Loyalist (American Revolution)

1242:. Most States had rescinded anti-Tory laws by 1787, although the accusation of being a Tory was heard for another generation. Several hundred who had left for Florida returned to Georgia in 1783–84. South Carolina which had seen a bitter bloody internal civil war in 1780–82 adopted a policy of reconciliation that proved more moderate than any other state. About 4500 white Loyalists left when the war ended, but the majority remained behind. The state government successfully and quickly reincorporated the vast majority. During the war, pardons were offered to Loyalists who switched sides and joined the Patriot forces. Others were required to pay a 10% fine of the value of the property. The legislature named 232 Loyalists liable for the confiscation of their property, but most appealed and were forgiven. In Connecticut much to the disgust of the Radical Whigs the moderate Whigs were advertising in New York newspapers in 1782–83 that Tories who would make no trouble would be welcome on the grounds that their skills and money would help the State's economy. The Moderates prevailed. All anti-Tory laws were repealed in early 1783 except for the law relating to confiscated Tory estates: "... the problem of the loyalists after 1783 was resolved in their favor after the War of Independence ended." In 1787 the last of any discriminatory laws were rescinded. 1664:

Lancey, De Peyster, Walton and Cruger families undercut the interlocking families that largely owned and controlled the Hudson Valley. Likewise in Pennsylvania, the departure of powerful families—Penn, Allen, Chew, Shippen—destroyed the cohesion of the old upper class there. Massachusetts passed an act banishing forty-six Boston merchants in 1778, including members of some of Boston's wealthiest families. The departure of families such as the Ervings, Winslows, Clarks, and Lloyds deprived Massachusetts of men who had hitherto been leaders of networks of family and clients. The bases of the men who replaced them were much different. One rich Patriot in Boston noted in 1779 that "fellows who would have cleaned my shoes five years ago, have amassed fortunes and are riding in chariots." New men became rich merchants but they shared a spirit of republican equality that replaced the former elitism.

434: 1737: 748:", which meant that they had no political identity and their legal rights were absorbed by their husbands. This created an awkward dilemma for the confiscation committees: confiscating the land of such a woman would punish her for her husband's actions. In many cases, the women did not get a choice on if they were labeled a loyalist or a patriot; the label was dependent on their husband's political association. However, some women showed their loyalty to the crown by continually purchasing British goods, writing it down, and showing resistance to the Patriots. Grace Growden Galloway recorded the experience in her diary. Her writings show the difficulties that her family faced during the revolution. Galloway's property was seized by the 971: 781: 2008: 611: 1005:

could choose evacuation. Loyalists whose roots were not yet deeply embedded in the United States were more likely to leave; older people who had familial bonds and had acquired friends, property, and a degree of social respectability were more likely to remain in the US. The vast majority of the half-million white Loyalists, about 20–25% of the total number of whites, remained in the US. Starting in the mid–1780s a small percentage of those who had left returned to the United States. The exiles amounted to about 2% of the total US population of 3 million at the end of the war in 1783.

67: 193:. Most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Loyalists who left the US received over £3 million or about 37% of their losses from the British government. Loyalists who stayed in the US were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Many Loyalists eventually returned to the US after the war and discriminatory laws had been repealed. Historians have estimated that between 15% and 20% (300,000 to 400,000) of the 2,000,000 whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists. 42: 1722: 534: 1275: 1953: 6742: 1967: 1939: 1001:. About 5,090 white Loyalists went to Florida, bringing along their slaves who numbered about 8,285 (421 whites and 2,561 blacks returned to the States from Florida). When Florida was returned to Spain, however, very few Loyalists remained there. Approximately 6,000 whites went to Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, notably the Bahamas, and about 13,000 went to Britain (including 5,000 free blacks). The total is 60–62,000 whites. 353:, where most of the British forces were stationed. Elsewhere there were few British troops and the Patriots seized control of all levels of government, as well as supplies of arms and gunpowder. Vocal Loyalists recruited people to their side, often with the encouragement and assistance of royal governors. In the South Carolina back country, Loyalist recruitment outstripped that of Patriots. A 1925: 936:

British provincial line, consisting of Americans enlisted on a regular army status, enrolled 19,000 Loyalists (50 units and 312 companies). The maximum strength of the Loyalist provincial line was 9,700 in December 1780. In all about 19,000 at one time or another were soldiers or militia in British forces. Loyalists from South Carolina fought for the British in the

1230:. Nevertheless, the vast majority never returned. Captain Benjamin Hallowell, who as Mandamus Councilor in Massachusetts served as the direct representative of the Crown, was considered by the insurgents as one of the most hated men in the Colony, but as a token of compensation when he returned from England in 1796, his son was allowed to regain the family house. 908:, the difficult terrain and weather, and an indifferent local response. The Continental forces would be driven from Quebec in 1776, after the breakup of ice on the St. Lawrence River and the arrival of British transports in May and June. There would be no further serious attempt to challenge British control of present-day Canada until the 569:—refused to join the rebellion, as they had earlier protested against corruption by local authorities who later became Revolutionary leaders. The oppression by the local Whigs during the Regulation led to many of the residents of backcountry North Carolina sitting out the Revolution or siding with the Loyalists. 412:(1780–82). But 90% of the colonial population lived outside the cities, with the effective result that Congress represented 80 to 90 percent of the population. The British removed their governors from colonies where the Patriots were in control, but Loyalist civilian government was re-established in coastal 1208:

in 1794. Two successive boards were formed, and under a new convention signed in 1802 by the United States and Great Britain for the mutual payment of claims, the US paid the sum of £600,000, while only £1,420,000 of nearly £5 million in claims considered by commissioners in Britain were judged to be

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throughout the war. As well, the Nova Scotia government used the law to convict people for sedition and treason for supporting the rebel cause. There was also the influence of an influx of recent immigration from the British isles, and they remained neutral during the war, and the influx was greatest

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of 1780 and 1781. Britain was able to effectively protect the people only in areas where they had military control, and in return, the number of military Loyalists was significantly lower than what had been expected. Due to conflicting political views, loyalists were often under suspicion of those in

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The Patriot reliance on Catholic France for military, financial and diplomatic aid led to a sharp drop in anti-Catholic rhetoric. Indeed, the king replaced the pope as the demon Patriots had to fight against. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the war

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By July 4, 1776, the Patriots had gained control of virtually all territory in the Thirteen Colonies and expelled all royal officials. No one who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown was allowed to remain, so Loyalists fled or kept quiet. Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading

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Curiously, Tories suffered even at the hands of British officers who, for the most part, dismissed them as ignorant provincials. The British especially distrusted Loyalist militia regiments, claiming that they were slow to follow orders and often went off on their own to seek revenge against those

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Patriots allowed women to become involved in politics in a larger scale than the loyalists. Some women involved in political activity include Catharine Macaulay (a loyalist) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this time. Both women maintained a 20-year friendship although they wrote

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Before Calhoon's work, estimates of the Loyalist share of the population were somewhat higher, at about one-third, but these estimates are now rejected as too high by most scholars. In 1968 historian Paul H. Smith estimated there were about 400,000 Loyalists, or 16% of the white population of 2.25

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most remained in the new nation. By the 1780s, Catholics were extended legal toleration in all of the New England states that previously had been so hostile. "In the midst of war and crisis, New Englanders gave up not only their allegiance to Britain but one of their most dearly held prejudices."

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After 1783 some former Loyalists, especially Germans from Pennsylvania, emigrated to Canada to take advantage of the British government's offer of free land. Many departed the fledgling United States because they faced continuing hostility. In another migration-motivated mainly by economic rather

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The Loyalists rarely attempted any political organization. They were often passive unless regular British army units were in the area. The British, however, assumed a highly activist Loyalist community was ready to mobilize and planned much of their strategy around raising Loyalist regiments. The

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The departure of so many royal officials, rich merchants and landed gentry destroyed the hierarchical networks that had dominated most of the colonies. A major result was that a Patriot/Whig elite supplanted royal officials and affluent Tories. In New York, the departure of key members of the De

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A precise figure cannot be known because the records were incomplete and inaccurate, and small numbers continued to leave after 1783. The 50,000 or so white departures represented about 10% of the Loyalists (at 20–25% of the white population). Loyalists (especially soldiers and former officials)

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but would not break his oath to the King or take up arms against him. He wrote: "There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent resentment". Most Americans hoped for a peaceful reconciliation but were forced to choose sides by the

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The 36,000 or so who went to Nova Scotia were not well received by the 17,000 Nova Scotians, who were mostly descendants of New Englanders settled there before the Revolution. "They ", Colonel Thomas Dundas wrote in 1786, "have experienced every possible injury from the old inhabitants of Nova

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Historians' best estimates put the proportion of adult white male loyalists somewhere between 15 and 20 percent. Approximately half the colonists of European ancestry tried to avoid involvement in the struggle—some of them deliberate pacifists, others recent immigrants, and many more simple

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While men were out fighting for the Crown, women served at home protecting their land and property. At the end of the war, many loyalist men left America for the shelter of England, leaving their wives and daughters to protect their land. The main punishment for Loyalist families was the

1053:"U.E." are rarely seen today, but the influence of the Loyalists on the evolution of Canada remains. Their ties to Britain and/or their antipathy to the United States provided the strength needed to keep Canada independent and distinct in North America. The Loyalists' basic distrust of 1226:. There was a small but significant trickle of returnees who found life in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick too difficult. Perhaps 10% of the refugees to New Brunswick returned to the States as did an unknown number from Nova Scotia. Some Massachusetts Tories settled in the 985:

calculated 60,000 in total went to British North America, including about 50,000 whites, however Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada, while Wallace Brown cites about 80,000 Loyalists in total permanently left the United States.

