1879:
1321:
1354:
1697:
3330:
104:
3980:
1898:, an Iraqi–American academic and pro-Iraq War advocate, criticized HRW for promising that the records proved genocide. He warned that the records contained neither "smoking guns" nor do they contain records of the "explosive nature" as HRW claimed. Furthermore, he said that certain documents that seemed incriminating could have been planted by Kurdish rebels. After the invasion of Iraq, Makiya said in December 2003 that the Iraqi document archives contained no "smoking gun" to convict Saddam Hussein of war crimes.
1404:, surprising the Peshmerga. Although of shorter duration, Peshmerga suffered more severe casualties in this attack than the first Anfal. As a result of the attack, the majority of the population in the Qara Dagh region fled in the direction of Suleimanya. Many fugitives were detained by the Iraqi forces, and the men were separated from the women. The men were not seen again. The women were transported to camps. The population that managed to flee, fled to the Garmia region.
1135:
4177:
38:
1572:
status among Kurds". In 1995, the
Committee for the Defence of Anfal Victims' Rights released a report documenting 63,000 disappeared and stating that the entire death toll was lower than 70,000, with almost all these deaths occurring in the area of Anfal III. According to Hiltermann, the figure of 100,000, although considered too low by many Kurds, is probably higher than the actual number of deaths.
1474:, was well prepared for a long siege with stores of ammunition and food. He also reached an agreement with the Kurdish collaborators of the Iraqi Army so that the civilians could flee. Hiran, Balisan, Smaquli, Malakan, Shek Wasan, Ware, Seran and Kaniba were attacked with poisonous gas. After the Anfal 7 attack, the valleys were under the control of the Iraqi government.
1181:) fought a guerrilla war against the Iraqi government and established effective control over the Kurdish-inhabited mountainous areas of northern Iraq. As the war went on and Iran counterattacked into Iraq, the peshmerga gained ground in most Kurdish-inhabited rural areas while also infiltrating towns and cities. In 1983, after
1580:
In
September 1988, the Iraqi government was satisfied with its achievements. The male population between 15 and 50 had either been killed or fled. The Kurdish resistance fled to Iran and was no longer a threat to Iraq. An amnesty was issued, and the detained women, children and elderly were released
1550:
from Iraq's southern regions to Kirkuk with the lure of inexpensive housing. Another part of the
Arabisation campaign was the census of October 1987. Citizens who failed to turn up for the October 1987 census were no longer recognized as Iraqi citizens. Most of the Kurdish population who learned that
1486:
named
Badinan and took place from 25 August to 6 September 1988. In this campaign, the villages of Wirmeli, Barkavreh, Bilejane, Glenaska, Zewa Shkan, Tuka and Ikmala were targeted with chemical attacks. After tens of thousands of Kurds fled to Turkey, the Iraqi Army blocked the route to Turkey on 26
2115:
the court points out that.. there are no documents in the file from which the findings and conclusions of the
Special Rapporteur can be directly deduced and from which, in the context of criminal proceedings such as the present one, there are building blocks with a sufficient degree of certainty for
1416:
east of
Suleimanya was targeted. In this campaign, many women and children disappeared. The only village attacked with chemical weapons was Tazashar. Many were lured to come towards the Iraqi forces due to an amnesty announced through a loudspeaker of a mosque in Qader Karam from 10 to 12 April. The
1384:. The battles were conducted in a theater around 1,154 square kilometres (445 sq. mi.). The villages of Gwezeela, Chalawi, Haladin and Yakhsamar were attacked with poison gas. During mid March, the PUK, in an alliance with Iranian troops and other Kurdish factions, captured Halabja. This led to the
2820:
The appellate court, however, did not simply conclude that van Anraat was unaware of Saddam's genocidal plan. It also held that the Anfal campaign did not amount to genocide. In its written judgment, the appeals panel said there was insufficient evidence to establish that the poison gas attacks on
2075:
The appellate court, however, did not simply conclude that van Anraat was unaware of Saddam's genocidal plan. It also held that the Anfal campaign did not amount to genocide. In its written judgment, the appeals panel said there was insufficient evidence to establish that the poison gas attacks on
2875:
the court points out that Van der Stoel stated as a witness that he based his highly relevant reports on human rights violations in Iraq, H74 and H75, on "a large stream of documents, fourteen tons" while, with the exception of a few appendices to those reports, there are no documents in the file
1571:
in 1991 and mentioned a figure of 182,000 deaths; the latter reportedly replied that "it couldn't have been more than 100,000". The 182,000 figure provided by the PUK was based on extrapolation and "has no empirical relation to actual disappearances or killings", though it "has assumed mythical
2876:
from which the findings and conclusions of the
Special Rapporteur can be directly deduced and from which, in the context of criminal proceedings such as the present one, there are building blocks with a sufficient degree of certainty for a finding of fact in respect of genocide can be derived.
1857:
In 1993, the United States government collected 18 tons of Iraqi government documents which were captured by the
Peshmerga during the 1991 uprising and airlifted them to the United States. In those files, HRW conducted research on the Anfal campaign in collaboration with United States federal
1874:
scanners. HRW accepted the US government role under the condition that personnel involved worked under its direction. The files include documents which were collected by the
Kurdish parties PUK and KDP, both parties hold the ultimate ownership of the documents that were airlifted to the US.
1853:
There have been few publications about the Anfal campaign and as of 2008, the only comprehensive account of it is that which was published by HRW. Human Rights Watch's 1993 report on Anfal was based on Iraqi documents, examination of grave sites, and interviews with
Kurdish survivors.
1735:
announced that Saddam Hussein and six co-defendants would face trial on 21 August 2006 in relation to the Anfal campaign. In December 2006, Saddam was put on trial for the genocide during Operation Anfal. The trial for the Anfal campaign was still underway on 30 December 2006, when
1417:
announced amnesty was a trap, and many who surrendered were detained. Some civilians were able to bribe Kurdish collaborators of the Iraqi Army and fled to Laylan or Shorsh. Before the Anfal campaign, the mainly rural Garmian region counted over 600 villages around the towns of
1893:
In exchange for access to the National Archives documents, HRW agreed to help the United States government find information about Iraqi atrocities. Joost Hiltermann, HRW's lead researcher on Anfal, referred to these files as "the good stuff…material to smear the enemy with".
1646:
of complicity in war crimes for his role in selling chemical weapons to the Iraqi government. He was given a 15-year sentence. The court also ruled that the killing of thousands of Kurds in Iraq in the 1980s was indeed an act of genocide. In the 1948
1585:
where they lived under military rule until a regional autonomy for Iraqi Kurdistan was achieved in 1991. Following, most survivors returned, and began to reconstruct the villages. In Kurdish society, the Anfal survivors are known as Anfal mothers
1495:
Detention camps were established to accommodate thousands of prisoners. Dibs was a detention camp for women and children and located near an army training facility for the Iraqi commando forces. From Dibs, groups of detainees were transferred to
1747:
The Anfal trial recessed on 21 December 2006, and when it resumed on 8 January 2007, the remaining charges against Saddam Hussein were dropped. Six co-defendants continued to stand trial for their roles in the Anfal campaign. On 23 June 2007,
1655:, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group". The Dutch court said that it was considered "legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the Genocide Conventions as an
1469:
and Shaqlawa were targeted, and the attacks had different successes. The Anfal 5 failed completely; therefore, two more attacks were necessary to gain Iraqi government control over the valleys. The Peshmerga commander of the region,
1457:. Major poisonous gas attacks were perpetrated in Askar and Goptapa. Again it was announced an amnesty was issued, which turned out to be false. Many of the ones who surrendered were arrested. Men were separated from the women.
2470:
The precise death toll from the Halabja gas attack is unknown but thought to be several thousand. Out of an area population of 70-80,000 and with the reported intensity of the bombardment this was perhaps a remarkably small
6223:
6228:
1487:
August 1988. The population who did not manage to flee was arrested, and the men were separated from the women and children. The men were executed, and the women and children were brought to camps.
2982:
6163:
1878:
5600:
1400:. Again several villages were attacked with poison gas. Villages attacked with poisonous gas were Safaran, Sewsenan, Belekjar, Serko and Meyoo. The attacks began on 22 March after
914:
1512:. Nugra Salman held an estimated 5,000 to 8,000 prisoners during the Anfal campaign. Another detention camp was Topzawa near an army base near the highway leading out of Kirkuk.
