999:(DTT). The treatment is done at home with parents involved, and the curriculum is highly individualized with a heavy emphasis on teaching eye contact, fine and gross motor imitation, academics, and language. The use of aversives and reinforcement were used to motivate learning and reduce non-desired behaviors. Early development of the therapy in the 1960s involved use of electric shocks, scolding, and the withholding of food. By the time the children were enrolled in this study, such aversives were abandoned, and a loud "no", electric shock, or slap to the thigh were used only as a last resort to reduce aggressive and self-stimulatory behaviors. The outcome of this study indicated 47% of the experimental group (9/19) went on to lose their autism diagnosis and were described as indistinguishable from their typically developing adolescent peers. This included passing general education without assistance and forming and maintaining friendships. These gains were maintained as reported in the 1993 study, "Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment". Lovaas' work went on to be recognized by the US Surgeon General in 1999, and his research were replicated in university and private settings. The "Lovaas Method" went on to become known as early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI).
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In order to consider something to fall under the spectrum of analytic, it must demonstrate a functional relationship and it must be provable. Baer et al. outline two methods that may be used in applied settings to demonstrate control while maintaining ethical standards. These are the reversal design and the multiple baseline design. In the reversal design, the experimenter first measures the behavior of choice, introduces an intervention, and then measures the behavior again. Then, the intervention is removed, or reduced, and the behavior is measured yet again. The intervention is effective to the extent that the behavior changes and then changes back in response to these manipulations. The multiple baseline method may be used for behaviors that seem irreversible. Here, several behaviors are measured and then the intervention is applied to each in turn. The effectiveness of the intervention is revealed by changes in just the behavior to which the intervention is being applied.
1490:). Broadly, there are three types of punishment: presentation of aversive stimuli (e.g., nonpreferred tasks), response cost (removal of desirable stimuli as in monetary fines), and restriction of freedom (as in a 'time out'). Punishment in practice can often result in unwanted side effects. Some other potential unwanted effects include resentment over being punished, attempts to escape the punishment, expression of pain and negative emotions associated with it, and recognition by the punished individual between the punishment and the person delivering it. For these reasons, punishment is used infrequently in ABA treatment. According to the Behavior Analyst Code of Ethics,it is only to be used when all reinforcement alternatives have been tried and been unsuccessful, and/or when a behavior is especially dangerous and therefore must be decreased quickly (e.g., severe aggression).
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procedures, as many punishment procedures are deemed unethical and in many states prohibited. Nonetheless, extinction procedures must be implemented with utmost care by professionals, as they are generally associated with extinction bursts. An extinction burst is the temporary increase in the frequency, intensity, and/or duration of the behavior targeted for extinction. Other characteristics of an extinction burst include an extinction-produced aggression—the occurrence of an emotional response to an extinction procedure often manifested as aggression; and b) extinction-induced response variability—the occurrence of novel behaviors that did not typically occur prior to the extinction procedure. These novel behaviors are a core component of
2060:). This formulation should include a thorough functional assessment, a skills assessment, a sequential analysis (behavior chain analysis), an ecological assessment, a look at existing evidenced-based behavioral models for the problem behavior (such as Fordyce's model of chronic pain) and then a treatment plan based on how environmental factors influence behavior. Some argue that behavior analytic case formulation can be improved with an assessment of rules and rule-governed behavior. Some of the interventions that result from this type of conceptualization involve training specific communication skills to replace the problem behaviors as well as specific setting, antecedent, behavior, and consequence strategies.
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relation between a behavior (B) and its context (A) is because of consequences (C), more specifically, this relationship between AB because of C indicates that the relationship is established by prior consequences that have occurred in similar contexts. This antecedent–behavior–consequence contingency is termed the three-term contingency. A behavior which occurs more frequently in the presence of an antecedent condition than in its absence is called a discriminated operant. The antecedent stimulus is called a discriminative stimulus (S). The fact that the discriminated operant occurs only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus is an illustration of
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they should not be using counts of behavior without referencing the time base of the observation. Additionally, when given that context of advice, the count and time information provide data rate. The authors of this article suggest that when looking at applied behavior analysis (ABA) and accessing behavior measurement, you should be using the term "rate" instead of "count" to reference frequency. Any references to counts without information about observation time should be avoided.
1330:, for example, campaigns against the use of ABA in autism. The European Council of Autistic People (EUCAP) published a 2024 position statement expressing deep concern about the harm caused by ABA being overlooked. They emphasize that most surveyed autistic individuals view ABA as harmful, abusive, and counterproductive to their well-being. EUCAP advocates for a variety of support methods and the inclusion of autistic individuals in decision-making processes regarding their care.
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1322:. Masking is associated with suicidality and poor long-term mental health. Some autistic advocates contend that it is cruel to try to make autistic people behave as if they were non-autistic without consideration for their well-being, criticizing ABA's framing of autism as a tragedy in need of treatment. Instead, these critics advocate for increased social acceptance of harmless autistic traits and therapies focused on improving
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1732:, they point out how frequency is used to keep track of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. By doing so, ABA therapists and clinicians are able to create a customized program for that patient. The author notes that tracking frequency, in cases specifically looking at frequency of requesting behaviors during play, language, imitation and socialization, can also be a variable to predict treatment outcome.
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1525:. More recently behavior analysts have been focusing on conditions that occur prior to the circumstances for the current behavior of concern that increased the likelihood of the behavior occurring or not occurring. These conditions have been referred to variously as "Setting Event", "Establishing Operations", and "Motivating Operations" by various researchers in their publications.
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hardest prompt to fade (e.g., verbal). In order to minimize errors and ensure a high level of success during learning, prompts are given in a most-to-least sequence and faded systematically. During this process, prompts are faded as quickly as possible so that the learner does not come to depend on them and eventually behaves appropriately without prompting.
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for example a bell (conditioned stimulus) with food caused the dog to elicit salivation (conditioned response). Thus, in classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus becomes a signal for a biologically significant consequence. Note that in respondent conditioning, unlike operant conditioning, the response does not
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person receiving services. This emphasis on parental consent stems from ABA viewing the parent as the client, a stance which has been criticized for centering benefits to the parent, not the child, in behavioral interventions. Numerous researchers have argued that ABA is abusive and can increase symptoms of
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later call this "behaviorist" phase a very productive one and the skills-based approach came to dominate counselor training during 1970–90. Task analysis was also used in determining the skills needed to access a career. In education, Englemann (1968) used task analysis as part of the methods to design the
1705:. Applied behavior analysis relies on meticulous measurement and impartial evaluation of observable behavior as a foundational principle. Without accurate data collection and analysis, behavior analysts lack the essential information to assess intervention effectiveness and make informed decisions about
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Generalization is the expansion of a student's performance ability beyond the initial conditions set for acquisition of a skill. Generalization can occur across people, places, and materials used for teaching. For example, once a skill is learned in one setting, with a particular instructor, and with
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Analytic: Behavior analysis is successful when the analyst understands and can manipulate the events that control a target behavior. This may be relatively easy to do in the lab, where a researcher is able to arrange the relevant events, but it is not always easy, or ethical, in an applied situation.
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Reinforcement is the key element in operant conditioning and in most behavior change programs. It is the process by which behavior is strengthened. If a behavior is followed closely in time by a stimulus and this results in an increase in the future frequency of that behavior, then the stimulus is a
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Technological: The description of analytic research must be clear and detailed, so that any competent researcher can repeat it accurately. The goal is to make sure that anyone can implement and understand what is being explained. Cooper et al. describe a good way to check this: Have a person trained
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Applied: ABA focuses on the social significance of the behavior studied. For example, a non-applied researcher may study eating behavior because this research helps to clarify metabolic processes, whereas the applied researcher may study eating behavior in individuals who eat too little or too much,
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the authors state that two major texts, one being the
Behavior Analyst Certification Board pair the word "frequency" with two different words—one text pairing with "count" and the other "rate". Despite one major text using the word "count" interchangeably with "frequency", both texts advise readers
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Respondent (classical) conditioning is based on innate stimulus-response relationships called reflexes. In his experiments with dogs, Pavlov usually used the salivary reflex, namely salivation (unconditioned response) following the taste of food (unconditioned stimulus). Pairing a neutral stimulus,
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Doable: To be generally useful, interventions should be available to a variety of individuals, who might be teachers, parents, therapists, or even those who wish to modify their own behavior. With proper planning and training, many interventions can be applied by almost anyone willing to invest the
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Effective: Though analytic methods should be theoretically grounded, they must be effective. Interventions also must be relevant to the client and/or culture. An analyst must ask themselves if the intervention is working. The intervention must also contain a positive change. If an intervention does
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The overall goal is for an individual to eventually not need prompts. As an individual gains mastery of a skill at a particular prompt level, the prompt is faded to a less intrusive prompt. This ensures that the individual does not become overly dependent on a particular prompt when learning a new
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which is an identifier of the unique phase patterns for different durations of behavior. And when finished, the striatum decodes the patterns to aid in memory storage and comparison of event durations. Researchers discovered socio-temporal processes that attach social meaning to time, allowing the
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through an extensive breakdown of how
Skinner's view of language as behavioral simply cannot explain the complexity of human language. This suggests that while behaviorist techniques can teach language, it is a very poor measure to explain language fundamentals. Considering Chomsky's critiques, it
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One study revealed extensive undisclosed conflicts of interest (COI) in published ABA studies. 84% of studies published in top behavioral journals over a period of one year had at least one author with a COI involving their employment, either as an ABA clinical provider or a training consultant to
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of five controlled trials found weak evidence indicating that ABA may be effective for some autistic children, noting a high risk of bias in the studies included in the review. The effectiveness of ABA therapies for autism may be overall limited by diagnostic severity, age of intervention, and IQ.