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members became Loyalists. Some recent arrivals from Britain, especially those from Scotland, had a high Loyalist proportion. Loyalists in the southern colonies were suppressed by the local Patriots, who controlled local and state government. Many people—including former

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area. Eventually the camp that they had set up there suffered an outbreak of smallpox and other diseases. This took a heavy toll, putting many of them out of action for some time. The survivors joined other Loyalist units and continued to serve throughout the war.

149:"there had been no less than twenty-five thousand loyalists enlisted in the British service during the five years of the fighting. At one time (1779) they had actually outnumbered the whole of the continental muster under the personal command of Washington." 667:

were often the first to come forward to volunteer and a total of 12,000 African Americans served with the British from 1775 to 1783. This forced the Patriots to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of

4301:), Issue No. 59 (Autumn 2011), pp. 18–25. This undocumented article is the first publication to identify Woodmason's parents, background, baptism, marriage, and burial dates and places and contains much previously unavailable information. 4095: 1161:

forbade the importation of slaves but, to Simcoe's disappointment, did not grant freedom to adult slaves. Having not been freed by the act, many Canadian slaves fled across the border into the Old Northwest Territory, where slavery had been

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The great majority of Loyalists never left the United States; they stayed on and were allowed to be citizens of the new country, retaining for a time the earlier designation of "Tories". Some became nationally prominent leaders, including

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In many States, moderate Whigs, who had not been in favor of separation from Britain but preferred a negotiated settlement which would have maintained ties to the Mother Country, aligned with Tories to block radicals. Among these was

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it became the British military and political base of operations in North America from 1776 to 1783, prompting revolutionaries to flee and resulting in a large concentration of Loyalists, many of whom were refugees from other states.

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in the year 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals, affixed to their names: U.E. Alluding to their great principle The Unity of the

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Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily active Loyalists were forced to flee, especially to their stronghold of

6196: 864:, with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution. Although only a minority of Canadians openly expressed loyalty to King George, about 1,500 militia fought for the King in the 416:

from 1779 to 1782, despite the presence of Patriot forces in the northern part of Georgia. Essentially, the British were only able to maintain power in areas where they had a strong military presence.

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has sometimes been cited as having claimed, in an 1813 letter, that one-third of Americans supported the revolution and one-third were against. However, the passage in question actually refers to the

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See also N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York,"

1122:. An imperial law in 1790 assured prospective immigrants to Canada that their slaves would remain their property. However, a law enacted by eminent British lieutenant general and founder of modern 1017:

Scotia, who are even more disaffected towards the British Government than any of the new States ever were. This makes me much doubt their remaining long dependent." In response, the colony of

735:, are the cultural elites of the nation. About 400 to 1,000 free blacks who joined the British side in the Revolution went to London and joined the free black community of about 10,000 there. 1204:

Many of the Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial properties to America restoration of or compensation for these lost properties, which was a major issue during the negotiation of the

875:, there were many Yankee settlers originally from New England, and they generally supported the principles of the revolution. The allegiance toward the rebellion waned as American privateers 1680:

painted many prominent Loyalists and produced an oil-on-canvas depiction of a soldier wearing the uniform of the Royal Ethiopian Regiment (a regiment composed of black Loyalist soldiers) in

50: 2004: 580:, or physical attack. It is not known how many Loyalist civilians were harassed by the Patriots, but the treatment was a warning to other Loyalists not to take up arms. In September 1775, 1095:

The wealthiest and most prominent Loyalist exiles went to Great Britain to rebuild their careers; many received pensions. Many Southern Loyalists, taking along their slaves, went to the

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The Particular Case of the Georgia Loyalists: in Addition to the General Case and Claim of the American Loyalists, which was Lately Published by Order of Their Agents. February 1783

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The main source for historians in the study of the settlement of the American Loyalists in Canada. More than 20,000 letters and documents, now fully indexed, and free on the Web.

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The Royal commission on the losses and services of American loyalists, 1783 to 1785, being the notes of Mr. Daniel Parker Coke, M. P., one of the commissioners during that period

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about different sides of the war. Macaulay wrote from a loyalist British perspective whereas Warren wrote about her support for the American Revolution. Macaulay's work include

642:. Many of the slaves in the South joined the Loyalists with intentions of gaining freedom and escaping the South. About 800 did so; some helped rout the Virginia militia at the 201:

Families were often divided during the American Revolution, and many felt themselves to be both American and British, still owing loyalty to the mother country. Maryland lawyer

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community in North America. However, the long period of waiting time to be officially given land grants that were given to them and the prejudices of white Loyalists in nearby

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The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay.

596:. For actively aiding the British army when it occupied Philadelphia, two residents of the city were tried for treason, convicted, and executed by returning Patriot forces. 2978:

Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013).

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Yale historian Leonard Woods Larabee has identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative and loyal to the King and to Britain:

868:. In the region south of Montreal that was occupied by the Continentals, some inhabitants supported the rebellion and raised two regiments to join the Patriot forces. 1153:"...he had not only the most articulate faith in its imperial destiny but also the most sympathetic appreciation of the interests and aspirations of its inhabitants". 6395: 2815: 1760: 1137:

by halting the sale of slaves to the United States, and by freeing slaves upon their escape from the latter into Canada. Simcoe desired to demonstrate the merits of

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However the actual law was a compromise. According to historian Afua Cooper, Simcoe's law required children in slavery to be freed when they reached age 25 and:

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in October. For the rest of the war, Quebec acted as a base for raiding expeditions, conducted primarily by Loyalists and Indians, against frontier communities.

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of 1774, which offered religious and linguistic toleration; in general, they did not sympathize with a rebellion that they saw as being led by Protestants from

807:, worked with Canadian merchant Thomas Walker and other rebel sympathisers during the winter of 1774–1775 to convince inhabitants to support the actions of the 6226: 6617: 2898: 6073: 117: 141:, became the leader of the Loyalists after his release from a Patriot prison in 1778. He worked to build Loyalist military units to fight in the war. 6712: 6506: 116:

that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the Crown. The British government acted in expectation of that, especially during the

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apolitical folk. The patriots received active support from perhaps 40 to 45 percent of the white populace, and at most no more than a bare majority.

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Kermes, Stephanie. "'I Wish for Nothing More Ardent upon Earth, than to See My Friends and Country Again': The Return of Massachusetts Loyalists."

1193:(John Abeel) and members of his family, stayed in New York.) A group of African-American Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia but emigrated again for 699:, where they were promised land grants. They founded communities across the two provinces, many of which still exist today. Over 2,500 settled in 321:

They felt themselves to be weak or threatened within American society and in need of an outside defender such as the British Crown and Parliament.

3524: 2528: 2178: 1910: 654:, wearing the motto "Liberty to Slaves", but this time they were defeated. The remains of their regiment were then involved in the evacuation of 275:

Some were "pessimists" who did not display the same belief in the future that the Patriots did. Others recalled the dreadful experiences of many

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in West Africa, with the promise of better land and more equality. About 1,200 left Nova Scotia for Sierra Leone, where they named the capital

2221: 6768: 4520: 340: 4553:(New York) on November 17, 1781 (Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies.) 3014: 2772: 3834: 2464: 4594: 3800: 2615: 1032:, the governor of Quebec, declared that it was his wish to "put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had adhered to the Unity of the 4576:

This website focuses on Canadian Loyalists, but, the links and bibliographies are extremely helpful to all serious Loyalist researchers.