6263:
4936:
3906:
2623:
4387:
1320:
6028:
2807:
2062:
1523:, another major element of al-Anfal, was a tactic used by Saddam Hussein's regime to drive pro-insurgent populations out of their homes in villages and cities like
1803:
eight days later, on 25 January 2010. Sultan Hashem Ahmed was not hanged due to opposition of the Iraqi President Jalal Talabani, who opposed capital punishment.
4705:
1829:
were also denied by the court; thus hampering the defendants' ability to challenge the claims of the prosecutors. The trial was marked by absence of fundamental
302:
3940:
1353:
1193:
men and executed them. During the battle for Haj Omran, the Iraqi government also used gas weapons for the first time against both Kurdish and Iranian forces.
6139:
4944:
4678:
1563:
wrote that the death toll "cannot conceivably be less than 50,000, and it may well be twice that number". This figure was based on an earlier survey by the
48:
6107:
3029:
2928:
907:
4300:
3096:
2973:
981:
1696:
4976:
3435:
2235:
5683:
1567:–based Kurdish organization Committee for the Defence of Anfal Victims' Rights. According to HRW, Kurdish leaders met with Iraqi government official
1471:
1110:; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007
5996:
5047:
4366:
6213:
5855:
5635:
5071:
4332:
4246:
3318:
2717:""We Want to be Remembered as Strong Women, Not as Shepherds": Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq Struggling for Agency and Acknowledgement"
1373:
900:
1821:
stated that many of the charges were "vague" and concluded that the defendants were unable to bring their witnesses due to safety issues within
6155:
5317:
4742:
4340:
3051:
1799:. His appeal for the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007. He was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010 and was
3291:
1901:
After the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003, mass graves were discovered in parts of western Iraq that had been under Ba'athist control.
5229:
4557:
4443:
1674:". The verdict of the Hague Court of Appeal stated in 9 May 2007 that tons of Iraqi documents collected by US government, based on which the
5063:
3791:
Toivanen, Mari; Baser, Bahar (2019). "Remembering the Past in Diasporic Spaces: Kurdish Reflections on Genocide Memorialization for Anfal".
3967:
3237:
1859:
3544:
295:
2834:
2083:
1114:
court ruling, which stated that the evidences from the documents were not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide. Although many
6115:
6062:
5031:
1659:. The court has no other conclusion than that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq".
1277:
forces, who led Iraqi troops to Kurdish villages that often did not figure on maps as well as to their hideouts in the mountains. The
6268:
6248:
5309:
4685:
4474:
4212:
1396:
During the second Anfal from 22 March and 2 April 1988, the Qara Dagh region, including Bazian and Darbandikhan, was targeted in the
1212:, or chapter, of the Qur'an which describes the victory of 313 followers of the new Muslim faith over almost 900 non-Muslims at the
364:
1333:
Anfal, officially conducted in 1988, had eight phases (Anfal 1–Anfal 8) altogether, seven of which targeted areas controlled by the
4395:
3868:
1957:
986:
569:
64:
3831:
4459:
5372:
4259:
4984:
3714:
Muhammad, Kurdistan Omar; Hama, Hawre Hasan; Hama Karim, Hersh Abdallah (2022). "Memory and trauma in the Kurdistan genocide".
3073:
288:
1723:
and other crimes during his regime and that he deserves to die. Two days later, Saddam's lawyer denied that he had confessed.
6283:
6253:
6233:
5718:
4912:
4774:
3935:
3752:
3704:
3598:
3525:
3424:
3358:
2847:
In contrast to the original court judgement, the Court of Appeal concluded that the events in Northern Iraq weren't genocide.
2606:
2416:
2327:
2096:
In contrast to the original court judgement, the Court of Appeal concluded that the events in Northern Iraq weren't genocide.
144:
6218:
6147:
5667:
5276:
5196:
4045:
1118:
reject that there were any mass killings of Kurdish civilians during Anfal, the event is an important element constituting
867:
1546:. Saddam's Ba'athist regime built several public housing facilities in Kirkuk as part of his "Arabisation", shifting poor
6258:
5903:
5247:
5010:
4316:
2815:
2070:
1678:
produced its reports, were not enough to establish "a sufficient degree of certainty for a finding of fact in respect of
1222:(Kurdish collaborators with the Baathists) were told that taking cattle, sheep, goats, money, weapons and even women was
1205:, was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting against the Kurds. It is also the title of the
4952:
4516:
3264:
1806:
The Anfal trial was widely criticized for its methodical defects marked by various acts of political meddling from the
3608:
Fischer-Tahir, Andrea (2012). "Gendered Memories and Masculinities: Kurdish Peshmerga on the Anfal Campaign in Iraq".
3004:
6238:
4992:
4411:
3930:
2680:
2463:
2368:
2177:
6198:
6078:
6036:
2596:
5124:
5099:
3952:
3458:
Kirmanj, Sherko; Rafaat, Aram (2021). "The Kurdish genocide in Iraq: the Security-Anfal and the Identity-Anfal".
1926:
1236:
The Anfal campaign began in February 1988 and continued until August or September and included the use of ground
1020:
52:
3037:
2938:
2862:
2102:
6044:
5674:
5432:
4848:
4638:
4348:
1623:
766:
338:
17:
5951:
3104:
5704:
4808:
4403:
4205:
1914:
1837:; whose claims couldn't be cross-analyzed by the defendants. Both within and outside Iraq, the trials by the
1401:
1380:
near the Iranian border, and the command centers in Sargallu and Bargallu. There was heavy resistance by the
1281:
forces frequently made false promises of amnesty and safe passage. Iraqi state media extensively covered the
483:
383:
6004:
5871:
2870:
2110:
5725:
5697:
4888:
4784:
3861:
1712:
1377:
1334:
1170:
971:
752:
733:
721:
456:
217:
1666:
appellate court upheld the previous conviction of his complicity in war crimes; but ruled that actions of
1177:(KDP) as well as other smaller Kurdish parties—experienced a revival in their fortunes. Kurdish fighters (
6278:
6243:
6012:
5887:
5879:
5180:
4766:
3962:
1945:
1863:
1842:
1737:
966:
3545:"The politics of genocide recognition: Kurdish nation-building and commemoration in the post-Saddam era"
6208:
5927:
5132:
3988:
3896:
3745:
Origins of the Kurdish Genocide: Nation Building and Genocide as a Civilizing and De-Civilizing Process
2672:
2455:
2243:
1796:
1753:
1483:
1174:
1057:
924:
477:
3666:
Leurs, Rob (2011). "Reliving genocide: the work of Kurdish genocide victims in the Court of Justice".
5895:
5863:
5745:
5628:
4078:
4074:
3947:
3762:
Szanto, Edith (2018). "Mourning Halabja on Screen: Or Reading Kurdish Politics through Anfal Films".
2959:
2911:
2169:
1910:
1769:
1757:
1271:
The Iraqi Army was supported by Kurdish collaborators whom the Iraqi government armed, the so-called
1146:
1119:
518:
504:
343:
3979:
3059:
1388:
on 16 March 1988, during which several thousand Kurdish people were killed, most of them civilians.
5593:
5584:
5285:
4662:
4198:
3186:
1937:
1397:
1338:
852:
6052:
3403:
1833:, such as the murder of three defense lawyers and ample utilization of anonymous witnesses by the
6273:
5614:
5607:
4598:
4180:
3957:
3854:
3241:
2518:
1788:
1691:
1358:
1285:
campaign using its official name. Approximately 1,200 Kurdish villages were destroyed during the
1106:
released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the
1025:
1010:
942:
845:
838:
785:
772:
470:
463:
56:
3496:
3348:
1940:
formally recognized the Anfal as genocide following a campaign which was led by Conservative MP
6123:
5711:
5660:
5550:
5293:
4832:
4718:
2748:
2716:
2023:
1838:
1811:
1732:
1166:
1107:
831:
816:
809:
615:
388:
355:
328:
251:
184:
5959:
2313:
6020:
5775:
5055:
4733:
4484:
4427:
4308:
4162:
2842:
2091:
1539:
1372:
in the early hours of 23 February 1988. Then, several hours later, there were attacks at the
1032:
1015:
778:
601:
588:
525:
348:
103:
6203:
6171:
6070:
5653:
5446:
5425:
4792:
4646:
4492:
4451:
4229:
4004:
3997:
3923:
3467:
2899:
1830:
1509:
1501:
1364:
The first Anfal stage was conducted between 23 February and 18 March 1988. It started with
1237:
996:
947:
701:
3832:"A Critical Guide to the Iraqi High Tribunal's ANFAL Judgment: Genocide against the Kurds"
1559:
Precise figures of Anfal victims do not exist due to lack of records. In its 1993 report,
8:
5988:
5690:
5557:
5506:
5212:
5108:
5079:
5039:
5023:
4670:
4622:
4588:
4580:
4549:
4324:
1777:
1749:
1648:
1627:
1619:
1568:
1543:
1532:
1306:
1257:
1182:
1084:
952:
881:
694:
687:
680:
673:
657:
643:
636:
402:
269:
4824:
3471:
3167:
1345:, were the target of the Final Anfal operation in late August and early September 1988.
