Pragmatism - Knowledge

2373:. He argued that, in William James's pragmatism, truth is entirely subjective and is not the widely accepted definition of truth, which is correspondence to reality. For Bittle, defining truth as what is useful is a "perversion of language". With truth reduced essentially to what is good, it is no longer an object of the intellect. Therefore, the problem of knowledge posed by the intellect is not solved, but rather renamed. Renaming truth as a product of the will cannot help it solve the problems of the intellect, according to Bittle. Bittle cited what he saw as contradictions in pragmatism, such as using objective facts to prove that truth does not emerge from objective fact; this reveals that pragmatists do recognize truth as objective fact, and not, as they claim, what is useful. Bittle argued there are also some statements that cannot be judged on human welfare at all. Such statements (for example the assertion that "a car is passing") are matters of "truth and error" and do not affect human welfare. 1563:", published in 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of 20th-century philosophy in the analytic tradition. The paper is an attack on two central tenets of the logical positivists' philosophy. One is the distinction between analytic statements (tautologies and contradictions) whose truth (or falsehood) is a function of the meanings of the words in the statement ('all bachelors are unmarried'), and synthetic statements, whose truth (or falsehood) is a function of (contingent) states of affairs. The other is reductionism, the theory that each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms which refers exclusively to immediate experience. Quine's argument brings to mind Peirce's insistence that axioms are not a priori truths but synthetic statements. 1424:, doubt cannot be feigned or created by verbal fiat to motivate fruitful inquiry, and much less can philosophy begin in universal doubt. Doubt, like belief, requires justification. Genuine doubt irritates and inhibits, in the sense that belief is that upon which one is prepared to act. It arises from confrontation with some specific recalcitrant matter of fact (which Dewey called a "situation"), which unsettles our belief in some specific proposition. Inquiry is then the rationally self-controlled process of attempting to return to a settled state of belief about the matter. Note that anti-skepticism is a reaction to modern academic skepticism in the wake of Descartes. The pragmatist insistence that all knowledge is tentative is quite congenial to the older skeptical tradition. 2322:

be rediscovered because pragmatism itself was eclipsed by logical positivism during the middle decades of the twentieth century. As a result, it was lost from feminist discourse. Feminists now consider pragmatism's greatest strength to be the very features that led to its decline. These are "persistent and early criticisms of positivist interpretations of scientific methodology; disclosure of value dimension of factual claims"; viewing aesthetics as informing everyday experience; subordinating logical analysis to political, cultural, and social issues; linking the dominant discourses with domination; "realigning theory with praxis; and resisting the turn to epistemology and instead emphasizing concrete experience".

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staple philosophical tools at least since Descartes. He argued that there is no absolutely first cognition in a cognitive process; such a process has its beginning but can always be analyzed into finer cognitive stages. That which we call introspection does not give privileged access to knowledge about the mind—the self is a concept that is derived from our interaction with the external world and not the other way around. At the same time he held persistently that pragmatism and epistemology in general could not be derived from principles of psychology understood as a special science: what we do think is too different from what we should think; in his "

1111:. It equates any conception of an object to the general extent of the conceivable implications for informed practice of that object's effects. This is the heart of his pragmatism as a method of experimentational mental reflection arriving at conceptions in terms of conceivable confirmatory and disconfirmatory circumstances—a method hospitable to the generation of explanatory hypotheses, and conducive to the employment and improvement of verification. Typical of Peirce is his concern with inference to explanatory hypotheses as outside the usual foundational alternative between deductivist rationalism and inductivist empiricism, although he was a 479: 1650:

Schiller contends on the one hand that mechanistic naturalism cannot make sense of the "higher" aspects of our world. These include free will, consciousness, purpose, universals and some would add God. On the other hand, abstract metaphysics cannot make sense of the "lower" aspects of our world (e.g. the imperfect, change, physicality). While Schiller is vague about the exact sort of middle ground he is trying to establish, he suggests that metaphysics is a tool that can aid inquiry, but that it is valuable only insofar as it does help in explanation.

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because each member proceeds to his own duty with a trust that the other members will simultaneously do theirs. Wherever a desired result is achieved by the co-operation of many independent persons, its existence as a fact is a pure consequence of the precursive faith in one another of those immediately concerned. A government, an army, a commercial system, a ship, a college, an athletic team, all exist on this condition, without which not only is nothing achieved, but nothing is even attempted.

