Life imprisonment - Knowledge

4527:

crime punishable with life imprisonment; conspiracy to bring a false accusation where the offence is such that the person convicted would be liable to life imprisonment; owner etc permitting carnal knowledge of a child under 12 on premises; carnal knowledge of a child under 12, or a child under 16 by a guardian of that non-lineal descendant child; or a child under 16 with an impairment of the mind; carnal knowledge or attempted carnal knowledge of a non-lineal descendant with an impairment of the mind by a guardian; taking a child under 12 for immoral purpose and doing carnal knowledge; incest; maintaining a sexual relationship by an adult with a child under 16; attempted murder; accessory after the fact to murder; manslaughter; aiding suicide; killing unborn child; unlawful striking causing death; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause grievous bodily harm and other malicious acts; obstructing rescue or escape from unsafe premises; endangering the safety of a person in a vehicle with intent; rape; aggravated sexual assault; aggravated robbery; aggravated attempted robbery; extortion where carrying out threat causes or would be likely to cause serious personal injury or substantial economic loss in a commercial activity; taking control of an aircraft using violence, threats of violence, in company or by fraudulent means; burglary by breaking and other circumstances of aggravation; breaking and committing an indictable offence; arson; endangering the safe use of vehicles and transport infrastructure; destroying or damaging premises by explosion; destroying sea walls and other property; communicating infectious diseases to animals; attempting to commit an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment; being an accessory to the fact after an indictable offence punishable by mandatory life imprisonment (Criminal Code (QLD))

4508:

reasonable measure to prevent its commission; assisting enemy to engage in armed conflict; treachery; espionage; aggravated espionage offences; terrorism; planning or preparing for a terrorist act; financing terrorism; financing a terrorist; murder of an Australian citizen or resident; entering a foreign country with the intention of engaging in a hostile activity; engaging in a hostile activity in a foreign country, or engaging in conduct preparatory to, including providing or participating in training, accumulating weapons or giving or receiving goods and services to commit a foreign incursion offence; allowing the use of a building, aircraft or vessel intending to commit, support or promote a foreign incursion offence; burglary of a property owned by a Commonwealth entity with the intent to commit an offence that causes harm to a person or damage to property; genocide offences; crimes against humanity (murder and extermination); war crimes; trafficking or manufacturing a commercial quantity of controlled drugs; cultivating or selling commercial quantities of controlled plants; importing or exporting commercial quantities of controlled drugs or plants; importing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant; possessing commercial quantities of a controlled drug or plant reasonably believed to have been imported; supplying marketable quantities of controlled drugs to children for trafficking; procuring children for trafficking marketable quantities of controlled drugs; procuring children for pre-trafficking marketable quantities of controlled precursors; procuring children for importing or exporting marketable quantities of a controlled drug or plant or for importing or exporting marketable quantities of border controlled precursors (Criminal Code Act (Cth))

4546:

railway, roadway, aircraft or ship; sexual intercourse without consent; causing a child under 12 to enter into or continue in sexual servitude; operating a business that involves the sexual servitude of a child under 12; aggravated robbery (armed, in company or causing harm to any person immediately before or after or during the robbery); discharging a firearm while armed in the course of assault with intent to steal; unlawfully taking control of an aircraft with violence or threats, in company or while armed; sabotage; arson; endangering operation of an aircraft; conspiracy to lay false charges where the person found guilty would have been liable to life imprisonment; terrorism; perjury in order to procure the conviction of an offence punishable by life imprisonment; forcibly rescuing certain offenders; aggravated sexual relationship with a child (Criminal Code Act (NT)). Supply of a commercial quantity of a dangerous drug (Schedule 1 or 2) to a child; supply of a dangerous drug (Schedule 1) to a child; cultivation of a commercial quantity of a prohibited plant in the presence of a child; manufacture of a commercial quantity of a Schedule 1 dangerous drug; manufacture of a commercial or trafficable quantity of a Schedule 1 drug in the presence of a child; procuring a child under 14 to commit an offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act (Misuse of Drugs Act (NT))

634:. Other countries that do not practice life sentences include Mongolia in Asia and Norway, Iceland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Andorra and Montenegro in Europe. Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence, there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time. This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence (until that individual dies) outside prison. Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct, possibly with certain restrictions or obligations. In contrast, when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended, the convict is free. The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary. Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted. In some countries, including Sweden, parole does not exist but a life sentence may – after a successful application – be commuted to a fixed-term sentence, after which the offender is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed. 4535:

residential buildings; manufacture of a commercial quantity of a controlled drug for sale; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a child or possession of a controlled drug intending to sell, supply or administer to a child; sell, supply, or administer a controlled drug to a person in a school zone, or possession of a controlled drug in a school zone intending to sell, supply or administer the drug to another person; trafficking a commercial quantity of a controlled drug; cultivating a commercial quantity of a controlled plant for sale (includes cannabis); sale of a commercial quantity of a controlled plant or possession with intention to sell (includes cannabis - prescribed amount - 100 plants; but in aggravated circumstances, 20 plants)

1046:, Florida, Terrence J. Graham tried to rob a restaurant along with three adolescent accomplices. During the robbery, one of Graham's accomplices had a metal bar that he used to hit the restaurant manager twice in the head. Once arrested, Graham was charged with attempted armed robbery and armed burglary with assault/battery. The maximum sentence he faced for these charges was life without the possibility of parole, and the prosecutor wanted to charge him as an adult. During the trial, Graham pleaded guilty to the charges, resulting in three years of probation, one year of which had to be served in jail. Since he had been awaiting trial in jail, he already served six months and, therefore, was released after six additional months. 1134:

jail term between 30 and 40 years. At the time of the reform, at least 117 prisoners were serving natural life imprisonment, consisting of 70 whose original death sentences were commuted to life (without parole) prior to the reform, and another 47 whose sentences of life were imposed by the courts, and all of these life convicts were allowed to have their jail terms reduced to between 30 and 40 years in jail. In November 2023, four drug traffickers - Zulkipli Arshad, Wan Yuriilhami Wan Yaacob, Ghazalee Kasim and Mohamad Junaidi Hussin - became the first group of people to have their natural life sentences reduced to 30 years’ imprisonment after a re-sentencing hearing by the

1655: 4612: 1050:

trial for the probation violations a year later. While Graham denied any involvement in the robbery, he did admit to fleeing from the police. The trial court found that Graham violated his probation by "committing a home invasion robbery, possessing a firearm, and associating with persons engaged in criminal activity", and sentenced him to 15 years for the attempted armed robbery plus life imprisonment for the armed burglary. The life sentence Graham received meant he had a life sentence without the possibility of parole, "because Florida abolished their parole system in 2003".

3013: 1259: 4608: 3069: 1596: 1429: 1173:, which dismissed Abdul Nasir's appeal, to decide that it would be wrong to consider life imprisonment as a fixed jail term of 20 years and thus changed it to a jail term to be served for the rest of the prisoner's remaining lifespan. The amended definition is applied to future crimes committed after 20 August 1997. Since Abdul Nasir committed the crime of kidnapping and was sentenced before 20 August 1997, his life sentence remained as a prison term of 20 years and thus he still had to serve 38 years behind bars. 3277: 3213: 3127: 1758: 3348: 2359: 2064: 393: 2627: 728: 1384: 2699: 2207: 1920: 1696: 3222: 2759: 1816: 1533: 1319: 2418: 2106: 3395: 2582: 2475: 2314: 2165: 1873: 3142: 1982: 3135: 2272: 2942: 2525: 1491: 2816: 1057:, with the question of whether juveniles should receive life without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases. The Justices eventually ruled that such a sentence violated the juvenile's 8th Amendment rights, protecting them from punishments that are disproportionate to the crime committed, resulting in the abolition of life sentences without the possibility of parole in non-homicide cases for juveniles. 914:, with the last granting of a pardon taking place in 1986 when a terminally ill convict was released. As of 1970, the Dutch monarch has pardoned a total of three convicts. Although there is no possibility of parole eligibility, since 2016 prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment in the Netherlands are eligible to have their cases reviewed after serving at least 25 years. This change in law was because the 903:, life imprisonment means for the rest of one's life with the only possibilities for release being a terminal illness or a presidential pardon. In Albania, while no person sentenced to life imprisonment is eligible for standard parole, a conditional release is still possible if the prisoner is found not likely to re-offend and has displayed good behaviour, and has served at least 25 years. 4720:

life imprisonment does not contain a saving similar to the death penalty clause, and thus life sentences are not allowed even in wartime. It is unclear, however, if the presidential power of mercy, that allows the president to pardon or commute a penal sentence, could be used to reduce a death penalty imposed in wartime, transforming it into a sentence of life imprisonment.

