418:
338:
1402:
1120:
1615:) shows a dragon in the foreground and a fox eating a rooster in the background. The rooster symbolizes gold (from its association with sunrise and the sun's association with gold), and the fox represents aqua regia. The repetitive dissolving, heating, and redissolving (the rooster eating the fox eating the rooster) leads to the buildup of chlorine gas in the flask. The gold then crystallizes in the form of
41:
699:
343:
341:
738:), also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction that favors formation of tetrachloroaurate(III) anions. This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become
1589:) to nitric acid. The preparation of aqua regia by directly mixing hydrochloric acid with nitric acid only became possible after the discovery in the late sixteenth century of the process by which free hydrochloric acid can be produced.
344:
589:
This dissociation is equilibrium-limited. Therefore, in addition to nitrosyl chloride and chlorine, the fumes over aqua regia also contain nitric oxide (NO). Because nitric oxide readily reacts with atmospheric
564:
as evidenced by the fuming nature and characteristic yellow color of aqua regia. As the volatile products escape from solution, aqua regia loses its potency. Nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) can further decompose into
1656:. It was subsequently ignored by the Nazis who thought the jarâone of perhaps hundreds on the shelvingâcontained common chemicals. After the war, de Hevesy returned to find the solution undisturbed and
1231:). The nitrosoplatinic chloride is a solid product. If full dissolution of the platinum is desired, repeated extractions of the residual solids with concentrated hydrochloric acid must be performed:
1928:
p. 1002. As
Karpenko & Norris note, the uncertain dating of the pseudo-Geber corpus (which was probably written by more than one author) renders the dating of aqua regia equally uncertain.
1812:
Renner, Hermann; Schlamp, GĂŒnther; Hollmann, Dieter; LĂŒschow, Hans Martin; Tews, Peter; Rothaut, Josef; Dermann, Klaus; Knödler, Alfons; et al. "Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold
Compounds".
1660:
the gold out of the acid. The gold was returned to the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Foundation. They re-cast the medals and again presented them to Laue and Franck.
1648:(1925) in aqua regia to prevent the Nazis from confiscating them. The German government had prohibited Germans from accepting or keeping any Nobel Prize after jailed peace activist
342:
933:
810:
985:
may be isolated by evaporating the excess aqua regia, and decomposing the residual nitric acid by repeatedly heating the solution with additional hydrochloric acid. That step
1340:, both of which are found in platinum ores and are not dissolved by aqua regia, instead collecting as insoluble metallic powder (elemental Ir, Os) on the base of the vessel.
1799:
1619:, whose red crystals Basil called "the rose of our masters" and "the red dragon's blood". The reaction was not reported again in the chemical literature until 1895.
1204:
714:, although neither constituent acid will do so alone. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will dissolve a very small quantity of gold, forming gold(III)
502:
ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a fuming liquid. Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns yellow, orange or red within seconds from the formation of
1712:
The relative concentrations of the two acids in water differ; values could be 65% w/v for nitric acid and 35% w/v for hydrochloric acid â that is, the actual
534:
Upon mixing of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid, chemical reactions occur. These reactions result in the volatile products
1814:
1203:
Experimental evidence reveals that the reaction of platinum with aqua regia is considerably more complex. The initial reactions produce a mixture of
366:
1729:
685:, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
216:
1422:
As a practical matter, when platinum group metals are purified through dissolution in aqua regia, gold (commonly associated with PGMs) is
678:
and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
1438:. This ammonium salt is extremely insoluble, and it can be filtered off. Ignition (strong heating) converts it to platinum metal:
1144:. As with gold, the oxidation reaction can be written with either nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide as the nitrogen oxide product:
1795:
123:
2053:
1989:
1898:
421:
Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns orange within seconds. Here, fresh aqua regia has been added to these
1652:
had received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935. De Hevesy placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at the
1831:
1678: â Oxidizing acid mixture containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide sometimes also used to clean glassware
352:
2069:
20:
393:
2142:
1915:
260:
Fuming liquid. Freshly prepared aqua regia is colourless, but it turns yellow, orange or red within seconds.