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Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is an individualized critical thinking process that may be used to address problem behavior. An evaluation is initiated to distinguish the causality of a problem behavior. This interactive evaluation includes gathering data about the ecological circumstances
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is a cue that is used to encourage a desired response from an individual. Prompts are often categorized into a prompt hierarchy from most intrusive to least intrusive, although there is some controversy about what is considered most intrusive, those that are physically intrusive or those that are
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often emerge from a task analysis. Bergan conducted a task analysis of the behavioral consultation relationship and Thomas
Kratochwill developed a training program based on teaching Bergan's skills. A similar approach was used for the development of microskills training for counselors. Ivey would
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Researchers and advocates have denounced the ABA ethical code as too lenient, citing its failure to restrict or clarify the use of aversives, the absence of an autism or child development education requirement for ABA therapists, and its emphasis on parental consent rather than the consent of the
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Conceptually
Systematic: Behavior analysis should not simply produce a list of effective interventions. Rather, to the extent possible, these methods should be grounded in the principles of applied behavioral analysis. This is aided by the use of theoretically meaningful terms, such as "secondary
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Fluency will increase the response speed and accuracy of a behavior. However, when introduced to a new stimulus different from their usual behavior, there will be a decrease in reaction time or increased response time but with more false alarms. Fluency relies on repeated action so the amount of
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Derivative measures are additional metrics derived from primary data, often by combining or transforming dimensional quantities to offer deeper insights into a phenomenon. Despite not being directly tied to specific dimensions, these measures provide valuable supplemental information. In applied
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Shaping involves gradually modifying the existing behavior into the desired behavior. If the student engages with a dog by hitting it, then they could have their behavior shaped by reinforcing interactions in which they touch the dog more gently. Over many interactions, successful shaping would
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In addition to a relation being made between behavior and its consequences, operant conditioning also establishes relations between antecedent conditions and behaviors. This differs from the S–R formulations (If-A-then-B), and replaces it with an AB-because-of-C formulation. In other words, the
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Behavioral: ABA is pragmatic; it asks how it is possible to get an individual to do something effectively. To answer this question, the behavior itself must be objectively measurable and observable. This is designed so that when someone is trying to determine a target behavior, it is able to be
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One of the primary choices that was made while showing another way of behaving is the manner by which to fade the prompts or prompts. An arrangement should be set up to fade the prompts in an organized style. For instance, blurring the actual brief of directing a kid's hands might follow this
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A 2020 study examined perspectives of autistic adults that received ABA as children and found that the overwhelming majority reported that "behaviorist methods create painful lived experiences", that ABA led to the "erosion of the true actualizing self", and that they felt they had a "lack of
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into some of the ABA practices he developed, including employing electric shocks, slapping, and shouting to modify undesirable behavior. Although the use of aversives in ABA became less common over time, and in 2012 their use was described as inconsistent with contemporary practice, aversives
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Schirmer, Meck & Penney explore the ‘timing’ of temporal information that seeks out the rhythm and duration of the behavior. Given the expressions of behavior, an emotional meaning is obtained through the duration in correspondence with body and vocal expressions. Using the striatal beat
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is the technical term to describe the procedure of withholding/discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in the decrease of that behavior. The behavior is then set to be extinguished (Cooper et al.). Extinction procedures are often preferred over punishment
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Justin B. Leaf and others examined and responded to several of these criticisms of ABA in three papers published in 2018, 2019, and 2022, respectively, in which they questioned the evidence for such criticisms, concluding that the claim that all ABA is abusive has no basis in the published
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Generality: Behavior analysts should aim for interventions that are generally applicable; the methods should work in different environments, apply to more than one specific behavior, and have long-lasting effects. This generalizability should be implemented from the very beginning of the
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succession: (a) supporting wrists, (b) contacting hands softly, (c) contacting lower arm or elbow, and (d) pulling out actual contact through and through. Fading guarantees that the kid does not turn out to be excessively subject to a specific brief while mastering another expertise.
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Two 2020 reviews found that very few studies directly reported on or investigated possible harms; although a significant number of studies mentioned adverse events in their analysis of why people withdrew from them, there was no effort to monitor or collect data on adverse outcomes.
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that occur prior to an identified conduct issue and the resulting rewards that reinforce the behavior. The data that is collected is then used to recognize and execute individualized interventions pointed toward lessening problem behaviors and expanding positive behavior outcomes.
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Another concern is that ABA research only measures behavior as a means of success, which has led to a lack of qualitative research about autistic experiences of ABA, a lack of research examining the internal effects of ABA and a lack of research for autistic children who are
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Over the years, "behavior analysis" gradually superseded "behavior modification"; that is, from simply trying to alter problematic behavior, behavior analysts sought to understand the function of that behavior, what reinforcement histories (i.e., attention seeking, escape,
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because the latter approach suggested changing behavior without clarifying the relevant behavior-environment interactions. In contrast, ABA changes behavior by first assessing the functional relationship between a targeted behavior and the environment, a process known as a
1701:. Trials-to-criterion, another ABA derivative measure, tracks the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a set level of performance. This metric aids behavior analysts in assessing skill acquisition and mastery, influencing decisions on program adjustments and
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In 1987, Lovaas published the study, "Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children". The experimental group in this study received an average of 40 hours per week in a 1:1 teaching setting at a table using errorless
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or have comorbid intellectual disabilities (which is concerning considering this is one of the major populations that intensive ABA focuses on). Research is also lacking about whether ABA is effective long-term and very little longitudinal outcomes have been studied.
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specific materials, the skill is taught in more general settings with more variation from the initial acquisition phase. For example, if a student has successfully mastered learning colors at the table, the teacher may take the student around the house or school and
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When measuring behavior, there are both dimensions of behavior and quantifiable measures of behavior. In applied behavior analysis, the quantifiable measures are a derivative of the dimensions. These dimensions are repeatability, temporal extent, and temporal locus.
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refers to an increase in the time or number of responses required between reinforcements. Periodic thinning that produces a 30% decrease in reinforcement has been suggested as an efficient way to thin. Schedule thinning is often an important and neglected issue in
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The skill to be learned is broken down into small units for easy learning. For example, a person learning to brush teeth independently may start with learning to unscrew the toothpaste cap. Once they have learned this, the next step may be squeezing the tube, etc.
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Accountable: To be accountable means that ABA must be able to demonstrate that its methods are effective. This requires repeatedly measuring the effect of interventions (success, failure or no effect at all), and, if necessary, making changes that improve their
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noted that "methodological rigor remains a pressing concern" in research into ABA's use as therapy for autism; while the authors found some evidence in favour of behavioral interventions, the effects disappeared when they limited the scope of their review to
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Physical prompts: Physically manipulating the individual to produce the desired response. There are many degrees of physical prompts, from quite intrusive (e.g., the teacher places a hand on the learner's hand) to minimally intrusive (e.g., a slight
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One teaching technique found to be effective with some students, particularly children, is the use of video modeling (the use of taped sequences as exemplars of behavior). It can be used by therapists to assist in the acquisition of both verbal and
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to teach nonverbal children to speak. Lovaas also described how to use social (secondary) reinforcers, teach children to imitate, and what interventions (including electric shocks) may be used to reduce aggression and life-threatening self-injury.
1007:, etc.) promote and maintain it, and how it can be replaced by successful behavior. ABA's priority on compliance and behavioral modification over that of an individual's needs can lead to harmful consequences, including prompt dependency, loss of
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There are two types of chain in the ABA world: forward chain and backward chain. Forward chain starts with the first step and continues until the final step, while backward chain begins with the last step and moves backward until the first step.
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Another example of shaping is when a toddler learns to walk. The child is reinforced by crawling, standing, taking a few steps, and then eventually walking. When a child is learning to walk, they are praised by a lot of claps and excitements.
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they exhibit a longer time to the response latency in delayed matching of a simple task, and these children seem to have a harder time with social ability. This means that these children require more time to remember things when given the
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The unassisted approach would need to perform their reached target behavior to someone. The assisted learning approach have a limitation that it would need an individual to assist them which could be time-consuming for both individuals
1565:– secondary verbal behavior which alters the effect of primary verbal behavior on the listener. Examples involve quantification, grammar, and qualifying statements (e.g., the differential effects of "I think..." vs. "I know...")
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Ferguson SA, Ward WL, Paule MG, Hall RW, Anand KJ (January 2012). "A pilot study of preemptive morphine analgesia in preterm neonates: effects on head circumference, social behavior, and response latencies in early childhood".
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behavior analysis (ABA), for example, percentage is a derivative measure that quantifies the ratio of specific responses to total responses, offering a nuanced understanding of behavior and assisting in evaluating progress and
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Baer, Wolf, and Risley's 1968 article is still used as the standard description of ABA. It lists the following seven characteristics of ABA. Another resource for the characteristics of applied behavior analysis is the textbook
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and total task presentation. Task analysis has been used in organizational behavior management, a behavior analytic approach to changing the behaviors of members of an organization (e.g., factories, offices, or hospitals).
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Intraverbals – verbal behavior for which the relevant antecedent stimulus was other verbal behavior, but which does not share the response topography of that prior verbal stimulus (e.g., responding to another speaker's
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Leaf JB, Townley-Chochran D, Cihon JH, Mitchell E, Leaf R, Taubman M, et al. (June 2019). "Descriptive
Analysis of the Use of Punishment-Based Techniques with Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder".
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VanDerHeyden AM, Snyder P, DiCarlo CF, Stricklin SB, Vagianos LA (2002). "Comparison of within-stimulus and extra-stimulus prompts to increase targeted play behaviors in an inclusive early intervention program".
1759:, is a gauge on how smooth a behavior is performed. Fluency is associated with behaviors that we use over a long duration and be able to perform it with confidence. The three outcomes associated with fluency:
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Ardoin SP, Binder KS, Foster TE, Zawoyski AM (December 2016). "Repeated versus wide reading: A randomized control design study examining the impact of fluency interventions on underlying reading behavior".
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LeBlanc LA, Hagoplan LP, Maglieri KA, Poling A (2002). "Decreasing the intensity of reinforcement-based interventions for reducing behavior: conceptual issues and a proposed model for clinical practice".
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In 2018, a
Cochrane meta-analysis database concluded that some recent research is beginning to suggest that because of the heterology of ASD, there are two different ABA teaching approaches to acquiring
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Empowering: ABA provides tools that give the practitioner feedback on the results of interventions. These allow clinicians to assess their skill level and build confidence in their effectiveness.
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may reduce the rate of response, but on the other hand lengthen the duration of interresponse time. The usage of these medications effectively reduces interest as the reaction declines as well.
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in applied behavior analysis read the description and then act out the procedure in detail. If the person makes any mistakes or has to ask any questions then the description needs improvement.
982:. In 1965, Lovaas published a series of articles that described a pioneering investigation of the antecedents and consequences that maintained a problem behavior, and relied on the methods of
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refers to the various responses available to an individual; the term may refer to responses that are relevant to a particular situation, or it may refer to everything a person can do.
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Weiss MJ, Delmolino L (2006). "The
Relationship Between Early Learning Rates and Treatment Outcome For Children With Autism Receiving Intensive Home-Based Applied Behavior Analysis".
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Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior. As with reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (
967:. In 1968, Baer, Bijou, Risley, Birnbrauer, Wolf, and James Sherman joined the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas, where they founded the
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Unassisted approach - Individual practice of certain behavior. Set a target of response speed and accuracy under a timeframe and readjust accordingly depending on the difficulty.
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trying to change such behavior so that it is more acceptable to the persons involved. It is also based on trying to improve the everyday life of clients that are receiving it.
795:, treating thoughts, emotions, and other covert activity as behavior that is subject to the same responses as overt behavior. This represents a shift away from methodological
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Gerhardt PF, Weiss MJ, Delmolino L (2003). "Treatment of severe aggression in an adolescent with autism: non-contingent reinforcement and functional communication training".
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Public: The methods, results, and theoretical analyses of ABA must be published and open to scrutiny. There are no hidden treatments or mystical, metaphysical explanations.
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the skill in these more natural environments with other materials. Behavior analysts have spent considerable amount of time studying factors that lead to generalization.
1418:, in particular an antecedent contingency called the discriminative stimulus (SD) that influences the strengthening or weakening of behavior through such consequences as
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Dowdy A, Nepo K, Miodus S, Quigley S, Sevon M (2023). "Operational
Definitions, Observation, and Behavioral Recording in Applied Behavior Analysis". In Matson JL (ed.).
1709:. Therefore, precise measurement and assessment play a pivotal role in ABA practice, guiding practitioners to enhance behavioral outcomes and drive significant change.
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has denounced gay conversion therapy, and lecturers in the field of behavior analysis have called such comparisons harmful to both the autistic and LBGTIQA+ community.
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Optimistic: According to several leading authors, behavior analysts have cause to be optimistic that their efforts are socially worthwhile, for the following reasons:
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that it emphasizes normalization instead of acceptance, and a history of, in some forms of ABA and its predecessors, the use of aversives, such as electric shocks.