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possibly occupy your mind with them at the same time. The world of concrete personal experiences to which the street belongs is multitudinous beyond imagination, tangled, muddy, painful and perplexed. The world to which your philosophy-professor introduces you is simple, clean and noble. The contradictions of real life are absent from it. ... In point of fact it is far less an account of this actual world than a clear addition built upon it ... It is no explanation of our concrete universe

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outcomes often undermines their citizen's interests, which often are more concerned with process. On the other hand, David Brendel argues that pragmatism's ability to bridge dualisms, focus on practical problems, include multiple perspectives, incorporate participation from interested parties (patient, family, health team), and provisional nature makes it well suited to address problems in this area.

14841: 8529: 2386:; Russell pointed out areas in which he agreed with them but also ridiculed James's views on truth and Dewey's views on inquiry. Hilary Putnam later argued that Russell "presented a mere caricature" of James's views and a "misreading of James", while Tom Burke argued at length that Russell presented "a skewed characterization of Dewey's point of view". Elsewhere, in Russell's book 1089:'s definition of belief, which was "that upon which a man is prepared to act". Peirce wrote that "from this definition, pragmatism is scarce more than a corollary; so that I am disposed to think of him as the grandfather of pragmatism". John Shook has said, "Chauncey Wright also deserves considerable credit, for as both Peirce and James recall, it was Wright who demanded a 1894:

effect than by claiming prayers are heard. As such, pragmatism is not antithetical to religion but it is not an apologetic for faith either. James' metaphysical position however, leaves open the possibility that the ontological claims of religions may be true. As he observed in the end of the Varieties, his position does not amount to a denial of the existence of

1131:'s variant uses of the old name "pragmatism" and that he nonetheless coined the new name because of the old name's growing use in "literary journals, where it gets abused". Yet in a 1906 manuscript, he cited as causes his differences with James and Schiller and, in a 1908 publication, his differences with James as well as literary author 1912:: things which offer brute physical resistance to our movements. In this way, such things which affect us, like numbers, may be said to be "real", although they do not "exist". Margolis suggests that God, in such a linguistic usage, might very well be "real", causing believers to act in such and such a way, but might not "exist". 1874:. He defines a work of art as "a physically embodied, culturally emergent entity", a human "utterance" that isn't an ontological quirk but in line with other human activity and culture in general. He emphasizes that works of art are complex and difficult to fathom, and that no determinate interpretation can be given. 3210:, advocates for a "radical pragmatism", one that "de-naturalizes" society and culture, and thus insists that we can "transform the character of our relation to social and cultural worlds we inhabit rather than just to change, little by little, the content of the arrangements and beliefs that comprise them." 1418:). Peirce insisted that (1) in reasoning, there is the presupposition, and at least the hope, that truth and the real are discoverable and would be discovered, sooner or later but still inevitably, by investigation taken far enough, and (2) contrary to Descartes's famous and influential methodology in the 1216:

theory of truth; the former is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate the truth of a statement do not attribute a property called truth to such a statement while the latter is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate the truth of a statement attribute the property of

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Applied Rorty's neopragmatism to media studies and developed a new branch that he called media philosophy. Together with authors such as Juergen Habermas, Hans Joas, Sami Pihlstroem, Mats Bergmann, Michael Esfeld, and Helmut Pape, he belongs to a group of European pragmatists who make use of Peirce,

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Since the mid 1990s, feminist philosophers have re-discovered classical pragmatism as a source of feminist theories. Works by Seigfried, Duran, Keith, and Whipps explore the historic and philosophic links between feminism and pragmatism. The connection between pragmatism and feminism took so long to

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have similarities with pragmatism. Like pragmatism, logical positivism provides a verification criterion of meaning that is supposed to rid us of nonsense metaphysics; however, logical positivism doesn't stress action as pragmatism does. The pragmatists rarely used their maxim of meaning to rule out

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was published before he became aware of the growing pragmatist movement taking place in America. In it, Schiller argues for a middle ground between materialism and absolute metaphysics. These opposites are comparable to what William James called tough-minded empiricism and tender-minded rationalism.

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Whereas Schiller dismissed the possibility of formal logic, most pragmatists are critical rather of its pretension to ultimate validity and see logic as one logical tool among others—or perhaps, considering the multitude of formal logics, one set of tools among others. This is the view of C. I.