2112:
1431:
159:
888:
765:
2147:
180:
1946:
2099:
1657:
1423:
703:
197:
2152:
1472:, and a similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues.
1848:
1592:
1629:
2157:
1189:
The oxidized platinum ion then reacts with chloride ions resulting in the chloroplatinate ion:
1779:
982:
53:
1977:
1745:(2005) claimed that Islamic texts dated to before the 13th century, including the works of
1653:
1332:
Dissolving platinum solids in aqua regia was the mode of discovery for the densest metals,
655:
651:
168:
27:
1102:
99:
8:
2107:
1292:
1090:
499:
89:
2045:
Elements of
Chemistry,. in a New Systematic Order, Containing All the Modern Discoveries
2043:
1078:
742:. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate
201:
1958:
1742:
1649:
1616:
1524:
1382:
1370:
1358:
405:
2049:
1985:
1894:
1827:
1783:
1700:
1622:
1586:
1435:
1427:
1010:
743:
675:
674:
can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the
535:
503:
495:
148:
2083:
2019:
1886:
1863:
1819:
1750:
1746:
1675:
1633:
1485:
739:
662:
and metal particles. This method is preferred among most over the more traditional
659:
647:
636:
628:
595:
507:
435:
296:
239:
1942:
1605:
1867:
1890:
998:
387:
373:
309:
2119:
1672: â Aggressive solution used to test the resistance of metals to corrosion
2137:
2131:
1939:
Cultural contacts in building a universal civilisation: Islamic contributions
1823:
285:
275:
1695:
The information in the infobox is specific to a molar ratio of 1:3 between
1645:
1641:
1582:
1571:
663:
566:
417:
365:
2023:
1696:
1669:
1637:
1006:
632:
515:
491:
372:
1430:. Platinum in the filtrate, as hexachloroplatinate(IV), is converted to
351:
1880:
358:
1849:"Platinum Metals: A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses"
1002:
2007:
726:), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III)
386:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1943:
O.I.C. Research Centre for
Islamic History, Art and Culture in 2005
1141:
1018:
722:). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (
671:
667:
539:
523:
422:
324:
302:
122:
2084:"The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"
1468:
Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate(IV) is reduced with elemental
1333:
511:
487:
359:
265:
135:
16:
Mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in a 1:3 molar ratio
1881:
Kauffman, George B.; Teter, Larry A.; Rhoda, Richard N. (1963).
1520:
1337:
591:
1596:
The fox in Basil
Valentine's Third Key represents aqua regia,
465:
1014:
994:
986:
727:
483:
112:
40:
185:
1469:
711:
698:
640:
519:
474:
471:
453:
450:
444:
468:
19:"đ" redirects here. For the numismatic abbreviation, see
1481:
715:
447:
1811:
993:). If elemental gold is desired, it may be selectively
681:
Because its components react quickly, resulting in its
1885:. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 7. pp. 232â236.
907:
784:
891:
768:
1947:
online at
History of Science and Technology in Islam
1295:
by saturating the solution with molecular chlorine (
706:
produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
462:
441:
1417:
459:
438:
2041:
990:
927:
804:
682:
1514:
1488:, containing tin in its highest oxidation state:
914:
913:
791:
790:
2129:
654:. It is also used in some laboratories to clean
529:
147:
2081:
1753:, did in fact contain detailed descriptions of
1625:called aqua regia nitro-muriatic acid in 1789.
340:
98:
1913:
1815:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1970:
1883:Recovery of Platinum from Laboratory Residues
1914:Karpenko, VladimĂr; Norris, John A. (2002).
1291:The chloroplatinous acid can be oxidized to
1754:
2048:. Edinburgh: William Creech. p. 116.
1180:(aq) + 16 H(aq) â 3 Pt(aq) + 4 NO(g) + 8 H
639:for refining the highest purity (99.999%)
200:
2122:Gold Coin Dissolving in Acid (Aqua Regia)
1846:
1376:Intermediate state of the transformation.
1096:Intermediate state of the transformation.
425:to remove all traces of organic material.