691:, which granted freedom to slaves who had escaped and assisted the British. About 4,000 Black Loyalists went to the British colonies of 6773: 6216: 6113: 4993: 4769: 3773: 2439: 1682: 4525: 1696:. The original painting was lost, but a smaller version of it can be seen in the background of West's portrait of John Eardley Wilmot. 4744: 4516: 1985: 1769:(1787) by Jonathan Corncob. According to Maya Jasanoff, "traveling to London to file a claim served as the opening gambit" for this " 1009:

than political reasons- more than 20,000 and perhaps as many as 30,000 "Late Loyalists" arrived in Ontario in the 1790s attracted by

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and she spent the rest of her life fighting to regain it. It was returned to her heirs in 1783, after she and her husband had died.

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the British military, who did not know whom they could fully trust in such a conflicted situation; they were often looked down upon.

365:, partisan militia arrested or drove out most of the back country Loyalist leadership. North Carolina back country Scots and former 6783: 5979: 5194: 3742: 3684: 1587: 1477: 241:

of Americans was still in formation and the very idea of two separate peoples (nationalities) with their own sovereign states (the

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According to Calhoon, Loyalists tended to be older and wealthier, but there were also many Loyalists of humble means. Many active

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The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution: The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant

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were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of one such group of Iroquois, led by

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They wanted to take a middle-of-the-road position and were not pleased when forced by Patriots to declare their opposition.

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Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Ottawa from August 18 to 23, 1996

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Tillman, Kacy Dowd (2016). "Women Left Behind: Female Loyalism, Coverture, and Grace Growden Galloway's Empire of Self".

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Certain Loyalists who fled the United States brought their slaves with them to Canada (mostly to areas that later became

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Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation,"

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Historian Robert Calhoon wrote in 2000, concerning the proportion of Loyalists to Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies:

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1950; detailed discussion of return of Loyalists, popular anger at their return; repeal of wartime laws against them

811:. However, many of Quebec's inhabitants remained neutral, resisting service to either the British or the Americans. 6637: 6597: 6331: 6316: 6118: 6103: 5084: 4277: 631: 549: 474: 153:

When their cause was defeated, about 15 percent of the Loyalists (65,000–70,000 people) fled to other parts of the

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Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791

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Loyalist Literature: An Annotated Bibliographic Guide to the Writings on the Loyalists of the American Revolution

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They felt that being a part of the British Empire was crucial in terms of commerce and their business operations.

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The claim of the American loyalists: reviewed and maintained upon incontrovertible principles of law and justice

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They felt that rebellion against the Crown—the legitimate government—was morally wrong. They saw themselves as

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Lohrenz, Otto; "The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia."

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or Whigs, who supported the revolution, and considered them "persons inimical to the liberties of America."

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Although both women's works were unpopular, during this time, it pushed them to learn from social critique.

5225: 4764: 4271: 4013: 2033: 2027: 1146: 1013:'s policy of land and low taxes, one-fifth those in the US and swearing an oath of allegiance to the King. 814:

Although some Canadians took up arms in support of the rebellion, the majority remained loyal to the King.

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Mason, Keith. "The American Loyalist Diaspora and the Reconfiguration of the British Atlantic World." In

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that promised freedom to indentured servants and slaves who were able to bear arms and join his Loyalist

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filling 115 microfilm reels of documents, letters, etc. reflecting the Loyalist experience in Canada. A

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They felt that independence from Britain would come eventually, but wanted it to come about organically.

6415: 6311: 6251: 6175: 6088: 5144: 5013: 4998: 4817: 2062: 1990: 1872: 1707: 1507: 1348: 1321: 965: 945: 808: 651: 589: 409: 358: 90: 3532: 2520: 2204: 2168: 2017:, proposed Canadian law demanding compensation from the US for Loyalist claims after its independence. 1040:

Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard before the

6657: 6557: 6487: 6346: 6241: 6221: 6165: 5723: 4830: 4800: 2648: 2550: 2014: 889: 853: 835: 687:, who recorded the names of African Americans who had supported the British in a document called the 635: 566: 438: 202: 35: 361:

in the fall of 1775 was followed by a rapid rise in Patriot recruiting. In what became known as the

6527: 5299: 5289: 5189: 5159: 4870: 4806: 4730: 4673: 4308:. M. A. Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1992. viii, 109 leaves ; 28 cm. 4097:

Unfriendly to Liberty: Loyalist Networks and the Coming of the American Revolution in New York City

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The American Loyalists: Or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the ... (1847) by Lorenzo Sabine

3647:"Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783–1854: 'The Death of Major Peirson', John Singleton Copley" 6567: 6361: 5497: 5215: 4715: 4698: 4665: 3463:

Afua Cooper, "Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793–1803"

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North of America: Loyalists, Indigenous Nations, and the Borders of the Long American Revolution

4037: 3826: 3097: 1092:, and later became heralded as a patriot to the movement which led to Canadian self-governance. 834:

in 1759–1760, and were unlikely to support separation from Britain. The older British colonies,

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The British were forced out of Boston by March 17, 1776. They regrouped at Halifax and attacked

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Catherine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender

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They were wary that chaos, corruption, and mob rule would come about as a result of revolution.

257: 190: 71: 55: 4406: 3923: 3607: 3525:"Jamaica Plain Historical Society – 'Colonial Era' Editor – Capt Benjamin Hallowell Homestead" 3286: 2924:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

2693: 2654: 2338: 2246: 2141: 6722: 6687: 6627: 6587: 6455: 6170: 6133: 6083: 5169: 5164: 4982: 4496:. Complete text of the first of two editions (the second appeared in 1864 in two volumes) of 4306:

An exercise in futility: the pre-Revolutionary career and influence of loyalist James Simpson

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Smith, Paul H. "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,"

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Middlekauff, Robert. "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789." (2005 edition)

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Paul H. Smith, "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,"

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Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality", p. 235; Middlekauff (2005) pp. 563–564; Thomas B. Allen,

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offers solace and a promise of compensation for her exiled American-born British Loyalists. (

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Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776–1865

2443: 683:. The British honored the pledge of freedom in New York City through the efforts of General 6707: 6607: 6547: 6517: 6445: 6440: 6400: 6263: 6059: 5828: 5783: 5230: 5003: 4642: 4541: 1084:

which sought relief from oligarchic British colonial government and pursued American style

1050: 998: 881: 732: 716: 659: 627: 542: 514: 470: 413: 381: 4467:

A Bibliography of Loyalist Source Material in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain

4431: 1036:." As a result of Dorchester's statement, the printed militia rolls carried the notation: 8: 6745: 6677: 6577: 6356: 6351: 6326: 5668: 5547: 5431: 5267: 5149: 4939: 3893:

The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire

2000: 1958: 1452: 1383: 1130: 924: 796: 497:

did, and when that failed, clung to the familiar connection rather than embrace the new.

4493: 4449: 4251: 4248: 4238: 4051:

Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts

3676: 3241:

Brown, Wallace (1968). "The American Farmer during the Revolution: Rebel or Loyalist?".

2879:"Understanding Sierra Leone in Colonial West Africa: A Synoptic Socio-Political History" 6497: 6435: 6430: 6380: 6268: 6211: 6108: 5683: 5678: 5633: 5613: 5401: 5294: 5272: 5245: 4835: 4513:

on persons who called themselves "Loyalists", whom he judged better called "Royalists")

4270: 4245:

Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, with an Historical Essay

4186: 3734: 3576: 3500: 3493: 3090: 2922: 2066: 1235: 1126: 1010: 857: 639: 576:, and outspoken supporters of the king were threatened with public humiliation such as 510: 498: 454: 302:

In New York, powerful families had assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters; the

4163:

76.2 (2014): 278–307; estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada.

3989:

God Against the Revolution: The Loyalist Clergy's Case against the American Revolution

256:

who rebelled against the Crown) resorted to violence, such as burning down houses and

66: 41: 6727: 6148: 5949: 5944: 5899: 5833: 5793: 5728: 5708: 5693: 5542: 5522: 5462: 5441: 5406: 5381: 5376: 5260: 5179: 4962: 4510: 4385: 4323: 4309: 4294: 4221: 4033: 3929: 3865: 3806: 3779: 3706:"Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, 1783–1854: 'John Eardley Wilmot' by Benjamin West" 3613: 3504: 3385: 3292: 3265: 3138:

A People Highly Favoured Of God. The Nova Scotia Yankees. And the American Revolution

3101: 3068: 2959: 2933: 2894: 2795: 2699: 2660: 2399: 2391: 2254: 2147: 2120: 2093: 2058: 1889: 1860: 1819: 1807: 1781: 1497: 1301: 1254: 1119: 949: 916: 664: 655: 557: 522: 405: 385: 299:

They felt a need for order and believed that Parliament was the legitimate authority.

