488:
status quo. The treaty prohibits nuclear testing, military operations, economic exploitation, and territorial claims in
Antarctica. It is monitored through on-site inspections. The only permanent structures allowed are scientific research stations. The original signatory countries hold voting rights on Antarctic governance, with seven of them claiming portions of the continent and the remaining five being non-claimants. Other nations have joined as consultative members by conducting significant research in Antarctica. Non-consultative parties can also adhere to the treaty. In 1991–1992, the treaty was renegotiated by 33 nations, with the main change being the Madrid Protocol on Environmental Protection, which prohibited mining and oil exploration for 50 years.
511:
2473:
984:
4256:
1806:
742:
2195:
173:
492:
inspections by observers, and the
British also proposed the use of military personnel for logistical functions. Argentina proposed that all atomic explosions be banned in Antarctica, which caused a crisis that lasted until the last day of the conference, since the United States, along with other countries, intended to ban only those that were made without prior notice and without prior consultation. The support of the USSR and Chile for the Argentine proposal finally caused the United States to retract its opposition.
922:
484:, to convene an Antarctic Conference of the twelve countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year, to sign a treaty. In the first phase, representatives of the twelve nations met in Washington, who met in sixty sessions between June 1958 and October 1959 to define a basic negotiating framework. However, no consensus was reached on a preliminary draft. In the second phase, a conference at the highest diplomatic level was held from 15 October to 1 December 1959, when the Treaty was signed.
62:
830:
2042:
1115:
1090:
1954:
1783:
2275:
628:
1631:
2311:
333:
1313:
2081:
1993:
1695:
1659:
2111:
4496:
1527:
1038:
1967:
2369:
1357:
706:
2055:
1605:
1553:
894:
2019:
1875:
1757:
1012:
1208:
2247:
1409:
1383:
1154:
804:
2341:
1901:
1182:
1128:
778:
157:
2221:
1579:
1721:
1331:
948:
1303:
1272:
1064:
1819:
2167:
4682:
1847:
860:
1927:
1236:
1463:
2139:
1491:
1435:
4506:
396:
on 1 February 1952, when the
Argentine military fired warning shots at a group of Britons. The response of the United Kingdom was to send a warship that landed marines at the scene on 4 February. In 1949, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom signed a Tripartite Naval Declaration committing not to
2439:
Antarctica currently has no permanent population and therefore it has no citizenship nor government. Personnel present on
Antarctica at any time are always citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. The majority of Antarctica is claimed by one
471:
Both
Argentina and Chile stated that research carried out on the continent during the International Geophysical Year would not give any territorial rights to the participants, and that the facilities that were erected during that year should be dismantled at the end of it. However, in February 1958,
367:
In August 1948, the United States proposed that
Antarctica be under the guardianship of the United Nations, as a trust territory administered by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. This idea was rejected by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France,
491:
The positions of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United
Kingdom, and New Zealand coincided in the establishment of an international administration for Antarctica, proposing that it should be within the framework of the United Nations. Australia and the United Kingdom expressed the need for
487:
The
Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 nations and came into effect in the mid-1960s. The central ideas with full acceptance were the freedom of scientific research in Antarctica and the peaceful use of the continent. There was also a consensus for demilitarization and the maintenance of the
435:
to declare the invalidity of the claims of the sovereignty of the two countries over
Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean government rejected the jurisdiction of the court in that case, and on 1 August, the Argentine government also did so, so on 16 March 1956, the claims
2627:
launched an investigation. In 2006, frustrated by lack of progress, the
Christchurch Coroner said that it was unlikely that Dr. Marks ingested the methanol knowingly, although there is no certainty that he died as the direct result of the act of another person. During media interviews, the police
2413:
was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 2004 by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM). Jan Huber (the Netherlands) served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until 31 August 2009. He was succeeded on 1 September 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany). Reinke was
376:
In 1950, the interest of the United States to keep the Soviet Union away from Antarctica was frustrated, when the Soviets informed the claimant states that they would not accept any Antarctic agreement in which they were not represented. The fear that the USSR would react by making a territorial
2460:
enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties: about which activities are acceptable, which areas require permits to enter, what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities, and so on. The Antarctic Treaty is often considered to represent an example of the
2459:
Governments that are party to the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection implement the articles of these agreements, and decisions taken under them, through national laws. These laws generally apply only to their own citizens, wherever they are in Antarctica, and serve to
623:
As of 2024, there are 57 states party to the treaty, 29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative (voting) status. The consultative members include the 7 countries that claim portions of Antarctica as their territory. The 49 non-claimant countries do not
467:
that took place between 1 July 1957, and 31 December 1958. In this event, 66 countries participated. At the ICSU meeting in Stockholm from 9 to 11 September 1957, the creation of a Special Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) was approved, inviting the twelve countries conducting Antarctic
353:, the largest military expeditionary force that the United States had ever sent to Antarctica, consisting of 13 ships, 4,700 men, and numerous aerial devices. Its goals were to train military personnel and to test material in conditions of extreme cold for a hypothetical war in the Antarctic.
3234:"Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Paris, 8 January 2007) – ATS 1 of 2011”
3210:"Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the French Republic, regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic (Paris, 25 October 1938). ATS 13 of 1938."
605:
are the international forum for the administration and management of the region. Only 29 of the 57 parties to the agreements have the right to participate in decision-making at these meetings, though the other 28 are still allowed to attend. The decision-making participants are the
3731:…formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.
3222:"Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the maritime areas adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, 24 November 2003) – ATS 6 of 2005”
591:
Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Paris, 8 January
583:
Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the French Republic, regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic (Paris, 25 October
401:, which was renewed annually until 1961 when it was deemed unnecessary when the treaty entered into force. This tripartite declaration was signed after the tension generated when Argentina sent a fleet of eight warships to Antarctica in February 1948.
587:
Treaty Between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on Cooperation in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, 24 November
2660:
incorporates the Antarctic Treaty and related agreements into South African law. In regard to violations of these treaties, South Africa also asserts jurisdiction over South African residents and members of expeditions organised in South Africa.
419:
machine guns, rifles, and tear gas capturing the two Argentine sailors. The Argentine refuge and a nearby uninhabited Chilean shelter were destroyed, and the Argentine sailors were delivered to a ship from that country on 18 February near
468:
investigations to send delegates to integrate the committee, with the purpose of exchanging scientific information among its members regarding Antarctica. The SCAR was later renamed to the Scientific Committee for Research in Antarctica.
472:
the United States proposed that the Antarctic investigations should be extended for another year, and the Soviet Union reported that it would maintain its scientific bases until the studies being carried out had been completed.
573:, and protected areas. It prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific. A sixth annex on liability arising from environmental emergencies was adopted in 2005, but is yet to enter into force.
372:
of Antarctica, and the United Kingdom supported this. Chile responded by presenting a plan to suspend all Antarctic claims for five to ten years while negotiating a final solution, but this did not find acceptance.
3742:
Jennifer Frakes, The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003;
610:
and, in addition to the 12 original signatories, including 17 countries that have demonstrated their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there. The Antarctic Treaty also has
2484:
pre-dated the signing of the Antarctic Treaty, Australian laws that relate to Antarctica date from more than two decades before the Antarctic Treaty era. In terms of criminal law, the laws that apply to the
2517:, including certain criminal offences by or against U.S. nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. To this end, the United States now stations special deputy
323:
for the IGY, and the subsequent promulgation of the treaty was seen as a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved. As of 2024, the treaty has 57 parties.
2452:. Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector, the extent of which had never been officially defined, was considered to be unclaimed. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its
495:
The signing of the treaty was the first arms control agreement that occurred in the framework of the Cold War, and the participating countries managed to avoid the internationalization of Antarctic
561:
was signed 4 October 1991, and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement prevents development and provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on
3144:
551:
2580:
544:
530:
502:
As of the year 2048, any of the consultative parties to the treaty may request the revision of the treaty and its entire normative system, with the approval of a relative majority.
7307:
3170:
2603:
In 2006, the New Zealand police reported that jurisdictional issues prevented them issuing warrants for potential American witnesses who were reluctant to testify during the
294:
558:
480:
Scientific bases increased international tension concerning Antarctica. The danger of the Cold War spreading to that continent caused the President of the United States,
2588:
7991:
7986:
7956:
8076:
408:, leaving a sergeant and a corporal in the Argentine Navy. On 15 February, in the incident on Deception Island, 32 royal marines landed from the British frigate
8006:
8151:
4547:
3012:[Maritime History and Archaeology. Churchill sent a frigate to repel the "invasion" of the Falklands by two Argentine soldiers in 1953.] (in Spanish).