167:
2029:
1984:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1976:
1957:
1591:
697:
627:Aqua regia is primarily used to produce
416:
404:
1800:Laboratory Safety Incidents: Explosions
1796:American Industrial Hygiene Association
898:
775:
486:, "regal water" or "royal water") is a
196:
2130:
2008:"The Dissociation of Chloride of Gold"
1805:
1350:Dissolution of platinum by aqua regia.
1135:
290:108 °C (226 °F; 381 K)
280:â42 °C (â44 °F; 231 K)
2070:"Adventures in radioisotope research"
1967:p. 208, note 29; cf. p. 142, note 79.
1916:"Vitriol in the History of Chemistry"
1140:Similar equations can be written for
928:{\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}}
805:{\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}}
2005:
1475:
1364:Initial state of the transformation.
1084:Initial state of the transformation.
670:, because no traces of paramagnetic
1632:in World War II, Hungarian chemist
896:
773:
138:
13:
1847:Hunt, L. B.; Lever, F. M. (1969).
1730:platinum Soviet commemorative coin
1388:Final state of the transformation
1108:Final state of the transformation.
1070:Dissolution of gold by aqua regia.
693:
594:, the gases produced also contain
336:
14:
2169:
2093:
1719::HCl mass ratio is less than 1:2.
1570:("On the Discovery of Truth") by
1566:Aqua regia first appeared in the
26:For the song by Sleep Token, see
1418:Precipitating dissolved platinum
1400:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1219:) and nitrosoplatinic chloride (
1118:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1049:O(l) â 2 Au(s) + 12 H(aq) + 3 SO
434:
39:
21:List of numismatic abbreviations
2075:
2063:
2035:
2012:Journal of the Chemical Society
1999:
1951:
1931:
1735:
622:
390:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1907:
1874:
1840:
1789:
1772:
1722:
1706:
1689:
1515:Reaction with other substances
1158:(aq) + 8 H(aq) â Pt(aq) + 4 NO
916:
899:
793:
776:
1:
1766:
1609:
1581:), who produced it by adding
1575:
1194:Pt(aq) + 6 Cl(aq) â [PtCl
997:with reducing agents such as
569:(NO) and elemental chlorine (
530:Preparation and decomposition
413:to remove metal salt deposits
2113:The Periodic Table of Videos
1802:. Accessed 8 September 2010.
1778:Hoffman, R. (10 March 2005)
1432:ammonium hexachloroplatinate
688:
57:Nitric acid trihydrochloride
7:
2042:Lavoisier, Antoine (1790).
2006:Rose, Thomas Kirke (1895).
1868:10.1595/003214069X134126138
1786:. Accessed 31 October 2006.
1663:
1240:(aq) + 8 HCl(aq) â [NO]
991:decomposition of aqua regia
646:Aqua regia is also used in
10:
2174:
2116:(University of Nottingham)
1891:10.1002/9780470132388.ch61
1561:
1409:Click on images to enlarge
1127:Click on images to enlarge
25:
18:
1780:How to make an NMR sample
676:high toxicity of chromium
526:, though not all metals.
384:
318:
232:
212:
82:
62:
52:
47:
38:
2082:Birgitta Lemmel (2006).
1963:The Origins of Chemistry
1824:10.1002/14356007.a12_499
1682:
514:because it can dissolve
2100:Chemistry Comes Alive!
2086:. The Nobel Foundation.
1818:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1630:Germany invaded Denmark
1568:De inventione veritatis
1480:Aqua regia reacts with
1982:The Secrets of Alchemy
1856:Platinum Metals Review
1755:
1601:
929:
806:
707:
426:
414:
347:
71:Nitrohydrochloric acid
2143:Alchemical substances
1978:Principe, Lawrence M.
1640:of German physicists
1595:
1025:) by sulfur dioxide (
983:tetrachloroauric acid
930:
807:
710:Aqua regia dissolves
701:
510:. It was so named by
420:
408:
346:
2024:10.1039/CT8956700881
1965:. London: Oldbourne.