238: 138: 82: 5097: 4677: 4072: 1390: 6778: 6472: 6385: 6306: 6246: 6160: 6143: 6039: 5869: 5803: 5753: 5482: 5472: 5416: 5391: 5304: 5235: 5056: 4111: 3961: 3568: 3431: 3381:

Nationalism and Literature: The Politics of Culture in Canada and the United States

2890: 2388:

Shadow Soldiers of the American Revolution: Loyalist Tales from New York to Canada.

1930: 1849: 1844: 1770: 1636: 1492: 937: 850: 827: 815: 673: 585: 486: 303: 288: 130: 4615: 4597:

The New-England Historical and Geuealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal 1872

4023:

The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781–1789

3996:

Writing the Rebellion: Loyalists and the Literature of Politics in British America

3907:

The King's Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants

6667: 6410: 6291: 6206: 6024: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5924: 5738: 5658: 5638: 5628: 5593: 5557: 5552: 5517: 5507: 5502: 5396: 5314: 5174: 5061: 5031: 4929: 4860: 4784: 4573: 4476: 4436: 4416: 4166: 2852: 2776: 2730: 2679: 2619: 2362: 2228: 2114: 2087: 1972: 1886: 1711: 1710:, a bequest of his descendant George DeLancey Harris, Jr. of New York City & 1703: 1622: 1487: 1417: 1337: 861: 712: 688: 581: 518: 478: 462: 346: 210:

Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in the Thirteen Colonies in 1775–76.

6450: 6155: 6054: 5934: 5874: 5718: 5688: 5663: 5588: 5532: 5487: 5477: 5411: 5386: 5220: 5184: 4967: 4947: 4825: 4753: 4497: 4230: 4018: 3881: 3559:

Zeichner, Oscar (June 1938). "The Rehabilitation of Loyalists in Connecticut".

2020: 1878: 1777: 1699: 1597: 1467: 1407: 1227: 1219: 1198: 1186: 1033: 846:) also remained loyal and contributed military forces in support of the Crown. 780: 680: 679:

Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the British became known as

615: 605: 593: 324: 311: 230: 154: 142: 4707: 4690: 4657: 4128:———. "The Problem of the Loyalist – and the Problems of Loyalist Historians," 4123:

Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800

3956:

Chopra, Ruma. "Enduring Patterns of Loyalist Study: Definitions and Contours"

2521:"Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment – The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed" 948:

consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (

880:

in Halifax. Britain in any case built up powerful forces at the naval base of

533: 6762: 6425: 6034: 5939: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5838: 5823: 5818: 5808: 5788: 5778: 5768: 5758: 5698: 5623: 5583: 5537: 5426: 5421: 5284: 5250: 4144:

The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts

4001: 3547:

From Revolution to Reunion: The Reintegration of the South Carolina Loyalists

3224:

Ranlet, Philip (2014) "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?."

2579: 1893: 1838: 1689: 1442: 1115: 1100: 1085: 1070: 1054: 1028:

Realizing the importance of some type of consideration, on November 9, 1789,

1018: 990: 982: 920: 885: 843: 696: 669: 502: 466: 393: 362: 246: 234: 182: 126: 59: 3015:"Who were the Loyalist Women of Cambridge? Introduction | History Cambridge" 2274: 457:

summarized scholarly research on the nature of Loyalist support as follows:

441:

in July 1780, confiscating lands of two men adjudged to be British subject.

6373: 5974: 5929: 5894: 5798: 5733: 5713: 5703: 5673: 5527: 5492: 5457: 5436: 5046: 4957: 4952: 4846: 4658:"An Imperial Disaster? The Loyalist Diaspora after the American Revolution" 1607: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1502: 1482: 1316: 1194: 1175: 1145:

in Upper Canada in contrast to the nascent republicanism and prominence of

1142: 1134: 1066: 981:

Estimates for how many Loyalists emigrated after the war differ. Historian

720: 719:

offered to transport dissatisfied black Loyalists to the nascent colony of

573: 442: 401: 397: 4638:

by Edward Larkin, published in common-place, Vol. 8, No. 1 (October 2007).

4053:(1997) explores the identities and loyalties of those who moved to Canada. 2011:

to this collection may be found on the Queens University Archives website.

989:

According to Jasanoff, the majority of these Loyalists – 36,000 – went to

6741: 6049: 6044: 6014: 5984: 5959: 5904: 5884: 5879: 5859: 5854: 5813: 5748: 5743: 5653: 5648: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5578: 5467: 5339: 5309: 5041: 5036: 4906: 4608: 4561: 4444: 4407:"The View at Two Hundred Years: The Loyalists of the American Revolution" 4313: 2465:"Loyalists During the American Revolutionary War: What Happened to Them?" 2222:

Refugees after the American Revolution needed money, homes and acceptance

1897: 1577: 1557: 1310: 1306: 1291: 1190: 1104: 1096: 994: 909: 901: 872: 839: 823: 692: 506: 389: 186: 4622:

Originally published in 1987. 272 pages, available online in PDF format.

4603: 2944:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

1966: 1692:

characterized the ethnic and economic diversity of the Loyalists in his

6477: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5864: 5371: 4159:

Ranlet, Philip. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?."

3965: 3338:

This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783–1791

2723: 2644: 2355: 1592: 1412: 1331: 1296: 1238:

in 1782–85, to wrest control of New York State from the faction of the

1223: 1205: 1058: 826:, who were their commercial rivals and hereditary enemies. Most of the 819: 704: 276: 253: 134: 4566: 4044:

Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America

3580: 2023:(1803–1877), early historian and chronicler of the Loyalist experience 6492: 6191: 6138: 6029: 6019: 5989: 5344: 5154: 4517:

Bibliography of the Loyalist Participation in the American Revolution

4488: 3913: 3436: 3419: 2920:

Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

2143:

The Freedoms We Lost: Consent and Resistance in Revolutionary America

2043: 1883: 1694:

Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783

1572: 1567: 1552: 1422: 1343: 745: 400:

until 1783. British forces seized control of other cities, including

226: 86: 51:

Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in the Year 1783

45: 4181: 3001:

Women's Narratives of the Early Americas and the Formation of Empire

369:

joined forces in early 1776, but they were broken as a force at the

6273: 5994: 5889: 5562: 4865: 3912:

Calhoon, Robert M. "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene and

3572: 2672: 1582: 1378: 1353: 1326: 1167: 1138: 893: 744:

expropriation of property, but married women were protected under "

724: 526: 307: 31: 4722: 4557:

The Loyalist Link: The Forest and The Sea – Port Roseway Loyalists

4542:

James Chalmers and "Plain Truth" (A Loyalist Answers Thomas Paine)

4291:

West Gallery: The Newsletter of the West Gallery Music Association

1073:

were founded as places of refuge for the United Empire Loyalists.

4584: 4089:

Empire and Nation: The American Revolution and the Atlantic World

3949:

Calhoon, Robert M., Timothy M. Barnes and George A. Rawlyk, eds.

3634:

No King, No Popery: Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England

1527: 1123: 1111: 1089: 1022: 715:

in 1784, made life very difficult for the community. In 1791 the

494: 222:

They were older, better established, and resisted radical change.

174: 170: 4384:. Issue 2 of Dundurn Canadian historical document series, 1982. 4151:

Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography

4116:

The British-Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774–1789

952:). Both white and black Loyalists fought for the British at the 4590:"Remembering Black Loyalists, Black Communities in Nova Scotia" 4006:

Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World

3288:

Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World

1532: 799:) in the months leading to the outbreak of active hostilities. 350: 178: 166: 4620:(2nd ed.). Clemson, SC: Clemson University Digital Press. 4604:"A Short History of the United Empire Loyalists" Ann Mackenzie 4355:

William Augusutus Bowles: Director General of the Creek Nation

2682:, by William Marina. Jun 28, 2004. Retrieved on July 14, 2008. 1245: 4289:. 1720–1789): Author, Loyalist, Missionary, and Psalmodist." 4218:

Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution

3898:

Brown, Wallace. "The Loyalists and the American Revolution."

345:

In the opening months of the Revolutionary War, the Patriots

4372:

Primary sources and guides to manuscripts and the literature

3677:"Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War" 795:(which was then frequently called "Canada", the name of the 711:

who regularly harassed the settlement in events such as the

4171:

The Loyalists of America and Their Times: From 1620 to 1816

3895:(1974), full scale biography of the most prominent Loyalist 3862:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War.

3404:

Patrick Bode, "Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves."