5513:
5499:
5260:
5116:
4968:
4654:
4541:
4531:
4283:
4141:
4055:
3891:
3818:
3779:
3731:
3683:
3654:
3625:
3577:
3416:
3399:
3386:
3369:
2752:
2744:
1977:
1818:
1675:
1618:
Human Rights Watch unsuccessfully attempted to attract support for a lawsuit under the
1560:
1446:
1103:
1073:
872:
823:
511:
414:
376:
333:
235:
210:
2887:
1535:, most notably in Kirkuk, the results of which now plague negotiations between Iraq's
5815:
5478:
5404:
5325:
4920:
4800:
4758:
4630:
4614:
4419:
4292:
4234:
4094:
4088:
4040:
3901:
3822:
3783:
3748:
3735:
3700:
3687:
3658:
3629:
3594:
3521:
3518:
Oil and the Kurdish Question: How Democracies Go to War in the Era of Late Capitalism
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2676:
2602:
2459:
2412:
2364:
2323:
2173:
1773:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1465:
In these three consecutive attacks between 15 May and 16 August 1988, the valleys of
1454:
1442:
1310:
1294:
1241:
1077:
1061:
1053:
1049:
759:
740:
561:
496:
369:
312:
247:
230:
189:
95:
5791:
4816:
4379:
3621:
3581:
3081:
2732:
5935:
5823:
5621:
5577:
5492:
5221:
5204:
4904:
4896:
4880:
4606:
4508:
4500:
4124:
4011:
3808:
3800:
3771:
3723:
3675:
3646:
3637:
Hamarafiq, Rebeen (2019). "Cultural Responses to the Anfal and Halabja Massacres".
3617:
3567:
3559:
3475:
3381:
2728:
2664:
2595:
Black, George; Staff, Middle East Watch; Watch (Organization), Middle East (1993).
2447:
2034:
1807:
1716:
1707:
In an interview broadcast on Iraqi television on 6 September 2005, Iraqi President
1652:
1643:
1450:
1385:
1253:
1245:
792:
747:
650:
628:
621:
609:
581:
574:
553:
546:
539:
532:
395:
179:
164:
114:
3563:
3479:
6131:
5847:
5783:
5759:
5568:
5301:
5268:
5188:
4872:
4840:
4267:
4148:
3679:
3296:
2933:
2406:
2309:
2014:
1814:
1741:
1342:
1314:
1190:
441:
409:
2779:
1531:
areas, and relocate them in the southern parts of Iraq. The campaign used heavy
5911:
5520:
5485:
5172:
5140:
4725:
4572:
4564:
4114:
4070:
4018:
3877:
3265:"The Museum of Amna Suraka: a Critical Case Study of Kurdistani Memory Culture"
2265:
2263:
2261:
1845:
and deemed as illegitimate by numerous lawyers and human rights organizations.
1765:
1708:
1667:
1413:
1261:
1213:
1088:
976:
665:
429:
273:
265:
3727:
3591:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
6192:
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5807:
5799:
5767:
5333:
4928:
4104:
4084:
3508:
3487:
3395:
2740:
2375:
In these operations alone, an estimated 1200 Kurdish villages were destroyed.
1941:
1917:
has set aside 14 April as a day of remembrance for the Al-Anfal campaign. In
436:
2258:
5919:
5453:
5363:
4118:
4110:
4100:
3497:"The Iraqi Secret Police Files: A Documentary Record of the Anfal Genocide"
3292:"Historic Debate Secures Parliamentary Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide"
3191:
2912:
Dictator Who Ruled Iraq With Violence Is Hanged for Crimes Against Humanity
2628:
2161:
1973:
1933:
reject that any mass killings of Kurds occurred during the Anfal campaign.
1918:
1895:
1887:
1867:
1760:, were convicted of genocide and related charges and sentenced to death by
1720:
1656:
1564:
1497:
1426:
4466:
5831:
5543:
5536:
5148:
4275:
4024:
3443:
1995:
1987:
1930:
1922:
1883:
1810:. These involved the sacking of its presiding judge on September 2006 by
1520:
1449:. The morale of the Iraqi army was on the rise due to the capture of the
1422:
1369:
1273:
1218:
1115:
1069:
892:
255:
174:
169:
3813:
3804:
3650:
3572:
1134:
1080:
committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.
6224:
Military operations involving chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War
5839:
5418:
5379:
4960:
4856:
4435:
4155:
3775:
3697:
The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
2510:
The limits of Trauma discourse, Women Anfal survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
2355:
Leezenberg, Michiel (2004). "The Anfal Operations in Iraqi Kurdistan".
1834:
1438:
801:
5156:
1703:, former Sumud relocation camp for Anfal survivors (photographed 2011)
5397:
5386:
4864:
4523:
2360:
2319:
2315:
After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?: My Encounters With Kurdistan
1984:
1826:
1784:
1663:
1639:
1528:
1381:
1365:
1186:
1178:
1111:
136:
6164:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
5460:
5439:
5411:
5356:
4221:
3918:
3413:
Gendered Experiences of Genocide: Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq
1991:
1792:
1679:
1671:
1536:
1466:
1206:
1092:
159:
3111:
2624:"Origins and Utilizations of the Main Natural Depressions in Iraq"
2508:
3846:
1969:
1909:
The event has become an important element in the constitution of
1800:
1761:
1700:
1581:
but not permitted to return. They were sent into camps known as
1505:
6229:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the Peshmerga
1630:'s legal bureau that Anfal met the legal criteria for genocide.
280:
5527:
3218:
2514:
2408:
Nation Building in Kurdistan: Memory, Genocide and Human Rights
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2166:
Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World
1980:
1871:
1662:
During another trial involving the legal appeal of Van Anraat,
1524:
1265:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
2594:
1670:
during Anfal operations cannot be regarded as constituting a "
1297:, although its victims were overwhelmingly Kurdish civilians.
1068:
because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and
5092:
4750:
2760:
2669:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
2452:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja
1547:
1437:
Anfal 4 took place between 3–8 May 1988 in the valley of the
1418:
1224:
1065:
140:
2357:
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
2275:
2186:
4190:
3370:"Constituting Histories Through Culture In Iraqi Kurdistan"
3135:
2292:
2290:
2215:
1822:
1551:
a census was taking place did not take part in the census.
1328:
1249:
1209:
118:
1169:
in 1980, the rival Kurdish opposition parties in Iraq—the
6029:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2900:
Iraqi High Tribunal announces second Saddam trial to open
2784:
2385:
2383:
1651:, the definition of genocide is "acts committed with the
1482:
The last Anfal was aimed at the region controlled by the
3206:
2537:
2525:
2287:
2116:
a finding of fact in respect of genocide can be derived.
1817:; who perceived the judge as biased towards defendants.
1412:
In the next Anfal campaign from 7 to 20 April 1988, the
2821:
Kurdish villages in 1987 and 1988 amounted to genocide.
2076:
Kurdish villages in 1987 and 1988 amounted to genocide.