895:, while the law does not expressly provide for life imprisonment without any possibility of parole, a court can rule in exceptionally serious circumstances that convicts are ineligible for automatic parole consideration after 30 years if convicted of child murder involving rape or torture, premeditated murder of a state official or terrorism resulting in death. In 2975:

nuclear weapons, unlawful nuclear explosion, treason, genocide; in wartime only: mutiny, insubordination, undermining the will to fight, desertion, unauthorised capitulation, negligence of war preparations and negligence of battle duty; attempts, accessories, accomplices and incitements of all the above crimes might also be punished with life imprisonment.

3188:, kidnapping, false imprisonment, manslaughter, attempted murder, soliciting murder, threats to kill, wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm, malicious wounding, using chloroform etc., maliciously administering poison, abandoning children, other serious crimes and other common law offences where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment. 899:, there is never a possibility of parole for anyone sentenced to life imprisonment, as life imprisonment is defined as the "deprivation of liberty of the convict for the entire rest of his/her life". Where mercy is granted in relation to a person serving life imprisonment, imprisonment thereof must not be less than 30 years. In 882:, persons who refuse to cooperate with authorities and are sentenced for mafia activities or terrorism are ineligible for parole and thus will spend the rest of their lives in prison. In Austria, life imprisonment will mean imprisonment for the remainder of the offender's life unless clemency is granted by the 4719:

Brazil's constitution prohibits the death penalty with a saving allowing the death penalty in wartime, if the state of war is duly declared by Congress (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "a)"); the Constitution's next line (art. 5, item XLVII, subitem "b)"), prohibits life sentences. The clause prohibiting

4526:

QLD: Demands with menaces upon agencies of government; riot, if the offender causes grievous bodily harm to a person, causes an explosive substance to explode or destroys or starts to destroy a building, vehicle or machinery; piracy; perjury, in order to procure the conviction of another person for a

1133:

Originally in Malaysia, life imprisonment was construed as a jail term lasting the remainder of a convict's natural life, either with or without the possibility of parole. In April 2023, the Malaysian government officially abolished natural life imprisonment and instead redefined a life sentence as a

4545:

NT: Manslaughter; assisting or encouraging a suicide; killing an unborn child; disabling or stupefying in order to commit an indictable offence; acts intended to cause serious harm or prevent lawful apprehension; preventing escape from wreck; intentionally endangering safety of persons travelling by

718:

estimated that there were 2,589 youth offenders serving life sentences without the possibility for parole in the U.S. Since the start of 2020, that number has fallen to 1,465. The United States has the highest population of prisoners serving life sentences for both adults and minors, at a rate of 50

1160:

on 20 August 1997 that led to the law in Singapore to change the definition of life imprisonment into a sentence that lasts the remainder of the prisoner's natural life, with the possibility of parole after at least 20 years. Abdul Nasir was a convicted robber and kidnapper who was, in two separate

886:

or it can be assumed that the convicted person will not commit any further crimes; the probationary period is ten years. In Malta, prior to 2018, there was previously never any possibility of parole for any person sentenced to life imprisonment, and any form of release from a life sentence was only

2726:

Under certain, aggravated conditions (usually causing death): crimes against humanity, drug trafficking, human trafficking, child trafficking, false imprisonment, hostage taking, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, domestic violence, kidnapping, public endangerment, air/sea piracy, treason, sabotage,

937:

In South and Central America, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, and the Dominican Republic have all abolished life imprisonment. The maximum sentence is 75 years in El Salvador, 60 years in Colombia, 50 years in Costa Rica and Panama, 40

709:

A few countries allow for a minor to be given a life sentence without parole; these include but are not limited to: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina (only over the age of 16), Australia, Belize, Brunei, Cuba, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, and the United

1049:

Within six months of his release, Graham was involved in another robbery. Since he violated the conditions of his probation, his probation officer reported to the trial court about his probation violations a few weeks before Graham turned 18 years old. It was a different judge presiding over his

1345:

Murder, high level drug dealing, Nazi activism, production or distribution of chemical warfare agents to be used in armed conflict; abduction, robbery, rape and statutory rape if the crime causes the victim's death, sea and air piracy and arson if the crime causes the death of a large number of

673:

was sentenced to 34 consecutive terms of life imprisonment (without parole) for murdering 17 people and injuring another 17 at a school. Any sentence without parole effectively means a sentence cannot be suspended; a life sentence without parole, therefore, means that in the absence of unlikely

4519:

NSW: Murder; aggravated sexual assault in company; sexual intercourse with a child under 10; persistent sexual abuse of a child (Crimes Act (NSW)). Drug offences involving commercial quantities or cultivation for a commercial purpose; offences involving manufacture or production in presence of

2974:

Murder, kidnapping, arson, sabotage, dangerous destruction of property, hijacking, espionage, terror crimes, rebellion, endangering the public health by spread of contagion or poison, disloyalty when negotiating with foreign powers, trading in anti-personnel mines, cluster bombs or chemical or

4857: 4507:

Offences including piracy; murder of a UN or associated person; explosives and lethal device offences; treason; assisting anyone known to have committed treason escape apprehension or punishment; knowing someone intends to commit a treason offence and not reporting it to the police or taking

1999:

Since 1977: Normally 15 years. In exceptionally serious cases the minimum to serve before the possbility of parole can be increased at the courts discretion with no fixed limit. Decisions of the constitutional court require that there is a realistic chance of release and that age and serious

1028: 4534:

SA: Manslaughter; aggravated causing death or causing serious harm by use of a vehicle or vessel; rape; unlawful sexual intercourse with a person under 14; property damage of building or motor vehicle by fire (arson) or explosives; aggravated robbery; aggravated serious criminal trespass of

1097:

that judges do not need to make a separate finding of the defendant to be "permanently incorrigible", the "Miller requirement", prior to handing them a sentence of life sentence without parole, but maintained that an individual evaluation to precede sentencing, hence maintaining the ban on

4530:

WA: Attempt to unlawfully kill; criminal damage by fire (Criminal Code (WA)). Possessing, with intent to sell or supply, a trafficable quantity (>28g) of methylamphetamine; conspiring with another to, or attempting to, commit a methylamphetamine trafficking offence (Misuse of Drugs Act

5004:

The court may decide that only the time in less-than-maximum security prison counts for the purposes of parole and that the convict must serve at least ten years in maximum security. A record of good behavior is needed for transfer to lower security in which 20 years must be served

1070:

that mandatory sentences of life in prison without parole for juvenile offenders are unconstitutional. The majority opinion stated that barring a judge from considering mitigating factors and other information, such as age, maturity, and family and home environment violated the

4541:

ACT: Murder; trafficking in a controlled drug; manufacturing a controlled drug for selling; cultivating a controlled plant for selling; selling a controlled plant; supplying controlled drug to child for selling; procuring a child to traffic a controlled

2131:

Manslaughter, rape, aggravated sexual assault, committing a sexual act on a child less than 15 years of age, assault causing serious harm, syringe attacks, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, certain drugs offences, and other

5198:

A person between the ages of 18 and 21 can be tried before a juvenile court (which happens in almost all cases concerning minors) or an adult court, which is determined by the intellectual development of the accused and the severity of the crime

2959:

After 2006: The offender can apply for conversion to a fixed term sentence after 10 years. The fixed term shall be at least 18 years and under normal parole regulations two thirds are served before release (minimum 12 years served for a life

3158:), but individually set by judge. A whole life order means life without parole (e.g. natural life in prison until death). However, there is, at least in theory, a possibility of release of prisoners serving such sentences, as the 1792:

Some cases of murder, public endangerment, treason, terrorism, genocide, crimes against humanity, use of forbidden combat device or forbidden combat tactics, war crimes, persecution of population, misuse of international symbols