2038: 1263: 588:

signed a treaty of neutrality in the interior community of

4695:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

4682:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

4636:"What is a Loyalist? The American Revolution as civil war" 4421:

Price of Loyalty: Tory Writings from the Revolutionary Era

3470: 2673:"Only 1/3 of Americans Supported the American Revolution?" 2304:

Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War

1767:

The Adventures of Jonathan Corncob, Loyal American Refugee

572:

In areas under Patriot control, Loyalists were subject to

4507:

Benjamin Franklin to Baron Francis Maseres, June 26, 1785

4398:, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn 1974), pp. 133–138. Link to 3775:

Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America

3478:"American Loyalist Claims Commission: Records, 1777–1841" 3363:

Boudreau, Claire; Cogné, Daniel; Vachon, Auguste (1998).

1761:

Category:Novels set during the American Revolutionary War

287:

rebellions, who often had their lands confiscated by the

27:

Colonists loyal to Britian during the American Revolution

4625: 4460:

Guide to the New York Public Library Loyalist Collection

1996:

List of places named for Loyalists (American Revolution)

1871:

Well received historical fiction account of the life of

1222:, who was the first Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and 904:

by a combination of the British military under Governor

377:

British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments.

252:

They felt alienated when the Patriots (seen by them as

4655: 4626:

United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (UELAC)

4247:. 2 volumes. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1864. 4008:(2011), a comprehensive treatment, winner of the 2011 2743:

The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789

1896:, is premised on the resettlement of Loyalists in the 5127: 4712:

The American Revolution (HIST 116), Session 9 (of 25)

4452:

website, Harriet Irving Library, Fredericton campus,

4348:

William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King

3918:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution

2253:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 246, 399, 641–642. 775: 727:. After 1787 they became Sierra Leone's ruling elite 626:

As a result of the looming crisis in 1775, the Royal

396:

and its vicinity, and they occupied the mouth of the

2839: 2837: 1920: 1212: 959: 4705: 4617:

South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution

4585:

The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies

4058:

South Carolina Loyalists in the American Revolution

3362: 3351:

Movements of Political Protest in Canada, 1640–1840

2092:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 30. 2003:(1718–1791) while serving in Canada amassed a huge 1189:in Canada. (The remainder, under the leadership of 334: 4364:. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1978. 4220:. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1983. 998 pp. 4060:(2nd ed. Clemson University Digital Press, 2011). 3972:Choosing Sides: Loyalists in Revolutionary America 3886:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 3495:The Loyalists : revolution, exile, settlement 3492: 3089: 3044:Baxter, Beverly (1978). "Grace Growden Galloway". 3003:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 142, 143. 2921: 2089:Choosing Sides: Loyalists in Revolutionary America 1857:The Power to Deny: A Woman of the Revolution Novel 1149:, and, according to historian Stanley R. Mealing: 493:tried to stay out of the Revolution, just as many 461:The largest number of loyalists were found in the 327:were promised freedom from slavery by the British. 6713:Bibliography of conservatism in the United States 4341:A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin & His Son 4237:Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847. 3944:The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781 2928:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 2834: 2656:The American Scene: Varieties of American History 915:In 1777, 1,500 Loyalist militia took part in the 6760: 4691:"Lecture on his book at the Library of Congress" 3262:The American Revolution in the Southern colonies 2652: 997:, while about 6,600 went to Quebec and 2,000 to 977:, a major early destination of Loyalist refugees 266:They had business and family links with Britain. 4413:, Vol. 80, Part 1 (April 1970), pp. 25–47. 4411:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 3151:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 3112:John Brown Boston Committee of Correspondence. 2755: 2753: 2751: 1911:List of notable Loyalists (American Revolution) 1706:around 1785. It stays in the collection of the 818:had been satisfied by the British government's 4091:, ed. Eliga H. Gould and Peter S. Onuf (2005). 3605: 3384:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. 2787: 2116:Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birth 1065:. The new British North American provinces of 599: 5113: 4738: 4521:United States Army Center of Military History 3284: 3236: 3234: 2695:A People's History of the American Revolution 2139: 1644: 341:Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution 237:as a betrayal to the Empire. At the time the 4357:. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1967. 3991:Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2018. 2748: 1904: 1854: 1806: 1388: 892:in 1776. Although the Continentals captured 4688: 4672: 4394:Brown, Wallace. "Loyalist Historiography." 4285:Gainey, Joseph R. "Rev. Charles Woodmason ( 3928:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 235–247. 3206:(University of South Carolina Press. 2005.) 2691: 1246:Effect of the departure of Loyalist leaders 830:settlers had arrived following the British 112:Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the 5120: 5106: 4994:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 4770:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 4745: 4731: 4526:"Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People" 3921: 3452:John Graves Simcoe, 1752–1806: A biography 3367:. University of Ottawa Press. p. 202. 3231: 3178: 2249:. In Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. (eds.). 2238: 1754: 1651: 1637: 1080:, a son of Loyalists, participated in the 919:in New York, and surrendered with General 169:). The southern Loyalists moved mostly to 4708:"Who Were the Loyalists? (Youtube video)" 4208:Compiled volumes of biographical sketches 4084:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (1994). 4082:The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement 3998:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). 3977:Doré, Gilbert. "Why The Loyalists Lost," 3946:(1973), the most detailed scholarly study 3609:The Radicalism of the American Revolution 3435: 3371: 2953: 2872: 2870: 1986:American Revolution – Nova Scotia theatre 1088:. He was arrested, tried and executed in 295:Other motives of the Loyalists included: 4547:The Loyalist Declaration of Independence 4191:The Loyalists in the American Revolution 4099:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2023 3951:Loyalists and Community in North America 3771: 3594:The Forging of the New Nation, 1781–1789 3558: 3087: 2606: 969: 779: 609: 532: 432: 65: 40: 4668:from the original on December 22, 2021. 4613: 4537:Story of Loyalist Privateer "Vengeance" 4443:. G. and T. Wilkie, 1788. Downloadable 3864:New York: HarperCollins, 2010. 496 pp. 3450:Fryer, M.B., & Dracott, C. (1998). 3420:"The Enthusiasms of John Graves Simcoe" 3417: 3259: 3215:Selby, John E; Higginbotham, Don (2007) 3096:. International Publishers Co. p. 3067:. Oxford. pp. Volume 43: Issue 1. 2998: 2876: 2475:from the original on September 24, 2016 2244: 770:Termination of the American Revolution. 419: 213: 14: 6761: 4718:from the original on November 4, 2021. 4706:YaleCourses YouTube (March 18, 2011). 4701:from the original on November 4, 2021. 4643:Why Were Some of Our Ancestors Tories? 4595:"Salem Loyalists-unpublished letters" 3925:A Companion to the American Revolution 3798: 3062: 3043: 2919: 2867: 2633:A companion to the American Revolution 2335:Conservatism in Early American History 2251:A Companion to the American Revolution 2166: 2085: 548:After the British military capture of 105:at the time. They were opposed by the 5101: 4726: 3922:Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. (2008). 3549:(Univ of South Carolina Press, 2016). 3499:. McClelland & Stewart. pp. 3490: 3377: 3240: 3149:Philip Buckner and John G Reid, eds. 3046:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2901:from the original on 19 November 2022 2112: 1788:The Spy: a Tale of the Neutral Ground 1063:Canada's gradual path to independence 6769:Loyalists in the American Revolution 6421:Project for the New American Century 6094:Conservative Party of New York State 4973:See also Sierra Leone settlers below 4430:. Oxford: The Roxburghe Club, 1915. 3762:Maya Jasanoff (2011), p, 386, n. 67. 3117: 2211:, Volume 104, December 1901, p. 110. 785:Tory Refugees on their way to Canada 4752: 4567:The Loyalist Research Network (LRN) 4362:Jonathan Boucher, loyalist in exile 4030:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 3480:. The National Archives, Kew. 2023. 3264:. McFarland & Co. p. 317. 3007: 2531:from the original on April 20, 2013 2275:"Loyalist | Definition & Facts" 1909:For a more comprehensive list, see 1671: 1076:In an interesting historical twist 1025:, the rest to Nova Scotia and PEI. 930: 445:was listed as a member of the jury. 24: 4614:Lambert, Robert Stansbury (2011). 4249:Google Books Volume 1, vi, 608 pp. 4010:National Book Critics Circle Award 3852: 3636:(1995) pp. 154–155, quote p. 155. 3612:. Random House. pp. 176–177. 3596:, Robert B. Morris, 1987, p. 163. 3327:, Maya Jasanoff, pp. 206–208. 3164:The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia 3092:The American Revolution, 1763–1783 3025:from the original on March 1, 2022 2981: 2437: 2181:from the original on June 23, 2016 2061:, a Southerner who fought for the 805:Boston Committee of Correspondence 776:Loyalism in Canada and Nova Scotia 703:, instantly making it the largest 477:, for example, as did many of the 25: 6795: 6774:Conservatism in the United States 6391:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 6297:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 5130:Conservatism in the United States 4482: 4154:University of Massachusetts Press 3735:"Gilbert Stuart – James DeLancey" 3674: 2845:"Black Loyalist Heritage Society" 2375:Perspectives in American History, 2192:who had destroyed their property. 1213:Ex-Loyalists in the United States 960:Emigration from the United States 738: 658:, after which they served in the 318:with support from its associates. 6740: 6638:The Closing of the American Mind 6598:The Conscience of a Conservative 6332:Competitive Enterprise Institute 6317:Center for the National Interest 4450:Guide to The Loyalist Collection 4278:Dictionary of National Biography 2895:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00596.x 2555:George Washington's Mount Vernon 1965: 1951: 1937: 1923: 1814:. illus. Joan Huffman. Toronto: 1735: 1720: 1273: 1069:(the forerunner of Ontario) and 335:Loyalism and military operations 6784:Monarchism in the United States 6342:Ethics and Public Policy Center 4261:Studies of individual Loyalists 4198:The French Canadians: 1760–1945 3902:(Mar 1962), 12# 3, pp. 149–157. 3837:from the original on 2013-07-31 3819: 3792: 3778:. Oxford University Press, US. 3765: 3756: 3745:from the original on 2017-11-17 3727: 3716:from the original on 2014-03-31 3698: 3687:from the original on 2013-02-21 3668: 3657:from the original on 2013-01-26 3639: 3626: 3599: 3587: 3552: 3539: 3517: 3484: 3457: 3444: 3411: 3398: 3356: 3343: 3330: 3314: 3305: 3278: 3253: 3218: 3209: 3196: 3187: 3169: 3156: 3143: 3130: 3081: 3056: 3037: 2972: 2947: 2913: 2808: 2781: 2762: 2735: 2712: 2685: 2638: 2625: 2597: 2586:from the original on 2013-01-05 2572: 2561:from the original on 2016-05-07 2543: 2513: 2487: 2457: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2380: 2367: 2344: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2285:from the original on 2022-09-20 1981:Monarchism in the United States 1773:about the American Revolution". 207:taxation without representation 6718:List of American conservatives 4350:Oxford University Press, 1990. 4252:Google Books Volume 2, 600 pp. 4118:. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972. 4071:(Yale University Press, 2022) 3739:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2958:. Liverpool University Press. 2877:Bangura, Joseph (6 May 2009). 2816:"The Philipsburg Proclamation" 2698:. The New Press. p. 393. 2337:(Cornell UP, 1948) pp 164–165 2296: 2267: 2214: 2197: 2167:Devoss, David (January 2004). 2160: 2133: 2106: 2079: 1180:Six Nations of the Grand River 877:raided Nova Scotia communities 371:Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge 13: 1: 6337:David Horowitz Freedom Center 6302:American Enterprise Institute 4343:Little, Brown & Co, 1984. 4139:(Yale University Press, 1934) 3291:. Random House. p. 357. 2659:. Ardent Media. p. 147. 