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While pragmatism started simply as a criterion of meaning, it quickly expanded to become a full-fledged epistemology with wide-ranging implications for the entire philosophical field. Pragmatists who work in these fields share a common inspiration, but their work is diverse and there are no received

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It is high time to urge the use of a little imagination in philosophy. The unwillingness of some of our critics to read any but the silliest of possible meanings into our statements is as discreditable to their imaginations as anything I know in recent philosophic history. Schiller says the truth is

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theory of justification that rejects the claim that all knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. Coherentists hold that justification is solely a function of some relationship between beliefs, none of which are privileged beliefs

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Peirce lectured and further wrote on pragmatism to make clear his own interpretation. While framing a conception's meaning in terms of conceivable tests, Peirce emphasized that, since a conception is general, its meaning, its intellectual purport, equates to its acceptance's implications for general

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was also an important feminist pragmatist concerned with organizational operation during the early decades of the 20th century. In addition, the ideas of Dewey, Mead, and James are consistent with many feminist tenets. Jane Addams, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead developed their philosophies as

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included the responses of philosophers to that debate, including Micah Hester, Griffin Trotter and others many of whom developed their own theories based on the work of Dewey, Peirce, Royce and others. Lachs developed several applications of pragmatism to bioethics independent of but extending from

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The role of belief in representing reality is widely debated in pragmatism. Is a belief valid when it represents reality? "Copying is one (and only one) genuine mode of knowing". Are beliefs dispositions which qualify as true or false depending on how helpful they prove in inquiry and in action? Is

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From a general point of view, for William James, something is true only insofar as it works. Thus, the statement, for example, that prayer is heard may work on a psychological level but (a) may not help to bring about the things you pray for (b) may be better explained by referring to its soothing

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began by saying that he had always taken for granted that when you entered a philosophic classroom you had to open relations with a universe entirely distinct from the one you left behind you in the street. The two were supposed, he said, to have so little to do with each other, that you could not

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is the view that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments and progress in science cannot be couched in terms of concepts and theories somehow mirroring reality. Instrumentalist philosophers often define scientific progress as nothing more than an improvement in explaining and predicting

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is a broad contemporary category used for various thinkers that incorporate important insights of, and yet significantly diverge from, the classical pragmatists. This divergence may occur either in their philosophical methodology (many of them are loyal to the analytic tradition) or in conceptual

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thinkers in the most straightforward fashion: experience is the ultimate test and experience is what needs to be explained. They were dissatisfied with ordinary empiricism because, in the tradition dating from Hume, empiricists had a tendency to think of experience as nothing more than individual

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In 1868, C.S. Peirce argued that there is no power of intuition in the sense of a cognition unconditioned by inference, and no power of introspection, intuitive or otherwise, and that awareness of an internal world is by hypothetical inference from external facts. Introspection and intuition were

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I refer to Mr. Charles S. Peirce, with whose very existence as a philosopher I dare say many of you are unacquainted. He is one of the most original of contemporary thinkers; and the principle of practicalism or pragmatism, as he called it, when I first heard him enunciate it at Cambridge in the

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The health sector's administrators' use of pragmatism has been criticized as incomplete in its pragmatism, however, according to the classical pragmatists, knowledge is always shaped by human interests. The administrator's focus on "outcomes" simply advances their own interest, and this focus on

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Of the classical pragmatists, John Dewey wrote most extensively about morality and democracy. In his classic article "Three Independent Factors in Morals", he tried to integrate three basic philosophical perspectives on morality: the right, the virtuous and the good. He held that while all three

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introduced Dewey's notion of the Community of Inquiry. Hugh Miller objected to one element of the community of inquiry (problematic situation, scientific attitude, participatory democracy): scientific attitude. A debate that included responses from a practitioner, an economist, a planner, other

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Moral questions immediately present themselves as questions whose solution cannot wait for sensible proof. A moral question is a question not of what sensibly exists, but of what is good, or would be good if it did exist. ... A social organism of any sort whatever, large or small, is what it is

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Seigfried, C.H. (2001). Feminist interpretations of John Dewey. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press; Seigfried, C.H. (1996). Pragmatism and feminism: Reweaving the social fabric. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; Seigfried, C. H. (1992). Where are all the pragmatists

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Pragmatists disagree over whether philosophers ought to adopt a quietist or a naturalist stance toward the mind-body problem. The former, including Rorty, want to do away with the problem because they believe it's a pseudo-problem, whereas the latter believe that it is a meaningful empirical

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back into favor with his essay "Epistemology Naturalized", also criticized "traditional" epistemology and its "Cartesian dream" of absolute certainty. The dream, he argued, was impossible in practice as well as misguided in theory, because it separates epistemology from scientific inquiry.

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From the outset, pragmatists wanted to reform philosophy and bring it more in line with the scientific method as they understood it. They argued that idealist and realist philosophy had a tendency to present human knowledge as something beyond what science could grasp. They held that these

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has influenced research in the field of public administration. Scholars claim classical pragmatism had a profound influence on the origin of the field of public administration. At the most basic level, public administrators are responsible for making programs "work" in a pluralistic,

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nor is anything which helps to survive merely in the short term. For example, to believe my cheating spouse is faithful may help me feel better now, but it is certainly not useful from a more long-term perspective because it doesn't accord with the facts (and is therefore not true).

