128:
34:
164:
315:, Rashid desired a greater emphasis on this part of the campaign, and noted that the Iranians held an advantage in small covert units due to the northern region being "ideal for this type of operation". However, Saddam wished to focus on the southern front of the country, in order to convey to the Iranians that their goal of taking Basra was an impossibility.
308:
years of command, the Guard would be expanded to 16 brigades of 30,000 men, and by 1988 the
Republican Guard had reached the size of 25 brigades and a total manpower of 103,000 men. Although Saddam Hussein was the nominal commander, Rashid was the actual commander on the ground, albeit reporting directly to Saddam.
439:
On 14 July 2011 Hussein, along with numerous other former high-ranking officials, were transferred from US to Iraqi custody. Hussein had been being detained at Camp
Cropper near Baghdad International Airport. Following the transfer several Iraqi lawmakers renewed their calls on the Presidency to not
307:
During the first two years of the war with Iran, Saddam
Hussein began to promote competent commanders over and against those who merely served as political cronies. Among these included Rashid. Rashid was authorized to expand the Republican Guard to the size of an armored division. During his early
414:
The trial began on 21 August 2006 and concluded on 24 June 2007, with
Hussein, alongside several others, being found guilty and sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity. In total Hussein was sentenced to three death sentences. After his sentence was read out Hussein, alongside
352:
On 24 February, the ground attack of the
Coalition began. At 8:30 PM on 25 February, Rashid received a phone call from Saddam ordering the army to retreat from Kuwait. Saddam told Rashid, "I don't want our Army to panic. Our soldiers do not like humiliation; they like to uphold their pride." By 26
360:
The performance by Rashid and his staff during the war was seen by analyst
Pollack as a "very creditable performance given what they had to work with", but that the error fell on Hussein and his insistence to fight the coalition rather than negotiate a way out of Kuwait.
281:
Hussein joined the military, and graduated from the Iraqi
Military Academy in 1962 with a Bachelor's in military science. He graduated from the Iraqi Joint Staff College in 1968 with a master's degree in military science. He also later received a PhD in the same field.
322:
between 1987 and 1988 that Rashid was accused, along with many other generals, for crimes against humanity against the
Kurdish populations, with over 182,000 Kurdish men, women, and children murdered, partially with chemical weapons.
1108:
326:
In July 1988, with Iraq continually making territorial gains, Iran and Iraq agreed to accept a United
Nations-brokered ceasefire under Security Council Resolution 598. The war ended formally on 20 August 1988.
390:
By 2003, Rashid was secretary-general of the Armed Forces
Command, and part of Saddam Hussein's "inner circle" that planned a defense in the face of a potential attack from the United States and her allies.
415:
fellow former General Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai, spoke out. As a result, the chief judge, Mohammed Ureibi al-Khalifa, ordered that they should be quickly removed from the court. Hussein reportedly shouted
369:
After the war, Rashid was removed from his position as Chief of Staff, afterward once again made commander of the Republican Guard, and served as a special military advisor to Saddam Hussein.
300:. Though initially successful, in 1981 Iran launched a counteroffensive, and by 1982 had regained most of the territory lost. In July 1982, Iran invaded southern Iraq, targeting the city of
421:
On 3 October 2007 the Iraqi authorities decided to postpone the date of 's execution. On 28 February 2008 a three-member Iraqi Presidential Council agreed to the execution of
1112:
1256:
1246:
1035:
The Situation in Iraq Hearing Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, September 12, 1996 · Volume 4
713:
Unheeded Warnings: The Lost Reports of The Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, Volume 2: The Perpetrators and the Middle East
429:. The Council reportedly argued that Tai and Hussein should not be executed as, being military personnel at the time, they were merely following orders.
1195:
1296:
1251:
1291:
1261:
1276:
345:
in August 1990, and tensions mounted through 1991. Shortly after the invasion, Rashid was appointed by Saddam Hussein as the new
1271:
1241:
440:
approve the executions. President Talabani had authorized his Shi'ite Vice President Khudair al-Khuzaie to sign the verdict.
33:
536:
Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1993. p. 86: “...succeeded Husayn Rashid Muhammad al-Tikriti, an Arabized Kurd.”
417:"Thanks be to God, we are being executed because we defended our country against thieves and criminals. We defended Iraq."