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1426:. The term is used quite generally, from reaching for a candy bar, to turning up the heat to escape an aversive chill, to studying for an exam to get good grades.
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Barnett D, Bauer A, Bell S, Elliott N, Haski H, Barkley E, et al. (2006). "Preschool
Intervention Scripts: Lessons from 20 years of Research and Practice".
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Shreck KA, Metz B, Mulick JA, Smith A (2000). "Making it fit: A Provocative Look at Models of Early
Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism".
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1169:—improves the intellectual performance of those with ASD, most of these studies lack random assignment and there is need for larger sample sizes. A 2018
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Romano JM, Jensen MP, Turner JA, Good AB, Hops H (2000). "Chronic pain patient-partner interactions: further support for a behavioral model of chronic pain".
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claimed that "all textbooks used for thorough training of applied behavior analysts include an overview of the principles of punishment, including the use of
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While ABA seems to be intrinsically linked to autism intervention, it is also used in a broad range of other areas. Recent notable areas of research in the
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Ivey AE, Normington CJ, Miller CD, Morrill WH, Haase RF (1968). "Microcounseling and attending behavior: an approach to prepracticum counselor training".
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argue that employing ABA violates the principles of justice and nonmaleficence and infringes on the autonomy of both autistic children and their parents.
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Chesnut M, Williamson PN, Morrow JE (2003). "The use of visual cues to teach receptive skills to children with severe auditory discrimination deficits".
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Matson JL, Hattier MA, Belva B (January–March 2012). "Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review".
1162:. Practitioners often use ABA-based techniques to teach adaptive behaviors to, or diminish challenging behaviors presented by, individuals with autism.
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Functional Behavioral Assessment, The IRIS Center – U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs Grant and Vanderbilt University
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3540:"The impact of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on bullying and peer rejection: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial"
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This is not an exhaustive list of prompts; the nature, number, and order of prompts are chosen to be the most effective for a particular individual.
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For problem behavior, chains can also be analyzed and the chain can be disrupted to prevent the problem behavior. Some behavior therapies, such as
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Modeling: Modeling the desired response. This type of prompt is best suited for individuals who learn through imitation and can attend to a model.
963:, applied the principles of behavior analysis to treat autism, manage the behavior of children and adolescents in juvenile detention centers, and
4487:"Research Review: Conflicts of Interest (COIs) in autism early intervention research - a meta-analysis of COI influences on intervention effects"
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ABA is an applied science devoted to developing procedures which will produce observable changes in behavior. It is to be distinguished from the
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Cohen H, Amerine-Dickens M, Smith T (April 2006). "Early intensive behavioral treatment: replication of the UCLA model in a community setting".
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observed and understood by anyone. Verbal descriptions are treated as behavior in themselves, and not as substitutes for the behavior described.
4536:"Interventions based on early intensive applied behaviour analysis for autistic children: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis"
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4176:"Spoken language outcomes in limited language preschoolers with autism and global developmental delay: RCT of early intervention approaches"
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Kratochwill TR, Van Someren KR, Sheridan SM (1989). "Training behavioral consultants: a competency-based model to teach interview skills".
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classification system of behavior analysis has been applied to treatment of a host of communication disorders. Skinner's system includes:
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Malott RW, Shimamune S, Malott ME (1992). "Rule-governed behavior and organizational behavior management: an analysis of interventions".
1198:—the structured and intensive form of ABA. A 2023 multi-site randomized control trial study of 164 participants showed similar findings.
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Despite many years of research indicating that early intensive behavioral intervention—the traditional form of ABA that relies on
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The behaviors impacted by behavior analysis are largely determined by learning and controlled by manipulable aspects of the environment.
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1981:
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Manipulations of the independent variable so that its effects on the dependent variable may be quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed
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and the behavior that follows. This is important in behavioral research because it quantifies how quickly an individual may respond to
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intervention. When first starting a new intervention, it is a good idea for that to take place in a natural environment for the client.
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Fields L, Belanich J (March 2023). "Reaction Times and Observing-Responses in Equivalence Classes: Cognitive Processing and Fluency".
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Sallows GO, Graupner TD (November 2005). "Intensive behavioral treatment for children with autism: four-year outcome and predictors".
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required effort for the behavior is lessened to an extent where the individual could focus more on the other factors of the behavior.
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Behavior analysts utilize a few distinct techniques to gather information. A portion of the ways of collect data information include:
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Smith T, Eikeseth S (March 2011). "O. Ivar lovaas: pioneer of applied behavior analysis and intervention for children with autism".
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replace the hitting behavior with patting or other gentler behavior. Shaping is based on a behavior analyst's thorough knowledge of
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D'Ateno P, Mangiapanello K, Taylor BA (2002). "Using video modeling to teach complex play sequences to a preschooler with autism".
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Heward WL, Heron TE, Neef NA, Peterson SM, Sainato DM, Cartlege GY, Cardner III R, Peterson LD, Hersch SB, Dardig JC, eds. (2005).
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Lovaas OI (February 1987). "Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children".
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positive reinforcer. If the removal of an event serves as a reinforcer, this is termed negative reinforcement. There are multiple
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is a single instance of that behavior. If a group of responses have the same function, this group may be called a response class.
6132:"Teaching children with autism to use photographic activity schedules: maintenance and generalization of complex response chains"
1853:
is a process in which a task is analyzed into its component parts so that those parts can be taught through the use of chaining:
729:. Further, the approach seeks to develop socially acceptable alternatives for maladaptive behaviors, often through administering
4799:
Gorycki KA, Ruppel PR, Zane T (31 December 2020). "Is long-term ABA therapy abusive: A response to Sandoval-Norton and Shkedy".
3742:
2992:"A brief, selective history of the Department of Human Development and Family Life at the University of Kansas: The early years"
2871:
8477:
8174:
2816:"Outcome for children with autism who began intensive behavioral treatment between ages 4 and 7: a comparison controlled study"
2273:
1675:
Interresponse time refers to the duration of time that occurs between two instances of behavior, and it helps in understanding
554:
7433:
1406:
Operant behavior is the so-called "voluntary" behavior that is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences. Specifically,
646:
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7643:
7603:
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7282:
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6814:
6596:
6569:
6320:
6237:
5640:
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5533:
5442:
5255:
5206:
4853:
4296:
3646:
2881:
2549:
2498:
1663:
rates. There are two measurements that are able to define temporal locus, they are response latency and interresponse time.
1468:
that affect the future probability of behavior. "e would get Beth to comply by hugging him and giving her food as a reward."
979:
6083:"Task clarification, performance feedback, and social praise: Procedures for improving the customer service of bank tellers"
2724:
2128:
936:
6451:
5052:
2493:. APA Handbooks in Psychology Series; APA Reference Books Collection. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1237:
Low-quality evidence is likewise a concern in some research reporting on the potential harms of ABA on autistic children.
7743:
4409:
Kupferstein H (2 January 2018). "Evidence of increased PTSD symptoms in autistics exposed to applied behavior analysis".
3414:
8543:
3087:"After you hit a child, you can't just get up and leave him; you are hooked to that kid interview with Ole Ivar Lovaas"
2570:
2338:
1720:
This technique refers to the times that an objective way of behaving was noticed and counted. In the published article
1289:
1043:
964:
815:
745:
2631:
1797:
Latency refers to how much time after a particular boost has been given before the objective way of behaving happens.
1154:
Although BCBA certification does not require any autism training, a large majority of ABA practitioners specialize in
8513:
7701:
4366:
Wilkenfeld DA, McCarthy AM (2020). "Ethical Concerns with Applied Behavior Analysis for Autism Spectrum "Disorder"".
831:
780:
757:
710:
5084:
4683:"Evaluating Kupferstein's claims of the relationship of behavioral intervention to PTSS for individuals with autism"
2656:
8227:
2172:
1702:
1191:
726:
610:
534:
5836:"Applied behavior analytic interventions for children with autism: a description and review of treatment research"
5356:
1730:
Applied Behavioral Analytic Interventions for children with Autism: A Description and Review of Treatment Research
1140:
As a practitioner uses behavioral techniques with positive outcomes, they become more confident of future success.
8371:
8217:
7682:
7484:
2116:
799:, which restricts behavior-change procedures to behaviors that are overt, and was the conceptual underpinning of
783:, which focuses on basic experimental research, but it uses principles developed by such research, in particular
7613:
Steege MW, Mace FC, Perry L, Longenecker H (2007). "Applied behavior analysis: beyond discrete trial teaching".
2052:
with a functional behavioral assessment or analysis at the core. This approach should apply a behavior analytic
1380:
refers to the movement of some part of an organism that changes some aspect of the environment. Often, the term
8574:
8538:
8528:
5497:
Peterson P (2007). "Promoting generalization and maintenance of skills learned via natural language teaching".
5060:
3914:
Eikeseth S (2009). "Outcome of comprehensive psycho-educational interventions for young children with autism".
3251:
3154:
Kirkham P (1 April 2017). "'The line between intervention and abuse' – autism and applied behaviour analysis".
1327:
1256:
658:
529:
357:
1549:– a verbal response evoked by a non-verbal antecedent and maintained by generalized conditioned reinforcement.
814:. As such, behavior analysts focus on the observable relationship of behavior with the environment, including
8609:
8604:
8533:
8258:
8074:
7895:
3491:"Applying behavior analysis to school violence and discipline problems: Schoolwide positive behavior support"
1906:
559:
128:
7218:"Functional analysis and treatment of self-injurious feather plucking in a black vulture (Coragyps atratus)"
2086:
Applied behavior analysts publish in many journals. Some examples of "core" behavior analytic journals are:
8579:
8452:
8298:
8194:
8169:
7940:
1890:
1293:
1285:
1183:
1143:
The literature provides many examples of success in teaching individuals considered previously unteachable.
569:
482:
5625:
Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism: Clinical Guide to Assessment and Treatment
8564:
8391:
8114:
1575:
1223:
1022:
include autism, classroom instruction with typically developing students, pediatric feeding therapy, and
603:
6770:
Cautilli J (2005). "Brief report: application of proposed model of decreasing reinforcement intensity".
3966:"Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)"
8313:
8144:
8139:
2298:
2057:
1465:
1187:
1051:
1039:
75:
5919:
Yang SJ, Gallo DA, Beilock SL (September 2009). "Embodied memory judgments: a case of motor fluency".
5627:. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 107–129.
5585:
Schirmer A, Meck WH, Penney TB (October 2016). "The Socio-Temporal Brain: Connecting People in Time".
4016:
Sandbank M, Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Cassidy M, Dunham K, Feldman JI, et al. (January 2020).
2680:
Dillenburger K, Keenan M (June 2009). "None of the As in ABA stand for autism: dispelling the myths".
974:
Notable graduate students from the University of Washington include Robert Wahler, James Sherman, and
8523:
8482:
8318:
8038:
7513:
5735:
3374:
1047:
753:
524:
515:
140:
3928:
7890:
6312:
Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society
2627:
2211:
1698:
1314:
dispute the value of eliminating autistic behaviors, maintaining that it forces autistic people to
944:
654:
150:
118:
6513:"A comparison of forward and backward procedures for the acquisition of response chains in humans"
6338:"Assessment and training of clinical interviewing skills: analogue analysis and field replication"
6017:
5334:"The man behind ex-gay "conversion therapy" started out trying to make autistic children "normal""
3326:"Translational research in behavior analysis: historical traditions and imperative for the future"
1354:
project, which used early behavior modification techniques to target boys' gender identities. The
8346:
7736:
4277:
Davis R, Den Houting J, Nordahl-Hansen A, Fletcher-Watson S (2022). "Helping Autistic Children".