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field, that pragmatism is a method developed in it, and that philosophy, though not deductive or so general as mathematics, still concerns positive phenomena in general, including phenomena of matter and mind, without depending on special experiences or experiments such as those of

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Many of James' best-turned phrases—"truth's cash value" and "the true is only the expedient in our way of thinking" —were taken out of context and caricatured in contemporary literature as representing the view where any idea with practical utility is true. William James wrote:

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Pragmatism as a philosophical movement began in the United States around 1870. Charles Sanders Peirce (and his pragmatic maxim) is given credit for its development, along with later 20th-century contributors, William James and John Dewey. Its direction was determined by

1898:. Quite the contrary, he argued for the legitimate epistemic right to believe in such realities, since such beliefs do make a difference in an individual's life and refer to claims that cannot be verified or falsified either on intellectual or common sensorial grounds. 1480:

that which "works." Thereupon he is treated as one who limits verification to the lowest material utilities. Dewey says truth is what gives "satisfaction"! He is treated as one who believes in calling everything true which, if it were true, would be pleasant.

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David L. Hildebrand summarized the problem: "Perceptual inattention to the specific functions comprising inquiry led realists and idealists alike to formulate accounts of knowledge that project the products of extensive abstraction back onto experience."

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of propositions, mental states, and statements in terms of a correspondence or representational relationship and instead analyzes semantic meaning in terms of notions like dispositions to action, inferential relationships, and/or functional roles (e.g.

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Philosophers John R. Shook and Tibor Solymosi said that "each new generation rediscovers and reinvents its own versions of pragmatism by applying the best available practical and scientific methods to philosophical problems of contemporary concern".

1858:). Art, for Dewey, is or should be a part of everyone's creative lives and not just the privilege of a select group of artists. He also emphasizes that the audience is more than a passive recipient. Dewey's treatment of art was a move away from the 1618:

sensations. To the pragmatists, this went against the spirit of empiricism: we should try to explain all that is given in experience including connections and meaning, instead of explaining them away and positing sense data as the ultimate reality.

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practice, rather than to any definite set of real effects (or test results); a conception's clarified meaning points toward its conceivable verifications, but the outcomes are not meanings, but individual upshots. Peirce in 1905 coined the new name

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argued that the need to distinguish between reality and appearance only arises within an explanatory scheme and therefore that there is no point in asking what "ultimate reality" consists of. More recently, a similar idea has been suggested by the

1369:" series, Peirce formulated both pragmatism and principles of statistics as aspects of scientific method in general. This is an important point of disagreement with most other pragmatists, who advocate a more thorough naturalism and psychologism. 1787:. Dewey envisioned the possibility of ethics as an experimental discipline, and thought values could best be characterized not as feelings or imperatives, but as hypotheses about what actions will lead to satisfactory results or what he termed 1771:

Dewey also criticized the dichotomy between means and ends which he saw as responsible for the degradation of our everyday working lives and education, both conceived as merely a means to an end. He stressed the need for meaningful labor and a

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it only in the struggle of intelligent organisms with the surrounding environment that beliefs acquire meaning? Does a belief only become true when it succeeds in this struggle? In James's pragmatism nothing practical or useful is held to be

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has often been misunderstood as a plea for relativism or irrationality. On its own terms it argues that ethics always involves a certain degree of trust or faith and that we cannot always wait for adequate proof when making moral decisions.

4074:. Peirce also harshly criticized the Cartesian approach of starting from hyperbolic doubts rather than from the combination of established beliefs and genuine doubts. See the opening of his 1868 "Some Consequences of Four Incapacities", 2182:, who aren't usually considered pragmatists because they differ so much on other points. Nonetheless, philosopher Donovan Irven argues there's a strong connection between Henri Bergson, pragmatist William James, and the existentialist 1842:. Lekan argues that morality is a fallible but rational practice and that it has traditionally been misconceived as based on theory or principles. Instead, he argues, theory and rules arise as tools to make practice more intelligent. 6118:(Indiana University Press; 2010) 215 pages; Essays on pragmatism and American culture, pragmatism as a way of thinking and settling disputes, pragmatism as a theory of truth, and pragmatism as a mood, attitude, or temperament. 1446:

truth above and beyond any sort of inquiry organisms used to cope with life. Pragmatism challenges this idealism by providing an "ecological" account of knowledge: inquiry is how organisms can get a grip on their environment.