4827:, R.S. 1995, c. 22, s. 6(1), as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 4; and R.S.C., 2000, c. 1, s. 1(F) and R.S.C., 2010, c. 5, s. 2 and R.S.C, 2012, c. 1, s. 115. ( 2658:

not amounting to murder (manslaughter), kidnapping by ransom, criminal breach of trust by a public servant, voluntarily causing grievous hurt with dangerous weapons, and trafficking of firearms and more than 30 other offences

764:

In several countries, life imprisonment has been effectively abolished. Many of the countries whose governments have abolished both life imprisonment and indefinite imprisonment have been culturally influenced or colonized by

5050: 1156:, before 20 August 1997, the law decreed that life imprisonment is a fixed sentence of 20 years with the possibility of one-third reduction of the sentence (13 years and 4 months) for good behaviour. It was an appeal by 5333: 1902:

Some cases of murder, some cases of handling drugs, crimes against humanity, genocide, acts of war against civilians, terrorism, violence against the independence of Estonia, causing an explosion using nuclear energy

2549:

Treason, assassination of Polish president, war of aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, unlawful use of weapon of mass destruction, war crimes, murder, homicide and serious bodily harm resulting in death

4288: 1165:

in 1994 and a consecutive sentence of life imprisonment with 12 strokes of the cane for kidnapping two police officers for ransom in 1996, which totalled up to 38 years' imprisonment and 30 strokes of the cane.

4841: 1075:

ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Sentences of life in prison without parole can still be given to juveniles for aggravated first-degree murder, as long as the judge considers the circumstances of the case.

648:

life imprisonment, meaning that the sentence would last longer than the human life expectancy. For example, courts in South Africa have handed out at least two sentences that have exceeded a century, while in

4073:"Presidência da República - Secretaria-Geral - Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos - CÓDIGO PENAL - "Art. 75. O tempo de cumprimento das penas privativas de liberdade não pode ser superior a 40 (quarenta) anos" 3486: 4645: 1840:

Treason, espionage during wartime, use of force against the parliament, terrorism, arson under circumstances that are life-threatening, hijacking of vehicles, willful release of nuclear substances, murder

965:

A person serving a life sentence must serve for a certain length of time before becoming eligible for parole. First degree murder and high treason carry the longest period of parole ineligibility in the

4594: 4418: 2383:

Murder, aggravated manslaughter, various crimes against the Dutch state, attacks on the monarch, crimes with a terrorist motive, and leading a terrorist organization in especially serious circumstances

5712: 910:, there was never a possibility of parole for any person sentenced to life imprisonment, and any form of release for life convicted in the country was only possible when granted royal decree by the 1010:

ruled that sentencing minors to life without parole, automatically (as the result of a statute) or as the result of a judicial decision, for crimes other than intentional homicide, violated the

5941: 925:, the decision of whether or not a life-convicted person is eligible for parole is up to the prison complex after 25 years have been served, and release eligibility depends on the prospect of 1102:

life sentences for minors. Life sentences with minimum terms, which permit later evaluation of a convict's character and rehabilitation, remain constitutional, including for minor offenders.

3713: 921:

Even in other European countries that do provide for life without parole, courts continue to retain judicial discretion to decide whether a sentence of life should include parole or not. In

4022: 706:

oppose that punishment. In particular, they emphasize that when faced with a prisoner with no hope of being released ever, the prison has no means to discipline such convict effectively.

5690: 878:, although the law does not expressly provide for life without the possibility of release, some convicted persons may never be released, on the grounds that they are too dangerous. In 1670:

13 for a single murder if it is the perpetrator's first offence. 15–20 for a single murder that is the perpetrator's second offence if he/she serves the sentence with good behaviour

610:

Common law murder is one of the only crimes in which life imprisonment is mandatory; mandatory life sentences for murder are given in several countries, including some states of the

5054: 5919: 5240: 5326: 2240:, terrorism resulting in death, piracy (hijacking of a civilian aircraft or civilian vessel) that results in death or otherwise has grave consequences to the safety of others 1620:

Various crimes including attempted murder, aircraft hijacking, armed robbery, kidnapping, aggravated sexual assault, conspiracy to murder and most offenses resulting in death

1608:

25 years for first-degree murder or high treason; 10 years minimum for second-degree murder. 7–25 years for any other offence where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment.

4311: 5792: 4730: 4203: 3535: 989:, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. Parole eligibility for second degree murder typically varies between 10 and 25 years, and is set by the sentencing judge. 3466: 929:

and how likely they are to re-offend. In Europe, only Ukraine and Moldova explicitly exclude parole or any form of sentence commutation for life sentences in all cases.

958:

is a criminal sentence for certain offences that lasts for the offender’s life. Parole is possible, but even if paroled, the offender remains under the supervision of

618:. Life imprisonment (as a maximum term) can also be imposed, in certain countries, for traffic offences causing death. Life imprisonment is not used in all countries; 5454: 2232:

Genocide, prohibited mistreatment of persons under international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity, prohibited military attack, attempted assassination of the

3818: 991:

A life sentence is the most severe punishment for any crime in Canada. Criminal laws are enacted by the Parliament of Canada and apply uniformly across the country.

983: 5836: 4883: 4634: 5894: 3369: 3645: 4590: 4410: 2333:

24 years (74 years if convicted of murder involving kidnapping); in the state of Chihuahua, murder involving kidnapping provides for a mandatory life sentence

1659: 1183:, was since regarded as a landmark in Singapore's legal history as it changed the definition of life imprisonment from "life" to "natural life" under the law. 5857:

This is subject to sentencing guidelines applicable to each offence and to limits on the sentences which can be applied in courts dealing with minor offences.

1091:

were to apply retroactively, causing a substantial amount of appeals to decade-old sentences for then-juvenile offenders. In 2022, the Supreme Court ruled in

4809:, R.S. 1985, c. C-46, s. 748, as amended by R.S., 1985, c. 1 (4th Supp.), s. 45(F) and R.S.C., 1992, c. 22, s. 12; and R.S.C., 1995, c. 22, s. 6. ( 5704: 4114: 3092: 1212: 477: 4913: 1161:

High Court trials, sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment and 18 strokes of the cane for robbery with hurt resulting in a female Japanese tourist's death at

669:, received 12 consecutive life sentences plus 3,318 years without the possibility of parole. In the case of mass murder in the US, Parkland mass murderer 4054: 3847: 3692: 5657:§ 89 Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik, KZ), temporarily pursuant as per § 375 of (the new) Criminal Code of Slovenia (Kazenski zakonik; KZ-1) 4983: 4685: 2607:

Treason and other grave crimes against the state, extremely grave murder, capitulation, desertion on the battlefield, crimes against peace or humanity

1072: 1011: 804:

previously had a maximum prison sentence of 40 years; life imprisonment was instated in 2019 by amendments to the country's criminal code, alongside a

3775: 3100: 3974: 3709: 1441:

15 years (no previous conviction or below 3 years), 19 years (previous conviction below 5 years), or 23 years (previous conviction 5 years or more)

3511: 2403:

After 25 years served, the Advisory College for the Lifelong Incarcerated reviews whether a return into society is advisable, but only a pardon by

938:

years in Honduras and Brazil, 30 years in Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, and 25 years in Paraguay and Ecuador.

5304: 2236:, attempted assassination of a governmental official or foreign official, murder with aggravated circumstances, murder of persons protected under 4484: 3334: 2016: 3192: 694:. Since the behaviour of a prisoner serving a life sentence without parole is not relevant to the execution of such sentence, many people among 517:, or commuted to a fixed term). Crimes that result in life imprisonment are extremely serious and usually violent. Examples of these crimes are 5546: 5505: 4752: 4252: 3171:– abolished in 2012 but offenders already serving that sentence remain in prison. Persons under 18 years of age may be sentenced to detention 5682: 4783: 2996:: max 14 years of imprisonment (until 1 January 2022, onwards the same rules as for other offenders are applied in cases of serious offences) 6117: 5209: 4270: 2056:

No (abolished in West Germany by the Constitution since 23 May 1949; abolished by law in West Germany in 1953 and in East Germany in 1987)

972:, at 25 years. A statutory amendment to allow periods of parole ineligibility greater than 25 years was held to be unconstitutional by the 3569: 2011:

Aggravated murder, genocide resulting in death, crimes against humanity resulting in death, war crimes against persons resulting in death

5990: 5387: 4828: 2490:

Maximum sentence 21 years (30 years if convicted of aggravated terrorism) with possibility to renew the sentence in exceptional cases.