3652:
3558:
8141:
3528:
624:
recognize the claims of others. 42 parties to the Antarctic Treaty have also ratified the "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty".
3849:
8226:
4313:
537:
3829:
287:
3901:
Section 2 of the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, No. 55 of 1962, as amended by the Environmental Laws Rationalisation Act, No. 51 of 1997.
3618:
3148:
253:
2976:
3714:
2641:
361:
3622:
3562:
3532:
3464:
3439:
3373:
3010:"Historia y Arqueología Marítima. Churchill envió una fragata para repeler la "invasión" de las Malvinas por dos soldados Argentinos en 1953"
7951:
3192:
421:
280:
2414:
succeeded by Albert Lluberas (Uruguay), who was elected in June 2017 at the 40th Antarctic Consultative Treaty Meeting in Beijing, China.
6469:
4792:
3998:
3410:
5430:
4540:
4123:
2572:
2421:
Supporting the annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and the meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP).
452:
3648:
2563:
Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to US$ 10,000 in fines and one year in prison. The Departments of
7941:
526:
Other agreements – some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments – include:
7850:
5065:
2953:
Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, 7–13 January 1985
2920:
Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, 7–13 January 1985
2576:
2564:
5073:
8221:
8201:
8026:
7425:
6431:
4844:
2493:) apply to the Australian Antarctic Territory. Key Australian legislation applying Antarctic Treaty System decisions include the
135:
8206:
7022:
6620:
6208:
2671:
349:, the U.S. considered establishing a claim in Antarctica. From 26 August 1946, and until the beginning of 1947, it carried out
3956:
8156:
8131:
7814:
4533:
2960:
2612:
3100:
8106:
5760:
4514:
3780:
2649:
2568:
6625:
3753:
8031:
7946:
7708:
7389:
7211:
7101:
6870:
5459:
5408:
4277:
3871:
2587:, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. Further information is provided by the
2579:
share enforcement responsibilities. The Act requires expeditions from the U.S. to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the
7159:
6740:
6679:
4318:
2529:
368:
and Norway. Before the rejection, on 28 August 1948, the United States proposed to the claimant countries some form of
216:
3485:
Johnstone, Rachael Lorna; Jabour, Julia; Tamm, Sune (8 December 2018). "Iceland's Accession to the Antarctic Treaty".
8166:
8061:
8056:
7911:
7182:
4055:
3406:
3319:
2927:
2892:
2810:
2584:
460:
215:, designating the continent as a scientific preserve, establishing freedom of scientific investigation, and banning
8186:
8171:
8116:
8111:
7926:
7260:
4556:
4414:
4328:
640:
17:
3596:
3566:
7491:
7477:
7451:
7288:
5259:
4785:
4409:
4292:
4070:
3991:
2744:
2739:
2440:
or more countries, but most countries do not explicitly recognize those claims. The area on the mainland between
2424:
Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol.
566:
519:
440:
320:
77:
6182:
3344:
2784:
2619:
and the contractor administering the base. However, an autopsy in New Zealand revealed that Dr. Marks died from
1318:
East Germany also acceded on 19 November 1974, and received consultative status on 5 October 1987, prior to its
8216:
8071:
7966:
7961:
7931:
7901:
7314:
7284:
5627:
5617:
5201:
4903:
4759:
4583:
4282:
3536:
2714:
2481:
749:
510:
464:
432:
389:
312:
6925:
3968:
San Diego Union-Tribune, 25 August 2005 (Both South Korea and North Korea are members of the Antarctic Treaty)
3435:
615:, which are generally summoned to treat more important topics but are less frequents and Meetings of Experts.
315:(IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the
8161:
8146:
8126:
8096:
8011:
7916:
7087:
6597:
5730:
4272:
4234:
4045:
356:
On 2 September 1947, the quadrant of Antarctica in which the United States was interested (between 24° W and
3171:"In 30 years the Antarctic Treaty becomes modifiable, and the fate of a continent could hang in the balance"
3009:
2832:
8211:
8196:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8021:
7981:
7976:
7971:
6996:
6882:
6725:
5771:
5232:
5000:
4183:
4113:
4060:
4033:
2657:
2490:
2404:
431:
On 4 May 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits, against Argentina and Chile respectively, before the
228:
3965:
3928:
3826:
2615:
located at the geographic South Pole. Prior to autopsy, the death was attributed to natural causes by the
2430:
Providing and disseminating public information about the Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic activities.
8191:
8181:
8121:
8101:
8066:
8051:
7996:
7921:
7906:
7444:
7066:
6900:
6841:
6795:
5024:
4913:
4647:
4635:
4509:
4297:
4229:
4118:
3626:
2616:
2592:
2539:, provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation or
2476:
This 1959 cover commemorated the opening of the Wilkes post office in the Australian Antarctic Territory.
2282:
955:
3971:
3460:
8176:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8001:
7936:
7804:
6529:
6503:
6496:
5947:
5848:
5840:
5823:
5441:
4987:
4839:
4778:
4379:
4364:
4323:
4287:
3984:
2749:
2734:
2525:
2461:
6236:
2779:
8136:
8016:
7627:
7237:
6933:
6732:
6517:
6399:
6202:
6084:
5935:
5784:
5722:
5709:
5582:
5308:
4960:
4038:
3061:"An international hierarchy of science: Conquest, cooperation, and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System"
7777:
7368:
7362:
7280:
7154:
6939:
6665:
6541:
6391:
6279:
6063:
4399:
4389:
4173:
4145:
4101:
2677:
2628:
detective in charge of the investigation criticized the National Science Foundation and contractor
2514:
456:
5079:
2472:
160:
7844:
6660:
6534:
6454:
5963:
5790:
4992:
4603:
4429:
4219:
4015:
3810:
3236:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
3224:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
196:
3691:
3209:
463:, the idea of the International Polar Year was extended to the entire planet, thus creating the
311:
on 23 June 1961. The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the
7782:
7348:
5280:
4608:
4404:
4224:
3399:
3233:
3221:
3122:
2682:
515:
6615:
2611:
at the South Pole base in May 2000. Dr. Marks died while wintering over at the United States'
7787:
7756:
7561:
7514:
7413:
7217:
7136:
7079:
6828:
6822:
6672:
6630:
6592:
6572:
6167:
5942:
5778:
5688:
5670:
5587:
5558:
5548:
5436:
5373:
5147:
4424:
4374:
4369:
4264:
4106:
4050:
4028:
2702:
2518:
5828:
7641:
7633:
7576:
7164:
7028:
6954:
6946:
6746:
6686:
6645:
6258:
6249:
6120:
6115:
6019:
5883:
5640:
5602:
5209:
4979:
4947:
4891:
4871:
4748:
4743:
4640:
4578:
3656:
3212:
Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaty Series. Retrieved 15 April 2017
2486:
1319:
867:
713:
481:
369:
268:
7009:
5414:
5397:
385:
Various international conflicts motivated the creation of an agreement for the Antarctic.
8:
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7684:
7149:
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6710:
6350:
6308:
5803:
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5419:
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4434:
4384:
4359:
4133:
4091:
2729:
2697:
2445:
398:
224:
66:
5402:
7483:
7375:
7356:
6920:
6895:
6437:
6331:
6295:
6271:
6162:
6009:
5984:
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5876:
5854:
5833:
5714:
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5339:
5267:
4940:
4931:
4923:
4834:
4814:
4419:
3510:
3082:
2624:
2441:
2417:
The tasks of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat can be divided into the following areas:
357:
350:
258:
7855:
7661:
7655:
7611:
7596:
7525:
7497:
7405:
7342:
7252:
7224:
7204:
7142:
7050:
7014:
6888:
6855:
6848:
6801:
6783:
6700:
6449:
6318:
6266:
6172:
6125:
6053:
6042:
5754:
5744:
5736:
5632:
5622:
5533:
5528:
5511:
5477:
5344:
5331:
5152:
5058:
5016:
5011:
4801:
4481:
4354:
4023:
3514:
3502:
3086:
2956:
2951:
Orrego Vicuna, Francisco (1986). "Antarctic Conflict and International Cooperation".