1841:
have been widely dubbed as a "show parade" designed to
3713:
3350:
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
2808:"Dutch Court Concludes Anfal Campaign Wasn't Genocide"
2598:
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
2564:
2554:
2552:
2476:
2430:
2428:
2380:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2063:"Dutch Court Concludes Anfal Campaign Wasn't Genocide"
1313:
of the Ba'ath Party's Northern Bureau, which included
450:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
6140:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
4679:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
3238:"Anfal campaign receives national day of remembrance"
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2045:
6108:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
2028:
1870:. The US government provided Arabic translators and
3123:
2974:"Saddam Hussein's henchman 'Chemical Ali' executed"
2689:
2645:
2549:
2488:
2425:
2336:
2128:
27:
Operation targeting rural Kurdish civilians in 1988
3374:Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies
2972:
2145:
1091:. The campaign's name was taken from the title of
3367:
3224:
6264:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
6190:
5997:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5743:
3097:"Iraq Under Saddam Hussein and His Flawed Trial"
2236:"Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore"
1324:Footwear of a child found in an Anfal mass grave
4937:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
3030:"Iraq: Dujail Judgment Marred by Serious Flaws"
3161:
3159:
1256:and firing squads. The campaign was headed by
5230:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
4206:
3862:
3790:
3607:
3542:
3457:
2400:
2398:
2221:
1780:) was acquitted on the prosecution's demand.
1504:in the desert about 120 km southwest of
1441:, which forms the border of the provinces of
1357:Monument at the mass grave of victims of the
1293:was presented as an extension of the ongoing
908:
296:
3436:"The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan"
3005:"Iraqi president opposes minister's hanging"
1860:National Archives and Records Administration
6116:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
5856:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
3829:
3156:
2774:
2772:
2770:
1825:. Video interactions from witnesses of the
1056:from February to September 1988 during the
6063:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4213:
4199:
3869:
3855:
3515:
3494:
3433:
3212:
3150:
3117:
2926:
2663:
2446:
2395:
2354:
2296:
2281:
2269:
2209:
1715:, said that judges had directly extracted
922:
915:
901:
303:
289:
4686:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
3812:
3636:
3571:
3385:
2621:
2302:
1453:on the 17–18 April 1988 from Iran in the
3184:
2832:
2767:
2081:
2058:Sources on the 2007 Hague court ruling:
1958:Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State
1877:
1795:. He was convicted in June 2007 and was
1719:from Saddam Hussein that he had ordered
1695:
1352:
1329:Military operations and chemical attacks
1319:
51:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
4558:Indigenous peoples in the United States
3694:
3588:
2857:
2855:
2714:
2622:Sissakian, Varoujan K. (January 2020).
2233:
14:
6214:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia
6191:
3761:
3610:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
2721:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
2308:
2160:
1189:, the Iraqi government arrested 8,000
6093:
5974:
5742:
5719:Mass killings under communist regimes
5244:
5007:
4702:
4363:
4243:
4194:
3850:
3836:Michigan Journal of International Law
3742:
3665:
3543:Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari (2017).
3410:
3346:
3129:
3094:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2651:
2590:
2588:
2570:
2558:
2543:
2531:
2494:
2482:
2434:
2404:
2389:
2342:
2139:
896:
284:
5668:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
3165:
2985:from the original on 12 January 2022
2920:
2852:
2521:, Klaus Schwarz Verlag. p. 167.
2234:Beeston, Richard (18 January 2010).
1260:who was a cousin of Iraqi President
1129:
868:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
595:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
491:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
31:
5904:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
2833:Gottlieb, Sebastian (10 May 2007).
2601:. Human Rights Watch. p. 226.
2506:
2082:Gottlieb, Sebastian (10 May 2007).
2038:
2018:
1633:
1460:
1341:-controlled areas in the northwest
1052:operation which was carried out by
24:
3876:
3536:
3404:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0065
3387:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0065
3368:Cockrell-Abdullah, Autumn (2018).
2937:. Associated Press. Archived from
2780:"Killing of Iraq Kurds 'genocide'"
2701:
2615:
2585:
2582:Black, George, (1993), pp. 222–223
2500:
1490:
1228:(religiously permitted or legal).
25:
6295:
4066:Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat
3936:Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
3262:
3185:Beaumont, Peter (25 March 2007).
2227:
1882:Memorial to Anfal victims at the
1685:
1626:. It convinced the United States
310:
6269:20th-century mass murder in Iraq
6249:Persecution of Assyrians in Iraq
6094:
5975:
5245:
5008:
4703:
4364:
4176:
4175:
3978:
3052:"Convictions in the Anfal Trial"
2960:'Chemical Ali' sentenced to hang
2405:Ihsan, Mohammed (17 June 2016).
1921:a museum was established in the
1858:government agencies such as the
1216:in 624 AD. According to Randal,
1133:
1093:the eighth chapter of the Qur'an
102:
36:
4517:Indigenous peoples in Australia
4244:
3622:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.92
3324:
3312:
3284:
3256:
3230:
3187:"We failed, says pro-war Iraqi"
3178:
3088:
3066:
3044:
3022:
2997:
2965:
2953:
2905:
2893:
2888:Lawyer denies Saddam confession
2881:
2826:
2800:
2749:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63
2733:10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.1.63
2657:
2636:
2576:
2440:
2348:
1927:Directorate of General Security
203:
5433:Genocide of indigenous peoples
5032:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
4333:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
4063:Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid
3830:Trahan, Jennifer (2008–2009).
3793:Genocide Studies International
3639:Genocide Studies International
3593:. Edinburgh University Press.
3440:Mass Violence & Resistance
3095:Ashok, Abhinav (5 July 2020).
3080:. 22 June 2007. Archived from
3058:. 24 June 2007. Archived from
3036:. 21 June 2007. Archived from
2902:Associated Press, 27 June 2006
2814:. 19 June 2007. Archived from
2069:. 19 June 2007. Archived from
2052:
2008:
1740:for his role in the unrelated
1726:
1711:, a Kurdish politician of the
1624:International Court of Justice
1515:
1201:"Al Anfal", literally meaning
1064:. The campaign targeted rural
339:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
13:
1:
6148:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
4452:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
3764:Review of Middle East Studies
3564:10.1080/14623528.2017.1338644
3495:Montgomery, Bruce P. (2001).
3480:10.1080/14608944.2020.1746250
3174:(291 (Summer 2019) ed.).
3168:"Weaponizing Iraq's Archives"
2929:"Iraq to hang 'Chemical Ali'"
2001:
1915:Kurdistan Regional Government
1764:. Another two co-defendants (
1638:In December 2005, a court in
1554:
1183:the joint KDP-Iranian capture
1125:
1087:, on the orders of President
1083:The Iraqi forces were led by
6284:Massacres in Iraqi Kurdistan
6254:Violence against men in Asia
6234:Persecution of Kurds in Iraq
6079:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
5880:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
5726:Anti-communist mass killings
4460:Indigenous peoples in Canada
4396:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
4220:
3747:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3680:10.1080/02560046.2011.569081
3552:Journal of Genocide Research
3516:Pelletiere, Stephen (2016).
3339:
3074:"Q & A: The Anfal Trial"
2869:. 9 May 2007. Archived from
2642:Black, George, (1993), p.209
2109:. 9 May 2007. Archived from
1713:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1575:
1527:, which are in the valuable
1386:poison gas attack on Halabja
1378:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1335:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1248:, systematic destruction of
1171:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
987:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
6219:Massacres committed by Iraq
6013:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
5181:National Population Program
2927:Omar Sinan (25 June 2007).
2863:"ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2007:BA4676"
2835:"Van Anraat case 'example'"
2103:"ECLI:NL:GHSGR:2007:BA4676"
2084:"Van Anraat case 'example'"
2046:
2029:
1951:
1864:Defense Intelligence Agency
1738:Saddam Hussein was executed
1300:
1021:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
10:
6300:
5928:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
5872:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials
5698:Effects on young survivors
5133:Sabra and Shatila massacre
3434:Hiltermann, Joost (2008).
2890:BBC News, 8 September 2005
2673:Cambridge University Press
2456:Cambridge University Press
2272:, Interpretation of facts.
2170:W. W. Norton & Company
1848:
1783:Al-Majid was charged with
1689:
1477:
1432:
1407:
1391:
1348:
1289:campaign. To many Iraqis,
1264:from Saddam's hometown of
1231:
1175:Kurdistan Democratic Party
63:Such statements should be
6102:
5983:
5896:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
5864:Supreme National Tribunal
5754:
5735:
5645:
5567:
5470:
5348:
5255:
5018:
4713:
4475:Residential school system
4374:
4254:
4228:
4172:
4133:
4093:Uncle and Father-in-Law:
4054:
4033:
3987:
3976:
3884:
3728:10.1177/14687968221103254
2421:– via Google Books.