1283:

Yes; for murder in Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory; for murder of police officer in New South Wales

5927: 5359: 5259: 1288: 711: 4703: 690:

life terms are used, a release on humanitarian grounds (also known as compassionate release) is commonplace, such as in the case of

5405: 5020: 1205: 470: 4319: 6212: 4187: 2646: 4455: 4226: 4160: 4106: 2651:

Yes; for certain offences, including possession of firearms at time of arrest for any offence, hijacking of aircraft and piracy

815:, there are many jurisdictions where the law expressly provides for life sentences without the possibility of parole. These are 6217: 3352: 1118: 1001: 824: 289: 283: 5871: 4087: 3616: 1558:

Aggravated murder, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated robbery, treason, espionage, war crimes, genocide, desertion in wartime

5961: 3894: 1295: 6142: 3667: 2363: 5450: 4468: 4289:"In landmark review, apex court commutes death penalty and natural-life imprisonment of 11 convicted for drug trafficking" 2000:

illnesses of the convicted must be taken into account, when a minimum time to serve in exceptionally serious cases is set.

5832: 5594:

Only in cases of repeat offenders, convicted of the same or as part of an organized group or during a state of emergency.

1198: 463: 5767: 3536:"Crime > Punishment > Minimum life sentence to serve before eligibility for requesting parole: Countries Compared" 4879: 3330: 3262:

Compassionate release by cabinet secretary for justice (Scottish government); amnesty by royal decree (by means of the

3168: 1278: 1054: 1007: 703: 3162:

has the power to release on licence any life sentence prisoner on compassionate grounds in exceptional circumstances.

6182: 5285: 4810: 3653: 1944:

High treason, espionage, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, homicidal terrorist act, crime against peace

773:

and have written such prohibitions into their current constitutional laws (including Portugal itself but not Spain).

4635:"The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia" 686:(e.g. imminent death), the prisoner will spend the rest of their natural life in prison. In several countries where 6197: 6147: 3017: 658: 5568: 5983: 2676: 1803: 789:

each set the maximum prison sentence at 45 years, and Portugal abolished all forms of life imprisonment with the

5327:"VIII-1250 Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymas dėl Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvenc..." 4496: 3874: 6172: 6052: 4905: 4851: 4072: 3821:[Congress approves permanent revisable prison with support only from the People's Party] (in Spanish). 3735: 3689: 3159: 2675:: applied for certain offences, but mandatory for murder, drug trafficking and other offences that attract the 2631: 2237: 1263: 1147: 959: 915: 339: 20: 3749: 6177: 5630:

Only if the crime results in the injuries or deaths of multiple persons or if the perpetrator is a mercenary.

5028: 4979: 3982: 3776:"The Sentencing Project News – New Publication: Life Goes On: The Historic Rise in Life Sentences in America" 3461: 3314: 2703: 797: 623: 5670: 5226: 5102: 4557: 4341: 1996:

Before 1977: never (except with presidential pardon). Ruled unconstitutional by Federal Constitutional Court

1667:

13 years of the original sentence having been actually served. Never in extremely serious corruption cases.

6252: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6062: 6057: 6047: 5793:"Whole Life Orders: Attorney General's Reference (R. v McCann); Attorney General's Reference (R. v Sinaga)" 3920: 3783: 3172: 2929: 1986: 1924: 1820: 1700: 1433: 1323: 1170: 1162: 1015: 666: 662: 449: 232: 5814: 6207: 6202: 6192: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6137: 6122: 6102: 6092: 6067: 4439: 3621: 3073: 2946: 2529: 2479: 2318: 1600: 955: 948: 420: 412: 4939: 3518: 6237: 6187: 6132: 6127: 6072: 5976: 5300: 3326: 3263: 3199: 2820: 1642: 362: 6242: 3591: 3446: 3244:

Murder with additional circumstances, two or more murders, attempted murder, two or more counts rape

1135: 926: 324: 5542: 5501: 4748: 3037:

Aggravated murder, aggravated hostage-taking, genocide, endangering the independence of the country

3322: 88: 5169: 4775: 4520:

children or procuring children to supply prohibited drugs (Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act (NSW)).

4469:"A Comparative Review of National Legislation for the Indefinite Detention of 'Dangerous Criminals 4384: 6024: 4164: 3451: 2917: 1081: 973: 911: 638: 250: 34: 2708:

Yes; only if necessary to protect society and given the convict is unlikely to be rehabilitated

5383: 4805: 3561: 2686: 2654:

Murder (if no intent to cause death), drug trafficking (if acted as couriers or mentally ill),

2233: 2051: 968: 786: 309: 5868:"Criminal Proceedings in Scotland 2014–15: Annex D: Definitions, Classifications and Notation" 4568: 4411:"Murderer fails to escape the gallows: 6 other cases involving the revised death penalty laws" 5076: 3996: 3948: 3456: 1177: 1157: 1043: 691: 683: 334: 193: 63: 4359: 3819:"El Congreso aprueba la prisión permanente revisable con el único apoyo del Partido Popular" 6029: 5355: 4823: 4230: 4037:"Ukraine found in violation of the prohibition of torture over treatment of life prisoners" 2152: 2047: 1093: 918:

stated in 2013 that lifelong imprisonment without the chance of being released is inhuman.

883: 796:

Life imprisonment in Spain was abolished in 1928, but reinstated in 2015 and upheld by the

661:

in 1996, received 35 life sentences plus 1,035 years without parole. In the United States,

188: 168: 8: 4700: 2111: 329: 5666: 5397: 5241:"Children charged with serious crimes face different criminal justice process to adults" 6034: 6019: 6014: 4571:

judicialcollege.vic.edu.au 'Young persons' may not be sentenced to indefinite sentences

4485:"Indefinite detention of people with cognitive and psychiatric impairment in Australia" 3753: 2858: 1114: 888: 715: 600: 549: 428: 219: 211: 206: 183: 178: 173: 98: 43: 3191:

No, but offenders under 18 can be sentenced to detention for an indeterminate period.

1741:: Imprisonment of up to 10 years only in serious cases, otherwise educational measures 6257: 6247: 5024: 4954: 4847: 4451: 4195: 3690:

The Rest of Their Lives: Life without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States

3310: 3146: 2721: 2655: 2324: 1087: 1062: 1020: 816: 805: 781:

A number of European countries have abolished all forms of indefinite imprisonment.

631: 565: 553: 304: 255: 224: 93: 5867: 5833:"Life Sentence Prisoners in Scotland: Chapter One: Historical Use of Life Sentences" 4662: 4452:"Indefinite detention of persons with disability within the criminal justice system" 3710:"State Distribution of Youth Offenders Serving Juvenile Life Without Parole (JLWOP)" 3093:

Life imprisonment in Taiwan § Crimes with life imprisonment as minimum sentence

3283: 3155: 2854: 627: 441: 294: 148: 83: 5477:"The Penal Code - Chapter 18. Terrorist acts and terrorism-related acts - Lovdata" 5424: 5771: 5409: 5391: 5189:

sec. 8(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes

5180:

sec. 7(1) German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes

4707: 3850:[Constitutional court upholds permanent reviewable prison] (in Spanish). 3696: 3238:

Between 17 and 30 years for a single murder without any additional circumstances

2904: 2829: 1032: 978: 843:(only for persons who refuse to cooperate with authorities and are sentenced for 568: 561: 357: 103: 5476: 3675: 3318: 3276: 3212: 3126: 3002:

By the district court of Örebro (parole hearing) or by the government (pardon)

1763: 820: 641:, courts have been given the authority to pass prison terms that may amount to 494: 372: 158: 4023:"RIS - Strafgesetzbuch § 46 - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, tagesaktuelle Fassung" 3101:

Life imprisonment in Taiwan § Other crimes allowing for life imprisonment

1862:

After 12 years entitled to request to minister of justice; granted by monarch

6231: 5764: 4958: 4199: 3347: 3185: 2864: 2847: 2537:

Any minimum term from 30 to 50 years or never; individually set by the judge

2069: 1333:

or never (Imprisonment for lifetime, when clemency is rejected by president)

1308:

Federal: By governor general NSW, Vic, QLD, WA, SA, Tas, ACT, NT: by statute

1066:

in a 5–4 decision and with the majority opinion written by Associate Justice

790: 654: 611: 4523:

Vic: Murder; trafficking in a drug of dependence (large commercial quantity)

2574:

No (abolished during peacetime in 1998 and under all circumstances in 2014)

1959:: max. 12 years' imprisonment for a single offence, 15 for multiple offences 4938:

Kovčo Vukadin, Irma; Žakman-Ban, Vladimira; Jandrić-Nišević, Anita (2010).