1937:Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan,
1654:Niels Bohr Institute
1278:](s) + 2 HCl(aq) â H
1205:chloroplatinous acid
1032:) is the following:
889:
766:
329:(fire diamond)
28:Take Me Back to Eden
1959:Multhauf, Robert P.
1636:dissolved the gold
1434:by the addition of
1293:chloroplatinic acid
1136:Dissolving platinum
902:
779:
652:analytic procedures
551:+ 3 HCl â NOCl + Cl
297:Solubility in water
35:
2148:Oxidizing mixtures
1743:Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan
1650:Carl von Ossietzky
1617:gold(III) chloride
1602:
1598:Musaeum Hermeticum
1525:Iron(III) chloride
1519:It can react with
1426:by treatment with
1390:(four days later).
925:
920:
904:
802:
797:
781:
708:
666:bath for cleaning
581:2 NOCl â 2 NO + Cl
427:
415:
394:Infobox references
348:
33:
2120:Demonstration of
2055:978-0-486-64624-4
1991:978-0-226-68295-2
1900:978-0-470-13238-8
1784:Hebrew University
1701:hydrochloric acid
1623:Antoine Lavoisier
1587:ammonium chloride
1476:Reaction with tin
1436:ammonium chloride
1428:iron(II) chloride
1415:
1414:
1411:
1302:) while heating:
1286:](aq) + 2 NOCl(g)
1133:
1132:
1129:
989:nitric acid (see
922:
799:
660:organic compounds
536:nitrosyl chloride
504:nitrosyl chloride
498:, optimally in a
496:hydrochloric acid
409:Freshly prepared
402:Chemical compound
400:
399:
181:CompTox Dashboard
124:Interactive image
2165:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1776:
1760:
1758:
1751:Abu Bakr al-Razi
1747:Jabir ibn Hayyan
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1676:Piranha solution
1634:George de Hevesy
1614:
1611:
1580:
1577:
1557:
1510:
1486:tin(IV) chloride
1464:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1328:
1301:
1287:
1261:
1230:
1218:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1031:
1024:
976:
974:
973:
963:
962:
961:
954:
953:
943:
942:
941:
934:
932:
931:
926:
924:
923:
921:
919:
912:
905:
903:
894:
884:
883:
882:
865:
863:
862:
852:
851:
850:
843:
842:
832:
831:
830:
820:
819:
818:
811:
809:
808:
803:
801:
800:
798:
796:
789:
782:
780:
771:
761:
760:
759:
740:chloroauric acid
737:
725:
721:
650:and in specific
637:Wohlwill process
629:chloroauric acid
618:
604:
596:nitrogen dioxide
585:
575:
560:
508:nitrogen dioxide
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
375:
368:
361:
354:
339:
251:
240:Chemical formula
224:(=O)(O).Cl.Cl.Cl
205:
204:
189:
187:
171:
151:
140:
126:
102:
43:
36:
32:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2153:Oxidizing acids
2128:
2127:
2096:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2072:, George Hevesy
2068:
2064:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1941:, published by
1936:
1932:
1926:(12): 997â1005.
1912:
1908:
1901:
1879:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1810:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1666:
1612:
1606:Basil Valentine
1578:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:2 Pt(s) + 2 HNO
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1058:(aq) + 8 Cl(aq)
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1022:
972:
969:
968:
967:
965:
960:
958:
957:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
945:
940:
938:
937:
936:
935:
915:
908:
906:
897:
895:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
881:
878:
877:
876:
874:
861:
858:
857:
856:
854:
849:
847:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:
834:
829:
826:
825:
824:
822:
817:
815:
814:
813:
812:
792:
785:
783:
774:
772:
770:
769:
767:
764:
763:
758:
755:
754:
753:
751:
735:
731:
723:
719:
696:
694:Dissolving gold
691:
625:
617:
613:
609:
603:
599:
584:
580:
574:
570:
558:
554:
550:
546:
532:
458:
437:
433:
403:
396:
391:
380:
379:
378:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
345:
337:
299:
270:1.01â1.21 g/cm
249:
245:
242:
228:
225:
220:
219:
208:
190:
183:
174:
154:
141:
129:
116:
105:
92:
78:
77:
58:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2105:
2095:
2094:External links
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2062:
2054:
2034:
2032:, p. 152.