2933:
2923:
2719:
2708:
393:
319:, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries had established over 55
308:
172:
648: Parties with consulting status reserving the right to make a territorial claim
7872:
7604:
7296:
7176:
7002:
6975:
6915:
6790:
6720:
6705:
6444:
6373:
6368:
6342:
6337:
6219:
6142:
6095:
5862:
5682:
5647:
5543:
5538:
5472:
5386:
5168:
5160:
5046:
4966:
4918:
4908:
4881:
4525:
4471:
3953:
3494:
3315:
3072:
2692:
570:
562:
405:
219:; for the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all the land and
3933:
3677:
Wright, Minturn, "The Ownership of Antarctica, Its Living and Mineral Resources",
2533:
7862:
7809:
7794:
7700:
7695:
7619:
7584:
7520:
7419:
7334:
7301:
7033:
6816:
6808:
6777:
6693:
6653:
6407:
6363:
6303:
6227:
6197:
6192:
6152:
6130:
6078:
6014:
6004:
5955:
5677:
5662:
5515:
5484:
5446:
5196:
5124:
5118:
5041:
5006:
4866:
4725:
4704:
4668:
4660:
4613:
4455:
4239:
4214:
4140:
4096:
4086:
3960:
3833:
3369:
2754:
2607:
Coroner's investigation into the death by poisoning of Australian astrophysicist
2453:
1728:
1666:
1498:
439:
In 1956 and 1958, India tried unsuccessfully to bring the Antarctic issue to the
409:
6385:
3788:
377:
claim, bringing the Cold War to Antarctica, led the United States to make none.
7836:
7819:
7772:
7731:
7721:
7690:
7549:
7539:
7431:
7381:
7246:
7196:
7169:
7114:
6910:
6905:
6754:
6607:
6461:
6423:
6380:
6313:
6287:
6241:
6214:
6187:
6157:
6100:
6058:
6048:
5928:
5921:
5818:
5798:
5610:
5570:
5501:
5297:
5272:
5227:
5191:
5185:
5177:
5137:
5132:
5106:
5086:
4854:
4652:
4465:
4460:
4450:
4349:
4163:
3757:
3498:
2687:
61:
4570:
3193:"Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources – CCAMLR"
3077:
3060:
1243:
7895:
7799:
7741:
7736:
7726:
7676:
7671:
7647:
7591:
7468:
7462:
7457:
7056:
6967:
6960:
6715:
6510:
6489:
6357:
6135:
6105:
6073:
6068:
5905:
5811:
5694:
5489:
5302:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5142:
5051:
4886:
4717:
4623:
4394:
4188:
3754:"Australian Antarctic Division – Australian environmental law and guidelines"
3506:
2449:
3948:
2937:
307:
The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially
7830:
7824:
7436:
7400:
7266:
7093:
7043:
6982:
6836:
6524:
6475:
6325:
6147:
6110:
6090:
6031:
5565:
5553:
5496:
5424:
5325:
5222:
5216:
5113:
5101:
4974:
4952:
4876:
4829:
4588:
3264:
2608:
2604:
2556:
the discharge or disposal of pollutants into Antarctica or Antarctic waters
685:
627:
514:
Disposal of waste by simply dumping it at the shoreline, as at the Russian
346:
316:
232:
208:
3294:
2888:
2806:
332:
7867:
7767:
7715:
7533:
7320:
7108:
6483:
6415:
6177:
6036:
5999:
5899:
5891:
5699:
5035:
4618:
4198:
4178:
4065:
3886:
2862:
2724:
496:
263:
2427:
Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM.
7666:
7569:
7553:
7395:
7328:
7229:
6638:
6587:
6547:
5869:
5595:
5523:
5465:
4858:
4826:
4696:
4681:
4628:
4255:
4128:
4007:
3588:
1279:
636:
404:
On 17 January 1953, Argentina reopened the Lieutenant Lasala refuge on
200:
177:
164:
364:, committing its members to defend it in case of external aggression.
7188:
6025:
5577:
5360:
4593:
4168:
3943:
3856:
3041:
3023:
2653:
2550:
the introduction into Antarctica of non-indigenous plants and animals
671:
552:
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
522:, is no longer permitted by the Protocol on Environmental Protection.
424:. A British detachment remained three months on the island while the
220:
204:
4770:
1811:
Australia. Effective from their independence on 16 September 1975.
545:
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
336:
Map of research stations and territorial claims in Antarctica (2015)
7120:
4193:
3145:"Por qué es importante la Antártida para Uruguay con miras al 2048"
2645:
2629:
2620:
212:
7747:
7127:
5392:
5368:
5356:
2540:
531:
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
425:
5914:
2840:
5993:
5318:
3316:"Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty"
2559:
the importation into the U.S. of certain items from Antarctica
2524:
Some U.S. laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the
5379:
3976:
2644:, South African law applies to all South African citizens in
3827:"Death of Australian astrophysicist an Antarctic whodunnit".
3247:"Welcome to the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Website"
3147:(in Spanish). El Observador. 21 January 2021. Archived from
559:
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
2994:
Whiteman, Marjorie (1963). "Tripartite Naval Declaration".
2393:
Has an overlapping claim with another one or two claimants.
416:
231:, which implements the treaty system, is headquartered in
3938:
3850:"New Zealand Probes What May Be First South Pole Murder".
3715:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
2380:
2357:
2352:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2263:
2258:
2232:
2206:
2183:
2178:
2155:
2150:
2127:
2122:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2066:
2030:
2004:
1978:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1912:
1886:
1863:
1858:
1835:
1830:
1794:
1768:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1706:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1647:
1642:
1616:
1590:
1564:
1538:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1479:
1474:
1451:
1446:
1420:
1394:
1368:
1342:
1294:
1289:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1224:
1219:
1193:
1170:
1165:
1139:
1106:
1101:
1075:
1049:
1023:
1000:
995:
972:
967:
962:
933:
910:
905:
882:
877:
848:
843:
838:
815:
789:
766:
761:
756:
730:
725:
720:
455:(ICSU) had discussed the possibility of holding a third
6584:
3880:
2503:
Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981
3949:
National Science Foundation – Office of Polar Programs
3559:"Russian Federation: Ratification of Antarctic Treaty"
3246:
613:
Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (SATCM)
3923:
3887:"South Pole Death Mystery – Who killed Rodney Marks?"
3653:
Department of International Relations and Cooperation
2521:
in Antarctica to provide a law enforcement presence.
4555:
207:
without a native human population. It was the first
3484:
2977:"Falkland Islands Dependencies (Hope Bay Incident)"
360:) was included as part of the security zone of the
4314:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
3954:List of all Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings
3529:"Papua New Guinea: Succession to Antarctic Treaty"
2955:. Washington: National Academy Press. p. 55.
2922:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1986.
2648:, and they are subject to the jurisdiction of the
2553:entry into specially protected or scientific areas
2499:Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980
672:Overview of parties to the Antarctic Treaty System
538:Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
187:and related agreements, collectively known as the
3877:, (14 December 2006). Retrieved 19 December 2006.
2632:for failing to cooperate with the investigation.
446:
7893:
3842:
3436:"Czech Republic: Succession to Antarctic Treaty"
3394:
3392:
3390:
7987:Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
7957:Treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones
3861:(19 December 2006). Retrieved 19 December 2006.
3839:, 14 December 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
3816:, 17 December 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
3289:
3287:
3285:
2547:the taking of native Antarctic mammals or birds
2398:
2047:Czechoslovakia, which acceded on 14 June 1962.
1120:Czechoslovakia, which acceded on 14 June 1962.
3872:"South Pole scientist may have been poisoned".
3295:"Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Parties"
2642:South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, 1962
666: Non-party UN member states and observers
635: Parties with consulting status making a
362:Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
8152:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
7992:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
4786:
4541:
3992:
3623:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3563:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3533:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3465:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3440:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
3387:
3374:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
2950:
2867:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
603:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM)
288:
3589:"San Marino accedes to the Antarctic Treaty"
3282:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
475:
27:International treaties concerning Antarctica
8077:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
3803:
3400:"The Antarctic Treaty System: Introduction"
3103:(in Spanish). El Mostrador. 20 January 2022
3065:European Journal of International Relations
2833:"ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty"
2711:, found in 2022 and protected by the treaty
8007:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
4793:
4779:
4548:
4534:
3999:
3985:
3619:"Slovakia: Succession to Antarctic Treaty"
3125:(in Spanish). Revista Marina. 24 July 2021
3024:"Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Argentina)"
2881:
654: Other parties with consulting status
453:International Council of Scientific Unions
380:
295:
281:
8227:December 1959 events in the United States
3076:
2998:. U.S. Department of State. p. 1238.