1010:
874:
273:
and was born in the town of Khezamia, near Tikrit, in 1940. He received his primary and secondary education in Tikrit.
1080:
1043:
976:
942:
908:
840:
792:
758:
721:
687:
622:
588:
510:
476:
226:
346:
400:
411:
in 1988. At the time of the campaign Hussein was serving as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Iraqi Armed Forces.
1266:
537:
1286:
236:, Rashid was also a tough and competent commander. Middle Eastern military and political affairs analyst
1203:
900:
The 1st Infantry Division and the U.S. Army transformed : road to victory in Desert Storm 1970–1991
426:
1140:
311:
Rashid was later in charge of the successful counter-offensives in 1988. Regarding operations within
1236:
404:
93:
1281:
433:
385:
244:
generals in recent decades who had proven to be "first-rate generals", listing him alongside
204:
199:
1231:
551:
373:
8:
422:
1145:
237:
103:
1170:
468:
Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World: The Psychology of Political Behavior
1076:
1039:
1006:
972:
938:
904:
870:
836:
788:
754:
717:
683:
618:
584:
506:
472:
408:
291:
132:
107:
1070:
1033:
1000:
966:
932:
898:
864:
830:
782:
748:
711:
677:
646:
612:
578:
500:
466:
432:
On 2 December 2008 Hussein was given a further life sentence for his role in the
255:
218:
71:
815:
Woods, Kevin M.; Murray, Williamson; Elkhamri, Mounir; Holaday, Thomas (2009).
399:
Following the invasion, Hussein was one of several individuals indicted by the
319:
233:
184:
1225:
189:
934:
Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness
835:. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. December 2010. p. 1894.
750:
Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness
580:
Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness
502:
Armies of Sand: The Past, Present, and Future of Arab Military Effectiveness
407:
relating to possible war crimes carried out against the Kurds during the
354:
267:
179:
163:
144:
89:
83:
1196:"Iraqi lawmakers against execution of top officials in Saddam regime"
403:
for war crimes. Specifically Hussein was charged with war crimes and
312:
248:
1038:. United States: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1996. p. 46.
866:
The Saddam Tapes: The Inner Workings of a Tyrant's Regime, 1978–2001
227:
General Secretary of the General Command of the Armed Forces of Iraq
1075:. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 614.
534:
Like a Phoenix from the Ashes?: The Future of Iraqi Military Power.
336:
225:) is a former Iraqi military commander, who formerly served as the
194:
903:. Baltimore, Maryland: University of Missouri Press. p. 306.
296:
In September 1980, Iraqi forces launched an invasion of southern
167:
863:
Palkki, David D.; Woods, Kevin M.; Stout, Mark E., eds. (2011).
817:
Saddam's War: An Iraqi Military Perspective of the Iran-Iraq War
425:, however did not approve of the execution of either Hussein or
342:
252:
67:
301:
270:
245:
647:"The Sword of Saddam: An Overview of the Iraqi Armed Forces"
787:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 325.
297:
241:
127:
869:. United States: Cambridge University Press. p. xvi.
814:
832:
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008 Vol.1
937:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 163.
753:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 158.
583:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 149.
682:. United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46.
505:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 30.
376:, for which he would later be accused of war crimes.
784:
The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
1141:"Hussein Cousin Sentenced to Die for Kurd Attacks"
1257:Iraqi people convicted of crimes against humanity
471:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 220.
1223:
862:
742:
740:
372:Rashid was involved in the suppression of the
1247:Iraqi military personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
1064:
1062:
1134:
1132:
1130:
781:Woods, Kevin M.; Murray, Williamson (2014).
349:, after Hussein had fired the previous one.
1103:
1101:
1099:
971:. United States: Grove Press. p. 273.
964:
780:
737:
716:. Washington: Crossbow Books. p. 227.
448:Hussein is married and has three children.
1165:
1163:
1059:
32:
1127:
1068:
998:
614:The Politics Of Change In The Middle East
546:
544:
394:
1096:
896:
617:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
379:
232:While fiercely loyal to Iraqi president
1160:
930:
746:
709:
610:
576:
498:
464:
364:
1224:
541:
492:
1138:
968:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography
965:Karsh, Efraim; Rautsi, Inari (2002).