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sm (as I have called it since James and Schiller made the word imply "the will to believe", the mutability of truth, the soundness of Zeno's refutation of motion, and pluralism generally), upon Kant, Berkeley, and Leibniz.

1579:. Schiller sought to undermine the very possibility of formal logic, by showing that words only had meaning when used in context. The least famous of Schiller's main works was the constructive sequel to his destructive book 1526:(1929) was that science does not merely provide a copy of reality but must work with conceptual systems and that those are chosen for pragmatic reasons, that is, because they aid inquiry. Lewis' own development of multiple 2166:

character (although Peirce's pragmatism is not nominalist) and because it takes the broader functioning of language in an environment as its focus instead of investigating abstract relations between language and world.

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1897, etc.) wherein he credited Peirce, James also arranged for two paid series of lectures by Peirce, including the 1903 Harvard lectures on pragmatism. See pp. 261–264, 290–2, & 324 in Brent, Joseph (1998),

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colleague of James at Harvard who employed pragmatism in an idealist metaphysical framework, he was particularly interested in the philosophy of religion and community; his work is often associated with

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James, William (1898), "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results", delivered before the Philosophical Union of the University of California at Berkeley, August 26, 1898, and first printed in the

1002:. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes. 5184:

Alexander, Jason Fields, "Contracting Through the Lens of Classical Pragmatism: An Exploration of Local Government Contracting" (2009). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 288.

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v. 2, 434–450, and elsewhere. After discussing James, Peirce stated (Section V, fourth paragraph) as the specific occasion of his coinage "pragmaticism", journalist, pragmatist, and literary author

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advocated a biological idealism as what's useful to an organism to believe might differ wildly from what is true. Here knowledge and action are portrayed as two separate spheres with an absolute or

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is the central goal of American pragmatism. Although all human knowledge is partial, with no ability to take a "God's-eye-view", this does not necessitate a globalized skeptical attitude, a radical

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Increasing attention is being given to pragmatist epistemology in other branches of the social sciences, which have struggled with divisive debates over the status of social scientific knowledge.

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in which he criticized attempts by many philosophers of science to carve out a space for epistemology that is entirely unrelated to—and sometimes thought of as superior to—the empirical sciences.

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can be applied in this environment. Dewey and James' notion of theory as a tool, helps administrators craft theories to resolve policy and administrative problems. Further, the birth of American

1704:(1979) argued that much of the debate about the relation of the mind to the body results from conceptual confusions. They argue instead that there is no need to posit the mind or mindstuff as an 2215:, conflict resolution, and research methodology have incorporated the tenets of pragmatism in their field. Often this connection is made using Dewey and Addams's expansive notion of democracy. 5296: 2075:

and the diversification of Anglo-American philosophy, many philosophers were influenced by pragmatist thought without necessarily publicly committing themselves to that philosophical school.

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in a proposition in order to highlight that many pragmatists had failed to recognize that distinction. He identified 13 different philosophical positions that were each labeled pragmatism.

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phenomena. Instrumentalism does not state that truth does not matter, but rather provides a specific answer to the question of what truth and falsity mean and how they function in science.

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Perez, Shivaun, "Assessing Service Learning Using Pragmatic Principles of Education: A Texas Charter School Case Study" (2000). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University Paper 76.

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all metaphysics as nonsense. Usually, pragmatism was put forth to correct metaphysical doctrines or to construct empirically verifiable ones rather than to provide a wholesale rejection.

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Wilson, Timothy L., "Pragmatism and Performance Measurement: An Exploration of Practices in Texas State Government" (2001). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 71.

5859:, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1908. 2nd ed., Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1932. Reprinted, Arnold Isenberg (ed.), Victor Kestenbaum (pref.), Irvington Publishers, New York, 1980. 2095:

shares its psychologism, direct realism and anti-cartesianism with pragmatism. Conceptual pragmatism is a theory of knowledge originating with the work of the philosopher and logician

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criticized what he called "the philosophical fallacy": Philosophers often take categories (such as the mental and the physical) for granted because they don't realize that these are

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view that a scientific concept or theory should be evaluated by how effectively it explains and predicts phenomena, as opposed to how accurately it describes objective reality.

1135:. Peirce regarded his own views that truth is immutable and infinity is real, as being opposed by the other pragmatists, but he remained allied with them about the falsity of 1622:, or Immediate Empiricism in Dewey's words, wants to give a place to meaning and value instead of explaining them away as subjective additions to a world of whizzing atoms. 5528: 5496: 2483:

influential psychologist and theorist of religion as well as philosopher. First to be widely associated with the term "pragmatism" due to Peirce's lifelong unpopularity.