2222:Kirmanj & Rafaat 2021
1936:On 28 February 2013, the
1911:Kurdish national identity
1904:
1770:Saber Abdel Aziz al-Douri
1752:, and two co-defendants,
1613:
1533:population redistribution
1120:Kurdish national identity
934:
344:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
320:
261:
243:
226:
198:
150:
132:
124:
110:
101:
93:
88:
4767:Christians in Diyarbekir
3589:Donabed, Sargon (2015).
1938:British House of Commons
1339:Kurdish Democratic Party
972:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
570:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
6199:1988 in Iraqi Kurdistan
5705:Politics of recognition
4260:Destruction of Carthage
4181:Category:Saddam Hussein
3897:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
3743:Sadiq, Ibrahim (2021).
3695:Mlodoch, Karin (2021).
2715:Mlodoch, Karin (2012).
2519:Zentrum Moderner Orient
1789:crimes against humanity
1758:Hussein Rashid Mohammed
1692:Trial of Saddam Hussein
1359:Halabja chemical attack
1196:
1072:strategic parts of the
967:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
943:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
861:International incidents
128:February–September 1988
6259:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
6156:South Africa v. Israel
6124:Rohingya genocide case
5661:Names of the Holocaust
5125:Chittagong Hill Tracts
4833:Kinder der Landstrasse
4719:Late Ottoman genocides
3411:Hardi, Choman (2011).
3353:. Human Rights Watch.
3347:Black, George (1993).
3225:Cockrell-Abdullah 2018
1890:
1733:Iraqi Special Tribunal
1704:
1398:Suleimanya governorate
1361:
1325:
1167:Iraqi invasion of Iran
1108:1991 uprisings in Iraq
1058:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
926:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
356:Iraqi invasion of Iran
329:1975 Algiers Agreement
252:Anti-Kurdish sentiment
185:enforced disappearance
6021:Bosnian genocide case
5675:Holocaust terminology
5318:Christians under ISIS
5056:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
4485:1740 Batavia massacre
4309:Harrying of the North
2845:on 8 September 2007.
2094:on 8 September 2007.
1964:Monuments and Statues
1881:
1699:
1540:United Iraqi Alliance
1356:
1323:
1033:2023 Makhmour clashes
1016:2003 invasion of Iraq
982:Arabization campaigns
689:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
349:Iranian Embassy siege
6239:Iran–Iraq War crimes
6172:Nicaragua v. Germany
6071:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
5447:Utilitarian genocide
5426:Transgender genocide
4793:Osage Indian murders
4493:Great Gypsy Round-up
4005:The Fortified Castle
3998:Zabibah and the King
2665:Hiltermann, Joost R.
2448:Hiltermann, Joost R.
2172:. pp. 163–168.
1831:judicial proceedings
1812:Iraqi Prime Minister
1772:) were sentenced to
1622:against Iraq at the
1510:Muthanna Governorate
1376:headquarters of the
948:Ahmed Barzani revolt
811:June 5 1984 Skirmish
209:50,000–100,000 (per
145:Iranian Armed Forces
65:clarified or removed
5558:Settler colonialism
5507:Forced assimilation
5213:Srebrenica massacre
4985:Chechens and Ingush
4743:Thracian Bulgarians
4589:Sand Creek massacre
4550:Siege of Tripolitsa
4301:Ancestral Puebloans
3931:Human rights record
3805:10.3138/gsi.13.1.02
3651:10.3138/gsi.13.1.07
3520:. Lexington Books.
3472:2021NatId..23..163K
3460:National Identities
3333:, ytterligare text.
3321:, ytterligare text.
2981:. 25 January 2010.
2979:The Daily Telegraph
2818:on 8 October 2009.
2546:, pp. 172–176.
2534:, pp. 171–172.
2310:Randal, Jonathan C.
2073:on 8 October 2009.
1778:Taher Tawfiq al-Ani
1754:Sultan Hashem Ahmed
1750:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1649:Genocide Convention
1628:Department of State
1620:Genocide Convention
1594:, Anfal relatives (
1569:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1544:Kurdistani Alliance
1307:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1258:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1203:the spoils (of war)
1085:Ali Hassan al-Majid
953:1943 Barzani revolt
882:Iran Air Flight 655
768:Tawakalna ala Allah
715:Final stages (1988)
270:Ali Hassan al-Majid
6279:Military campaigns
6244:Massacres of Kurds
6037:Slobodan Milošević
5888:Erich von Manstein
5500:Extermination camp
5261:Effacer le tableau
5024:Hyderabadi Muslims
4969:Nanshitou Massacre
4953:Muslims and Croats
4655:Hamidian massacres
4542:Al-Jawazi massacre
4532:Stolen Generations
4235:list by death toll
4163:The Devil's Double
4142:Al-ayyam al-tawila
3892:17 July Revolution
3776:10.1017/rms.2018.3
3417:Ashgate Publishing
3172:Middle East Report
3084:on 1 October 2022.
3078:Human Rights Watch
3062:on 14 August 2022.
3034:Human Rights Watch
2941:on 17 October 2015
2917:, 30 December 2006
2915:The New York Times
2788:. 23 December 2005
2246:on 23 January 2010
1998:region for Anfal.
1891:
1868:Defense Department
1819:Human Rights Watch
1797:sentenced to death
1731:In June 2006, the
1705:
1676:Human Rights Watch
1600:Kes-u-kar-î Enfal)
1561:Human Rights Watch
1362:
1326:
1145:. You can help by
1104:Human Rights Watch
1074:Kirkuk Governorate
1060:at the end of the
754:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
735:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
723:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
513:Muharram ol-Harram
334:Iranian Revolution
236:Iraqi Armed Forces
6209:Massacres in 1988
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6089:
6088:
5970:
5969:
5816:Euthanasia trials
5736:Legal proceedings
5479:Cultural genocide
5405:Cultural genocide
5344:
5343:
5277:Masalit massacres
5240:
5239:
5141:Sri Lankan Tamils
5048:Arabs in Zanzibar
5003:
5002:
4921:Three Alls policy
4698:
4697:
4631:Putumayo genocide
4359:
4358:
4188:
4187:
4095:Khairallah Talfah
4089:Samira Shahbandar
3754:978-1-7936-3683-6
3706:978-3-11-240283-2
3600:978-0-7486-8603-2
3527:978-1-4985-1666-2
3426:978-1-4094-9008-1
3360:978-1-56432-108-4
3270:Leiden University
3244:on 7 January 2019
3166:Alshaibi, Wisam.
3153:, pp. 78–79.
3040:on 23 March 2023.
2962:CNN, 24 June 2007
2839:Radio Netherlands
2632:. pp. 23–24.
2608:978-1-56432-108-4
2573:, pp. 21–22.
2485:, pp. 19–20.
2418:978-1-317-09016-8
2392:, pp. 16–17.
2329:978-0-429-71113-8
2088:Radio Netherlands
2047:Kampanyayê Enfalê
2044:
2027:
1994:and sculpture in
1774:life imprisonment
1682:can be derived".
1653:intent to destroy
1602:or Anfal widows (
1311:secretary-general
1163:
1162:
1050:counterinsurgency
1041:
1040:
1011:1994–97 Civil War
890:
889:
323:Pre-war incidents
279:
278:
248:Counterinsurgency
190:counterinsurgency
141:Kurdish civilians
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
6291:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6056:
6048:
6045:Radovan Karadžić
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6005:Belgrade Process
6000:
5992:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5939:
5936:Treblinka trials
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5776:Épuration légale
5771:
5763:
5749:
5746:Holocaust trials
5740:
5739:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5587:
5580:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5493:Ethnic cleansing
5488:
5481:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5366:
5359:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5310:Shias under ISIS
5305:
5297:
5289:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5027:
5013:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4945:Serbs in Croatia
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4905:Nanjing Massacre
4900:
4897:Parsley massacre
4892:
4889:Polish Operation
4884:
4881:Romani Holocaust
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4825:Napalpí massacre
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4317:Mongol conquests
4312:
4304:
4296:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4249:
4241:
4240:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4125:Mustapha Hussein
4046:Alleged shredder
4012:Men and the City
3982:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3826:
3816:
3787:
3758:
3739:
3710:
3691:
3662:
3633:
3604:
3585:
3575:
3549:
3531:
3512:
3491:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3430:
3407:
3389:
3364:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3240:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3107:on 11 June 2023.