856:
675:
644:
1297:Prisoners sentenced to death by Iraq
1252:Iraqi people convicted of war crimes
679:Armies of the Iran–Iraq War 1980–88
222:
13:
1292:Iraqi people of the Yom Kippur War
1262:Iraqi prisoners sentenced to death
276:
215:Hussein Rashid Mohammed al-Tikriti
26:Hussein Rashid Mohammed al-Tikriti
14:
1308:
1277:Military leaders of the Iraq War
443:
353:February, Iraqi forces had fled
285:
162:
126:
1188:
1139:Burns, John F. (25 June 2007).
1026:
992:
958:
924:
890:
823:
808:
774:
558:. The Arena Group. 13 July 2021
240:listed Rashid as an example of
999:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2018).
703:
669:
638:
604:
570:
526:
458:
1:
1272:Kurdish genocide perpetrators
1242:Iraqi Military Academy alumni
1072:Historical Dictionary of Iraq
451:
261:
931:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2019).
747:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2019).
577:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2019).
499:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2019).
7:
611:Satloff, Robert B. (2019).
330:
10:
1313:
1002:Iraq: Sanctions And Beyond
897:Fontenot, Gregory (2017).
710:Leitner, Peter M. (2007).
427:Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai
383:
334:
289:
819:. NDU Press. p. 140.
465:Jerrold, M. Post (2004).
347:Iraqi Army Chief of Staff
173:
158:
150:
138:
121:
117:
113:
99:
81:
77:
50:
40:
31:
20:
1069:Dougherty, Beth (2019).
1109:"TRIAL : Profiles"
645:Antal, John F. (1990).
405:crimes against humanity
223:حسين رشيد محمد التكريتي
94:Crimes against humanity
45:حسين رشيد محمد التكريتي
401:Iraqi Special Tribunal
395:Iraqi Special Tribunal
676:McNab, Chris (2022).
434:1991 uprising in Iraq
386:2003 invasion of Iraq
380:2003 invasion of Iraq
205:2003 Invasion of Iraq
200:1991 uprising in Iraq
151:Years of service
532:Michael Eisenstadt,
365:Post Gulf War period
1267:Iraqi Sunni Muslims
423:Ali Hassan al-Majid
374:1991 Shi'i uprising
1287:People from Tikrit
1200:News.xinhuanet.com
1146:The New York Times
318:It was during the
238:Kenneth M. Pollack
409:al-Anfal campaign
212:
211:
108:life imprisonment
1304:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1202:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1111:. Archived from
1105:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
827:
821:
820:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
744:
735:
734:
732:
730:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
608:
602:
601:
599:
597:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
548:
539:
530:
524:
523:
521:
519:
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
462:
224:
166:
140:
131:
130:
100:Criminal penalty
86:
64:
60:
58:
36:
18:
17:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1206:on 20 July 2011
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1115:on 7 April 2016
1107:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1013:
997:
993:
983:
981:
979:
963:
959:
949:
947:
945:
929:
925:
915:
913:
911:
895:
891:
881:
879:
877:
861:
857:
847:
845:
843:
829:
828:
824:
813:
809:
799:
797:
795:
779:
775:
765:
763:
761:
745:
738:
728:
726:
724:
708:
704:
694:
692:
690:
674:
670:
660:
658:
643:
639:
629:
627:
625:
609:
605:
595:
593:
591:
575:
571:
561:
559:
552:"Iran-Iraq War"
550:
549:
542:
531:
527:
517:
515:
513:
497:
493:
483:
481:
479:
463:
459:
454:
446:
397:
388:
382:
367:
339:
333:
294:
288:
279:
277:Military career
264:
256:Zaid ibn Shaker
168:Colonel General
125:
92:
82:
72:Kingdom of Iraq
65:
62:
61:January 1, 1940
56:
54:
46:
27:
24:
23:
22:Colonel General
12:
11:
5:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:Iraqi generals
1234:
1218:
1217:
1187:
1171:"Turkmenistan"
1159:
1126:
1095:
1081:
1058:
1044:
1025:
1012:978-0429968181
1011:
991:
977:
957:
943:
923:
909:
889:
876:978-1139505468
875:
855:
841:
822:
807:
793:
773:
759:
736:
722:
702:
688:
668:
637:
623:
603:
589:
569:
540:
525:
511:
491:
477:
456:
455:
453:
450:
445:
442:
396:
393:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
366:
363:
335:Main article:
332:
329:
320:Anfal Campaign
290:Main article:
287:
284:
278:
275:
263:
260:
234:Saddam Hussein
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Yom Kippur War
182:
175:
171:
170:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:; commuted to
101:
97:
96:
87:
79:
78:
75:
74:
52:
48:
47:
44:
42:
38:
37:
29:
28:
25:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Living people
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1084:
1082:9781538120057
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1047:
1045:9780160541711
1041:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1014:
1008:
1005:. Routledge.