2017:
1499:
1477:
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1035:
996:
927:
694:
549:
447:
220:
185:
170:
165:
155:
104:
64:
20:
7696:
4876:(Report). United States Food and Drug Administration. p. 4. FDA-2014-N-0238. Archived from
4319:"'Recalling hidden harms': autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA)"
8589:
8179:
8018:
7437:
7083:
Malott RW (1992). "A theory of rule-governed behavior and organizational behavior management".
6459:
6423:
McLennan J (1994). "The skills-based model of counselling training: a review of the evidence".
3923:
2293:
1973:
1893:, make extensive use of behavior chain analysis, but is not philosophically behavior analytic.
1684:
1631:
1435:
1411:
1384:
refers to a class of responses that share physical dimensions or functions, and in that case a
1305:
1023:
788:
764:
730:
564:
497:
387:
297:
254:
230:
205:
135:
123:
89:
4534:
Rodgers M, Marshall D, Simmonds M, Le Couteur A, Biswas M, Wright K, et al. (July 2020).
8594:
8508:
8069:
7993:
7920:
7885:
6944:
Corbett BA, Abdullah M (2005). "Video modeling: why does it work for children with autism?".
5990:
Kuhn MR, Stahl SA (March 2003). "Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices".
5028:"Commentary: The autistic community is having a reckoning with ABA therapy. We should listen"
2283:
1652:
1627:
835:
800:
721:
544:
539:
457:
322:
287:
262:
160:
59:
54:
23:, a teaching method that is a form of the broader science of applied behavior analysis (ABA).
4228:"Pervasive Undisclosed Conflicts of Interest in Applied Behavior Analysis Autism Literature"
1602:
Response classes occur repeatedly throughout time—i.e., how many times the behavior occurs.
1555:– behavior under control of motivating operations maintained by a characteristic reinforcer.
904:'s study "The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer" (1959) that they published in the
8584:
8366:
8293:
8242:
8003:
7978:
7968:
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3191:
2178:
2013:
2006:
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1401:
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1012:
1008:
931:
919:
911:
839:
784:
698:
442:
367:
277:
114:
99:
7716:
6181:"Teaching children with autism to initiate to peers: effects of a script-fading procedure"
6047:
1748:
This estimation alludes to how much time that somebody participated in a way of behaving.
8:
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8308:
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7988:
7925:
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312:
307:
292:
272:
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145:
84:
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1706:
1015:. Curtailing of self-soothing behaviors is potentially classifiable as a form of abuse.
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8164:
7900:
7729:
7653:
7337:
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7138:
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4584:
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4535:
4511:
4486:
4467:
4426:
4391:
4341:
4254:
4227:
4151:
4127:"Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children"
4126:
4042:
4017:
3990:
3965:
3846:
3821:
3706:
3604:
3515:
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3441:
3419:
Nevada Autism Center, 7730 West Sahara Avenue #115, Las Vegas, NV 89117, (702) 660–2005
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1027:
983:
467:
412:
407:
342:
282:
245:
175:
7069:
5700:
Pinkston JW (August 2022). "Operant responding: Beyond rate and interresponse times".
2048:
Critical to behavior analytic interventions is the concept of a systematic behavioral
744:, ABA has been utilized in a range of other areas, including applied animal behavior,
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8518:
8361:
8283:
8263:
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7950:
7880:
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7599:
7570:
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7341:
7329:
7300:"Applied behavior analysis and the zoo: Forthman and Ogden (1992) thirty years later"
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4614:
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2545:
2504:
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2400:
2334:
2260:
1863:
1656:
1552:
1546:
1113:
In 2005, Heward et al. suggested the addition of the following five characteristics:
896:
Lovaas prompting several young research subjects and using food as a reward, ca. 1965
702:
591:
392:
317:
225:
210:
94:
7251:
6965:
5835:
3639:
Focus on behavior analysis in education: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities
3556:
3539:
3310:
3267:
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3086:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
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5964:
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3833:
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3758:
3696:
3600:
3596:
3551:
3510:
3502:
3461:
3453:
3442:"Positive behavior support: Expanding the application of applied behavior analysis"
3386:
3345:
3337:
3290:
3247:
3204:
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3003:
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2025:
1854:
1522:
1415:
1315:
1242:
397:
352:
337:
332:
215:
190:
4980:
4812:
4742:
Leaf JB, Cihon JH, Leaf R, McEachin J, Liu N, Russell N, et al. (June 2022).
4462:
4445:
3891:
3870:
3391:
8432:
8351:
8188:
8149:
8048:
7798:
7593:
7564:
7509:
6922:
6282:
5458:
Moxley RA (2004). "Pragmatic selectionism. The philosophy of behavior analysis".
4845:
2565:
2522:
2246:
1918:
Prompters might use any or all of the following to suggest the desired response:
1833:
1634:
inputs reset the cortical phase that initiates the timing. During the event, the
1534:
1323:
1179:
1170:
1155:
1100:
not produce a large enough effect for practical use, then the analysis has failed
987:
952:
879:
867:
847:
807:
741:
195:
7032:
5632:
5106:"Disturbing Behaviours: Ole Ivar Lovaas and the Queer History of Autism Science"
5053:"For Whose Benefit? Evidence, Ethics, and Effectiveness of Autism Interventions"
2755:
2140:
Journal of Behavior Analysis of Sports, Health, Fitness, and Behavioral Medicine
8492:
8472:
8467:
8457:
8417:
8094:
8023:
7813:
7139:"Rule-governed behavior and sensitivity to changing consequences of responding"
6473:
Englemann S (1968). "Relating operant techniques to programming and teaching".
5905:
5598:
4759:
4288:
3937:
3762:
3701:
3684:
1980:
systems, especially when these are developed by unqualified practitioners (see
1311:
1227:
1210:
948:
859:
811:
7009:
6436:
5968:
5802:
5678:
4996:
4946:
4649:
4585:"Adverse event reporting in intervention research for young autistic children"
4244:
4018:"Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children"
3837:
3724:
3055:
2911:"A brief history of applied behavior analysis at the University of Washington"
2693:
1569:
Skinner's use of behavioral techniques was famously critiqued by the linguist
8558:
8487:
8396:
8341:
8336:
8278:
8109:
7945:
7930:
7915:
7828:
7788:
7154:
6528:
6353:
6196:
6003:
5543:
5288:
5122:
5105:
4699:
4682:
4600:
4446:"How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse?"
4422:
4337:
4276:
3400:
3375:"How much compliance is too much compliance: Is long-term ABA therapy abuse?"
3341:
3167:
3129:
3007:
2926:
2595:
2508:
2488:
2135:
Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim: Treatment and Prevention
1977:
1850:
1539:
1458:
1419:
1343:
1234:
ABA clinical providers. However, only 2% of these studies disclosed the COI.
1218:
965:
organize employees who required proper structure and management in businesses
960:
923:
915:
875:
863:
843:
502:
462:
382:
377:
7274:
6147:
6098:
5273:"Publication trends in 25 years of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"
5172:"Applied behaviour analysis, autism, and a response to recent controversies"
2386:
1810:
In applied behavior analysis, all experiments should include the following:
1137:
Practitioners can improve performance by direct and continuous measurements.
8437:
8288:
8273:
8129:
8119:
7905:
7595:
Behavior Management: Principles and Practices of Positive Behavior Supports
7333:
7243:
7172:
6996:
6981:"Shaping, Chaining, & Task Analysis with an Example from Everyday Life"
6546:
6116:
5976:
5940:
5851:
5820:
5721:
5686:
5606:
5306:
5089:
5004:
4965:
4777:
4667:
4618:
4569:
4520:
4387:
4263:
4209:
4160:
4125:
Brignell A, Chenausky KV, Song H, Zhu J, Suo C, Morgan AT (November 2018).
4051:
3999:
3945:
3900:
3855:
3806:
3797:
3780:
3685:"Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane"
3565:
3524:
3475:
3415:"Pediatric Feeding Therapy & ABA: General Info & Systematic Review"
3359:
3302:
3259:
3216:
3208:
3063:
3025:
2944:
2849:
2793:
2701:
2462:
2444:
2404:
2068:
ABA has been successfully used in other species. Morris uses ABA to reduce
1931:
Positional prompt: e.g., the target item is placed close to the individual.
1651:
Latency specifically measures the time that elapses between the event of a
1570:
901:
855:
851:
657:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
487:
180:
7123:
7096:
6806:
6371:
6214:
6165:
4744:"Concerns About ABA-Based Intervention: An Evaluation and Recommendations"
4444:
Sandoval-Norton AH, Shkedy G, Shkedy D (1 January 2019). Rushby JA (ed.).
4379:
3373:
Sandoval-Norton AH, Shkedy G, Shkedy D (1 January 2019). Rushby JA (ed.).
3192:"Screams, slaps, and love: The strange birth of applied behavior analysis"
3137:
16:
The application of respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior.
8447:
8422:
8268:
8104:
8089:
7875:
7803:
7793:
6855:
Osnes PG, Lieblein T (2003). "An explicit technology of generalization".
1635:
978:. Lovaas established the UCLA Young Autism Project while teaching at the
975:
956:
871:
796:
690:
402:
109:
7534:
7459:
7397:
7265:
Gottlieb D, Pomerantz O (2021). "Utilizing Behavior to Assess Welfare".
5878:
5499:
The Journal of Speech and Language Pathology – Applied Behavior Analysis
4728:
4583:
Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Sandbank M, Woynaroski TG (February 2021).
806:
Behavior analysts also emphasize that the science of behavior must be a
8462:
8356:
8159:
8084:
8028:
7998:
7935:
7833:
7626:
4582:
4502:
4485:
Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S, Sandbank M, Woynaroski TG (January 2021).
4484:
4033:
3506:
3457:
2831:
1823:
A system for measuring the behavior and ongoing visual analysis of data
1609:
Rate/frequency is the number of instances of behavior per unit of time.
1562:
1423:
768:
737:
302:
200:
36:
4821:
2206:
The Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis
2020:. Recent efforts to teach shaping have used simulated computer tasks.
1062:
701:
to change behavior of social significance. ABA is the applied form of
8153:
8124:
8099:
7983:
7838:
7752:
7712:
Applied Behavior Analysis: Overview and Summary of Scientific Support
7315:
7234:
7217:
7199:
6957:
6895:
6868:
6783:
6756:
6728:
6701:
6655:
6295:
6266:
5932:
5510:
5471:
4551:
4191:
4111:
4081:
2785:
2542:
Clinical and Organizational Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis
2330:
1680:
1660:
1319:
1280:
1260:
452:
7137:
Hayes SC, Brownstein AJ, Zettle RD, Rosenfarb I, Korn Z (May 1986).
4015:
1784:
Assisted approach - Behavior assisted by a teacher or an individual.
44:
8442:
8376:
7783:
7488:
6588:
Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder
5921:
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
4174:
Kasari C, Shire S, Shih W, Landa R, Levato L, Smith T (June 2023).
2029:
1880:
1668:
1623:
1515:
1372:
1284:
persisted in some ABA programs. In comments made in 2014 to the US
1004:
477:
472:
432:
6686:
6644:
Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis
4491:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
8079:
8043:
7411:
4836:
Spreat S (2012). "Behavioral treatments for children with ASDs".