1998:
1990:
1969:
1950:
1945:and available
1930:
1920:Chemické listy
1906:
1899:
1873:
1862:(4): 126â138.
1839:
1833:978-3527306732
1832:
1804:
1788:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1734:
1732:to be precise.
1721:
1715:
1705:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:+ 3 HCl â FeCl
1537:
1533:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1455:] â 3 Pt + 2 N
1452:
1448:
1444:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1171:3 Pt(s) + 4 NO
1168:
1163:
1159:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1107:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1028:
999:sulfur dioxide
979:
978:
970:
959:
950:
939:
918:
911:
901:
879:
867:
866:
859:
848:
839:
827:
816:
795:
788:
778:
756:
733:
695:
692:
690:
687:
624:
621:
620:
619:
615:
611:
601:
587:
586:
582:
572:
562:
561:
556:
552:
548:
531:
528:
401:
398:
397:
392:
388:standard state
385:
382:
381:
371:
364:
357:
350:
335:
334:
333:
332:
330:
321:
320:
316:
315:
312:
310:Vapor pressure
306:
305:
300:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
247:
243:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
227:
226:
223:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:
198:DTXSID50893666
193:
191:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
156:
155:
153:
152:
144:
142:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
95:
93:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2170:
2159:
2158:Mineral acids
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2030:Principe 2013
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1604:The third of
1599:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1493:4 HCl + 2 HNO
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1206:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1169:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
909:
885:+ 4 HCl
872:
871:
870:
786:
762:+ 4 HCl
749:
748:
747:
745:
741:
729:
717:
713:
705:
700:
686:
684:
683:decomposition
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
608:
607:
606:
597:
593:
579:
578:
577:
568:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
431:
424:
419:
412:
407:
395:
389:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:Boiling point
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:Melting point
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
222:
221:
218:
211:
203:
199:
195:
194:
192:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
163:
161:
158:
157:
150:
146:
145:
143:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:
114:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
94:
91:
87:
86:
81:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
55:
51:
46:
42:
37:
29:
22:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2077:
2065:
2044:
2037:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1996:pp. 149-153.
1981:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1882:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1813:
1807:
1791:
1774:
1737:
1724:
1708:
1691:
1658:precipitated
1646:James Franck
1642:Max von Laue
1638:Nobel Prizes
1627:
1621:
1603:
1597:
1583:sal ammoniac
1572:pseudo-Geber
1567:
1565:
1552:+ 5 NO + 2 H
1518:
1479:
1467:
1463:]Cl + 16 HCl
1424:precipitated
1421:
1408:
1349:
1342:
1331:
1290:
1264:
1202:
1188:
1149:Pt(s) + 4 NO
1139:
1126:
1069:
1062:
1041:](aq) + 3 SO
980:
868:
750:Au + 3
709:
680:
664:chromic acid
645:
626:
623:Applications
605:(red fume):
588:
567:nitric oxide
563:
533:
516:noble metals
429:
428:
410:
325:
83:Identifiers
63:Other names
2018:: 881â904.
1697:nitric acid
1670:Green death
1644:(1914) and
1613: 1600
1579: 1300
1521:iron pyrite
1497:+ Sn â SnCl
1459:+ 2 [NH
1256:](aq) + 4 H
1037:2 [AuCl
1009:, etc. The
1007:oxalic acid
704:precipitate
633:electrolyte
492:nitric acid
257:Appearance
233:Properties
74:Royal water
34:Aqua regia
2132:Categories
2108:Aqua Regia
2102:Aqua Regia
1767:References
1756:aqua regia
1505:+ NO + 3 H
1315:](aq) + Cl
702:Pure gold
512:alchemists
430:Aqua regia
411:aqua regia
169:X3TT5X989E
111:3D model (
90:CAS Number
68:Aqua regis
54:IUPAC name
1741:However,
1608:'s keys (
1451:[PtCl
1443:3 [NH
1323:[PtCl
1311:[PtCl
1282:[PtCl
1274:[PtCl
1252:[PtCl
1244:[PtCl
1225:[PtCl
1213:[PtCl
1162:(g) + 4 H
1045:(g) + 6 H
1015:reduction
1003:hydrazine
917:⇀
910:−
900:↽
853:+ 2
821:+ 3
794:⇀
787:−
777:↽
744:equations
732:[AuCl
689:Chemistry
668:NMR tubes
656:glassware
423:NMR tubes
100:8007-56-5
1980:(2013).