1004:
1003:
995:
980:
978:9780802139788
974:
970:
969:
961:
946:
944:9780190906962
940:
936:
935:
927:
912:
910:9780826273765
906:
902:
901:
893:
878:
872:
868:
867:
859:
844:
842:9780160875151
838:
834:
833:
826:
818:
811:
796:
794:9781107062290
790:
786:
785:
777:
762:
760:9780190906962
756:
752:
751:
743:
741:
725:
723:9780979223679
719:
715:
714:
706:
691:
689:9781472845559
685:
681:
680:
672:
656:
652:
648:
641:
626:
624:9781000304664
620:
616:
615:
607:
592:
590:9780190906962
586:
582:
581:
573:
557:
553:
547:
545:
538:
535:
529:
514:
512:9780190906962
508:
504:
503:
495:
480:
478:9780801441691
474:
470:
469:
461:
457:
449:
444:Personal life
441:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
392:
387:
377:
375:
370:
362:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
341:Iraq invaded
338:
328:
324:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
293:
292:Iran–Iraq War
286:Iran–Iraq War
283:
274:
272:
269:
266:Hussein is a
259:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
220:
216:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:Iran-Iraq War
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
137:
134:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
84:Conviction(s)
80:
76:
73:
69:
63:(age 84)
53:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
16:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1199:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1150:. Retrieved
1144:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1086:. Retrieved
1071:
1049:. Retrieved
1034:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1001:
994:
982:. Retrieved
967:
960:
948:. Retrieved
933:
926:
914:. Retrieved
899:
892:
880:. Retrieved
865:
858:
846:. Retrieved
831:
825:
816:
810:
798:. Retrieved
783:
776:
764:. Retrieved
749:
727:. Retrieved
712:
705:
693:. Retrieved
678:
671:
659:. Retrieved
654:
650:
640:
628:. Retrieved
613:
606:
594:. Retrieved
579:
572:
560:. Retrieved
555:
533:
528:
516:. Retrieved
501:
494:
482:. Retrieved
467:
460:
447:
438:
431:
420:
416:
413:
398:
389:
371:
368:
359:
351:
340:
325:
317:
310:
306:
295:
280:
265:
231:
214:
213:
174:Battles/wars
15:
1232:1940 births
1175:Amnesty.org
556:History.com
355:Kuwait City
180:Six-Day War
41:Native name
1226:Categories
1119:24 January
452:References
262:Early life
145:Iraqi Army
122:Allegiance
90:War crimes
66:Khezamia,
57:1940-01-01
313:Kurdistan
249:Ali Aslan
154:1962–2003
1210:19 April
1180:19 April
1152:19 April
950:25 April
766:25 April
596:25 April
518:25 April
337:Gulf War
331:Gulf War
268:Arabized
253:Jordan's
195:Gulf War
139:Service/
657:(6): 11
246:Syria's
1079:
1042:
1009:
975:
941:
907:
873:
839:
791:
757:
720:
686:
621:
587:
509:
475:
343:Kuwait
219:Arabic
141:branch
68:Tikrit
1088:5 May
1051:4 May
1018:4 May
984:4 May
916:4 May
882:4 May
848:5 May
800:4 May
729:4 May
695:5 May
661:4 May
651:Armor
630:4 May
562:5 May
484:5 May
302:Basra
104:Death
1212:2017
1182:2017
1154:2017
1121:2014
1090:2022
1077:ISBN
1053:2022
1040:ISBN
1020:2022
1007:ISBN
986:2022
973:ISBN
952:2022
939:ISBN
918:2022
905:ISBN
884:2022
871:ISBN
850:2022
837:ISBN
802:2022
789:ISBN
768:2022
755:ISBN
731:2022
718:ISBN
697:2022
684:ISBN
663:2022
632:2022
619:ISBN
598:2022
585:ISBN
564:2022
520:2022
507:ISBN
486:2022
473:ISBN
298:Iran
271:Kurd
251:and
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