4713:
4533:
2201:
The Journal of Behavioral Assessment and Intervention in Children
1756:
1676:
1643:
social significance to impact the perception and timing of acts.
1622:
frequency (SBF) model, this highlights the essential role of the
2558:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2196:
The International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy
1581:
For an assessment of verbal behavior from Skinner's system, see
1158:, and ABA itself is often mistakenly considered synonymous with
8303:
8222:
7818:
7778:
7773:
7768:
5736:"Module 5: Measurement | Applied Behavior Analysis (PSYCH 581)"
4717:
Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities
2985:
2983:
2725:"The natural selection: behavior analysis as a natural science"
2226:
1840:
1832:
An intervention that will benefit the participant in some way (
1639:
1318:
their true personalities and conform to a narrow conception of
1096:
reinforcement" or "errorless discrimination" where appropriate.
900:
The beginnings of ABA can be traced back to Teodoro Ayllon and
818:
and consequences, without resort to "hypothetical constructs".
7136:
6908:
6252:
6741:
6626:
4927:
2469:
1026:. Other applications of ABA include applied animal behavior,
7721:
7372:
7025:
Handbook of Behavior Modification with the Mentally Retarded
6387:"Allen E. Ivey: transforming counseling theory and practice"
4280:
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development
2980:
2364:
2362:
1612:
Celeration is the measure of how the rate changes over time.
689:, is a scientific discipline that applies the principles of
7910:
6279:
5787:"On Terms: Frequency and Rate in Applied Behavior Analysis"
4443:
3682:
3372:
1214:
492:
7633:
7612:
6882:
Kemp SM, Eckerman DA (2002). "Simulating a shaping task".
6667:
6665:
5953:
5559:
Readings for Strategies and tactics of behavioral research
3822:"Evidence-based comprehensive treatments for early autism"
3252:
10.1352/0895-8017(2005)110[417:IBTFCW]2.0.CO;2
2772:
Skinner BF (1950). "Are theories of learning necessary?".
1769:
The ability to transfer the behavior to other applications
1722:
On Terms: Frequency and Rate in Applied Behavior Analysis,
1445:
a reinforcer or punisher (e.g., the dog does not get food
1337:
8184:
6676:(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education.
6336:
Iwata BA, Wong SE, Riordan MM, Dorsey MF, Lau MM (1982).
6080:
5784:
3590:
3280:
2359:
7023:
Shapiro ES, Browder DM (1990). "Behavioral Assessment".
6458:. Vol. 1. Office of Vocational Education Research,
6129:
5760:
5401:
4278:
4124:
2813:
2326:
Behavior Analysis and Learning: A Biobehavioral Approach
910:(JEAB). Ayllon and Michael were training the staff at a
6714:
6662:
6641:
5865:
Binder C (1993). "Behavioral Fluency: A New Paradigm".
5785:
Merbitz CT, Merbitz NH, Pennypacker HS (October 2016).
4681:
Leaf JB, Ross RK, Cihon JH, Weiss MJ (4 October 2018).
4634:"When autism researchers disregard harms: A commentary"
4167:
3781:"Management of children with autism spectrum disorders"
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3636:
2316:
1740:
Same as frequency, yet inside a predefined time limit.
736:
Although service delivery providers commonly implement
7185:
7055:
6562:
The Acting-Out Child: Coping With Classroom Disruption
6449:
6335:
5833:
5622:
2682:
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability
2539:
2429:"Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis"
1667:
Response latency in children, when being treated with
1429:
7109:
6994:
Tryon WW (1976). "A system of behavioral diagnosis".
6629:
Effective Educational Practices for Students with ASD
5655:
5270:
5146:"Statement on Conversion Therapy and Practices, 2022"
4741:
4631:
4225:
4067:
3963:
3593:
Modificación de conducta: Principios y Procedimientos
2959:"Identifying applied behavior analysis interventions"
2150:
Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Interventions
1271:
literature. Others have published similar responses.
6081:
Crowell CR, Anderson DC, Abel DM, Sergio JP (1988).
5424:
5422:
5196:
4928:
Cassidy S, Bradley L, Shaw R, Baron-Cohen S (2018).
4173:
3683:
Sandoval-Norton AH, Shkedy G, Shkedy D (June 2021).
3667:
3537:
3482:
2222:
1958:
1574:
may be more appropriate to teach language through a
1226:
designs and outcomes for which there was no risk of
6674:
Behavior Modification: What is it and how to do it?
5556:
3875:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
3871:"Evidence Base Update for Autism Spectrum Disorder"
3826:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
3538:Waasdorp TE, Bradshaw CP, Leaf PJ (February 2012).
2814:Eikeseth S, Smith T, Jahr E, Eldevik S (May 2007).
2632:"The controversy over autism's most common therapy"
5584:
4979:Cook J, Hull L, Crane L, Mandy W (November 2021).
4978:
4680:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
3964:Reichow B, Hume K, Barton EE, Boyd BA (May 2018).
3748:
3283:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
3190:
3149:
3147:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2679:
1683:of a certain behavior on a period of time. Use of
1299:
7562:
7264:
6499:
6456:Annual Review of Research in Vocational Education
6178:
6068:
5834:Granpeesheh D, Tarbox J, Dixon DR (August 2009).
5484:
5419:
5373:
5319:
5233:
5221:
5201:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. p. 23.
4930:"Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults"
4798:
3661:
3641:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Merrill.
3621:
3578:
2869:
1766:Maintain the behavior while there are disruptions
1108:
8556:
7143:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
6517:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
5918:
5431:Behavior modification: Principles and procedures
3544:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
3330:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
2375:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
2371:"The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer"
2166:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
2039:
1826:At least one treatment or intervention condition
1583:Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills
1516:Discriminated operant and three-term contingency
1073:Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures
907:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
7510:"Journal of Organizational Behavior Management"
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7297:
6943:
6829:
6033:
6031:
5150:Association for Behavior Analysis International
4352:
4063:
4061:
3488:
3439:
3323:
3237:
3144:
2856:
2269:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1659:, providing insights into their perceptual and
1606:Count is the number of occurrences in behavior.
1356:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1334:self-agency within interpersonal experiences".
7634:Mayer GR, Sulzer-Azaroff B, Wallace M (2011).
7022:
6452:"A social learning theory of career selection"
6130:MacDuff GS, Krantz PJ, McClannahan LE (1993).
5891:
5085:"Is the Most Common Therapy for Autism Cruel?"
5082:
4316:
4097:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3632:
3630:
3591:Miltenberger R, Virues-Ortega J (1 May 2020).
2657:"Is the Most Common Therapy for Autism Cruel?"
2654:
2626:
2426:
1777:There are two types of approaches to fluency:
1288:(FDA), a clinician previously employed by the
7737:
7591:
6854:
5199:Strategies and tactics of behavioral research
5103:
4981:"Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review"
4748:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
4632:Dawson M, Fletcher-Watson S (February 2022).
4093:
4091:
3868:
3819:
3774:
3772:
3118:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
3044:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3041:
2966:Association of Professional Behavior Analysts
2619:
2617:
2368:
2155:Journal of Organizational Behavior Management
740:validated interventions for individuals with
611:
7535:"Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions"
7348:
7215:
6881:
6611:
6450:Krumboltz JD, Mitchell AM, Jones GB (1980).
6028:
5428:
4625:
4576:
4058:
3778:
3433:
2540:Roane HS, Ringdahl JE, Falcomata TS (2015).
2322:
1841:Methodologies developed through ABA research
1800:
1763:The ability to retain the behavior or action
1149:
791:. Behavior analysis adopts the viewpoint of
6796:
5325:
5097:
5019:
4408:
4131:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3970:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3952:
3627:
3188:
3182:
2675:
2673:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
1922:Vocal prompts: Words or other vocalizations
763:ABA is considered controversial within the
709:(or the philosophy of the science) and the
7744:
7730:
7485:"Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science"
7398:"Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice"
7211:
7209:
6671:
6466:
6010:
4862:
4088:
3769:
2614:
2304:Professional practice of behavior analysis
2160:Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions
1982:professional practice of behavior analysis
1817:At least one behavior (dependent variable)
1186:respond to 2.5 – 20 hours per week of the
618:
604:
7412:"Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies"
7323:
7233:
7162:
6536:
6472:
6361:
6204:
6155:
6106:
5989:
5810:
5296:
5271:Northup J, Vollmer TR, Serrett K (1993).
5121:
5110:Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience
4955:
4945:
4820:
4767:
4735:
4698:
4657:
4608:
4559:
4510:
4461:
4270:
4253:
4243:
4199:
4150:
4041:
3989:
3927:
3907:
3890:
3845:
3796:
3717:
3700:
3555:
3514:
3465:
3390:
3349:
3037:
3035:
3015:
2934:
2839:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2452:
2394:
1728:In Annals of Clinical Psychiatry article
1342:In 1974, Lovaas co-authored a study with
8600:Industrial and organizational psychology
7298:Fernandez EJ, Martin AL (January 2023).
7267:Behavioral Biology of Laboratory Animals
6769:
6422:
6384:
6308:
5699:
5561:(2nd ed.). Hillsdale, HF: Erlbaum.
5496:
4118:
4011:
4009:
3913:
3689:Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
2670:
2411:
2145:Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
2101:Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice
1967:refers to a prompt being removed, where
1963:Thinning is often confused with fading.
1061:
883:
731:differential reinforcement contingencies
7652:
7563:Cooper JO, Heron TE, Heward WL (1987).
7206:
6978:
6584:
6044:Behavioral Consulting of Tampa Bay, Inc
5523:
5104:Gibson M, Douglas P (16 October 2018).
5025:
4901:
4868:
3869:Smith T, Iadarola S (2 November 2015).
3440:Anderson CM, Freeman KA (Spring 2000).
3153:
2870:Cooper JO, Heron TE, Heward WL (2007).
2771:
2566:"Division 25 - About Behavior analysis"
1925:Visual prompts: A visual cue or picture
1805:
1395:
1338:Early studies on gay conversion therapy
8557:
7082:
6832:Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers
6627:Ontario Ministry of Education (2007).
6559:
6227:
6040:"The importance of measuring behavior"
6037:
6024:. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
5864:
5457:
5388:The analysis of human operant behavior
5331:
4835:
4829:
3916:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3820:Rogers SJ, Vismara LA (January 2008).
3813:
3779:Myers SM, Johnson CP (November 2007).
3531:
3240:American Journal of Mental Retardation
3115:
3084:
3032:
2908:
2800:
2486:
2323:Pierce WD, Cheney CD (16 June 2017) .
2274:Behavior analysis of child development
1691:
1201:
760:, and athletic exercise among others.
7725:
7527:
7502:
7477:
7452:
7216:Morris KL, Slocum SK (October 2019).
6993:
6510:
6022:Applied Behavior Analysis (PSYCH 581)
5618:
5616:
5580:
5578:
5385:
5245:
5197:Johnston JM, Pennypacker HS (1993a).
4317:McGill O, Robinson A (October 2020).
4312:
4310:
4308:
4221:
4219:
4006:
3751:Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
2732:European Journal of Behavior Analysis
1588:
980:University of California, Los Angeles
7636:Behavior Analysis for Lasting Change
7304:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
7222:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
6342:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
6185:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
6136:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
6087:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
5765:Behavior Analyst Certification Board
5557:Johnston JM, Pennypacker HA (1993).