3103:. Archived from
3092:
3086:
3085:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:on 1 July 2013.
2859:
2850:
2849:
2841:. Archived from
2830:
2824:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2712:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2507:Mlodoch, Karin.
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2458:. pp. 2–3.
2444:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2312:(4 March 2019).
2306:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2242:. Archived from
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2184:
2183:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2118:
2113:on 1 July 2013.
2098:
2090:. Archived from
2078:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2043:romanized:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2012:
1972:organization in
1839:Special Tribunal
1808:Iraqi government
1644:Frans van Anraat
1634:Frans van Anraat
1608:Bewajin-î Enfal)
1542:and the Kurdish
1461:Anfal 5, 6 and 7
1254:mass deportation
1246:chemical warfare
1158:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1078:Ba’athist regime
929:
927:
917:
910:
903:
894:
893:
748:Halabja massacre
484:2nd Khorramshahr
479:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
423:Stalemate (1981)
384:1st Khorramshahr
315:
305:
298:
291:
282:
281:
180:chemical warfare
165:ethnic cleansing
115:Kurdistan Region
106:
86:
85:
77:
74:
68:
40:
39:
32:
21:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6154:
6146:
6138:
6132:Uyghur Tribunal
6130:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6095:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5976:
5966:
5958:
5952:Fedorenko trial
5950:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5848:Stutthof trials
5846:
5838:
5830:
5824:Nuremberg trial
5822:
5814:
5806:
5798:
5790:
5784:Majdanek trials
5782:
5774:
5766:
5760:Krasnodar trial
5758:
5750:
5744:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5583:
5576:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5355:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5286:Southern Kaduna
5284:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5009:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4873:Simele massacre
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4732:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4663:Herero and Nama
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4530:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4473:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4282:
4274:
4268:Asiatic Vespers
4266:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4232:
4224:
4219:
4189:
4184:
4168:
4149:House of Saddam
4129:
4123:Grandchildren:
4069:Half-brothers:
4050:
4029:
3983:
3974:
3880:
3875:
3755:
3707:
3601:
3547:
3539:
3537:Further reading
3534:
3528:
3448:
3446:
3427:
3361:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3297:Huffington Post
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3263:Majid, Bareez.
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3213:Pelletiere 2016
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3157:
3151:Montgomery 2001
3149:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:, Bibliography.
3118:Hiltermann 2008
3116:
3112:
3093:
3089:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3009:The Irish Times
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2934:Tampa Bay Times
2925:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2831:
2827:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2713:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:. p. 134.
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2363:. p. 379.
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2307:
2303:
2297:Montgomery 2001
2295:
2288:
2282:Hiltermann 2008
2280:
2276:
2270:Hiltermann 2008
2268:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2210:Hiltermann 2008
2208:
2187:
2180:
2159:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2101:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2030:Hamlat al-Anfal
2013:
2009:
2004:
1954:
1946:Kurdish descent
1907:
1851:
1815:Nouri al-Maliki
1742:Dujail massacre
1729:
1694:
1688:
1636:
1616:
1592:Daykan-î Enfal)
1578:
1557:
1518:
1493:
1491:Detention camps
1480:
1472:Kosrat Abdullah
1463:
1435:
1410:
1394:
1351:
1343:Iraqi Kurdistan
1331:
1315:Iraqi Kurdistan
1305:In March 1987,
1303:
1234:
1199:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1143:needs expansion
1128:
1042:
1037:
1006:
1001:
962:
957:
939:
937:Early conflicts
930:
925:
923:
921:
891:
886:
863:
805:
717:
597:
520:Before the Dawn
506:Moslem Ibn Aqil
458:Samen-ol-A'emeh
452:
425:
365:Iraqi airstrike
360:
325:
316:
311:
309:
272:
268:
194:
153:
143:
139:
78:
72:
69:
62:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6297:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:Saddam Hussein
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6049:
6041:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5912:Eichmann trial
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5792:Chełmno trials
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:Trivialization
5573:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5521:Killing Fields
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5265:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5157:Kuwaiti Bedoon
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:Crimean Tatars
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4817:Kantō Massacre
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4573:Trail of Tears
4569:
4565:Indian removal
4554:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4404:Kashmiri Shias
4400:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4272:
4264:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4107:
4097:
4091:
4081:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4041:Killing babies
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4019:Begone, Demons
4015:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3924:1991 uprisings
3916:
3914:Anfal campaign
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3878:Saddam Hussein
3874:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3827:
3788:
3770:(1): 135–146.
3759:
3753:
3740:
3722:(3): 426–448.
3711:
3705:
3699:. de Gruyter.
3692:
3674:(2): 296–303.
3663:
3645:(1): 132–142.
3634:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3558:(3): 404–426.
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3513:
3492:
3466:(2): 163–183.
3455:
3431:
3425:
3408:
3365:
3359:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3283:
3255:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3177:
3155:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3087:
3065:
3043:
3021:
2996:
2964:
2952:
2919:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2867:de Rechtspraak
2851:
2825:
2799:
2766:
2700:
2688:
2681:
2656:
2644:
2635:
2614:
2607:
2584:
2575:
2563:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2464:
2439:
2424:
2417:
2394:
2379:
2369:
2347:
2335:
2328:
2301:
2286:
2274:
2257:
2226:
2224:, p. 163.
2214:
2185:
2178:
2144:
2142:, p. 345.
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2107:de Rechtspraak
2099:
2079:
2051:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1906:
1903:
1850:
1847:
1843:execute Saddam
1766:Farhan Jubouri
1728:
1725:
1709:Jalal Talabani
1690:Main article:
1687:
1686:Saddam Hussein
1684:
1668:Iraqi military
1635:
1632:
1615:
1612:
1577:
1574:
1556:
1553:
1517:
1514:
1492:
1489:
1479:
1476:
1462:
1459:
1434:
1431:
1414:Garmian region
1409:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1350:
1347:
1330:
1327:
1309:was appointed
1302:
1299:
1262:Saddam Hussein
1242:aerial bombing
1233:
1230:
1214:Battle of Badr
1198:
1195:
1165:Following the
1161:
1160:
1140:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1089:Saddam Hussein
1054:Ba'athist Iraq
1046:Anfal campaign
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1013:
1000:
999:
997:1991 uprisings
994:
992:Anfal campaign
989:
984:
979:
977:PUK insurgency
974:
969:
956:
955:
950:
945:
935:
932:
931:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
870:
858:
857:
854:Praying Mantis
850:
843:
836:
829:
821:
814:
798:
797:
790:
783:
776:
764:
757:
750:
745:
738:
731:
729:Anfal campaign
726:
712:
711:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
663:
655:
648:
641:
634:
626:
619:
607:
592:
591:
586:
579:
572:
567:
559:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
488:
487:
475:
468:
461:
447:
446:
439:
434:
420:
419:
412:
407:
400:
393:
386:
381:
374:
367:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
318:
317:
308:
307:
300:
293:
285:
277:
276:
274:Hussein Rashid
266:Saddam Hussein
263:
259:
258:
245:
241:
240:
239:
238:
231:Ba'athist Iraq
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
214:
200:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
154:
151:
148:
147:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
112:
108:
107:
99:
98:
91:
90:
89:Anfal campaign
80:
79:
44:
42:
35:
26:
18:Anfal Campaign
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6296:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6092:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5973:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5944:Sobibor trial
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5808:Belsen trials
5805:
5801:
5800:Dachau trials
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5768:Kharkov trial
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:Justification
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:The Holocaust
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:Death marches
5534:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5294:Iraqi Turkmen
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5006:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4929:The Holocaust
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4811:(1920s–1930s)
4810:
4809:Ingrian Finns
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4734:Pontic Greeks
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:(1890s–1900s)
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4469:(1700s–1800s)
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:(1200s–1360s)
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:Sajida Talfah
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Interrogation
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:Iran–Iraq War
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:Critical Arts
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:(1): 92–114.
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3227:, p. 70.
3226:
3221:
3215:, p. 62.
3214:
3209:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3132:, p. 28.
3131:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2698:, p. 22.
2697:
2692:
2684:
2682:9780521876865
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2654:, p. 36.
2653:
2648:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2561:, p. 21.
2560:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2497:, p. 20.
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:9780521876865
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2437:, p. 19.