2404: 1138:, which was followed by many more such commutations in the months to come. 1122: 1110: 670: 622:

was the first country to abolish life imprisonment, in 1884, and all other

533: 498: 367: 240: 73: 5277: 1271:

Federal: For terrorism and treason offences: 22.5 years. State laws vary.

1169:

Abdul Nasir's appeal for the two sentences to run concurrently led to the

742: Life imprisonment is a legal penalty, but with certain restrictions. 4843:

Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law in the People's Republic of China

4161:"Court bars mandatory life without parole for youths, rejects cross case" 3012: 2358: 2017:

Life imprisonment in Germany § Crimes allowing for life imprisonment

1067: 962:

for their lifetime, and can be returned to prison for parole violations.

907: 828: 714:

study, only the U.S. had minors serving such sentences in 2008. In 2009,

699: 530: 299: 198: 27: 5170:

German Criminal Code on crimes against international law and war crimes

4880:"Is Life Without Parole a Signal of China's Will to Reduce Executions?" 4227:"Pope Francis calls for abolishing death penalty and life imprisonment" 3441: 2891: 2133: 1389: 580: 576: 397: 319: 143: 133: 78: 4937: 4731:"Pacote anticrime entra em vigor com mudanças no cumprimento de penas" 4150:, 87(1), 51–91. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Retrieved 28 October 2012. 3925: 3562:"Cleveland kidnapper Ariel Castro sentenced to life, plus 1,000 years" 4107:"Supreme Court Restricts Life Sentences Without Parole for Juveniles" 2626: 2565:: max. 30 years' imprisonment, but only if juvenile is tried as adult 2212: 1258: 1153: 848: 727: 541: 526: 278: 138: 68: 5968: 5942:"Pese a que la Justicia ha aplicado penas de 45 años, no se cumplen" 4253:"Malaysia scraps mandatory death penalty, natural-life prison terms" 392: 3227: 2875: 2868: 2764: 2698: 1906:

Maximum length 10 years. Under 14 cannot be criminally prosecuted.

1538: 836: 793:

of Sampaio e Melo in 1884 and has a maximum sentence of 25 years.

770: 719:

people per 100,000 (1 out of 2,000) residents imprisoned for life.

650: 619: 604: 584: 4036: 3646:"InfoLEG – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas – Argentina" 1027: 5106: 4271:"Malaysia commutes death penalty, life terms of 11 drug convicts" 4079: 3797: 3400: 3134: 2895: 2587: 2423: 2170: 1981: 1919: 1878: 1815: 1695: 1428: 1400:

15 years for a single murder (up to 20 years for several crimes)

1318: 1236:

Indefinite sentence (excl. preventive or psychiatric detainment)

922: 900: 896: 852: 832: 782: 679: 630:

except for Cuba, Peru, Argentina, Chile and the Mexican state of

588: 545: 522: 123: 4538:

Tas: Murder; treason; accessory after the fact guilty of treason

3384:

By president or governor of a state (depending on jurisdiction)

5080: 3068: 2941: 2833: 2524: 2474: 2313: 1856:: 16 years under normal circumstances, 20 years if gang-related 1595: 1496: 1117:

and life imprisonment in a meeting with representatives of the

892: 875: 868: 864: 860: 856: 812: 801: 695: 675: 615: 596: 518: 514: 510: 506: 314: 273: 113: 5027:§ 33, § 41] (in Danish). Retsinformation (Civilstyrelsen, 4701:

Jeugdsanctierecht in Europa: is uithandengeving een evidentie?

3517:(PDF). Mothers Against Drunk Driving. May 2012. Archived from 2836:, depending on the number of crimes and the crimes themselves 1480:

Parole by Conditional Release Commission or pardon by monarch

1125:

penal code in 2013, is just a variation of the death penalty.

26:"Life term" redirects here. For lifelong terms of office, see 5892: 5782:

art. 173 al. 1 let. k Constitution of the Swiss Confederation

4088:"How sentences are imposed - Canadian Victims Bill of Rights" 3923:[A statute installed in 1822 and abolished in 1928]. 3487:"How sentences are imposed - Canadian Victims Bill of Rights" 3141: 2914:

Attempt of genocide if resulting in death, rape or mutilation

2815: 2277: 1932:

12 years for court release; any time for presidential pardon

1654: 879: 844: 840: 766: 592: 572: 557: 502: 5569:"How Long Is Life Imprisonment in Singapore? And Other FAQs" 5380:

For details of new rulings from Mexican Supreme Court, see:

4086:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (23 July 2015).

3485:

Government of Canada, Department of Justice (23 July 2015).

2517:

No (Fully abolished in 1979, constitutional ban since 2014)

4906:"Section 2 The President of the People's Republic of China" 3822: 3467:

List of people sentenced to more than one life imprisonment

3181: 2604:

Genocide during wartime, inhumane treatment during wartime

1991:

Yes (for adults between 18 and 21 only if tried as adults)

1289:

Life imprisonment in Australia § State and territories

537: 108: 5384:"Wanted Fugitive Raul Gomez Garcia Extradited to the U.S." 4188:"Court Bars Mandatory Life Terms for Juveniles in Murders" 3895:"25 anos de prisão. A história da pena máxima em Portugal" 1965:: Life with reduced minimum of 10 years for parole request 1230:

Minimum to serve before eligibility for requesting parole

1121:. He also stated that life imprisonment, removed from the 5895:"Fury over ruling that could see Attracta's killer freed" 3851: 3848:"El Constitucional avala la prisión permanente revisable" 3617:"Florida school mass shooter sentenced to life in prison" 3876:

THE PORTUGUESE PENAL CODE, GENERAL PART (ARTICLES 1–130)

3337:) can be used to grant amnesty like the rest of the UK. 2136:

offences where the maximum penalty is life imprisonment

1617:

High treason, first-degree murder, second-degree murder

637:

In many countries around the world, particularly in the

4947:

Varstvoslovje, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security

1035:, sentenced to life imprisonment for bank robbery, 1935 626:

also have maximum imprisonment lengths, as well as all

2956:

Before 2006: Never (unless pardoned by the government)

5358:(in Portuguese). Imprensa Oficial. 14 November 1995. 5301:"Lebanese Revolution? Death Sentence For Wife Beater" 5260:"Just what can the President of Ireland actually do?" 4163:. Catholic News Service. 25 June 2012. Archived from 2679:(imposition of death not allowed for minors below 18) 4591:"Royal Prerogative of Mercy and statutory referrals" 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4085: 3560:

McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Brown, Pamela (August 2013).