5406:Behavior Analyst Certification Board
5354:
5277:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
4226:Bottema-Beutel K, Crowley S (2021).
3729:Behavior Analyst Certification Board
3324:Mace FC, Critchfield TS (May 2010).
3317:
3274:
3231:
2996:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
2989:
2951:
2915:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
2722:
2590:
2588:
2433:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
2427:Baer DM, Wolf MM, Risley TR (1968).
2369:Ayllon T, Michael J (October 1959).
2129:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
1928:Gestural prompts: A physical gesture
1020:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
969:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
937:Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
629:
5083:DeVita-Raeburn E (11 August 2016).
4368:Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
3862:
2655:DeVita-Raeburn E (11 August 2016).
2186:The Behavioral Development Bulletin
1913:
1792:
1430:Respondent (classical) conditioning
1274:
1249:
713:(or basic experimental research).
13:
8544:Parents Against Child Exploitation
7584:
6403:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01949.x
6179:Krantz PJ, McClannahan LE (1993).
5714:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.009
5613:
5575:
5045:
4478:
4437:
4402:
4305:
4216:
3189:Bowman RA, Baker JP (March 2014).
2571:American Psychological Association
2028:responses, in some cases for long
1616:
1528:
1290:Judge Rotenberg Educational Center
1057:
1044:organizational behavior management
930:, which led to researchers at the
746:organizational behavior management
14:
8621:
8514:Mothers Apart from Their Children
7676:
6834:. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
5992:Journal of Educational Psychology
2596:"EUCAP Position Statement on ABA"
2585:
2490:APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis
2081:
1987:
1959:Thinning a reinforcement schedule
1646:
1217:pervade most ABA studies. A 2019
832:Experimental analysis of behavior
781:experimental analysis of behavior
758:acceptance and commitment therapy
754:behavior management in classrooms
711:experimental analysis of behavior
7426:
7404:
7390:
7291:
7258:
7179:
7130:
7103:
7076:
7049:
7016:
6987:
6972:
6937:
6902:
6875:
6848:
6823:
6790:
6763:
6735:
6708:
6680:
6635:
6620:
6605:
6578:
6553:
6504:
6493:
6443:
6416:
6378:
6329:
6302:
6273:
6246:
6221:
6172:
6123:
6074:
6062:
5983:
5947:
5912:
3295:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00013
2253:
2239:
2225:
2173:Perspectives on Behavior Science
2091:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2063:
1845:
1597:
1452:
1184:higher receptive language skills
955:, Bill Hopkins, Jay Birnbrauer,
634:
585:
43:
8372:Management of domestic violence
8218:Corporal punishment in the home
6830:Alberto P, Troutman AC (2006).
6500:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
6069:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5885:
5858:
5827:
5778:
5753:
5728:
5693:
5649:
5550:
5524:Skinner BF (17 November 2014).
5517:
5490:
5485:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5478:
5451:
5394:
5379:
5374:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5367:
5348:
5320:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5313:
5264:
5239:
5234:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5227:
5222:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
5215:
5190:
5164:
5138:
5076:
4972:
4921:
4895:
4792:
4707:
4674:
4527:
3662:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
3655:
3622:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
3615:
3584:
3579:Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
3572:
3557:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.755
3489:Anderson CM, Kincaid D (2005).
3407:
3366:
3109:
3106:(excerpt from Psychology Today)
3078:
2902:
2876:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
2765:
2716:
1300:Views of the autistic community
1192:lower receptive language skills
8529:National Fatherhood Initiative
7598:. Pearson Education, Limited.
7592:Wheeler JJ, Richey DD (2013).
7569:. Merrill Publishing Company.
6979:Gilmore H (20 February 2020).
6946:J Early Intensive Behav Interv
6631:. Queen's Printer for Ontario.
6255:Professional School Psychology
5659:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
5528:. Echo Point Books and Media.
5357:"Reinforcement and Punishment"
5061:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
4143:10.1002/14651858.CD012324.pub2
3982:10.1002/14651858.CD009260.pub3
2744:10.1080/15021149.2009.11434313
2096:Behavioral Health and Medicine
1328:Autistic Self Advocacy Network
1257:post-traumatic stress disorder
1109:Other proposed characteristics
1030:, forensic behavior analysis,
943:A group of researchers at the
727:functional behavior assessment
1:
8534:National Parents Organization
8259:Adverse childhood experiences
7751:
7070:10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80023-4
6612:Malott RW, Kohler KT (2021).
6564:(2nd ed.). Sopris West.
6315:(4th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
5840:Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
4813:10.1080/23311908.2020.1823615
4463:10.1080/23311908.2019.1641258
3892:10.1080/15374416.2015.1077448
3392:10.1080/23311908.2019.1641258
3156:History of the Human Sciences
2309:
2040:Interventions based on an FBA
1493:
1471:
1213:concerns, and a high risk of
774:
328:Industrial and organizational
8299:Effects of domestic violence
7941:Social emotional development
7702:Resources in other libraries
7434:"Behavior and Social Issues"
6923:10.1177/10983007030050010801
6799:Ethics for Behavior Analysts
6487:10.1016/0022-4405(68)90002-2
5957:Journal of School Psychology
5587:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
4904:"The Autism Rights Movement"
4846:10.1017/CBO9780511978616.011
4540:Health Technology Assessment
3601:10.26741/2020/miltenberger6e
1900:
1891:dialectical behavior therapy
1715:
1294:electrical brain stimulation
1286:Food and Drug Administration
986:which was initially used by
483:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
8115:Identification (psychology)
7033:10.1007/978-1-4899-2501-5_5
5633:10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_6
4869:Cameron M (14 April 2014).
3104:– via Neurodiversity.
2218:
1874:
1743:
1576:Speech language pathologist
1366:
1361:
1224:randomized controlled trial
918:based on the principles of
10:
8626:
8539:Parent–teacher association
8314:Parental abuse by children
8195:Positive Parenting Program
8145:Parent management training
8140:Normative social influence
7556:
7514:Taylor & Francis Group
6797:Bailey J, Burch M (2016).
6038:Prince K (13 March 2013).
5906:10.1007/s40732-022-00519-9
5599:10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.002
5460:The Behavior Analyst Today
5332:Rubino S (17 March 2021).
5248:The Power of Reinforcement
4985:Clinical Psychology Review
4871:Aversive comments – part 1
4760:10.1007/s10803-021-05137-y
4289:10.1002/9781119679028.ch39
4100:The Behavior Analyst Today
4070:The Behavior Analyst Today
3938:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.02.003
3763:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008
3702:10.1007/s41252-021-00201-1
2299:Parent management training
2191:The Behavior Analyst Today
2111:Behavior and Social Issues
2058:Behavioral change theories
2004:
2000:
1878:
1751:
1699:intervention effectiveness
1578:instead of a behaviorist.
1532:
1497:
1475:
1466:schedules of reinforcement
1456:
1433:
1399:
1370:
1303:
1194:need 25 hours per week of
1040:clinical behavior analysis
1028:consumer behavior analysis
825:
821:
18:
8524:National Childbirth Trust
8501:
8410:
8327:
8319:Stress in early childhood
8251:
8203:
8062:
8039:Taking children seriously
7959:
7871:Applied behavior analysis
7854:
7759:
7697:Resources in your library
7688:Applied behavior analysis
7615:Psychology in the Schools
7566:Applied Behavior Analysis
7436:. Uic.edu. Archived from
7010:10.1037/0735-7028.7.4.495
6672:Martin G, Pear J (2003).
6437:10.1080/00050069408257328
6309:Ivey AE, Ivey MB (1998).
5969:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.002
5803:10.1007/s40614-015-0048-z
5679:10.1016/j.ntt.2011.10.008
5026:Cernius Y (13 May 2022).
4997:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080
4947:10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4
4902:Soloman A (23 May 2008).
4650:10.1177/13623613211031403
4245:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676303
3838:10.1080/15374410701817808
3085:Chance P (January 1974).
3056:10.1007/s10803-010-1162-0
2873:Applied Behavior Analysis
2694:10.1080/13668250902845244
1945:
1801:Analyzing behavior change
1630:. At onset of the event,
1626:timing that synchronizes
1259:(PTSD) in patients. Some
1150:Use as therapy for autism
1048:positive behavior support
718:applied behavior analysis
679:Applied behavior analysis
649:toward certain viewpoints
259:Applied behavior analysis
8180:The talk (sex education)
7891:Developmental psychology
7373:"BAOJournals Have Moved"
7155:10.1901/jeab.1986.45-237
6772:Int J Behav Consult Ther
6529:10.1901/jeab.1978.29-255
6454:. In Wentling TL (ed.).
6354:10.1901/jaba.1982.15-191
6197:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-121
6004:10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.3
5894:The Psychological Record
5429:Miltenberger RG (2008).
5289:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-527
5123:10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29579
4700:10.1108/AIA-02-2018-0007
4601:10.1177/1362361320965331
4423:10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016
4338:10.1108/AIA-04-2020-0025
3342:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293
3168:10.1177/0952695117702571
3130:10.1037/0022-006x.55.1.3
3008:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-569
2927:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-563
2329:(6 ed.). New York:
2212:The Psychological Record
1814:At least one participant
1190:, whereas children with
1066:7 Characteristics of ABA
945:University of Washington
19:Not to be confused with
8387:Parental responsibility
8347:Cost of raising a child
7638:(2/E ed.). Sloan.
7460:"Behavior Modification"
7275:10.1201/9780429019517-5
6511:Weiss KM (March 1978).
6230:Behavioral Consultation
6148:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89
6099:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-65
6018:"Module 5: Measurement"
5702:Brain Research Bulletin
5390:. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown.
4232:Frontiers in Psychology
3725:"BACB CERTIFICANT DATA"
2387:10.1901/jeab.1959.2-323
2106:Behavior and Philosophy
1735:
1685:psychiatric medications
1500:Extinction (psychology)
1478:Punishment (psychology)
1196:discrete trial training
1167:discrete trial training
1052:contact desensitization
1036:behavioral neuroscience
1024:substance use disorders
997:discrete trial training
928:intellectual disability
448:Behavioral neuroscience
105:Behavioral neuroscience
21:discrete trial training
6614:Principles of Behavior
6591:. The Guilford Press.
6460:University of Illinois
5867:Educational Technology
4022:Psychological Bulletin
3798:10.1542/peds.2007-2362
3289:(2 Suppl): S145–S155.
3209:10.1542/peds.2013-2583
2487:Madden G, ed. (2013).
2445:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91
2294:Educational psychology
2072:in the black vulture (
1974:contingency management
1436:Classical conditioning
1412:three-term contingency
1348:gay conversion therapy
1306:Autism rights movement
1067:
897:
789:classical conditioning
765:autism rights movement
687:behavioral engineering
498:Psychology of religion
438:Behavioral engineering
124:Cognitive neuroscience
90:Affective neuroscience
8575:Behavior modification
8509:Families Need Fathers
8070:After-school activity
7994:Concerted cultivation
7989:Buddha-like parenting
7921:Nature versus nurture
7886:Cognitive development
7124:10.1300/J075v12n02_09
7097:10.1300/J075v12n02_03
6807:10.4324/9781315669212
4380:10.1353/ken.2020.0000
2820:Behavior Modification
2284:Behavioral activation
2117:Behavior Modification
1707:program modifications
1628:cortical oscillations
1207:Conflicts of interest
1188:naturalistic approach
1065:
895:
836:Behavior modification
826:Further information:
801:behavior modification
722:behavior modification
592:Psychology portal
8610:Autism pseudoscience
8605:Personal development
8367:Right to family life
8294:Dysfunctional family
8004:Free-range parenting
7979:Attachment parenting
7969:Achievement ideology
7112:J Organ Behav Manage
7085:J Organ Behav Manage
6911:J Posit Behav Interv
6385:Littrell JM (2001).