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Pragmatism sees no fundamental difference between practical and theoretical reason, nor any ontological difference between facts and values. Pragmatist ethics is broadly

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The "Chicago Club" including Mead, Dewey, Angell, and Moore. Pragmatism is sometimes called American pragmatism because so many of its proponents were and are Americans.

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v. 1, 124–141. See end of §II for the pragmatic maxim. See third and fourth paragraphs in §IV for the discoverability of truth and the real by sufficient investigation.

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Bartle, John R. and Shields, Patricia M., "Applying Pragmatism to Public Budgeting and Financial Management" (2008). Faculty Publications-Political Science. Paper 48.

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still proudly defends the original Pragmatists and sees his recent work on Cultural Realism as extending and deepening their insights, especially the contribution of

1908:(California, 1995) makes a distinction between "existence" and "reality". He suggests using the term "exists" only for those things which adequately exhibit Peirce's 1749:

William James tried to show the meaningfulness of (some kinds of) spirituality but, like other pragmatists, did not see religion as the basis of meaning or morality.

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and by many analytic philosophers. Rorty's early analytic work, however, differs notably from his later work which some, including Rorty, consider to be closer to

6157: 3687: 2850:(1994). His work interprets contemporary philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophical logic through the lens of classical American pragmatism. 2052:). Many pragmatist ideas (especially those of Peirce) find a natural expression in the decision-theoretic reconstruction of epistemology pursued in the work of 1791:. An additional implication of this view is that ethics is a fallible undertaking because human beings are frequently unable to know what would satisfy them. 5602: 2281:

Which pragmatism (classical pragmatism or neo-pragmatism) makes the most sense in public administration has been the source of debate. The debate began when

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in psychology and sociology also have ties to pragmatism, which is not surprising considering that James and Dewey were both scholars of psychology and that

3496: 1021:: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object." 622: 5071:

Evans, Karen. 2005. "Upgrade or a different animal altogether?: Why Old Pragmatism Better Informs Public Management and New Pragmatism Misses the Point."

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Literary and Legal Studies pragmatist. Criticizes Rorty's and Posner's legal theories as "almost pragmatism" and authored the afterword in the collection

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Duran, J. (2001). A holistically Deweyan feminism. Metaphilosophy, 32, 279–292. Duran, J. (1993). The intersection of pragmatism and feminism. Hypatia, 8

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Note that this is an introductory list: some important works are left out and some less monumental works that are excellent introductions are included.

1854:, based on the William James lectures he delivered at Harvard University, was an attempt to show the integrity of art, culture and everyday experience ( 6206: 6176: 1870:

who emphasized the unique character of art and the disinterested nature of aesthetic appreciation. A notable contemporary pragmatist aesthetician is

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The word "pragmatic" has existed in English since the 1500s, a word borrowed from French and ultimately derived from Greek via Latin. The Greek word

885: 1591:. What he offers is something philosophers would recognize today as a logic covering the context of discovery and the hypothetico-deductive method. 1818:

and criticism from bioethics for its development of a theory of pragmatic bioethics and its rejection of the principalism theory then in vogue in

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because it sees no ultimate test of morality beyond what matters for us as humans. Good values are those for which we have good reasons, viz. the

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Shields, Patricia 2003. The community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration." Administration & Society 35(5): 510–538.

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early is the clue or compass by following which I find myself more and more confirmed in believing we may keep our feet upon the proper trail.

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provide meaningful ways to think about moral questions, the possibility of conflict among the three elements cannot always be easily solved.

1734:. The pragmatist formulation pre-dates those of other philosophers who have stressed important similarities between values and facts such as 5440: 5407:

Keith, H. (1999). Feminism and pragmatism: George Herbert Mead's ethics of care. Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, 35, 328–344.

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Hoch C. 2006. "What Can Rorty teach an old pragmatist doing public administration or planning? Administration & Society. 38(3):389–398.