3484: 2720:

Aggravated murder, genocide, terrorism, war crimes,

2484:

Life imprisonment only under military criminal code

19:"Life sentence" redirects here. For other uses, see 5103:"Oikeuslaitos – Imprisonment and community service" 5015: 5013: 5011: 3921:"Una figura instaurada en 1822 y eliminada en 1928" 505:under which the convicted criminal is to remain in 4558:Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 (ACT) section 133G(4) 2799:: max. 10 years of imprisonment in juvenile prison 2784:Terrorism, drug offenses, crimes against humanity 2616:Pardon by president, amnesty by act of parliament 1339:Yes but only if clemency is rejected by president 1296:Life imprisonment in Australia § Commonwealth 5520: 4312:"Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah v Public Prosecutor" 4129: 2601:No; replaced by 25 years' imprisonment at age 60 1635:: Yes, but only if juvenile is sentenced as adult 6229: 5893:Deborah McAleese; Emily Moulton (28 June 2008). 5008: 4933: 4931: 3512:"Penalties for Drunk Driving Vehicular Homicide" 3025:10 years or 15 years; individually set by judge 1060:In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of 5962:International perspectives on life imprisonment 4710:Jura falconis, jg 44, 2007–2008, nr 1, pp. 3–38 4487:, Senate Community Affairs References Committee 3559: 3256:Under 18: Detention for an indeterminate period 1179:Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah v Public Prosecutor 1079:In 2016 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of 1042:was a significant case in juvenile justice. In 4910:Constitution of the People's Republic of China 2645:Yes, for offenders of unsound mind; see also: 2407:from the monarch can rescind a life sentence. 1331:15 years (Imprisonment for a definite period) 5984: 4928: 4663:"Уголовный кодекс Азербайджанской Республики" 4580:Sentencing Act 1991 (Victoria) Section 18A(1) 4454:. Disabled People's Organisations Australia. 4186:Liptak, Adam; Bronner, Ethan (25 June 2012). 4185: 3975:"Bulgaria – Criminal codes – Legislationline" 3750:"US States Fail to Protect Children's Rights" 1206: 509:for the rest of their natural life (or until 471: 5920:"Neutral Citation No.[2008] NICA 27" 5257: 5128: 5451:"6 Nigerian Soldiers Bag Life Imprisonment" 5051:"Estonian Penal Code (English translation)" 4846:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2 May 2013. 4749:"Criminal code of the Republic of Bulgaria" 3736:"Juvenile Life Without Parole: An Overview" 3313:in 1998 (became applicable in three cases: 2288:25 years (30 in exceptional circumstances) 1186: 736: Life imprisonment is a legal penalty. 5991: 5977: 5815:"Indeterminate extended and life sentence" 5298: 4773: 4609:"section 18 of the Austrian criminal code" 1213: 1199: 628:Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas 478: 464: 4686:extract from the Belgian Official Journal 4408: 3592:"Snapshot: Australia's longest sentences" 3198:Amnesty by royal decree (by means of the 2722:recidivism of certain aggravated offenses 1302:Federal, NSW, QLD, WA, SA, Tas, NT: Yes; 1242:Other crimes with possible life sentence 731:Life imprisonment laws around the world: 712:University of San Francisco School of Law 5526: 4342:"Oriental Hotel murder | Infopedia" 4306: 4304: 4302: 2727:espionage, assaulting a public official 1233:Maximum length of sentence (under life) 1026: 726: 5227:Report. Determination of life sentences 4229:. Catholic News Service. Archived from 3872: 3813: 3811: 3195:cannot be given to offenders under 21. 1971:By president, Helsinki Court of Appeal 986:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 6230: 5715:from the original on 29 December 2015. 4458:from the original on 26 February 2019. 4409:Abu Baker, Jalelah (16 January 2015). 4104: 3842: 3840: 3712:. Human Rights Watch. 2 October 2009. 3111:: No, automatic reduction if mandatory 2187:Aggravated murder, terrorism, treason 1119:International Association of Penal Law 1002:Life imprisonment in the United States 825:Life imprisonment in England and Wales 5998: 5972: 5874:from the original on 10 February 2018 5705:"Svensk författningssamling 1974:152" 5683:"Svensk författningssamling 1962:700" 5362:from the original on 21 February 2009 5238: 4916:from the original on 10 November 2017 4886:from the original on 10 February 2018 4651:from the original on 5 February 2015. 4597:from the original on 16 January 2019. 4299: 4225:Rocca, Francis X. (23 October 2014). 4224: 4117:from the original on 15 December 2013 4041:Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group 3333:(in accordance with the principle of 1409:Crimes against the state, war crimes 5549:from the original on 31 January 2013 5543:"Criminal Code of Romania, art. 109" 5508:from the original on 31 January 2013 5258:O'Mahony, Conor (4 September 2018). 4940:"Prisoner Rehabilitation in Croatia" 4860:from the original on 9 February 2018 3913: 3808: 3363:Varies by state; 99 years in Alaska 2647:The President's Pleasure (Singapore) 1777:30 or more years if part of sentence 887:possible by clemency granted by the 5839:from the original on 6 October 2017 5502:"Criminal Code of Romania, art. 55" 5453:. ConnectAfrica. 19 November 2008. 5288:from the original on 14 April 2014. 3837: 1053:Graham's case was presented to the 748: Life imprisonment is illegal. 13: 5693:from the original on 23 June 2015. 5307:from the original on 14 April 2014 5043: 4786:from the original on 28 March 2014 4755:from the original on 25 March 2012 4615:from the original on 22 March 2012 4440:Crimes Act (Cth) section 19AG 3(a) 4421:from the original on 21 March 2018 3266:) alone or with act of Parliament 3202:) alone or with act of Parliament 3169:Imprisonment for public protection 1629:: maximum 10 years of imprisonment 1279:Immigration detention in Australia 1176:The appeal of Abdul Nasir, titled 1055:Supreme Court of the United States 1008:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 6269: 5955: 5531:. Universul Juridic. p. 198. 5457:from the original on 18 July 2011 5398:"Mexico alters extradition rules" 5336:from the original on 11 June 2016 5141:BVerfG, 22 May 1995, 2 BvR 671/95 5127:sec. 57a(1) German Criminal Code 4986:from the original on 25 July 2011 4737:(in Portuguese). 23 January 2020. 4593:. Attorney-General's Department. 4497:Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) section 19B 3892: 3643: 3572:from the original on 10 June 2017 3058:By Federal Assembly (Parliament) 2327:for murder involving kidnapping) 1394:Yes, but only for men aged 18–65 1113:called for the abolition of both 5934: 5912: 5886: 5860: 5851: 5825: 5807: 5785: 5776: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5697: 5675: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5159:sec. 211(1) German Criminal Code 4774:Justice BC (11 September 2013). 4206:from the original on 27 May 2017 4105:Savage, David G. (17 May 2010). 3716:from the original on 8 June 2011 3393: 3346: 3275: 3220: 3211: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3067: 3011: 2940: 2814: 2757: 2697: 2625: 2580: 2523: 2473: 2416: 2357: 2312: 2270: 2205: 2163: 2104: 2062: 1980: 1918: 1871: 1814: 1756: 1694: 1653: 1594: 1531: 1489: 1427: 1382: 1317: 1257: 995: 947:This section is an excerpt from 932: 391: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5561: 5535: 5494: 5469: 5443: 5417: 5374: 5348: 5319: 5292: 5270: 5251: 5232: 5220: 5202: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5121: 5095: 5069: 4998: 4972: 4898: 4872: 4834: 4816: 4798: 4767: 4741: 4723: 4713: 4691: 4676: 4655: 4627: 4601: 4583: 4574: 4562: 4551: 4511: 4501: 4490: 4478: 4475:, Tasmania Law Reform Institute 4462: 4444: 4433: 4402: 4377: 4352: 4334: 4281: 4263: 4245: 4218: 4179: 4153: 4098: 4065: 4047: 4029: 4015: 3989: 3967: 3941: 3886: 3866: 3790: 3768: 3742: 3728: 3702: 3154:15 years or longer (maximum of 1248:Pardon, amnesty, other release 1224:Jurisdiction (link to details) 1105: 50:Criminal trials and convictions 5765:art. 25 Juvenile Criminal Code 4142:Drinan, C. H. (2012, March). " 3682: 3660: 3637: 3609: 3584: 3553: 3528: 3504: 3478: 3426:No life imprisonment sentence 3423:No life imprisonment sentence 3420:No life imprisonment sentence 3417:No life imprisonment sentence 3408:Varies, depending on sentence 3160:Secretary of State for Justice 2990:: max 14 years of imprisonment 2613:: max. 20 years' imprisonment 2330:Varies, depending on sentence 2303:No life imprisonment sentence 2300:No life imprisonment sentence 2297:No life imprisonment sentence 2294:No life imprisonment sentence 2285:Varies, depending on sentence 2238:international humanitarian law 2095:No life imprisonment sentence 2092:No life imprisonment sentence 2089:No life imprisonment sentence 2086:No life imprisonment sentence 2077:Varies, depending on sentence 1799:: max. 10 years' imprisonment 1747:No life imprisonment sentence 1720:No life imprisonment sentence 1717:No life imprisonment sentence 1708:Varies, depending on sentence 1525:Yes, but only in times of war 1522:No life imprisonment sentence 1516:No life imprisonment sentence 1513:No life imprisonment sentence 1504:Varies, depending on sentence 1415:: max. 10 years' imprisonment 1148:Life imprisonment in Singapore 982:(2022 SCC 23), as contrary to 916:European Court of Human Rights 340:Sexually violent predator laws 21:Life Sentence (disambiguation) 1: 5621:§ 433(2) Slovak Criminal Code 5612:§ 419(2) Slovak Criminal Code 5603:§ 418(3) Slovak Criminal Code 5585:§ 144(3) Slovak Criminal Code 5356:"Código Penal – Art. 1 a 100" 3929:(in Spanish). 