2790:
8142:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
7851:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
3864:
3641:
3461:"Germany: Accession to Antarctic Treaty"
2993:
2471:
626:
509:
331:
171:
7426:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3910:Antarctic Treaties Act, No. 60 of 1996.
3042:"Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Chile))"
660: Parties without consulting status
388:Some incidents had occurred during the
136:Federal government of the United States
14:
7894:
3934:Original facsimile of Antarctic Treaty
3713:Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015).
2773:
2771:
2672:Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
6570:
4812:
4800:
4774:
4529:
3980:
3339:
3337:
2996:Digest of International Law, Volume 2
601:The Antarctic Treaty System's yearly
577:
554:(1988) (signed in 1988, not in force)
145:English, French, Russian, and Spanish
4505:
3966:An Antarctic Solution for the Koreas
3712:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2395:Reserved the right to make a claim.
176:A 2006 satellite composite image of
7952:Treaties entered into force in 1961
7212:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5409:Norse colonization of North America
3855:, (14 December 2006), reprinted in
3819:
3811:"South Pole death file still open".
3416:from the original on 9 October 2022
3101:"La Antártica después del año 2048"
3058:
2768:
533:(1964) (entered into force in 1982)
505:
67:Flag of the Antarctic Treaty System
24:
6741:United States Exploring Expedition
3778:
3679:Journal of Law and the Environment
3599:from the original on 19 March 2023
3334:
2787:, 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 439.
2581:Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs
428:patrolled its waters until April.
111:Ratification of all 12 signatories
25:
8238:
7815:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7183:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
3929:Full Text of the Antarctic Treaty
3917:
3407:United States Department of State
3349:United States Department of State
3320:United States Department of State
2907:
2893:United States Department of State
2811:United States Department of State
2613:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
461:World Meteorological Organization
211:agreement established during the
7942:Territorial claims in Antarctica
7709:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7102:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4680:
4557:Territorial claims in Antarctica
4504:
4495:
4494:
4254:
3487:The Yearbook of Polar Law Online
3173:. The Conversation. 12 July 2018
2740:Category: Outposts of Antarctica
2508:
2448:is the only major land on Earth
2367:
2339:
2309:
2273:
2245:
2219:
2193:
2165:
2137:
2109:
2079:
2053:
2040:
2017:
1991:
1965:
1952:
1925:
1899:
1873:
1845:
1817:
1804:
1781:
1755:
1719:
1693:
1657:
1629:
1603:
1577:
1551:
1525:
1489:
1461:
1433:
1407:
1381:
1355:
1329:
1311:
1301:
1270:
1234:
1206:
1180:
1152:
1126:
1113:
1088:
1062:
1036:
1010:
982:
946:
920:
892:
858:
828:
802:
776:
740:
704:
567:environmental impact assessments
241:International ownership treaties
155:
60:
3904:
3895:
3779:(USMS), U.S. Marshals Service.
3772:
3746:
3736:
3706:
3684:
3671:
3649:"Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)"
3611:
3581:
3551:
3521:
3478:
3453:
3428:
3362:
3308:
3257:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3185:
3163:
3137:
3115:
3093:
3052:
3034:
3016:
3002:
2780:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2745:Research stations in Antarctica
2635:
2489:(which follows the laws of the
2434:
1320:reunification with West Germany
441:United Nations General Assembly
95:Washington, D.C., United States
8222:History of the Ross Dependency
8202:Treaties of the United Kingdom
8027:Treaties of the Czech Republic
4584:Australian Antarctic Territory
4006:
3972:Emblem of the Antarctic Treaty
3939:Australian Antarctic Territory
3046:International Court of Justice
3028:International Court of Justice
2987:
2969:
2944:
2855:
2825:
2715:International Seabed Authority
2598:
2482:Australian Antarctic Territory
465:International Geophysical Year
447:International Geophysical Year
433:International Court of Justice
313:International Geophysical Year
13:
1:
8207:Treaties of the United States
7088:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7023:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
6571:
2761:
2480:Since the designation of the
8157:Treaties of the Soviet Union
8132:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
7445:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
7261:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7067:French Antarctic Expeditions
6997:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
6883:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5001:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
3924:Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
3721:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway
2785:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
2658:Antarctic Treaties Act, 1996
2491:Australian Capital Territory
2467:
2411:Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
2405:Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
2399:Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
392:, and a new one occurred in
229:Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
227:. Since September 2004, the
7:
8107:Treaties of the Netherlands
6530:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6209:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5074:Andrée's balloon expedition
4648:Chilean Antarctic Territory
4636:British Antarctic Territory
3694:. Norwegian Polar Institute
2664:
2617:National Science Foundation
2593:National Science Foundation
596:
459:. At the suggestion of the
397:send warships south of the
321:Antarctic research stations
10:
8243:
8032:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
7947:Treaties concluded in 1959
5731:Franklin's lost expedition
5431:Christian IV's expeditions
4813:
3825:Deutsche Presse-Agentur.
3499:10.1163/22116427_009010012
2750:Solar radiation management
2735:National Antarctic Program
2526:Antarctic Conservation Act
2462:common heritage of mankind
2450:not claimed by any country
2402:
618:
327:
7548:
7279:
6866:
6606:
6583:
6579:
6566:
6085:Great Northern Expedition
5979:
5761:Rae–Richardson expedition
5510:
5355:
4961:British Arctic Expedition
4853:
4825:
4821:
4808:
4734:
4716:
4689:
4678:
4563:
4490:
4443:
4342:
4306:
4263:
4252:
4207:
4156:
4079:
4014:
3123:"La Antártica es urgente"
3078:10.1177/13540661211033889
2678:Antarctic Protected Areas
2495:Antarctic Treaty Act 1960
2365:
2337:
2307:
2271:
2243:
2217:
2191:
2163:
2135:
2107:
2077:
2051:
2015:
1989:
1963:
1923:
1897:
1871:
1843:
1815:
1779:
1753:
1717:
1691:
1655:
1627:
1601:
1575:
1549:
1523:
1487:
1459:
1431:
1405:
1379:
1353:
1327:
1268:
1232:
1204:
1178:
1150:
1124:
1086:
1060:
1034:
1008:
980:
944:
918:
890:
856:
826:
800:
774:
738:
702:
697:
692:
684:
681:
678:
476:Negotiation of the treaty
154:
149:
141:
131:
123:
115:
107:
99:
91:
83:
73:
59:
47:
37:
8167:Treaties of South Africa
8062:Treaties of East Germany
8057:Treaties of West Germany
7912:1959 in Washington, D.C.
7369:British Antarctic Survey
7363:Captain Arturo Prat Base
6608:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4164:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3832:1 September 2007 at the
2589:Office of Polar Programs
2515:law of the United States
457:International Polar Year
340:
43:Traité sur l'Antarctique
8187:Treaties of Switzerland
8172:Treaties of South Korea
8117:Treaties of North Korea
8112:Treaties of New Zealand
7927:1961 in the environment
7845:Pole of inaccessibility
7508:Antarctic Treaty System
5849:2nd Grinnell expedition
3781:"U.S. Marshals Service"
381:International conflicts
249:Antarctic Treaty System
197:international relations
189:Antarctic Treaty System
3875:The New Zealand Herald
3837:Monstersandcritics.com
2777:"Antarctic Treaty" in
2683:Antarctic Treaty issue
2477:
668:
523:
516:Bellingshausen Station
337:
180:
52:
42:
8217:Treaties of Venezuela
8072:Treaties of Guatemala
7967:Treaties of Australia
7962:Treaties of Argentina
7932:Arms control treaties
7902:Antarctica agreements
7515:Transglobe Expedition
7414:Operation Deep Freeze
6823:Challenger expedition
5689:Coppermine expedition
5210:Drifting ice stations
3959:26 March 2010 at the
2528:, Public Law 95-541,
2475:
630:
513:
335:
175:
48:Договор об Антарктике
8162:Treaties of Slovakia
8147:Treaties of Portugal
8127:Treaties of Pakistan
8097:Treaties of Malaysia
8012:Treaties of Colombia
7917:December 1959 events
4749:Uruguayan Antarctica
4744:Brazilian Antarctica
4641:Queen Elizabeth Land
4579:Argentine Antarctica
3692:"Dronning Maud Land"
3595:. 22 February 2023.
3059:Yao, Joanne (2021).
2487:Jervis Bay Territory
2456:and the South Pole.