2436:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2411:. Routledge.
2410:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2370:9780415944304
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2345:, p. 17.
2344:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2299:, p. 70.
2298:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2179:9780393311419
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Makiya, Kanan
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2039:شاڵاوی ئەنفال
2036:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:Nadhim Zahawi
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:former prison
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1721:mass killings
1718:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:Iran–Iraq War
1452:
1451:Faw Peninsula
1448:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Jafali Valley
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1295:Iran–Iraq War
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1141:This section
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Iran–Iraq War
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
938:
933:
928:
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
899:
898:
895:
883:
880:
878:
876:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
856:
855:
851:
849:
848:
847:Nimble Archer
844:
842:
841:
840:Eager Glacier
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
813:
812:
808:
807:
806:
804:
803:
796:
795:
791:
789:
788:
787:Eternal Light
784:
782:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:
739:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:
720:
719:
718:
716:
710:
707:
705:
704:
700:
698:
697:
693:
691:
690:
686:
684:
683:
679:
677:
676:
672:
670:
668:
664:
662:
660:
656:
654:
653:
649:
647:
646:
642:
640:
639:
635:
633:
631:
627:
625:
624:
620:
617:
613:
612:
608:
606:
604:
600:
599:
598:
596:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
566:
564:
560:
558:
556:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
510:
508:
507:
503:
501:
499:
495:
494:
493:
492:
485:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
472:Fath-ol-Mobin
469:
467:
466:
465:Tariq-ol-Qods
462:
460:
459:
455:
454:
453:
451:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:
428:
427:
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313:Iran–Iraq War
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96:Iran–Iraq War
92:
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66:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6096:21st century
6053:Ratko Mladić
5977:20th century
5920:Belzec trial
5684:Genocide law
5544:Death squads
5454:Mass killing
5364:Autogenocide
5248:21st century
5164:
5011:1946 to 1999
4883:(1935–1945)
4841:Libyan Arabs
4706:1913 to 1945
4367:1490 to 1913
4174:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3913:
3907:U.S. support
3839:
3835:
3814:10138/321880
3799:(1): 10–33.
3796:
3792:
3767:
3763:
3744:
3719:
3715:
3696:
3671:
3667:
3642:
3638:
3613:
3609:
3590:
3573:10138/325889
3555:
3551:
3517:
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3463:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3439:
3412:
3380:(1): 65–91.
3377:
3373:
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3326:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3300:. March 2013
3295:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3268:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:The Guardian
3190:
3180:
3171:
3125:
3113:
3105:the original
3100:
3090:
3082:the original
3077:
3068:
3060:the original
3056:Opinio Juris
3055:
3046:
3038:the original
3033:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2978:
2967:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:the original
2932:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2874:
2871:the original
2866:
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2843:the original
2838:
2828:
2819:
2816:the original
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2783:
2759:– via
2724:
2720:
2691:
2668:
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2647:
2638:
2629:ResearchGate
2627:
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2597:
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2566:
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2248:. Retrieved
2244:the original
2239:
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2111:the original
2106:
2095:
2092:the original
2087:
2074:
2071:the original
2066:
2054:
2019:حملة الأنفال
2010:
1976:agreed with
1967:
1963:
1962:
1944:, who is of
1935:
1908:
1900:
1896:Kanan Makiya
1892:
1888:Sulaimaniyya
1862:(NARA), the
1856:
1852:
1805:
1782:
1746:
1730:
1706:
1661:
1657:ethnic group
1637:
1617:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1582:
1579:
1565:Sulaymaniyah
1558:
1519:
1498:Nugra Salman
1494:
1481:
1464:
1436:
1427:Darbandikhan
1411:
1395:
1363:
1332:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1235:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1200:
1164:
1151:
1147:adding to it
1142:
1101:
1096:
1082:
1045:
1043:
1003:
1002:
991:
959:
958:
936:
874:
860:
859:
853:
846:
839:
833:Prime Chance
832:
824:
818:Earnest Will
817:
810:
800:
799:
793:
786:
779:
767:
760:
753:
741:
734:
728:
722:
714:
713:
708:
702:
695:
688:
681:
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666:
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651:
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629:
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512:
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489:
478:
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457:
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442:
430:
422:
421:
415:
403:
396:
390:Scorch Sword
389:
377:
370:
354:
353:
322:
94:Part of the
83:
70:
57:unverifiable
49:weasel words
46:
29:
6204:Arabization
6166:(2023–2024)
6134:(2020–2021)
6081:(1999–2015)
6073:(1997–2022)
6065:(1994–2015)
6055:(2011–2017)
6047:(2008–2016)
6039:(2002–2006)
6031:(1993–2017)
6023:(1993–2007)
6015:(1946–1948)
5999:(1946–1948)
5989:Budak trial
5960:Finta trial
5946:(1965–1966)
5938:(1964–1970)
5930:(1963–1989)
5922:(1963–1965)
5906:(1961–1962)
5882:(1946–1949)
5874:(1946–1948)
5866:(1946–1948)
5858:(1946–1953)
5850:(1946–1947)
5834:(1945–1946)
5832:Minsk trial
5826:(1945–1946)
5818:(1945–1949)
5810:(1945–1948)
5802:(1945–1947)
5794:(1945–2001)
5786:(1944–1989)
5778:(1944–1951)
5748:(1943–2022)
5654:Definitions
5304:(2014–2017)
5296:(2014–2017)
5288:(2011–2023)
5263:(2002–2003)
5232:(1996–1997)
5207:(1992–1995)
5199:(1991–2003)
5183:(1987–2002)
5175:(1987–1989)
5167:(1986–1989)
5151:(1983–1987)
5149:Gukurahundi
5143:(1983–2009)
5127:(1977–1997)
5119:(1975–1979)
5111:(1974–1999)
5074:(1970–2003)
5072:Feyli Kurds
5066:(1966–1970)
5042:(1962–1996)
5034:(1956–1989)
4995:(1944–1948)
4987:(1944–1948)
4979:(1943–1945)
4971:(1942–1945)
4955:(1941–1945)
4947:(1941–1945)
4939:(1941–1945)
4931:(1941–1945)
4923:(1940–1942)
4915:(1939–1945)
4907:(1937–1938)
4891:(1937–1938)
4867:(1932–1933)
4851:(1930–1933)
4843:(1929–1932)
4835:(1926–1973)
4803:(1919–1933)
4795:(1918–1931)
4787:(1916–1917)
4777:(1916–1934)
4761:(1915–1917)
4753:(1915–1919)
4728:(1913–1922)
4688:(1912–1913)
4673:(1905–1907)
4665:(1904–1907)
4657:(1894–1896)
4641:(1888–1893)
4633:(1879–1913)
4623:Circassians
4617:(1850–1864)
4583:(1846–1873)
4575:(1830–1850)
4567:(1830–1847)
4534:(1869–1977)
4526:(1825–1832)
4511:(1785–2017)
4477:(1874–1996)
4454:(1648–1657)
4446:(1640–1649)
4438:(1636–1638)
4406:(1548–1872)
4382:(1492–1514)
4351:(1402–1496)
4343:(1393–1394)
4327:(1209–1229)
4311:(1069–1070)
4247:Before 1490
4109:Daughters:
4025:Blood Quran
3716:Ethnicities
3449:28 February
3444:Sciences Po
3101:Legal Bites
2812:OpinioJuris
2067:OpinioJuris
1990:to build a
1988:Shwan Kamal
1968:In 2014, a
1931:Iraqi Arabs
1884:Amna Suraka
1835:prosecution
1776:, and one (
1727:Anfal trial
1717:confessions
1521:Arabization
1516:Arabization
1370:air strikes
1250:settlements
1154:August 2022
1116:Iraqi Arabs
1004:Later phase
780:Forty Stars
669:(6th Basra)
661:(5th Basra)
605:(4th Basra)
565:(3rd Basra)
557:(2nd Basra)
500:(1st Basra)
256:Arabization
227:Perpetrator
175:deportation
170:mass murder
152:Attack type
59:information
6193:Categories
5840:Riga trial
5691:Prevention
5636:Indigenous
5551:Incitement
5419:Gendercide
5380:Classicide
5373:Politicide
5334:Gaza Strip
5109:East Timor
5080:Bangladesh
5040:Guatemalan
4961:Sook Ching
4857:La Matanza
4581:California
4293:Bar Kokhba
4156:South Park
4034:Propaganda
3501:Archivaria
3130:Black 1993
2945:3 December
2696:Hardi 2011
2652:Black 1993
2571:Hardi 2011
2559:Hardi 2011
2544:Black 1993
2532:Black 1993
2495:Hardi 2011
2483:Hardi 2011
2435:Hardi 2011
2390:Hardi 2011
2343:Hardi 2011
2284:, Context.