21 January 2020 3462:Capital punishment by country 3253:Under 12: Cannot be convicted 3247:Any other common law offence 3175:for an indeterminite period. 2742:: max. 15 years' imprisonment 2040:: maximum of 15 years or life 1474:: max. 30 years' imprisonment 1468:: max. 14 years' imprisonment 1367:: max. 20 years' imprisonment 1361:: max. 15 years' imprisonment 1355:: max. 10 years' imprisonment 1016:Cruel and unusual punishments 759: 722: 624:Portuguese-speaking countries 5819:Prisoners' Families Helpline 5752:art. 266 Swiss Criminal Code 5743:art. 264 Swiss Criminal Code 5734:art. 185 Swiss Criminal Code 5725:art. 112 Swiss Criminal Code 5639:§ 47(2) Slovak Criminal Code 5299:Ari Yashar (28 March 2014). 5150:sec. 38 German Criminal Code 3882:. verbojuridico. p. 12. 3873:Ramalho, Énio (2016). "II". 3625:. Singapore. 3 November 2022 3052:: max. 4 years' imprisonment 2903:Carried out by member(s) of 2339:Murder involving kidnapping 1171:Court of Appeal of Singapore 1141: 1085:that the rulings imposed by 698:, penitentiary specialists, 667:2012 Aurora theater shooting 233:Cruel and unusual punishment 7: 5105:. Oikeus.fi. Archived from 4385:"The Best I Could S1 – EP6" 3435: 1735:: Only educational measures 1685:By courts and by president 1158:Abdul Nasir bin Amer Hamsah 1128: 956:Life imprisonment in Canada 949:Life imprisonment in Canada 10: 6274: 5648:§ 117 Slovak Criminal Code 4780:Youth Criminal Justice Act 4688:advocaat.be 17 March 2013. 3327:royal prerogative of mercy 3311:referendum-based agreement 3309:General release through a 3291:Individually set by judge 3264:royal prerogative of mercy 3235:Individually set by judge 3200:royal prerogative of mercy 3098: 3090: 2014: 1660:People's Republic of China 1643:royal prerogative of mercy 1293: 1286: 1145: 999: 946: 704:human rights organizations 435: English/Welsh courts 32: 25: 18: 6044: 6006: 5021:"Straffeloven § 33, § 41" 4776:"Maximum Youth Sentences" 3387:Yes (depending on state) 3335:parliamentary sovereignty 3173:at His Majesty's pleasure 2857:, his/her spouse, or the 2142:age 10–11: rape or murder 1136:Federal Court of Malaysia 941: 776: 665:, the perpetrator of the 657:, the perpetrator of the 5278:"Article 549 Penal Code" 3901:(in European Portuguese) 3472: 3331:act of the UK Parliament 2890:Of a person suffering a 1245:Under age of 18 (or 21) 1187:Overview by jurisdiction 702:, but most of all among 89:Presumption of innocence 33:Not to be confused with 6025:Indefinite imprisonment 5835:. Scottish Government. 5408:3 December 2005 at the 5386:US Embassy in Mexico. 4751:. Legislationline.org. 4706:3 February 2012 at the 3979:www.legislationline.org 3668:"Laws of Other Nations" 3452:Indefinite imprisonment 3357:Yes (except in Alaska) 2920:, if resulting in death 2918:Crimes against humanity 2264:No (abolished in 1998) 2249:: No criminal penalties 1953:: No criminal penalties 1750:No (abolished in 1991) 1647:No (abolished in 1976) 1376:No (abolished in 1968) 1082:Montgomery v. Louisiana 974:Supreme Court of Canada 912:King of the Netherlands 710:States. According to a 251:Indefinite imprisonment 35:Indefinite imprisonment 5671:Official State Gazette 5573:Singapore Legal Advice 5214:Citizensinformation.ie 5129: 5077:"Finnish criminal law" 4982:. Business.center.cz. 4882:. Dui Hua Foundation. 3802:life-imprisonment.html 3113: 2802: 2745: 2687:President of Singapore 2682: 2568: 2398:: no life imprisonment 2255:: No life imprisonment 2234:president of Lithuania 1729:: cannot be prosecuted 1641:Yes, but only through 1567:: cannot be prosecuted 1462:: cannot be prosecuted 1036: 787:Bosnia and Herzegovina 756: 674:circumstances such as 310:Miscarriage of justice 5709:Riksdagsförvaltningen 5687:Riksdagsförvaltningen 5527:Mitrache, C. (2010). 5282:english.al-akhbar.com 4980:"Czech Criminal Code" 4683:(in French and Dutch) 4346:eresources.nlb.gov.sg 4148:Washington Law Review 3780:sentencingproject.org 3524:on 23 September 2013. 3457:List of prison deaths 3106: 2832:, 25 to 35 years for 2787: 2730: 2662: 2553: 2508:No criminal penalties 2487:No life imprisonment 1030: 730: 692:Abdelbaset al-Megrahi 335:Sex offender registry 55:Rights of the accused 6030:Mandatory sentencing 5210:"Types of sentences" 4829:Criminal Records Act 4824:Criminal Records Act 3695:27 June 2015 at the 2571:Pardon by president 2458:no life imprisonment 1909:Pardon by president 1094:Jones v. Mississippi 884:President of Austria 798:Constitutional Court 684:humanitarian grounds 659:Port Arthur massacre 421:English/Welsh courts 349:Related areas of law 6253:Crime-related lists 5948:. 28 November 2017. 5770:14 May 2010 at the 5390:15 May 2007 at the 5057:on 4 September 2015 5029:Ministry of Justice 4295:. 14 November 2023. 4277:. 14 November 2023. 3798:"Life imprisonment" 3786:on 18 October 2013. 3756:. 13 September 2022 3178:Murder and treason 2887:Of a minor under 16 2828:18 to 22 years for 1239:Mandatory sentence 1220: 906:Before 2016 in the 330:Restorative justice 16:Criminal punishment 6035:Suspended sentence 6020:Custodial sentence 6015:Capital punishment 5930:on 22 August 2011. 5821:. 8 February 2011. 5795:. 11 December 2020 5575:. 1 February 2021. 5429:www.rechtspraak.nl 5239:Gallagher, Conor. 5083:. 10 December 2018 4233:on 24 October 2014 4192:The New York Times 3997:"Krivični zakonik" 3985:on 7 October 2017. 3949:"Krivični zakonik" 3754:Human Rights Watch 3656:on 9 January 2016. 2900:Together with rape 2859:heir to the Throne 2668:: no imprisonment 2052:minister-president 2034:: maximum 10 years 1774:20 years generally 1579:: maximum 12 years 1546:20 years or never 1227:Life imprisonment 1191: 1115:capital punishment 1037: 1018:", in the case of 984:section 12 of the 960:Corrections Canada 889:President of Malta 757: 716:Human Rights Watch 601:aircraft hijacking 550:illegal drug trade 534:resulting in death 220:Capital punishment 212:Dangerous offender 99:Self-incrimination 44:Criminal procedure 6238:Life imprisonment 6225: 6224: 6000:Life imprisonment 5899:Belfast Telegraph 5529:Drept penal român 5025:Danish Penal Code 4611:. Ris.bka.gv.at. 4415:The Straits Times 4275:The Straits Times 4257:The Straits Times 4111:Los Angeles Times 4092:www.justice.gc.ca 3491:www.justice.gc.ca 3433: 3432: 3193:Whole life orders 3147:England and Wales 3046:: no imprisonment 2896:medical condition 2793:: no imprisonment 2736:: no imprisonment 2656:culpable homicide 2559:: no imprisonment 2392:: no imprisonment 2048:federal president 1850:: no imprisonment 1573:: maximum 3 years 1299:State laws vary. 1088:Miller v. Alabama 1063:Miller v. Alabama 1040:Graham v. Florida 1021:Graham v. Florida 817:England and Wales 806:three-strikes law 554:human trafficking 491:Life imprisonment 488: 487: 363:Criminal defenses 305:Habitual offender 256:Three-strikes law 246:Life imprisonment 225:Execution warrant 94:Exclusionary rule 6265: 6243:Sentencing (law) 5993: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5950: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5926:. Archived from 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5679: 5673: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5053:. Archived from 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5017: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4838: 4832: 4820: 4814: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4515: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322:on 26 April 2012 4318:. Archived from 4308: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4146:on the Ground". 4140: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3981:. Archived from 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3854:. 6 October 2021 3844: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3782:. Archived from 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3678:on 27 June 2015. 3674:. Archived from 3664: 3658: 3657: 3652:. Archived from 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540:nationmaster.com 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3374:Varies by state 3360:Varies by state 3351: 3350: 3284:Northern Ireland 3281:United Kingdom: 3280: 3279: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3217:United Kingdom: 3216: 3215: 3156:whole life order 3145: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3131:United Kingdom: 3130: 3129: 3072: 3071: 3016: 3015: 2945: 2944: 2819: 2818: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2702: 2701: 2685:Clemency by the 2630: 2629: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2528: 2527: 2478: 2477: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2362: 2361: 2317: 2316: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2128:Murder, treason 2110: 2108: 2107: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2028:: no prosecution 1985: 1984: 1923: 1922: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1819: 1818: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1699: 1698: 1658: 1657: 1599: 1598: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1432: 1431: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1322: 1321: 1262: 1261: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1073:Eighth Amendment 1012:Eighth Amendment 753: 747: 741: 735: 562:financial crimes 480: 473: 466: 452: 444: 436: 431: 423: 415: 396: 395: 295:Criminal justice 149:Directed verdict 40: 39: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6040: 6039: 6002: 5997: 5958: 5953: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5924:courtsni.gov.uk 5918: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5772:Wayback Machine 5761: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5545:(in Romanian). 