608:Consultative Parties
482:Dwight D. Eisenhower
370:internationalization
269:International waters
38:The Antarctic Treaty
8212:Treaties of Uruguay
8197:Treaties of Ukraine
8047:Treaties of Finland
8042:Treaties of Estonia
8037:Treaties of Ecuador
8022:Treaties of Denmark
7982:Treaties of Belgium
7977:Treaties of Belarus
7972:Treaties of Austria
7685:South magnetic pole
6351:Brusilov expedition
5460:Danish colonization
4898:North magnetic pole
4753:American Antarctica
4477:Robert Falcon Scott
4134:South magnetic pole
4092:Antarctic Peninsula
4087:Biogeographic realm
3853:The Daily Telegraph
2983:. 20 February 1952.
2730:Multilateral treaty
2698:Crime in Antarctica
641:Antarctic territory
565:, fauna and flora,
399:60th parallel south
34:
8192:Treaties of Turkey
8182:Treaties of Sweden
8122:Treaties of Norway
8102:Treaties of Monaco
8067:Treaties of Greece
8052:Treaties of France
7997:Treaties of Canada
7922:1961 in Antarctica
7907:1959 in Antarctica
7376:Operation Windmill
7357:Operation Highjump
6332:Rusanov expedition
6237:A. E. Nordenskiöld
5981:North East Passage
5785:McClure expedition
4760:Spanish Antarctica
4756:Russian Antarctica
4604:Princess Elizabeth
4415:Telecommunications
4329:Territorial claims
3791:on 5 February 2012
3370:"Antarctic Treaty"
3345:"Antarctic Region"
3265:"List of Meetings"
2889:"Antarctic Treaty"
2863:"Antarctic Treaty"
2807:"Antarctic Treaty"
2650:magistrate's court
2625:New Zealand Police
2478:
669:
578:Bilateral treaties
524:
520:King George Island
351:Operation Highjump
338:
309:entered into force
259:Outer Space Treaty
181:
32:
8177:Treaties of Spain
8092:Treaties of Japan
8087:Treaties of India
8082:Treaties of Italy
8002:Treaties of Chile
7937:Cold War treaties
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7343:Operation Tabarin
7205:Far Eastern Party
7051:Nimrod Expedition
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6121:M. Pronchishcheva
6043:Siberian Cossacks
5512:Northwest Passage
4845:Research stations
4802:Polar exploration
4768:
4767:
4735:Unrecognized and
4709:
4701:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4609:Kaiser Wilhelm II
4575:
4523:
4522:
4482:Ernest Shackleton
4410:Research stations
4355:Antarctic English
4324:National programs
4319:Military activity
4293:COVID-19 pandemic
4250:
4249:
4119:Floristic Kingdom
4024:Antarctic sea ice
3892:(21 January 2007)
3890:Sunday Star Times
3814:Sunday Star Times
3809:Hotere, Andrea.
3322:. 27 October 2017
3151:on 6 January 2021
2962:978-0-309-03640-5
2720:Montreal Protocol
2709:Ernest Shackleton
2391:
2390:
1788:Papua New Guinea
305:
304:
217:military activity
170:
169:
55:
53:Tratado Antártico
16:(Redirected from
8234:
8137:Treaties of Peru
8017:Treaties of Cuba
7390:Ronne Expedition
6875:
6869:
6733:Dumont d'Urville
6581:
6580:
6568:
6567:
6116:V. Pronchishchev
4823:
4822:
4810:
4809:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4707:
4699:
4684:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4573:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4472:James Clark Ross
4444:Famous explorers
4258:
4077:
4076:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3870:Booker, Jarrod.
3868:
3862:
3858:The New York Sun
3846:
3840:
3823:
3817:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3787:. Archived from
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3756:. Archived from
3750:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3688:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3655:. Archived from
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3629:on 13 March 2014
3625:. Archived from
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3593:Antarctic Treaty
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3569:on 13 March 2014
3565:. Archived from
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3539:on 13 March 2014
3535:. Archived from
3525:
3519:
3518:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3404:
3396:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2916:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2869:. United Nations
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2839:. Archived from
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2788:
2775:
2693:Arctic sanctuary
2585:State Department
2446:150 degrees west
2382:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:United Kingdom (
2279:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:Succession from
2032:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:Ratified as the
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:Succession from
1796:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1499:historical claim
1495:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1280:historical claim
1276:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:Succession from
1108:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1002:
997:
988:
986:
985:
974:
969:
964:
952:
950:
949:
935:
926:
924:
923:
912:
907:
898:
896:
895:
884:
879:
868:unofficial claim
864:
862:
861:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
831:
817:
808:
806:
805:
791:
782:
780:
779:
768:
763:
758:
746:
744:
743:
732:
727:
722:
710:
708:
707:
676:
675:
665:
659:
653:
647:
634:
571:waste management
563:marine pollution
506:Other agreements
406:Deception Island
390:Second World War
297:
290:
283:
238:
237:
199:with respect to
185:Antarctic Treaty
161:Antarctic Treaty
159:
158:
64:
49:
40:
35:
33:Antarctic Treaty
31:
21:
18:Antarctic Treaty
8242:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8231:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7877:
7552:
7544:
7420:McMurdo Station
7289:Modern research
7287:
7275:
7010:O. Nordenskjöld
6873:
6867:
6862:
6778:Ross expedition
6602:
6575:
6554:
5983:
5975:
5516:Northern Canada
5514:
5506:
5359:
5351:
4857:
4849:
4817:
4804:
4799:
4769:
4764:
4737:Proposed claims
4736:
4730:
4726:Marie Byrd Land
4712:
4705:Yamato Yukihara
4685:
4676:
4669:Ross Dependency
4661:Queen Maud Land
4559:
4554:
4524:
4519:
4486:
4456:Richard E. Byrd
4439:
4400:Protected areas
4338:
4302:
4259:
4246:
4203:
4157:Bodies of Water
4152:
4141:West Antarctica
4097:East Antarctica
4075:
4010:
4005:
3961:Wayback Machine
3920:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3885:
3881:
3869:
3865:
3848:Chapman, Paul.
3847:
3843:
3834:Wayback Machine
3824:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3724:
3722:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3659:on 13 July 2011
3647:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3071:(4): 995–1019.
3057:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2949:
2945:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2895:. 22 April 2019
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2813:. 22 April 2019
2805:
2804:
2791:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:Svalbard Treaty
2707:– lost ship of
2667:
2638:
2623:poisoning. The
2601:
2511:
2470:
2454:Queen Maud Land
2442:90 degrees west
2437:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2368:
2366:
2340:
2338:
2310:
2308:
2274:
2272:
2246:
2244:
2220:
2218:
2194:
2192:
2166:
2164:
2138:
2136:
2110:
2108:
2080:
2078:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2018:
2016:
1992:
1990:
1966:
1964:
1953:
1951:
1926:
1924:
1900:
1898:
1874:
1872:
1846:
1844:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1782:
1780:
1756:
1754:
1720:
1718:
1694:
1692:
1658:
1656:
1630:
1628:
1604:
1602:
1578:
1576:
1552:
1550:
1526:
1524:
1490:
1488:
1462:
1460:
1434:
1432:
1408:
1406:
1382:
1380:
1356:
1354:
1330:
1328:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1271:
1269:
1235:
1233:
1207:
1205:
1181:
1179:
1153:
1151:
1127:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1095:Czech Republic
1089:
1087:
1063:
1061:
1037:
1035:
1011:
1009:
983:
981:
947:
945:
921:
919:
893:
891:
859:
857:
829:
827:
803:
801:
777:
775:
741:
739:
705:
703:
694:
689:
674:
667:
663:
661:
657:
655:
651:
649:
645:
643:
632:
621:
599:
580:
508:
478:
449:
383:
343:
330:
301:
203:, Earth's only
156:
87:1 December 1959
69:
50:
45:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8240:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7841:
7840:
7839:
7837:Vostok Station
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7788:Cherry-Garrard
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7628:Southern Cross
7624:
7623:
7622:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7558:
7556:
7550:Farthest South
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7511:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7465:
7460:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7422:
7417:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7365:
7360:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7311:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7247:Ross Sea party
7243:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7208:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7179:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7117:
7112:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7047:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6941:Southern Cross
6934:Southern Cross
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6878:
6876:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6799:
6793:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6680:Bellingshausen
6670:
6663:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6577:
6576:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6539:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5989:
5987:
5985:Russian Arctic
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5742:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5427:
5422:
5420:Snæbjörn galti
5417:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5322:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5213:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5166:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:Farthest North
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4653:Peter I Island
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4599:Mac. Robertson
4596:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4502:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4466:Ui-te-Rangiora
4463:
4461:Douglas Mawson
4458:
4453:
4451:Roald Amundsen
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
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4392:
4390:Gateway cities
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4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4350:Antarctica Day
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4340:
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4220:Microorganisms
4217:
4211:
4209:
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4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:List of rivers
4181:
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4138:
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4114:Extreme points
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4104:
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4089:
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4068:
4063:
4058:
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4034:Climate change
4026:
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4018:
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4003:
3996:
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3918:External links
3916:
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3879:
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3841:
3818:
3802:
3785:usmarshals.gov
3771:
3760:on 19 May 2009
3745:
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3493:(1): 262–281.