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that emphasizes teaching students knowledge that is practical for life and encourages them to grow into better people. American philosopher

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concepts that were invented to help solve specific problems. This causes metaphysical and conceptual confusion. Various examples are the "

6483: 2637:

although he eschewed the label "pragmatism" and called it a "heresy", several critics argue that he applied pragmatist methodologies to

11697: 7326: 954: 14633: 7604: 1673: 6272: 1336:", the idea that logic, because it is an abstraction from concrete thought, has nothing to do with the action of concrete thinking. 14070: 1668:

Radical empiricism gives answers to questions about the limits of science, the nature of meaning and value and the workability of

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A few of the various but often interrelated positions characteristic of philosophers working from a pragmatist approach include:

912: 9216: 5705:(1957). "How Bertrand Russell was prevented from teaching at the College of the City of New York". In Russell, Bertrand (ed.). 1366: 895: 582: 8241: 6219: 1676:, where it is often assumed—most pragmatists would disagree—that science degrades everything that is meaningful into "merely" 14470: 13510: 13470: 12836: 11992: 5097:

Hildebrand, David. 2005. "Pragmatism, Neopragmatism and public administration." Administration & Society 37(3): 360–374.

4557: 4271: 3713: 3621: 166: 5956: 5935: 5416:

Whipps, J.D. (2004). Jane Addams social thought as a model for a pragmatist-feminist communitarianism. Hypatia, 19, 118–113.

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problems-oriented environment. Public administrators are also responsible for the day-to-day work with citizens. Dewey's

2005: 1374: 17: 10753: 6430: 14042: 13192: 12033: 11952: 6810: 6258: 5460: 2529: 2400:, defended Russell against an attempt to remove Russell from his chair at the College of the City of New York in 1940. 438: 191: 7867: 4295: 3271:

teaches at the University of Miami, sometimes called the intellectual granddaughter of C.S. Peirce, known chiefly for

14893: 14653: 14648: 14601: 14282: 11778: 11500: 7892: 4894: 4353: 4231: 4173: 3972: 1139:

and about the reality of generals and habits understood in terms of potential concrete effects even if unactualized.

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James, Dewey, Rorty, Brandom, Putnam, and other representatives of American pragmatism in continental philosophy.

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v. II, n. 3, April–June 1929, pp. 282–285, see 283–284, reprinted 1934 as "Historical Affinities and Genesis" in

2382: 2227:, a major perspective within sociological social psychology, was derived from pragmatism, especially the work of 1420: 1333: 1127:"for the precise purpose of expressing the original definition", saying that "all went happily" with James's and 890: 8062: 6403: 6246:

For a discussion of the ways in which pragmatism offers insights into the theory and practice of urbanism, see:

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Both Dewey and James investigated the role that religion can still play in contemporary society, the former in

1358: 1350: 1078: 947: 67: 13500: 13327: 12979: 12886: 12457: 11937: 11286: 11075: 7054: 6639: 5033:

Stolcis, Gregory 2004. "A view from the Trenches: Comment on Miller's 'Why Old Pragmatism needs and upgrade"

2018: 1394:

Hilary Putnam said that the combination of antiskepticism and fallibilism is a central feature of pragmatism.

917: 570: 431: 186: 14883: 14523: 14516: 13145: 12919: 12826: 12338: 12260: 11977: 11771: 11493: 8459: 8364: 8012: 6729: 6293:

Anti-Pragmatism: An Examination into the Respective Rights of Intellectual Aristocracy and Social Democracy

5961:, Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992. 5875: 5841: 2870: 2151: 1576: 1553:

into their epistemology. Pragmatists with a broader conception of the movement do not often refer to them.

1252: 1209: 1112: 1086: 875: 237: 4322: 4024: 3674: 2753:

Chinese intellectual and reformer, student and translator of Dewey's and advocate of pragmatism in China.

1073:

during the early 1870s. James regarded Peirce's "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" series—including "

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as represented by Richard Rorty has been criticized as relativistic both by other neopragmatists such as

1299:), but this is controversial and other pragmatists argue such relativism to be seriously misguided (e.g. 31: 13244: 13234: 12038: 11932: 11350: 11267: 9485: 8913: 8734: 8130: 7799: 7105: 6881: 6469: 6381: 6364: 5702: 4788:. 2008. "Rediscovering the Taproot: Is Classical Pragmatism the Route to Renew Public Administration?" 6515: 5256:

and Hassan Tajalli (2006), "Intermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship,"

5024:

Miller, Hugh. 2004. "Why Old Pragmatism Needs an Upgrade. Administration & Society 36(2), 234–249.

2666:

student of James at Harvard who applied pragmatist principles to his sociological work, especially in

14548: 14528: 14436: 14432: 14355: 14047: 13724: 13696: 13474: 13394: 13119: 13049: 13039: 12640: 12417: 11830: 9938: 9291: 9109: 8918: 8675: 8336: 6548: 6538: 6131: 4986:. 2008. Rediscovering the Taproot: Is Classical Pragmatism the Route to Renew Public Administration? 4115: 3792: 3060: 2518: 2396: 2134:. French pragmatism has more recently made inroads into American sociology and anthropology as well. 1433: 1354: 1213: 1074: 1005:

Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often attributed to philosophers

940: 902: 689: 297: 196: 4889:, edited by Dirk Vom Lehn, Natalia Ruiz-Junco, and Will Gibson. London; New York: Routledge: 25–36. 2286:

public administration scholars, and noted philosophers followed. Miller and Shields also responded.