5791:The Behavior Analyst
4840:. pp. 239–257.
4283:. pp. 729–746.
3883:Taylor & Francis
3495:The Behavior Analyst
3446:The Behavior Analyst
2774:Psychological Review
2761:on 29 November 2014.
2544:. Elsevier Science.
2179:The Behavior Analyst
2014:operant conditioning
2007:Shaping (psychology)
1820:At least one setting
1806:Experimental control
1661:cognitive processing
1540:B. F. Skinner's
1408:operant conditioning
1402:Operant conditioning
1396:Operant conditioning
1279:Lovaas incorporated
1013:psychological trauma
1009:intrinsic motivation
932:University of Kansas
920:operant conditioning
912:psychiatric hospital
840:Operant conditioning
785:operant conditioning
705:; the other two are
699:operant conditioning
8580:Behavioral concepts
8382:Parental alienation
8309:Narcissistic parent
8233:Positive discipline
8054:Work at home parent
8034:Strict father model
8019:Nurturant parenting
7926:Parental investment
7761:Kinship terminology
7188:Behav Analyst Today
7027:. pp. 93–122.
6884:Behav Analyst Today
6857:Behav Analyst Today
6745:Behav Analyst Today
6717:Behav Analyst Today
6690:Behav Analyst Today
6585:Linehan MM (1993).
5671:2012NTxT...34...47F
4838:The Autism Spectrum
1951:behavior or skill.
1692:Derivative measures
1488:negative punishment
1484:positive punishment
1350:clinic at UCLA, on
1202:Quality of evidence
1032:behavioral medicine
1005:sensory stimulation
828:Radical behaviorism
793:radical behaviorism
707:radical behaviorism
655:improve the article
443:Behavioral genetics
358:Occupational health
100:Behavioral genetics
31:Part of a series on
8565:Applied psychology
8428:T. Berry Brazelton
8165:Social integration
7901:Identity formation
7627:10.1002/pits.20208
7440:on 15 January 2020
7269:. pp. 51–64.
6560:Walker HM (1995).
6462:. pp. 259–82.
6290:(5, pt. 2): 1–12.
6228:Bergan JR (1977).
6050:on 9 February 2023
5740:websites.umass.edu
4883:on 14 January 2017
4687:Advances in Autism
4503:10.1111/jcpp.13249
4411:Advances in Autism
4326:Advances in Autism
4034:10.1037/bul0000215
3507:10.1007/BF03392103
3458:10.1007/BF03392001
2909:Lovitt TC (1993).
2890:on 9 February 2023
2832:10.1007/BF03392239
2630:(10 August 2016).
2333:. pp. 1–622.
2289:Conversion therapy
1869:direct instruction
1864:Behavioral scripts
1589:Measuring behavior
1160:therapy for autism
1068:
984:errorless learning
922:for patients with
898:
844:B. F. Skinner
560:Schools of thought
398:Sport and exercise
246:Applied psychology
8552:
8551:
8362:Family disruption
8284:Cinderella effect
8264:Child abandonment
8238:Tactical ignoring
8135:Moral development
8014:Helicopter parent
8009:Gatekeeper parent
7974:Atlas personality
7951:Social psychology
7896:Human development
7881:Child development
7866:Attachment theory
7683:Library resources
7667:978-1-59738-007-2
7645:978-1-59738-032-4
7605:978-0-13-285169-5
7576:978-0-675-20223-7
7539:SAGE Publications
7464:SAGE Publications
7284:978-0-429-01951-7
7042:978-1-4899-2503-9
6841:978-0-13-117994-3
6816:978-1-317-36344-6
6598:978-0-89862-034-4
6571:978-1-57035-047-4
6322:978-0-534-35756-6
6239:978-0-675-08488-8
5642:978-3-031-27587-6
5568:978-0-8058-0906-0
5535:978-1-62654-014-9
5444:978-0-495-09153-0
5435:Thomson/Wadsworth
5386:Reese EP (1966).
5257:978-0-7914-5916-4
5246:Flora SR (2004).
5208:978-0-8058-0905-3
5176:Monash University
4908:New York Magazine
4855:978-0-521-11687-9
4801:Cogent Psychology
4450:Cogent Psychology
4298:978-1-119-67898-4
3648:978-0-13-111339-8
3379:Cogent Psychology
2883:978-0-13-142113-4
2647:; republished in
2551:978-0-12-420249-8
2500:978-1-4338-1111-1
2261:Psychology portal
1859:backward chaining
1638:are monitored by
1632:ventral tegmental
893:
703:behavior analysis
676:
675:
628:
627:
525:Counseling topics
468:Consumer behavior
211:Psycholinguistics
95:Affective science
8617:
8402:Shared parenting
8213:Blanket training
8205:Child discipline
7845:In loco parentis
7824:Shared parenting
7746:
7739:
7732:
7723:
7722:
7671:
7649:
7630:
7609:
7580:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7369:
7346:
7345:
7327:
7316:10.1002/jaba.969
7295:
7289:
7288:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7237:
7235:10.1002/jaba.639
7213:
7204:
7203:
7200:10.1037/h0100124
7183:
7177:
7176:
7166:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7020:
7014:
7013:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6958:10.1037/h0100294
6941:
6935:
6934:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6896:10.1037/h0099975
6879:
6873:
6872:
6869:10.1037/h0099994
6852:
6846:
6845:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6784:10.1037/h0100731
6767:
6761:
6760:
6757:10.1037/h0099991
6739:
6733:
6732:
6729:10.1037/h0100120
6712:
6706:
6705:
6702:10.1037/h0099967
6684:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6660:
6659:
6656:10.1037/h0100216
6639:
6633:
6632:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6508:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6365:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6296:10.1037/h0026129
6277:
6271:
6270:
6267:10.1037/h0090570
6250:
6244:
6243:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6159:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6046:. Archived from
6035:
6026:
6025:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5933:10.1037/a0016547
5927:(5): 1359–1365.
5916:
5910:
5909:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5814:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5511:10.1037/h0100252
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5472:10.1037/h0100137
5455:
5449:
5448:
5433:(4th ed.).
5426:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5057:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5017:
5016:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4934:Molecular Autism
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4875:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4771:
4754:(6): 2838–2853.
4739:
4733:
4732:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4552:10.3310/hta24350
4531:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4323:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4192:10.1002/aur.2932
4186:(6): 1236–1246.
4171:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4137:(11): CD012324.
4122:
4116:
4115:
4112:10.1037/h0100140
4095:
4086:
4085:
4082:10.1037/h0099886
4065:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3961:
3950:
3949:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3791:(5): 1162–1182.
3776:
3767:
3766:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3595:(6th ed.).
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3094:Psychology Today
3091:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2990:Baer DM (1993).
2987:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:. Archived from
2867:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2786:10.1037/h0054367
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2754:. Archived from
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2628:DeVita-Raeburn E
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2484:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2320:
2279:Behavior therapy
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:Education portal
2230:
2229:
2123:Behavior Therapy
2075:Coragyps atratus
2070:feather-plucking
2054:theory of change
2050:case formulation
1914:Types of prompts
1855:forward chaining
1793:Response latency
1703:teaching methods
1657:external stimuli
1523:stimulus control
1416:stimulus control
1352:The Feminine Boy
1275:Use of aversives
1250:Ethical concerns
1182:: children with
940:(JABA) in 1968.
894:
810:as opposed to a
671:
668:
662:
638:
637:
630:
620:
613:
606:
590:
589:
588:
555:Research methods
216:Psychophysiology
76:Basic psychology
47:
28:
27:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8548:
8497:
8478:Matthew Sanders
8433:Rudolf Dreikurs
8406:
8392:Parents' rights
8352:Deadbeat parent
8329:
8323:
8247:
8199:
8175:The talk (race)
8058:
8049:Tiger parenting
7955:
7850:
7799:Extended family
7755:
7750:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7646:
7606:
7587:
7585:Further reading
7577:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7493:
7491:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7468:
7466:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7371:
7370:
7349:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7263:
7259:
7214:
7207:
7184:
7180:
7135:
7131:
7108:
7104:
7081:
7077:
7054:
7050:
7043:
7021:
7017:
6992:
6988:
6977:
6973:
6942:
6938:
6907:
6903:
6880:
6876:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6795:
6791:
6768:
6764:
6740:
6736:
6713:
6709:
6685:
6681:
6670:
6663:
6640:
6636:
6625:
6621:
6610:
6606:
6599:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6558:
6554:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6494:
6471:
6467:
6448:
6444:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6383:
6379:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6307:
6303:
6283:J Couns Psychol
6278:
6274:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6226:
6222:
6177:
6173:
6128:
6124:
6079:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6036:
6029:
6016:
6015:
6011:
5988:
5984:
5952:
5948:
5917:
5913:
5890:
5886:
5863:
5859:
5832:
5828:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5698:
5694:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5621:
5614:
5593:(10): 760–772.
5583:
5576:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5536:
5526:Verbal behavior
5522:
5518:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5427:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5102:
5098:
5081:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5024:
5020:
4977:
4973:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4834:
4830:
4797:
4793:
4740:
4736:
4712:
4708:
4679:
4675:
4630:
4626:
4581:
4577:
4532:
4528:
4483:
4479:
4442:
4438:
4407:
4403:
4364:
4353:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4299:
4275:
4271:
4224:
4217:
4180:Autism Research
4172:
4168:
4123:
4119:
4096:
4089:
4066:
4059:
4014:
4007:
3976:(5): CD009260.
3962:
3953:
3929:10.1.1.615.3336
3912:
3908:
3867:
3863:
3818:
3814:
3777:
3770:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3681:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3589:
3585:
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3573:
3536:
3532:
3487:
3483:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3371:
3367:
3322:
3318:
3279:
3275:
3236:
3232:
3187:
3183:
3152:
3145:
3114:
3110:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3040:
3033:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2868:
2857:
2812:
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2770:
2766:
2758:
2727:
2723:Marr M (2009).
2721:
2717:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2640:
2638:
2622:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
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2576:
2574:
2564:
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2559:
2552:
2538:
2523:
2513:
2511:
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2485:
2470:
2425:
2412:
2367:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:Medicine portal
2245:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2084:
2066:
2042:
2016:principles and
2009:
2003:
1990:
1961:
1948:
1916:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1848:
1843:
1834:behavioral cusp
1808:
1803:
1795:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1718:
1694:
1649:
1619:
1617:Temporal extent
1600:
1591:
1537:
1535:Verbal Behavior
1531:
1529:Verbal behavior
1518:
1502:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1449:it salivates).