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3015:
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2843:on 15 May 2019
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2688:Arctic Council
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2573:Transportation
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2530:16 U.S.C.
2510:
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2403:Main article:
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2013:
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1987:
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1981:
1976:
1973:
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1959:Soviet Union.
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6994:
6990:
6987:
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6984:
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6977:
6973:
6969:
6968:Discovery Hut
6966:
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6500:
6499:
6498:A. Sibiryakov
6495:
6491:
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6487:
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6485:
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6477:
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6472:
6471:
6470:Glavsevmorput
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5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5772:J. Richardson
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:M. Corte-Real
5532:
5530:
5529:G. Corte-Real
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:C. Richardson
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5261:Georgiy Sedov
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Riiser-Larsen
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:Former claims
4688:
4683:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Midwinter Day
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4334:Treaty System
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:McMurdo Sound
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Why 60 South?
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3907:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3739:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2929:0-585-26158-X
2925:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:U.S. Marshals
2516:
2509:United States
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2396:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:South Africa
2076:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1998:Saudi Arabia
1988:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:New Zealand (
1654:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1123:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1004:
999:
994:
991:
979:
976:
971:
966:
961:
958:
957:
943:
940:
937:
932:
929:
917:
914:
909:
904:
901:
889:
886:
881:
876:
873:
870:
869:
855:
852:
847:
842:
837:
825:
822:
819:
814:
811:
799:
796:
793:
788:
785:
773:
770:
765:
760:
755:
752:
751:
737:
734:
729:
724:
719:
716:
715:
701:
687:
677:
642:
638:
629:
625:
616:
614:
609:
604:
590:
586:
582:
581:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
529:
528:
527:
521:
517:
512:
503:
500:
498:
493:
489:
485:
483:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:In 1950, the
444:
442:
437:
436:were closed.
434:
429:
427:
423:
422:South Georgia
418:
414:
413:
407:
402:
400:
395:
391:
386:
378:
374:
371:
365:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
334:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
235:, Argentina.
234:
230:
226:
225:60°S latitude
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
174:
166:
162:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
44:
36:
30:
19:
7843:
7831:Pole of Cold
7829:
7755:
7746:
7714:
7707:
7683:
7654:
7640:
7634:Borchgrevink
7626:
7613:
7598:
7578:
7563:
7532:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7490:
7476:
7467:
7450:
7443:
7424:
7412:
7388:
7374:
7367:
7355:
7341:
7327:
7313:
7306:
7267:
7259:
7245:
7238:
7236:
7218:
7210:
7203:
7190:
7181:
7143:
7135:
7126:
7119:
7107:
7100:
7086:
7074:Pourquoi-Pas
7073:
7065:
7057:
7049:
7044:Orcadas Base
7042:
7034:
7021:
7015:C. A. Larsen
7003:
6995:
6981:
6974:
6961:
6953:
6947:Borchgrevink
6940:
6932:
6889:
6881:
6856:C. A. Larsen
6849:
6830:
6821:
6803:
6785:
6776:
6763:
6748:
6739:
6726:
6687:
6673:
6666:
6647:
6632:
6542:
6535:
6518:
6511:
6497:
6482:
6468:
6455:
6430:
6416:
6414:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6356:
6349:
6330:
6296:
6294:
6280:
6278:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6228:
6226:
6207:
6083:
6041:
6024:
5992:
5956:
5954:
5934:
5933:
5913:
5912:
5898:
5885:
5870:
5856:
5847:
5834:
5805:
5793:Investigator
5792:
5783:
5759:
5746:
5738:
5729:
5716:
5687:
5664:
5649:
5634:
5604:
5589:
5559:
5478:
5458:
5429:
5425:Erik the Red
5407:
5385:
5378:
5335:submersibles
5332:
5326:Arktika 2007
5324:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5291:
5282:
5279:
5260:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5215:
5208:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5125:
5123:
5094:
5091:
5080:S. A. Andrée
5072:
5059:
5034:
5026:
5023:
4999:
4981:
4968:
4959:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4896:
4380:Firefighting
4365:Demographics
4333:
4288:Colonization
4283:World War II
3906:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3793:. Retrieved
3789:the original
3784:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3758:the original
3748:
3738:
3730:
3725:22 September
3723:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3698:22 September
3696:. Retrieved
3686:
3678:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3592:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:the original
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3537:the original
3523:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3455:
3443:. Retrieved
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3377:. Retrieved
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:
3324:. Retrieved
3310:
3300:11 September
3298:. Retrieved
3272:. Retrieved
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:the original
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3095:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2952:
2946:
2919:
2899:11 September
2897:. Retrieved
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2866:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:the original
2836:
2827:
2817:11 September
2815:. Retrieved
2778:
2703:
2639:
2636:South Africa
2609:Rodney Marks
2605:Christchurch
2602:
2577:the Interior
2565:the Treasury
2562:
2536:
2523:
2512:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2458:
2438:
2435:Legal system
2416:
2410:
2408:
2392:
2281:
2200:Switzerland
2198:
2116:South Korea
1727:
1700:North Korea
1665:
1636:Netherlands
1497:
1309:
1299:Ratified as
1278:
1242:
954:
866:
748:
712:
693:Consultative
686:Ratification
622:
612:
607:
602:
600:
525:
501:
494:
490:
486:
479:
470:
450:
438:
430:
411:
403:
387:
384:
375:
366:
355:
347:World War II
344:
317:Soviet Union
306:
248:
233:Buenos Aires
209:arms control
195:), regulate
192:
188:
184:
182:
103:23 June 1961
29:
7534:Lake Vostok
7484:Tryoshnikov
7406:Schlossbach
7297:Christensen
7239:James Caird
7160:E. R. Evans
6926:Dobrowolski
6896:de Gerlache
6598:Expeditions
6484:Aviaarktika
6438:Samoylovich
6309:Kolomeitsev
6203:Middendorff
6163:Gedenshtrom
5583:I. Fyodorov
5345:Chilingarov
5233:E. Fyodorov
4840:Expeditions
4571:Adélie Land
4468:(legendary)
4375:Field camps
4273:Expeditions
4199:Weddell Sea
4179:Lake Vostok
4174:Lake Mercer
4046:Ice shelves
3719:Aftenposten
2847:10 February
2783:. Chicago:
2725:Moon treaty
2599:New Zealand
2534:§ 2401
2464:principle.