2495:"Lord Dunmore's Proclamation" 2209:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 2072: 1133:tried to suppress slavery in 550:New York City and Long Island 196: 4656:a lecture by Maya Jasanoff. 4562:Loyalist Page – Cyndi's List 4137:The Loyalists of Connecticut 4132:June 1974 v. 2 #2 pp 226–231 4014:George Washington Book Prize 3878:, Doubleday, New York (1929) 3681:toriesfightingfortheking.com 3424:Report of the Annual Meeting 2034:Maryland Loyalists Battalion 1855:Long Stanley, Wendy (2019). 1178:(Thayendenegea), settled at 1147:slavery in the United States 940:. The British forces at the 896:in November 1775, they were 791:Rebel agents were active in 584:and Loyalist leader Colonel 525:, and a large number of the 233:and saw a rebellion against 7: 6156:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 4678:"Video discussing his book" 4454:University of New Brunswick 4173:. 2 volumes. 2nd ed., 1880. 4130:Reviews in American History 4056:Lambert, Robert Stansbury. 3888:(2nd ed. 1992) pp. 230–319. 3772:Davidson, Cathy N. (2004). 3491:Moore, Christopher (1984). 3467:(Spring 2007) 99#1 pp 5–17. 3260:Russell, David Lee (2000). 2954:Braidwood, Stephen (1994). 2354:, (1978) 65#2 pp. 344–366 2352:Journal of American History 2245:Calhoon, Robert M. (2008). 1916: 1603:Traditionalist conservatism 731:and their descendants, the 600:Slavery and Black Loyalists 279:after the failure of their 249:) was itself revolutionary. 10: 6800: 6416:Pacific Research Institute 6312:Center for Security Policy 6197:Asian and Pacific Islander 6114:Constitutional Union Party 6089:American Independent Party 4925:Port Rosey (now Shelburne) 4818:American Revolutionary War 4445:Google Books pdf 138 pages 4426:Egerton, Hugh Edward, ed. 4178:William and Mary Quarterly 3454:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 3088:Aptheker, Herbert (1960). 2720:William and Mary Quarterly 2146:. New Press. p. 142. 1991:Expulsion of the Loyalists 1908: 1873:Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson 1758: 1729:The Death of Major Pierson 1708:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1683:The Death of Major Pierson 1349:Traditionalist Catholicism 1011:Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe 966:Expulsion of the Loyalists 963: 809:First Continental Congress 603: 509:and their parishioners in 410:Charleston, South Carolina 359:Ninety Six, South Carolina 338: 203:Daniel Dulaney the Younger 137:and son of Patriot leader 91:American Revolutionary War 85:who remained loyal to the 29: 6736: 6700: 6658:A Republic, Not an Empire 6558:The Managerial Revolution 6505: 6466: 6347:Family Research Institute 6282: 6184: 6166:National Republican Party 6072: 5847: 5571: 5450: 5364: 5353: 5208: 5137: 5070: 5012: 4981: 4938: 4905: 4880: 4844: 4831:Black Company of Pioneers 4816: 4793: 4760: 4339:Randall, Willard Sterne. 4272:"Boucher, Jonathan" 4187:Van Tyne, Claude Halstead 4012:for Non-Fiction and 2012 3960:(2013) 11#11 pp 983–993, 3815:– via Google Books. 3788:– via Google Books. 3710:atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca 3651:atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca 3561:The New England Quarterly 3321:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2794:. Oxford UP. p. 75. 2653:Robert D. Marcus (1971). 2649:French Revolution of 1789 2428:(1978), pp. 347, 354, 365 2247:"Loyalism and Neutrality" 2028:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 1905:List of notable Loyalists 1780:" (1819), short story by 1588:Spanish American royalism 529:stayed loyal to the king. 439:Kentucky County, Virginia 189:. They called themselves 36:Loyalist (disambiguation) 6528:Democracy and Leadership 4885:involved in Emancipation 4871:Petition of Free Negroes 4807:Philipsburg Proclamation 4432:Link to downloadable pdf 4318:Hooker, Richard J., ed. 4304:Hill, James Riley, III. 4239:Google Books vi, 733 pp. 3827:"Rip Van Winkle Summary" 3378:Corse, Sarah M. (1997). 2722:(1968) 25#2 pp. 259–277 2424:Hull, Hoffer and Allen, 2411:Hull, Hoffer and Allen, 2377:(1972) vol. 6 pp 167–306 1463:1st Viscount Bolingbroke 1398:Conservative corporatism 954:Battle of Kemp's Landing 942:Battle of Monck's Corner 854:sent a force into Quebec 644:Battle of Kemp's Landing 574:confiscation of property 247:United States of America 243:Kingdom of Great Britain 159:Kingdom of Great Britain 133:, the royal governor of 6568:Ideas Have Consequences 6362:The Heritage Foundation 6237:Libertarian Republicans 5382:G. H. W. Bush 5216:American exceptionalism 4645:", The SCGenWeb Project 3874:Andrews, Matthew Page, 3606:Gordon S. Wood (1992). 3418:Mealing, S. R. (1958). 2788:Louis P. Masur (1989). 2333:Leonard Woods Larabee, 1859:. Carmenta Publishing. 1816:Oxford University Press 1810:; Downie, John (1971). 1755:Loyalists in literature 946:Battle of Lenud's Ferry 890:capture Fort Cumberland 842:(including what is now 797:earlier French province 729:during the colonial era 191:United Empire Loyalists 93:, often referred to as 72:United Empire Loyalists 6368:Mandate for Leadership 6322:Charles Koch Institute 6134:Conservative Democrats 6123:historically, factions 5280:Judeo-Christian values 4948:Colonel Stephen Blucke 4801:Dunmore's Proclamation 4780:United Empire Loyalist 4094:Minty, Christopher F. 3285:Maya Jasanoff (2012). 2631:Robert M. Calhoon, in 2140:Barbara Smith (2013). 2113:Hoock, Holger (2017). 2054:United Empire Loyalist 2049:Treaty of Paris (1783) 1702:painted a portrait of 1478:1st Duke of Wellington 1389: 1099:, particularly to the 1082:Upper Canada Rebellion 1047: 978: 975:Shelburne, Nova Scotia 866:Siege of Fort St. Jean 788: 701:Birchtown, Nova Scotia 648:Battle of Great Bridge 623: 620:Shelburne, Nova Scotia 578:tarring and feathering 545: 537:Johnson Hall, seat of 531: 446: 431: 258:tarring and feathering 151: 81:were colonists in the 75: 63: 6723:National conservatism 6688:Why Liberalism Failed 6628:A Conflict of Visions 6588:The Conservative Mind 6456:Witherspoon Institute 6396:James Madison Program 6171:Native American Party 5226:Christian nationalism 4985:Sierra Leone Settlers 4475:. n.p., 1783. 16 pp. 4469:. Westport, CT, 1982. 3920:(1991); reprinted in 3799:Perrin, Noel (1988). 3535:on September 4, 2008. 3204:The Southern Strategy 3063:Davies, Kate (2005). 2849:www.blackloyalist.com 2741:Robert Middlekauff, 2119:. Crown. p. 29. 2086:Chopra, Ruma (2013). 2015:Godfrey–Milliken Bill 1945:British Empire portal 1793:James Fenimore Cooper 1678:John Singleton Copley 1458:1st Earl of Rochester 1448:1st Earl of Clarendon 1403:Divine right of kings 1129:in 1793 entitled the 1038: 973: 884:after the failure of 783: 636:issued a proclamation 613: 536: 481:in the colony and in 459: 436: 426: 384:in August, defeating 163:British North America 147: 69: 44: 6708:American nationalism 6608:A Choice Not an Echo 6548:Our Enemy, the State 6518:Democracy in America 6446:Sutherland Institute 6441:State Policy Network 6401:Leadership Institute 6264:Reactionary feminism 6060:Booker T. Washington 5231:Classical liberalism 5004:Sierra Leone Company 4892:General Samuel Birch 4531:Haldimand Collection 4336:60#3 (1998) pp 561+. 4180:25 (1968): 259–277. 4135:Peck, Epaphroditus; 4080:Moore, Christopher. 3979:Early America Review 3243:Agricultural History 3125:The French Canadians 3019:historycambridge.org 2855:on November 10, 2002 2822:on November 17, 2007 2692:Ray Raphael (2012). 2613:Georgia Encyclopædia 2469:Bright Hub Education 2220:G. Patrick O'Brien. 1042:Treaty of Separation 999:Prince Edward Island 733:Sierra Leone Creoles 717:Sierra Leone Company 628:Governor of Virginia 437:A jury finding from 420:Numbers of Loyalists 214:Motives for Loyalism 157:; especially to the 58:after a painting by 30:For other uses, see 6747:Conservatism portal 6678:The Benedict Option 6578:God and Man at Yale 6467:Historical factions 6406:Manhattan Institute 6357:Heartland Institute 6352:Gatestone Institute 6327:Claremont Institute 6227:Hispanic and Latino 5377:Adams (John Quincy) 5268:Gender essentialism 5079:The Book of Negroes 5014:Sierra Leone people 4940:Black Nova Scotians 4765:Slavery in the U.S. 4465:Palmer, Gregory S. 4417:Crary, Catherine S. 4353:Wright, J. Leitch. 4149:Quarles, Benjamin; 4104:Nelson, William H. 4032:2002 30(1): 30–49. 3942:Calhoon, Robert M. 3876:History of Maryland 3353:(1959), pp. 150–151 3323:, "Loyalists"; and 2205:The Coming of Peace 2169:"Divided Loyalties" 2009:partial finding aid 2001:Frederick Haldimand 1959:Conservatism portal 1834:The Book of Negroes 1800:(1940), a novel by 1748:John Eardley Wilmot 1712:Annapolis Royal, NS 1384:Cavalier Parliament 1131:Act Against Slavery 925:Battles of Saratoga 762:History of the Rise 505:, a fair number of 316:De Lancey's Brigade 6538:I'll Take My Stand 6498:Southern Agrarians 6436:Rockford Institute 6431:R Street Institute 6381:Hoover Institution 6269:Tea Party movement 6212:Dark Enlightenment 6149:Southern Democrats 6109:Anti-Masonic Party 6099:Constitution Party 5335:Right to bear arms 5295:Limited government 5273:Complementarianism 4836:Ethiopian Regiment 4572:2013-06-11 at the 4489:American Loyalists 3966:10.1111/hic3.12105 3802:A Reader's Delight 3632:Francis Cogliano, 2775:2020-12-30 at the 2729:2018-10-01 at the 2678:2007-09-30 at the 2618:2008-09-19 at the 2471:. 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Bush 5355: 5349: 5315:Ordered liberty 5204: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5096: 5091: 5066: 5062:Moses Wilkinson 5032:Abraham Hazeley 5008: 4984: 4977: 4934: 4930:Shelburne riots 4901: 4897:Stephen Skinner 4884: 4882:White Loyalists 4876: 4861:Book of Negroes 4855:Treaty of Paris 4840: 4826:Black Loyalists 4812: 4789: 4785:Black Canadians 4756: 4754:Black Loyalists 4751: 4674:Thomas B. Allen 4574:Wayback Machine 4485: 4346:Skemp, Sheila. 4269: 4231:Sabine, Lorenzo 4042:Kerber, Linda. 4019:Jensen, Merrill 3994:Gould, Philip. 3958:History Compass 3936: 3882:Bailyn, Bernard 3855: 3853:Further reading 3850: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3675:Allen, Thomas. 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3489: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3465:Ontario History 3462: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3258: 3254: 3239: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3202:Wilson, David. 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3140:(Toronto: 1972) 3135: 3131: 3127:(1955) 1:67–69. 