1438:
1432:
1404:
1398:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1340:
1324:quality of life
1308:
1302:
1277:
1252:
1204:
1180:spoken language
1171:Cochrane review
1152:
1111:
1060:
1058:Characteristics
988:Charles Ferster
953:Sidney W. Bijou
884:
882:
880:Steven C. Hayes
868:Sidney W. Bijou
848:Charles Ferster
824:
808:natural science
777:
750:substance abuse
685:), also called
672:
666:
663:
652:
639:
635:
624:
586:
584:
577:
576:
575:
574:
550:Psychotherapies
518:
508:
507:
428:
420:
419:
418:
417:
248:
238:
237:
236:
235:
196:Neuropsychology
78:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8623:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
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8572:
8567:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8519:Mothers' Union
8516:
8511:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8495:
8493:Benjamin Spock
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8473:Penelope Leach
8470:
8468:Annette Lareau
8465:
8460:
8458:Alan E. Kazdin
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8418:Mary Ainsworth
8414:
8412:
8408:
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8405:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8333:
8331:
8330:social aspects
8325:
8324:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8095:Dishabituation
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:Slow parenting
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7862:
7860:
7855:Theories
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7834:Blended family
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7814:Nuclear family
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:External links
7675:
7673:
7672:
7666:
7650:
7644:
7631:
7610:
7604:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7575:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7526:
7501:
7476:
7451:
7425:
7414:. Behavior.org
7403:
7389:
7377:baojournal.com
7347:
7290:
7283:
7257:
7228:(4): 918–927.
7205:
7178:
7149:(3): 237–256.
7129:
7102:
7075:
7048:
7041:
7015:
7004:(4): 495–506.
6986:
6971:
6936:
6901:
6874:
6847:
6840:
6822:
6815:
6789:
6762:
6751:(3): 289–300.
6734:
6707:
6679:
6661:
6634:
6619:
6604:
6597:
6577:
6570:
6552:
6523:(2): 255–259.
6503:
6492:
6465:
6442:
6415:
6377:
6348:(2): 191–203.
6328:
6321:
6301:
6272:
6245:
6238:
6220:
6191:(1): 121–132.
6171:
6122:
6073:
6061:
6027:
6009:
5982:
5946:
5911:
5884:
5857:
5846:(3): 162–173.
5826:
5797:(2): 333–338.
5777:
5752:
5727:
5692:
5648:
5641:
5612:
5574:
5567:
5549:
5534:
5516:
5489:
5477:
5450:
5443:
5418:
5393:
5378:
5366:
5361:Lumen Learning
5347:
5324:
5312:
5283:(4): 527–537.
5263:
5256:
5250:. SUNY Press.
5238:
5226:
5214:
5207:
5189:
5178:. 24 June 2022
5163:
5137:
5096:
5075:
5064:. 12 June 2021
5044:
5018:
4971:
4920:
4894:
4861:
4854:
4828:
4791:
4734:
4723:(2): 107–118.
4706:
4693:(3): 122–129.
4673:
4644:(2): 564–566.
4624:
4595:(2): 322–335.
4575:
4526:
4477:
4456:(1): 1641258.
4436:
4401:
4351:
4332:(4): 269–282.
4304:
4297:
4269:
4215:
4166:
4117:
4087:
4057:
4005:
3951:
3922:(1): 158–178.
3906:
3861:
3812:
3768:
3757:(1): 271–276.
3741:
3716:
3695:(2): 126–134.
3666:
3654:
3647:
3626:
3614:
3583:
3571:
3550:(2): 149–156.
3530:
3481:
3432:
3421:. 3 April 2021
3406:
3365:
3336:(3): 293–312.
3316:
3273:
3246:(6): 417–438.
3230:
3181:
3162:(2): 107–126.
3143:
3108:
3077:
3050:(3): 375–378.
3031:
3002:(4): 569–572.
2979:
2968:. 25 July 2016
2950:
2921:(4): 563–567.
2901:
2882:
2855:
2826:(3): 264–278.
2799:
2780:(4): 193–216.
2764:
2738:(2): 103–118.
2715:
2688:(2): 193–195.
2669:
2666:
2665:
2652:
2623:
2613:
2602:. 2 April 2024
2584:
2557:
2550:
2521:
2499:
2468:
2410:
2381:(4): 323–334.
2358:
2347:on 3 June 2021
2340:978-1138898585
2339:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2250:
2236:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:Major journals
2080:
2065:
2062:
2041:
2038:
2005:Main article:
2002:
1999:
1989:
1988:Generalization
1986:
1960:
1957:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1879:Main article:
1876:
1873:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1717:
1714:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1648:
1647:Temporal locus
1645:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1498:Main article:
1495:
1492:
1486:) or removed (
1476:Main article:
1473:
1470:
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1434:Main article:
1431:
1428:
1410:refers to the
1400:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1371:Main article:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1339:
1336:
1312:neurodiversity
1310:Proponents of
1301:
1298:
1276:
1273:
1251:
1248:
1228:detection bias
1211:methodological
1203:
1200:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:effectiveness.
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1059:
1056:
860:Donald M. Baer
823:
820:
812:social science
776:
773:
674:
673:
642:
640:
633:
626:
625:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
520:
519:
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
257:
251:
250:
249:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
141:Cross-cultural
138:
133:
132:
131:
121:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
80:
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8622:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8590:Life coaching
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:Organizations
8500:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8488:B. F. Skinner
8486:
8484:
8483:William Sears
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:Thomas Gordon
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8403:
8400:
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8395:
8393:
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8383:
8380:
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8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
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8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:Child support
8340:
8338:
8337:Child custody
8335:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8279:Child neglect
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
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8231:
8229:
8226:
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8210:
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8196:
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8181:
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8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8110:Homeschooling
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
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8073:
8071:
8068:
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8000:
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7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:Socialization
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:Paternal bond
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7916:Maternal bond
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
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7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7829:Single parent
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7789:Alloparenting
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7740:
7735:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7578:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7413:
7407:
7399:
7393:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7197:
7194:(4): 386–94.
7193:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7121:
7118:(2): 103–16.
7117:
7113:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7064:(3): 415–40.
7063:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7019:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6890:(2): 166–78.
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6863:(4): 364–74.
6862:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6723:(2): 212–24.
6722:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6699:
6696:(2): 188–97.
6695:
6691:
6683:
6675:
6668:
6666:
6657:
6653:
6650:(2): 158–81.
6649:
6645:
6638:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6475:J Sch Psychol
6469:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6404:
6400:
6397:(1): 105–18.
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6071:, p. 422
6070:
6065:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5505:(1): 90–131.
5504:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5446:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5389:
5382:
5376:, p. 355
5375:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5336:. LBGTQNATION
5335:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5063:
5062:
5054:
5048:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:(35): 1–306.
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4106:(1): 96–105.
4105:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:(3): 364–66.
3202:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:Other species
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2032:of behavior.
2031:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:token economy
1975:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:Task analysis
1846:Task analysis
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:Repeatability
1595:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1459:Reinforcement
1453:Reinforcement
1450:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:reinforcement
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:George Rekers
1335:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:meta-analysis
1216:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1054:for phobias.
1053:
1049:
1046:, schoolwide
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
992:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:Montrose Wolf
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
938:
934:to start the
933:
929:
925:
924:schizophrenia
921:
917:
916:token economy
914:how to use a
913:
909:
908:
903:
881:
877:
876:Robert Koegel
873:
869:
865:
864:Montrose Wolf
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
720:has replaced
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
670:
660:
656:
650:
648:
643:This article
641:
632:
631:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
583:
582:
581:
580:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Psychologists
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:Organizations
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
511:
504:
503:Psychometrics
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Consciousness
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
424:
423:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Psychotherapy
381:
379:
378:Psychometrics
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
241:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:Developmental
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
71:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
8595:Mind control
8438:David Elkind
8289:Codependency
8274:Child labour
8130:Latchkey kid
8120:Introjection
7906:Introjection
7870:
7856:
7843:
7809:Noncustodial
7687:
7657:
7635:
7621:(1): 91–99.
7618:
7614:
7594:
7565:
7542:. Retrieved
7529:
7517:. Retrieved
7504:
7492:. Retrieved
7479:
7467:. Retrieved
7454:
7442:. Retrieved
7438:the original
7428:
7416:. Retrieved
7406:
7392:
7380:. Retrieved
7376:
7310:(1): 29–54.
7307:
7303:
7293:
7266:
7260:
7225:
7221:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7091:(2): 45–65.
7088:
7084:
7078:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7024:
7018:
7001:
6997:Prof Psychol
6995:
6989:
6974:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6887:
6883:
6877:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6831:
6825:
6798:
6792:
6778:(1): 21–36.
6775:
6771:
6765:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6693:
6689:
6682:
6673:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6613:
6607:
6587:
6580:
6561:
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3452:(1): 85–94.
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2767:
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2681:
2661:The Atlantic
2660:
2649:The Atlantic
2648:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
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2489:
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2325:
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1568:
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644:
488:Intelligence
437:
221:Quantitative
186:Mathematical
181:Intelligence
171:Experimental
166:Evolutionary
156:Differential
25:
8585:Behaviorism
8448:Haim Ginott
8423:John Bowlby
8269:Child abuse
8189:educational
8105:Habituation
8090:Co-sleeping
7876:Behaviorism
7804:Foster care
7794:Coparenting
7544:13 February
7519:13 February
7494:13 February
7469:13 February
6917:(1): 5–11.
6391:J Couns Dev
6232:. Merrill.
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5363:. OpenStax.
5340:25 December
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4028:(1): 1–29.
3885:: 897–922.
3832:(1): 8–38.
2514:24 December
2182:until 2018)
1011:, and even
976:Ivar Lovaas
957:Todd Risley
949:Donald Baer
872:Ivar Lovaas
816:antecedents
797:behaviorism
738:empirically
693:based upon
530:Disciplines
403:Suicidology
298:Educational
255:Anomalistic
231:Theoretical
206:Personality
136:Comparative
119:Cognitivism
110:Behaviorism
8559:Categories
8463:Truby King
8357:Disownment
8170:Television
8160:Role model
8085:Child care
8063:Techniques
8029:Soccer mom
7999:Enmeshment
7936:Pediatrics
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4991:: 102080.
4887:10 October
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3197:Pediatrics
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2972:3 December
2351:1 December
2310:References
2176:(formerly
2018:extinction
1995:generalize
1624:striatum’s
1563:Autoclitic
1559:question).
1505:Extinction
1494:Extinction
1472:Punishment
1424:punishment
1414:that uses
1390:Repertoire
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775:Definition
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695:respondent
647:unbalanced
458:Competence
323:Humanistic
303:Ergonomics
288:Counseling
263:Assessment
201:Perception
161:Ecological
37:Psychology
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8328:Legal and
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8100:Education
8075:Allowance
7984:Baby talk
7839:Surrogacy
7753:Parenting
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5963:: 13–38.
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1681:frequency
1672:stimulus.
1320:normality
1281:aversives
767:due to a
716:The term
667:July 2024
659:talk page
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278:Community
115:Cognitive
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2794:15440996
2702:19404840
2636:Spectrum
2606:8 August
2463:16795165
2405:13795356
2219:See also
1969:thinning
1881:Chaining
1875:Chaining
1744:Duration
1677:patterns
1669:morphine
1653:stimulus
1386:response
1382:behavior
1378:Behavior
1373:Behavior
1367:Behavior
1362:Concepts
691:learning
565:Timeline
478:Feelings
473:Emotions
433:Behavior
427:Concepts
388:Religion
373:Positive
363:Pastoral
348:Military
313:Forensic
308:Feminist
293:Critical
283:Consumer
273:Coaching
268:Clinical
146:Cultural
85:Abnormal
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1447:because
1443:produce
1125:effort.
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653:Please
645:may be
540:Outline
413:Traffic
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176:Gestalt
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318:Health
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