2381:24 May 1999
2353:11 Jan 1980
2330:23 Jun 1961
2325:18 Aug 1960
2300:23 Jun 1961
2295:31 May 1960
2259:28 Oct 1992
2233:24 Jan 1996
2207:15 Nov 1990
2184:21 Sep 1988
2179:24 Apr 1984
2156:21 Sep 1988
2151:31 Mar 1982
2123:28 Nov 1986
2100:23 Jun 1961
2095:21 Jun 1960
2067:22 Apr 2019
2005:22 May 2024
1979:14 Feb 2023
1972:San Marino
1946:23 Jun 1961
1913:15 Sep 1971
1887:29 Jan 2010
1864:29 Jul 1977
1831:10 Apr 1981
1795:16 Mar 1981
1746:23 Jun 1961
1741:24 Aug 1960
1707:21 Jan 1987
1684:23 Jun 1961
1648:19 Nov 1990
1643:30 Mar 1967
1617:23 Mar 2015
1591:31 May 2008
1565:31 Oct 2011
1539:27 Jan 2015
1532:Kazakhstan
1516:23 Jun 1961
1475:18 Mar 1981
1452:12 Sep 1983
1447:19 Aug 1983
1421:13 Oct 2015
1395:27 Jan 1984
1369:31 Jul 1991
1261:23 Jun 1961
1256:16 Sep 1960
1225:20 Oct 1989
1220:15 May 1984
1194:17 May 2001
1171:19 Nov 1990
1166:15 Sep 1987
1140:20 May 1965
1076:16 Aug 1984
1050:11 Aug 2022
1043:Costa Rica
1024:31 Jan 1989
973:23 Jun 1961
968:23 Jun 1961
906:11 Sep 1978
883:27 Sep 1983
878:16 May 1975
849:23 Jun 1961
844:26 Jul 1960
816:27 Dec 2006
790:25 Aug 1987
767:23 Jun 1961
762:23 Jun 1961
747:Australia (
731:23 Jun 1961
726:23 Jun 1961
711:Argentina (
497:sovereignty
415:armed with
264:Moon Treaty
221:ice shelves
116:Signatories
78:Condominium
7896:Categories
7757:Terra Nova
7662:Shackleton
7605:J. C. Ross
7564:Resolution
7554:South Pole
7329:New Swabia
7253:Mackintosh
7225:Shackleton
7144:Terra Nova
7137:Terra Nova
6871:Heroic Age
6831:Challenger
6791:J. C. Ross
6701:Bransfield
6633:Resolution
6548:icebreaker
6512:Chelyuskin
6253:expedition
6231:Expedition
6173:Matyushkin
6131:Kh. Laptev
6126:Chelyuskin
6020:Heemskerck
6010:Chancellor
6005:Willoughby
6000:Koch boats
5943:Stefansson
5877:McClintock
5841:Inglefield
5683:J. C. Ross
5590:Resolution
5442:Cunningham
5340:Sagalevich
5029:expedition
4988:Stephenson
4948:C. F. Hall
4935:expedition
4909:J. C. Ross
4872:Heemskerck
4859:North Pole
4697:New Swabia
4614:Queen Mary
4278:Heroic Age
4129:South Pole
4039:Heat waves
4008:Antarctica
3795:11 January
3274:13 January
3197:ccamlr.org
2981:Parliament
2762:References
2646:Antarctica
2640:Under the
2374:Venezuela
2358:7 Oct 1985
2320:1 Dec 1959
2290:1 Dec 1959
2264:4 Jun 2004
2128:9 Oct 1989
2090:1 Dec 1959
2031:1 Jan 1993
1941:2 Nov 1960
1936:1 Dec 1959
1859:8 Jun 1961
1836:9 Oct 1989
1769:1 Mar 2012
1736:1 Dec 1959
1679:1 Nov 1960
1674:1 Dec 1959
1511:4 Aug 1960
1506:1 Dec 1959
1480:5 Oct 1987
1362:Guatemala
1343:8 Jan 1987
1295:3 Mar 1981
1290:5 Feb 1979
1251:1 Dec 1959
1107:1 Apr 2014
1102:1 Jan 1993
1001:7 Oct 1985
996:8 Jun 1983
963:1 Dec 1959
934:4 May 1988
911:5 Jun 1998
839:1 Dec 1959
757:1 Dec 1959
721:1 Dec 1959
690:Accession
682:Signature
201:Antarctica
178:Antarctica
165:Wikisource
132:Depositary
7856:Tolstikov
7642:Discovery
7612:HMS
7597:HMS
7579:Adventure
7577:HMS
7562:HMS
7498:Tolstikov
7219:Endurance
7004:Antarctic
6989:Drygalski
6962:Discovery
6955:Discovery
6916:Arctowski
6829:HMS
6802:HMS
6796:Abernethy
6784:HMS
6762:USS
6749:Vincennes
6747:USS
6727:Astrolabe
6667:San Telmo
6648:Adventure
6646:HMS
6631:HMS
6626:Kerguelen
6588:Continent
6573:Antarctic
6450:Urvantsev
6408:Vilkitsky
6261:Jeannette
6259:USS
6251:Jeannette
6215:Weyprecht
6193:Pakhtusov
6143:Chichagov
6136:D. Laptev
6079:Permyakov
6054:Stadukhin
6049:Perfilyev
6026:Mangazeya
5964:H. Larsen
5929:Rasmussen
5884:HMS
5855:USS
5804:HMS
5791:HMS
5755:Collinson
5745:HMS
5737:HMS
5715:HMS
5663:HMS
5648:HMS
5633:HMS
5618:Mackenzie
5605:Discovery
5603:HMS
5588:HMS
5560:Discovery
5539:Frobisher
5502:Rasmussen
5415:Gunnbjörn
5361:Greenland
5290:USS
5281:USS
5153:Ellsworth
5095:Roosevelt
5025:Nansen's
4982:Discovery
4980:HMS
4967:HMS
4914:Abernethy
4882:Marmaduke
4718:Unclaimed
4430:Transport
4169:Lake CECs
4146:ice sheet
4102:ice sheet
4071:Volcanoes
4061:Mountains
4016:Geography
3681:4 (1987).
3663:5 October
3515:159373678
3507:2211-6427
3354:16 August
3087:238807417
2704:Endurance
2654:Cape Town
2468:Australia
2060:Slovenia
2024:Slovakia
1880:Portugal
1762:Pakistan
1610:Mongolia
1558:Malaysia
1277:Germany (
1017:Colombia
899:Bulgaria
223:south of
205:continent
150:Full text
142:Languages
108:Condition
100:Effective
51:Spanish:
46:Russian:
7868:A. Fuchs
7825:V. Fuchs
7805:McKinley
7768:E. Evans
7727:Bjaaland
7722:Amundsen
7672:Marshall
7585:Furneaux
7437:V. Fuchs
7401:E. Ronne
7396:F. Ronne
7335:Ritscher
7189:SY
7177:Filchner
7121:Framheim
7115:Amundsen
6921:Racoviță
6906:Amundsen
6901:Lecointe
6770:Ringgold
6764:Porpoise
6654:Furneaux
6490:Shevelev
6445:Begichev
6424:Amundsen
6386:Nagórski
6364:Brusilov
6358:Sv. Anna
6272:Melville
6242:Palander
6198:Tsivolko
6158:Sannikov
6153:Billings
6096:Chirikov
6015:Barentsz
5957:St. Roch
5948:Bartlett
5922:Amundsen
5906:Sverdrup
5806:Resolute
5695:Franklin
5623:Kotzebue
5490:Sverdrup
5473:Scoresby
5447:Lindenov
5298:Plaisted
5283:Nautilus
5228:Shirshov
5202:Belyakov
5197:Baydukov
5171:Nautilus
5133:Amundsen
5093:SS
5052:Sverdrup
5047:Johansen
5017:Brainard
5012:Lockwood
4867:Barentsz
4624:George V
4500:Category
4405:Religion
4307:Politics
4225:Wildlife
4194:Ross Sea
4056:Glaciers
3957:Archived
3830:Archived
3764:3 August
3633:13 March
3603:28 April
3597:Archived
3573:13 March
3543:13 March
3470:13 March
3445:12 March
3420:12 March
3411:Archived
3379:12 March
3177:29 March
3155:29 March
3129:29 March
3107:29 March
2938:45730572
2873:28 March
2665:See also
2630:Raytheon
2621:methanol
2569:Commerce
2501:and the
2346:Uruguay
2252:Ukraine
1906:Romania
1726:Norway (
1414:Iceland
1388:Hungary
1241:France (
1213:Finland
1187:Estonia
1159:Ecuador
1133:Denmark
865:Brazil (
835:Belgium
809:Belarus
783:Austria
679:Country
597:Meetings
394:Hope Bay
213:Cold War
92:Location
41:French:
7873:Messner
7820:Hillary
7800:Balchen
7748:Polheim
7742:Wisting
7620:Crozier
7592:Weddell
7570:J. Cook
7540:Kapitsa
7521:Fiennes
7463:Klenova
7432:Hillary
7382:Ketchum
7308:BANZARE
7283:·
7128:Polheim
7094:Shirase
7080:Charcot
6890:Belgica
6809:Crozier
6721:Morrell
6716:Weddell
6694:Lazarev
6639:J. Cook
6593:History
6543:Arktika
6519:Krassin
6504:Voronin
6476:Schmidt
6462:Ushakov
6401:Vaygach
6369:Albanov
6338:Rusanov
6319:Kolchak
6314:Matisen
6288:Makarov
6267:De Long
6168:Wrangel
6148:Lyakhov
6101:Malygin
6059:Dezhnev
5886:Pandora
5857:Advance
5824:Kennedy
5819:Belcher
5812:Kellett
5799:McClure
5723:Beechey
5717:Blossom
5710:Simpson
5678:Crozier
5671:Hoppner
5628:J. Ross
5596:J. Cook
5544:Gilbert
5437:J. Hall
5403:Ingólfr
5393:Naddodd
5387:Vikings
5374:Brendan
5369:Pytheas
5357:Iceland
5311:Arktika
5303:Herbert
5268:Badygin
5238:Krenkel
5223:Papanin
5192:Chkalov
5178:Wilkins
5143:Wisting
5087:F. Cook
4993:Markham
4953:Bessels
4942:Polaris
4933:Polaris
4904:J. Ross
4887:Carolus
4835:History
4589:Enderby
4510:Commons
4425:Tourism
4370:Economy
4343:Society
4265:History
4235:Mammals
4124:Islands
4080:Regions
4051:Geology
4029:Climate
3326:30 June
2591:of the
2583:of the
2541:statute
2537:et seq.