3122: 3118: 3108: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2883:History Compass 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2777:Wayback Machine 2767: 2763: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2731:Wayback Machine 2717: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2680:Wayback Machine 2667: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2620:Wayback Machine 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2580:"The Loyalists" 2578: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2501:on May 15, 2013 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2363:Wayback Machine 2349: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2324:Jassanoff, ch 1 2323: 2319: 2315:Andrews, p. 284 2314: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2243: 2239: 2229:Wayback Machine 2219: 2215: 2202: 2198: 2184: 2182: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2075: 1973:Politics portal 1971: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1887:science fiction 1867: 1826: 1802:Kenneth Roberts 1763: 1757: 1750: 1746:as a detail of 1740: 1731: 1725: 1674: 1657: 1628: 1627: 1623:Veronese Easter 1523: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1488:Stanley Baldwin 1438: 1435: 1428: 1427: 1418:Oxford Movement 1374: 1371: 1364: 1363: 1338:Noblesse oblige 1322:Interventionism 1287: 1285:Characteristics 1284: 1264: 1255:Politics series 1248: 1215: 1030:Lord Dorchester 968: 962: 933: 862:Benedict Arnold 778: 741: 713:Shelburne Riots 689:Book of Negroes 681:Black Loyalists 672:serving in the 652:Elizabeth River 618:wood cutter at 608: 602: 582:William Drayton 507:Anglican clergy 463:middle colonies 422: 408:(1778–83), and 343: 337: 325:Black Loyalists 216: 199: 54:, engraving by 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6674: 6664: 6654: 6648:The Bell Curve 6644: 6634: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6584: 6574: 6564: 6554: 6544: 6534: 6524: 6513: 6511: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6451:Tax Foundation 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6084:American Party 6080: 6078: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6055:Robert A. Taft 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5261:States' rights 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Anti-communism 5218: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5200:Traditionalist 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4983:Nova Scotian / 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4968:Deborah Squash 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Halifax County 4917: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4703: 4686: 4670: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4611: 4609:South Carolina 4606: 4601: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4523: 4514: 4504: 4503:in pdf format. 4491: 4484: 4483:External links 4481: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4447: 4434: 4424: 4414: 4403: 4392: 4390:978-0919670617 4377: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4334:The Historian. 4330: 4316: 4302: 4283: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4241: 4228: 4226:978-0313281020 4213: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4184: 4174: 4164: 4157: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4109: 4102: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4065: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4026: 4016: 4002:Jasanoff, Maya 3999: 3992: 3985: 3981:(Winter 2000) 3975: 3970:Chopra, Ruma. 3968: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3935:978-0470756447 3934: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3879: 3872: 3870:978-0061241819 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3818: 3811: 3791: 3784: 3764: 3755: 3726: 3697: 3667: 3638: 3625: 3619:978-0307758965 3618: 3598: 3586: 3573:10.2307/360711 3567:(2): 308–330. 3551: 3538: 3516: 3510:978-0771060939 3509: 3483: 3469: 3456: 3443: 3410: 3397: 3390: 3370: 3355: 3342: 3329: 3313: 3311:Lohrenz (1998) 3304: 3298:978-1400075478 3297: 3277: 3270: 3252: 3230: 3228:76.2: 278–307. 3217: 3208: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3175:Smith 264–267. 3168: 3162:J.B. Brebner, 3155: 3142: 3129: 3116: 3106: 3080: 3073: 3055: 3036: 3006: 2980: 2971: 2964: 2946: 2938: 2912: 2889:(3): 583–603. 2866: 2833: 2807: 2801:978-0198021582 2800: 2780: 2770:online NPS.gov 2761: 2759:Calhoon (1973) 2747: 2745:(1985) p. 550. 2734: 2711: 2705:978-1595588517 2704: 2684: 2666:978-0390597731 2665: 2637: 2624: 2605: 2603:Calhoun (1973) 2596: 2571: 2542: 2512: 2486: 2456: 2430: 2426:Choosing Sides 2417: 2415:(1978), p. 352 2413:Choosing Sides 2404: 2379: 2366: 2343: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2295: 2266: 2259: 2237: 2213: 2196: 2159: 2153:978-1595585974 2152: 2132: 2125: 2105: 2098: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2021:Lorenzo Sabine 2018: 2012: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1962: 1948: 1934: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1879:The Domination 1875: 1865: 1852: 1841: 1830: 1824: 1804: 1798:Oliver Wiswell 1795: 1784: 1778:Rip Van Winkle 1774: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1727:John Copley's 1726: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1704:James DeLancey 1700:Gilbert Stuart 1697: 1687: 1673: 1670: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1598:Tory socialism 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1521:Related topics 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468:Samuel Johnson 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1408:Family Compact 1405: 1400: 1395: 1391:Château Clique 1386: 1381: 1375: 1372:General topics 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344:Traditionalism 1341: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1270: 1269: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1240:George Clinton 1228:Maine District 1220:Samuel Seabury 1214: 1211: 1199:discrimination 1182:, the largest 1164: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1078:Peter Matthews 964:Main article: 961: 958: 932: 929: 787:by Howard Pyle 777: 774: 740: 739:Loyalist women 737: 670:Black Patriots 616:Black Loyalist 606:Black Loyalist 604:Main article: 601: 598: 594:South Carolina 567:North Carolina 499:Highland Scots 467:tenant farmers 421: 418: 392:and capturing 339:Main article: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 322: 319: 312:New York Dutch 300: 293: 292: 273: 270: 267: 264: 261: 250: 231:British Empire 223: 215: 212: 198: 195: 161:itself, or to 155:British Empire 143:Woodrow Wilson 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6796: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618:Losing Ground 6615: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6426:Ripon Society 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Radical Right 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 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5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Family values 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:Compassionate 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052:Thomas Peters 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794:Proclamations 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549:published in 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 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Pole 3249:(4): 331. 3226:Historian 2671:See also 2535:March 11, 2505:March 11, 2479:March 11, 2044:Tory scum 1884:dystopian 1744:Reception 1573:Pink Tory 1568:Miguelism 1553:High Tory 1538:Cristeros 1423:Powellism 1379:Cavaliers 709:Shelburne 277:Jacobites 227:Americans 99:Royalists 79:Loyalists 46:Britannia 6701:See also 6274:Trumpism 6040:Schlafly 6035:Sessions 6025:Rumsfeld 5995:Ron Paul 5980:O'Reilly 5965:McCarthy 5940:Limbaugh 5935:Ingraham 5920:Giuliani 5915:Gingrich 5895:DeSantis 5824:Voegelin 5784:O'Connor 5659:Genovese 5639:Conquest 5634:Chambers 5614:Boorstin 5594:Bacevich 5558:Vermeule 5538:Sessions 5513:O'Connor 5417:McKinley 5397:Coolidge 5170:Movement 5165:Moderate 5071:In media 4866:Merikins 4716:Archived 4699:Archived 4666:Archived 4631:Virginia 4580:Maryland 4570:Archived 4498:Sabine's 4456:, Canada 4322:. 1953. 4314:30807526 4182:in JSTOR 4156:. (1988) 3916:, eds., 3835:Archived 3805:. UPNE. 3743:Archived 3714:Archived 3685:Archived 3655:Archived 3529:jphs.org 3029:March 1, 3023:Archived 2899:Archived 2773:Archived 2727:Archived 2724:in JSTOR 2676:Archived 2616:Archived 2584:Archived 2559:Archived 2529:Archived 2473:Archived 2359:Archived 2356:in JSTOR 2283:Archived 2225:Archived 2185:July 11, 2179:Archived 1917:See also 1845:The Fort 1613:Vendéens 1583:Red Tory 1563:Loyalism 1359:Unionism 1354:Royalism 1327:Loyalism 1168:Iroquois 1139:loyalism 1118:) where 1059:mob rule 944:and the 921:Burgoyne 894:Montreal 766:Progress 725:Freetown 527:Iroquois 517:, a few 515:New York 475:the king 471:New York 404:(1777), 382:New York 308:Huguenot 245:and the 205:opposed 107:Patriots 32:Loyalism 6779:Toryism 6075:Parties 6045:Shapiro 5930:Hannity 5910:Falwell 5900:Dilling 5885:Coulter 5875:Carlson 5860:Atwater 5819:Viereck 5814:Strauss 5759:Mencken 5719:Kristol 5699:Kimball 5694:Kendall 5684:Hurston 5649:Eastman 5629:Calhoun 5624:Burnham 5619:Buckley 5589:Babbitt 5528:Roberts 5508:Kennedy 5493:Gorsuch 5463:Barrett 5451:Jurists 5407:Harding 5138:Schools 4662:youtube 4146:(1983). 3953:(1994). 3909:(1966). 3501:244–252 1686:(1784). 1533:Chouans 1528:Carlism 1436:People 1265:Toryism 1201:there. 1187:reserve 1124:Toronto 1112:Ontario 1105:Bahamas 1103:in the 1090:Toronto 1045:Empire. 1023:Ontario 882:Halifax 656:Norfolk 650:on the 622:in 1788 541:in the 521:in the 495:Quakers 487:Germans 465:: many 414:Georgia 175:Ontario 171:Florida 6692:(2018) 6682:(2017) 6672:(2017) 6662:(1999) 6652:(1994) 6642:(1987) 6632:(1987) 6622:(1984) 6612:(1964) 6602:(1960) 6592:(1953) 6582:(1951) 6572:(1948) 6562:(1941) 6552:(1935) 6542:(1930) 6532:(1924) 6217:Female 6015:Romney 6010:Quayle 5960:McCain 5880:Cheney 5839:Yarvin 5834:Weaver 5809:Sowell 5794:Ransom 5779:Nisbet 5774:Murray 5769:Molnar 5749:Lukacs 5714:Kreeft 5674:Hazony 5669:Hanson 5644:Deneen 5604:Bellow 5553:Thomas 5533:Scalia 5518:Parker 5483:George 5478:Colson 5473:Burger 5427:Reagan 5412:Hoover 5356:People 5195:Social 5180:Paleo- 5155:Fusion 5150:Fiscal 4987:(1792) 4857:(1783) 4809:(1779) 4803:(1775) 4650:Videos 4423:(1973) 4419:, ed. 4388: 4326: 4312: 4297: 4224: 4193:(1902) 4125:(1996) 4108:(1961) 4064:273 pp 4046:(1997) 4036: 3983:online 3974:(2015) 3932: 3868: 3809: 3782: 3616: 3581:360711 3579: 3507: 3430:: 50. 3406:Beaver 3388: 3340:(1989) 3295: 3268: 3166:(1937) 3104: 3071: 2962: 2936: 2932:–114. 2798: 2702: 2663: 2394: 2390:2009. 2339:online 2257: 2150: 2123: 2096: 1863: 1822: 1209:good. 1034:Empire 793:Quebec 768:, and 750:Rebels 485:. 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