2212:, Victims.
2140:Black 1993
2002:References
1919:Sulaymanya
1886:museum in
1866:, and the
1827:defendants
1785:war crimes
1642:convicted
1555:Death toll
1502:depression
1439:Little Zab
1238:offensives
1173:(PUK) and
1126:Background
960:Main phase
802:Tanker War
773:2nd al-Faw
703:Karbala 10
616:1st al-Faw
204:Death toll
73:March 2024
5629:Cambodian
5622:Holodomor
5514:Massacres
5398:Ethnocide
5387:Eliticide
5117:Cambodian
4865:Holodomor
4759:Armenians
4751:Assyrians
4524:Black War
4412:Huguenots
4295:(132–136)
4278:(50s BCE)
4262:(146 BCE)
4230:Genocides
3968:reactions
3963:Execution
3885:Biography
3823:166812947
3784:158673771
3736:248910712
3688:143839339
3659:208688723
3630:143526869
3509:1923-6409
3503:: 69–99.
3488:1460-8944
3396:2515-2130
3304:31 August
2989:31 August
2757:145055297
2741:1552-5864
2727:(1): 65.
2361:Routledge
2320:Routledge
2250:28 August
2240:The Times
2024:romanized
1974:Sulaimani
1664:The Hague
1640:The Hague
1583:mujamm'at
1576:Aftermath
1529:oil field
1508:, in the
1382:Peshmerga
1366:artillery
1301:Campaign
1187:Haj Omran
1179:peshmerga
1102:In 1993,
1097:al-ʾanfāl
825:Bridgeton
696:Karbala 9
682:Karbala 7
675:Karbala 6
667:Karbala 5
659:Karbala 4
645:Karbala 3
638:Karbala 2
630:Karbala 1
404:Sultan 10
262:Convicted
216:182,000 (
137:Peshmerga
47:contains
5594:Armenian
5461:Domicide
5440:Policide
5412:Eugenics
5357:Democide
5326:Rohingya
4977:Volhynia
4801:Cossacks
4647:Selk'nam
4509:Chechens
4501:Dzungars
4428:Lameyans
4420:Kalinago
4390:(1500s–)
4349:Guanches
4284:Eburones
4270:(88 BCE)
4222:Genocide
3941:timeline
3919:Gulf War
3582:58142027
3331:Länktext
3319:Länktext
3276:3 August
3198:6 August
3014:17 March
2983:Archived
2667:(2007).
2450:(2007).
2164:(1994).
1992:monument
1985:sculptor
1952:See also
1793:genocide
1680:genocide
1672:genocide
1467:Rawandiz
877:incident
827:incident
632:(Mehran)
416:Morvarid
378:Kaman 99
160:Genocide
111:Location
6158:(2023–)
6150:(2022–)
6142:(2022–)
6126:(2019–)
6118:(2012–)
6110:(2005–)
5615:Rwandan
5608:Bosnian
5601:Serbian
5528:Pogroms
5471:Methods
5336:(2023–)
5328:(2017–)
5320:(2014–)
5312:(2014–)
5302:Yazidis
5271:(2003–)
5222:Rwandan
5205:Bosnian
5197:Ahwaris
5191:(1990–)
5159:(1985–)
5087:Burundi
4849:Kazakhs
4639:Hazaras
4625:(1860s)
4615:Manchus
4607:Moriori
4599:Charrúa
4503:(1750s)
4467:Beothuk
4436:Pequots
4398:(1500–)
4341:Assyria
4325:Cathars
4083:Wives:
3948:Capture
3468:Bibcode
3340:Sources
3248:21 July
2792:31 July
2471:number.
2035:Kurdish
2026::
1996:Garmian
1978:Kurdish
1929:. Many
1925:of the
1849:Sources
1762:hanging
1701:Rizgary
1604:Kurdish
1596:Kurdish
1588:Kurdish
1506:Samawah
1478:Anfal 8
1433:Anfal 4
1408:Anfal 3
1392:Anfal 2
1349:Anfal 1
1232:Summary
1191:Barzani
1070:Arabize
761:Zafar 7
742:Dawn 10
589:Marshes
563:Kheibar
498:Ramadan
371:Revenge
6174:(2024)
6007:(1946)
5991:(1945)
5962:(1994)
5954:(1986)
5914:(1961)
5898:(1958)
5890:(1949)
5842:(1946)
5770:(1943)
5762:(1943)
5646:Issues
5569:Denial
5269:Darfur
5224:(1994)
5189:Amhara
5135:(1982)
5082:(1971)
5064:Biafra
5058:(1966)
5050:(1964)
5026:(1948)
4963:(1942)
4899:(1937)
4875:(1933)
4859:(1932)
4827:(1924)
4819:(1923)
4785:Kyrgyz
4769:(1915)
4745:(1913)
4726:Greeks
4609:(1835)
4601:(1831)
4591:(1864)
4552:(1821)
4544:(1816)
4495:(1749)
4487:(1740)
4430:(1636)
4422:(1626)
4414:(1572)
4335:(1311)
4303:(800s)
4117:, and
4115:Raghad
4099:Sons:
4079:Barzan
4077:, and
4075:Sabawi
4071:Watban
4056:Family
3842:: 305.
3821:
3782:
3751:
3734:
3703:
3686:
3657:
3628:
3597:
3580:
3524:
3507:
3486:
3423:
3402:
3394:
3357:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2679:
2605:
2515:Berlin
2462:
2415:
2367:
2326:
2176:
2015:Arabic
1981:artist
1970:German
1913:. The
1905:Legacy
1872:CD ROM
1801:hanged
1614:Trials
1525:Kirkuk
1447:Kirkuk
1402:Newruz
1337:. The
1266:Tikrit
1207:eighth
1076:. The
1048:was a
1026:Kirkuk
794:Mersad
709:Nasr 4
652:Fath 1
623:Dawn 9
611:Dawn 8
583:Dawn 7
576:Dawn 6
555:Dawn 5
548:Dawn 4
541:Dawn 3
534:Dawn 2
527:Dawn 1
410:Abadan
397:Dezful
358:(1980)
244:Motive
220:claim)
199:Deaths
133:Target
53:biased
5349:Terms
5173:Isaaq
5165:Anfal
4913:Poles
4775:Kurds
4671:Ukame
4444:Huron
4380:Taíno
4276:Gauls
4134:Media
4105:Qusay
3989:Books
3958:Trial
3819:S2CID
3780:S2CID
3732:S2CID
3684:S2CID
3655:S2CID
3626:S2CID
3578:S2CID
3548:(PDF)
3400:JSTOR
2761:JSTOR
2753:S2CID
2745:JSTOR
1548:Arabs
1537:Shi'a
1500:in a
1443:Erbil
1423:Kalar
1419:Kifri
1291:Anfal
1287:Anfal
1283:Anfal
1225:halal
1112:Hague
1066:Kurds
875:Stark
443:Opera
5486:Rape
5100:1993
5093:1972
4388:Ainu
4119:Hala
4111:Rana
4103:and
4101:Uday
4087:and
3749:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3505:ISSN
3484:ISSN
3451:2022
3421:ISBN
3392:ISSN
3355:ISBN
3306:2013
3278:2022
3250:2018
3200:2022
3016:2020
2991:2013
2947:2015
2794:2022
2737:ISSN
2677:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2252:2013
2174:ISBN
1983:and
1823:Iraq
1791:and
1768:and
1756:and
1445:and
1425:and
1368:and
1279:Jash
1274:Jash
1219:Jash
1210:sura
1197:Name
1044:The
873:USS
603:Badr
431:Nasr
202:See
125:Date
119:Iraq
3809:hdl
3801:doi
3772:doi
3724:doi
3676:doi
3647:doi
3618:doi
3568:hdl
3560:doi
3476:doi
3382:doi
2785:BBC
2729:doi
1484:KDP
1185:of
1149:.
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437:H-3
218:PUK
211:HRW
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