1961:(1966).
1664:See also
1523:to form
1484:to form
1270:[NO]
1248:](s) + H
1221:[NO]
1142:platinum
1019:oxidized
1013:for the
1011:equation
672:chromium
610:2 NO + O
540:chlorine
524:platinum
326:NFPA 704
319:Hazards
314:21 mbar
303:Miscible
149:90477010
1574:(after
1562:History
1536:+ 5 HNO
1334:iridium
1319:(g) â H
995:reduced
987:reduces
944:+ NO +
648:etching
635:in the
488:mixture
482:; from
266:Density
252:
250:+ 3 HCl
136:PubChem
2052:
1988:
1897:
1830:
1600:, 1678
1338:osmium
1021:gold (
981:Solid
728:anions
631:, the
614:â 2 NO
592:oxygen
217:SMILES
48:Names
1852:(PDF)
1683:Notes
1628:When
1544:+ 2 H
1327:](aq)
1198:](aq)
873:Au +
746:are:
555:+ 2 H
542:gas:
518:like
500:molar
484:Latin
113:JSmol
2138:Gold
2050:ISBN
2028:Cf.
1986:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1749:and
1699:and
1501:+ NO
1470:zinc
1336:and
1265:and
1260:O(l)
1184:O(l)
1166:O(l)
716:ions
712:gold
641:gold
538:and
522:and
520:gold
506:and
494:and
160:UNII
2110:at
2020:doi
1887:doi
1864:doi
1820:doi
1714:HNO
1532:FeS
1482:tin
1017:of
875:HNO
869:or
752:HNO
658:of
576:):
547:HNO
490:of
246:HNO
186:EPA
139:CID
2134::
2016:67
2014:.
2010:.
1924:96
1922:.
1918:.
1893:.
1860:13
1858:.
1854:.
1826:.
1798:,
1782:,
1728:A
1610:c.
1576:c.
1548:SO
1527::
1297:Cl
1052:2â
1027:SO
1023:Au
1005:,
1001:,
964:+
833:+
823:NO
724:Cl
720:Au
643:.
600:NO
598:,
571:Cl
469:dÊ
466:iË
445:eÉȘ
374:OX
2060:.
2058:.
2026:.
2022::
1994:.
1903:.
1889::
1870:.
1866::
1836:.
1822::
1759:.
1716:3
1703:.
1585:(
1556:O
1554:2
1550:4
1546:2
1542:3
1538:3
1534:2
1509:O
1507:2
1503:2
1499:4
1495:3
1461:4
1457:2
1453:6
1449:2
1447:]
1445:4
1325:6
1321:2
1317:2
1313:4
1309:2
1307:H
1299:2
1284:4
1280:2
1276:4
1272:2
1258:2
1254:4
1250:2
1246:4
1242:2
1238:3
1229:]
1227:4
1223:2
1217:]
1215:4
1211:2
1209:H
1207:(
1196:6
1182:2
1177:3
1174:â
1164:2
1160:2
1155:3
1152:â
1055:4
1047:2
1043:2
1039:4
1029:2
977:.
975:O
971:2
966:H
955:O
951:3
946:H
880:3
864:O
860:2
855:H
844:O
840:3
835:H
828:2
757:3
736:]
734:4
730:(
718:(
616:2
612:2
602:2
583:2
573:2
559:O
557:2
553:2
549:3
478:/
475:É
472:i
463:r
460:Ë
457:,
454:É
451:i
448:ÉĄ
442:r
439:Ë
436:/
432:(
367:0
360:0
353:3
248:3
188:)
184:(
115:)
30:.
23:.
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