5541: 5540: 5536: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5504:(in Romanian). 5500: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5410:Wayback Machine 5392:Wayback Machine 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5330:e-seimas.lrs.lt 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5297: 5293: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5256: 5252: 5245:The Irish Times 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5130:Strafgesetzbuch 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5109:on 25 June 2009 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5009: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4854: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4821: 4817: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4735:Jornal Nacional 4729: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4708:Wayback Machine 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4642:penalreform.org 4637: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4360:"True Files S3" 4358: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4259:. 3 April 2023. 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167:on 30 June 2013 4159: 4158: 4154: 4141: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4001:www.paragraf.rs 3995: 3994: 3990: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3953:www.paragraf.rs 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3825:. 26 March 2015 3817: 3816: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3697:Wayback Machine 3687: 3683: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3438: 3394: 3392: 3370:Varies by state 3345: 3282: 3274: 3259: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3103: 3095: 3066: 3055: 3010: 2999: 2939: 2909:Multiple murder 2905:organized crime 2813: 2758: 2756: 2696: 2624: 2581: 2579: 2522: 2511: 2472: 2461: 2452:no imprisonment 2417: 2415: 2356: 2311: 2271: 2269: 2258: 2206: 2204: 2164: 2162: 2148: 2105: 2103: 2063: 2061: 2043: 2019: 1979: 1968: 1917: 1872: 1870: 1859: 1813: 1780: 1757: 1755: 1744: 1693: 1652: 1638: 1593: 1582: 1532: 1530: 1490: 1488: 1477: 1426: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1332: 1316: 1298: 1291: 1256: 1219: 1193: 1189: 1150: 1144: 1131: 1108: 1033:Burton Phillips 1004: 998: 993: 992: 979:R v Bissonnette 952: 944: 935: 779: 762: 755: 751: 749: 745: 743: 739: 737: 733: 725: 569:property damage 484: 455: 447: 442:Canadian courts 439: 434: 429:Scottish courts 426: 418: 410: 402: 390: 377: 358:Civil procedure 344: 265:Post-sentencing 260: 229: 203: 153: 118: 104:Double jeopardy 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6271: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6213:United Kingdom 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5956:External links 5954: 5952: 5951: 5933: 5911: 5885: 5859: 5850: 5824: 5806: 5784: 5775: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5696: 5674: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5560: 5534: 5519: 5493: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5395: 5373: 5347: 5318: 5303:. ArutzSheva. 5291: 5269: 5250: 5231: 5219: 5201: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5120: 5094: 5079:(in Finnish). 5068: 5042: 5031:). 17 May 2019 5007: 4997: 4971: 4953:(2): 143–162. 4927: 4897: 4871: 4852: 4833: 4815: 4797: 4766: 4740: 4722: 4712: 4690: 4675: 4654: 4644:. p. 50. 4626: 4600: 4582: 4573: 4561: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4510: 4500: 4489: 4477: 4461: 4443: 4432: 4401: 4376: 4351: 4333: 4298: 4280: 4262: 4244: 4217: 4178: 4152: 4128: 4097: 4078: 4064: 4059:rechtspraak.nl 4046: 4028: 4014: 3988: 3966: 3940: 3912: 3893:Bruno, Cátia. 3885: 3865: 3836: 3807: 3789: 3767: 3741: 3727: 3701: 3681: 3659: 3636: 3608: 3583: 3552: 3527: 3503: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447:Incapacitation 3444: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3179: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3152: 3149: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3104: 3099:Main article: 3096: 3091:Main article: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3007: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 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1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764:Czech Republic 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1304:Vic, ACT: No 1300: 1294:Main article: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1277:Yes See also: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1251:Death penalty 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1203: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1163:Oriental Hotel 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1130: 1127: 1107: 1104: 1000:Main article: 997: 994: 953: 945: 943: 940: 934: 931: 927:rehabilitation 847:activities or 821:United Kingdom 791:prison reforms 778: 775: 761: 758: 750: 744: 738: 732: 724: 721: 700:criminologists 486: 485: 483: 482: 475: 468: 460: 457: 456: 454: 453: 445: 437: 432: 424: 416: 407: 404: 403: 401: 400: 398:Law portal 387: 384: 383: 379: 378: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 325:Rehabilitation 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 276: 270: 267: 266: 262: 261: 259: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 236: 235: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 214: 209: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 162: 161: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6270: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6219: 6218:United States 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5947: 5946:El Observador 5943: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5668: 5667:Criminal Code 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5530: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5001: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4811:Criminal Code 4808: 4807: 4806:Criminal Code 4801: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4504: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3353:United States 3349: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3300:Murder, rape 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3186:armed robbery 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3116:By president 3115: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:head of state 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848:Assassination 2846: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2805:By president 2804: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2748:By president 2747: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2677:death penalty 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2261:By president 2260: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2196:By president 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2070:Guinea-Bissau 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1585:By president 1584: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418:By president 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373:By president 1372: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006:In 2011, the 1003: 996:United States 990: 988: 987: 981: 980: 975: 971: 970: 969:Criminal Code 963: 961: 957: 950: 939: 933:South America 930: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 774: 772: 768: 754: Unknown 729: 720: 717: 713: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Martin Bryant 653:, Australia, 652: 647: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:United States 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 481: 476: 474: 469: 467: 462: 461: 459: 458: 451: 446: 443: 438: 433: 430: 425: 422: 419: Not in 417: 414: 409: 408: 406: 405: 399: 394: 389: 388: 386: 385: 381: 380: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 348: 347: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 269: 268: 264: 263: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 234: 231: 230: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 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Retrieved 3539: 3530: 3519:the original 3506: 3494:. 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