2226:Turkey
2172:Sweden
1932:Russia
1852:Poland
1584:Monaco
1496:Japan (
1336:Greece
953:Chile (
927:Canada
695:status
619:Parties
426:frigate
328:History
124:Parties
7783:Bowers
7778:Wilson
7737:Hassel
7732:Helmer
7701:Mackay
7691:Mawson
7656:Nimrod
7614:Terror
7599:Erebus
7526:Burton
7321:Rymill
7197:Mawson
7191:Aurora
7170:Lashly
7155:Wilson
7058:Nimrod
7035:Scotia
6842:Murray
6817:Cooper
6804:Terror
6786:Erebus
6755:Wilkes
6706:Palmer
6674:Vostok
6621:Bouvet
6545:-class
6525:Gakkel
6393:Taymyr
6374:Konrad
6343:Kuchin
6281:Yermak
6188:Lavrov
6106:Ovtsyn
6091:Bering
6069:Ivanov
6032:Hudson
5994:Pomors
5971:Cowper
5936:Karluk
5835:Isabel
5829:Bellot
5779:Austin
5747:Terror
5739:Erebus
5635:Griper
5611:Clerke
5571:Baffin
5554:Hudson
5485:Nansen
5398:Garðar
5319:Barneo
5186:ANT-25
5162:Italia
5138:Nobile
5107:Henson
5066:Amedeo
5042:Nansen
5007:Greely
4877:Hudson
4815:Arctic
4708:(Jap.)
4700:(Ger.)
4672:(N.Z.)
4664:(Nor.)
4656:(Nor.)
4619:Wilkes
4564:Claims
4107:shield
4066:Tundra
3743:21:409
3513:
3505:
3269:ats.aq
3251:ats.aq
3085:
2959:
2936:
2926:
2837:ats.aq
2674:(ASOC)
2656:. The
2575:, and
2532:
2497:, the
2372:
2344:
2314:
2278:
2250:
2224:
2170:
2144:Spain
2142:
2114:
2084:
2058:
2045:
2022:
1996:
1970:
1957:
1930:
1904:
1878:
1850:
1822:
1809:
1786:
1760:
1724:
1698:
1662:
1634:
1608:
1582:
1556:
1530:
1494:
1468:Italy
1466:
1440:India
1438:
1412:
1386:
1360:
1334:
1316:
1306:
1275:
1239:
1211:
1185:
1157:
1131:
1118:
1093:
1067:
1041:
1015:
989:China
987:
951:
925:
897:
863:
833:
807:
781:
745:
709:
698:Notes
664:
658:
652:
646:
633:
547:(1982)
540:(1972)
345:After
84:Signed
7863:Crary
7810:Dufek
7773:Oates
7763:Scott
7696:David
7677:Adams
7648:Barne
7469:Mirny
7458:Somov
7268:Quest
7165:Crean
7150:Scott
7029:Bruce
6983:Gauss
6976:Gauss
6850:Jason
6837:Nares
6711:Davis
6688:Mirny
6661:Smith
6616:Roché
6536:Lenin
6456:Sadko
6381:Wiese
6326:Sedov
6297:Zarya
6220:Payer
6183:Litke
6178:Anjou
6111:Minin
6074:Vagin
6064:Popov
6037:Poole
5892:Young
5705:Dease
5650:Hecla
5641:Parry
5566:Bylot
5549:Davis
5524:Cabot
5497:Peary
5479:Jason
5466:Egede
5380:Papar
5292:Skate
5273:Wiese
5253:NP-37
5246:NP-36
5126:Norge
5114:Sedov
5102:Peary
5060:Jason
4975:Nares
4969:Alert
4924:Hayes
4892:Parry
4830:Ocean
4629:Oates
4574:(Fr.)
4515:Index
4435:Women
4385:Flags
4360:Crime
4298:Years
4240:Krill
4230:Birds
4215:Flora
3511:S2CID
3414:(PDF)
3403:(PDF)
3083:S2CID
2283:claim
1824:Peru
1729:claim
1667:claim
1244:claim
1069:Cuba
956:claim
750:claim
714:claim
637:claim
592:2007)
588:2003)
584:1938)
412:Snipe
358:90° W
341:1940s
7795:Byrd
7716:Fram
7667:Wild
7349:Marr
7315:BGLE
7302:Byrd
7230:Wild
7109:Fram
6911:Cook
6432:AARI
6417:Maud
6304:Toll
6229:Vega
5915:Gjøa
5900:Fram
5863:Kane
5700:Back
5665:Fury
5656:Lyon
5578:Munk
5217:NP-1
5119:Byrd
5036:Fram
5027:Fram
4919:Kane
4594:Kemp
4420:Time
4208:Life
3797:2006
3766:2007
3727:2015
3700:2015
3665:2010
3635:2014
3605:2023
3575:2014
3545:2014
3503:ISSN
3472:2014
3447:2014
3422:2014
3381:2014
3356:2024
3328:2019
3302:2022
3276:2020
3179:2023
3157:2023
3131:2023
3109:2023
2957:ISBN
2934:OCLC
2924:ISBN
2901:2022
2875:2018
2849:2010
2819:2022
2513:The
2444:and
2409:The
557:The
550:The
543:The
536:The
417:Sten
410:HMS
183:The
74:Type
7492:3rd
7478:2nd
7452:1st
7285:IGY
7281:IPY
5871:Fox
5767:Rae
5333:Mir
5309:NS
3495:doi
3073:doi
2652:in
2385:No
2377:No
2349:No
2255:No
2237:No
2229:No
2211:No
2203:No
2175:No
2147:No
2119:No
2071:No
2063:No
2035:No
2027:No
2009:No
2001:No
1983:No
1975:No
1917:No
1909:No
1891:No
1883:No
1855:No
1827:No
1799:No
1791:No
1773:No
1765:No
1711:No
1703:No
1639:No
1621:No
1613:No
1595:No
1587:No
1569:No
1561:No
1543:No
1535:No
1471:No
1443:No
1425:No
1417:No
1399:No
1391:No
1373:No
1365:No
1347:No
1339:No
1286:No
1216:No
1198:No
1190:No
1162:No
1144:No
1136:No
1098:No
1080:No
1072:No
1054:No
1046:No
1028:No
1020:No
992:No
938:No
930:No
902:No
874:No
820:No
812:No
794:No
786:No
639:to
518:on
193:ATS
163:at
7898::
6397:/
3783:.
3729:.
3717:.
3651:.
3621:.
3591:.
3561:.
3531:.
3509:.
3501:.
3489:.
3463:.
3438:.
3409:.
3405:.
3389:^
3372:.
3347:.
3336:^
3318:.
3284:^
3267:.
3249:.
3195:.
3081:.
3069:27
3067:.
3063:.
3044:.
3026:.
2979:.
2932:.
2909:^
2891:.
2865:.
2835:.
2809:.
2792:^
2770:^
2595:.
2571:,
2567:,
2543::
2505:.
2286:)
1732:)
1670:)
1502:)
1322:.
1283:)
1247:)
959:)
871:)
753:)
717:)
569:,
499:.
443:.
127:57
119:12
6874:"
6868:"
6811:)
6807:(
6798:)
6789:(
4794:e
4787:t
4780:v
4549:e
4542:t
4535:v
4000:e
3993:t
3986:v
3799:.
3768:.
3702:.
3667:.
3637:.
3607:.
3577:.
3547:.
3517:.
3497::
3491:9
3474:.
3449:.
3424:.
3383:.
3358:.
3330:.
3304:.
3278:.
3253:.
3199:.
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