1587:, Schiller attempted to construct a new logic to replace the formal logic that he had criticized in 1361:

as an unanalyzable fact. Pragmatism instead tries to explain the relation between knower and known.

14553: 14193: 14178: 14167: 14144: 13769: 13478: 12210: 9641: 9562: 9492: 8933: 8846: 8661: 8619: 8572: 8439: 8002: 7252: 7092: 7089: 6815: 6649: 6634: 5944: 2088: 1895: 1773: 1605:

inspired scholars in informal logic and rhetoric studies (although it is an epistemological work).

1560: 1411: 1383: 1288: 1257: 412: 156: 131: 4373: 2174:. Much of the classical pragmatists' work developed in dialogue with process philosophers such as 1575:. By then, Schiller's pragmatism had become the nearest of any of the classical pragmatists to an 1154:

in the 1960s. Inspired by the work of Quine and Sellars, a brand of pragmatism known sometimes as

14791: 14538: 14533: 14506: 14441: 14395: 14390: 14325: 14218: 13667: 13588: 13352: 13177: 12492: 11717: 11379: 11335: 10981: 9808: 9636: 9497: 8017: 7958: 7911: 7769: 7732: 7100: 7015: 7005: 6929: 6795: 6767: 6394: 5984: 5220:

Howard-Watkins, Demetria C., "The Austin, Texas African-American Quality of Life Initiative as a

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in many ways the opposite of Rorty and thinks classical pragmatism was too permissive a theory.

1794:

During the late 1900s and first decade of 2000, pragmatism was embraced by many in the field of

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advocates a methodological pragmatism that sees functional efficacy as evidentiating validity.

3230: 3153: 3052: 2970: 2668: 2449: 2266: 2236: 2179: 2159: 2034: 1244: 1224: 1116: 1006: 732: 679: 5968:, Peirce Edition Project (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1998. 5812:, Donald F. Koch (ed.), Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1991. 5714: 5452: 5224:: An Exploratory Study" (2006). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 115. 4549: 4223: 4215: 3909: 3830: 3818: 3703: 3121:

Defends a pragmatist form of contextualism against semantic varieties of contextualism in his

2950:

a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value.

14596: 14591: 14543: 14511: 14501: 14460: 14240: 14117: 14023: 13610: 13552: 13414: 13404: 13342: 13292: 13266: 13172: 13167: 13054: 13029: 12904: 12719: 12675: 12174: 11987: 11835: 11752: 11330: 11154: 10971: 10684: 10142: 9998: 9671: 9666: 9355: 9264: 9181: 9164: 9144: 8995: 8853: 8831: 8633: 8387: 8326: 8306: 8140: 8052: 8032: 8022: 7655: 7504: 7137: 7069: 6977: 6944: 6772: 6752: 6558: 6041: 2939: 2366: 2351: 2275: 2249:

Enthusiasts suggest that pragmatism offers an approach that is both pluralist and practical.

2204: 2193: 2096: 1731: 1549:. The influence of pragmatism on these writers is mostly limited to the incorporation of the 1468: 1455:

are functional labels in inquiry and cannot be understood outside of this context. It is not

1415: 1325: 1230: 1043: 907: 880: 786: 617: 557: 417: 407: 62: 5156:. 2005. "Classical Pragmatism does not need an upgrade: Lessons for Public Administration." 4541: 3333:

thinker on race, politics, and religion; operates under the sign of "prophetic pragmatism".

2919:

A student of Rorty, has developed a complex analytic version of pragmatism in works such as

2464:). He wrote on a wide range of topics, from mathematical logic and semiotics to psychology. 14576: 14571: 14446: 14330: 14235: 14208: 14090: 13701: 13449: 13182: 11897: 11242: 11169: 10602: 10550: 10344: 10122: 9798: 9763: 9602: 9186: 9169: 9050: 9025: 8923: 8774: 8744: 8729: 8404: 8359: 8321: 8268: 8197: 7953: 7749: 7660: 7483: 7453: 7194: 6722: 6568: 6563: 5798: 5237: 5221: 3767: 3462: 3157: 3144:

defends an epistemological conception of democratic politics that is explicitly opposed to

2809: 2306: 1464: 845: 587: 545: 292: 252: 242: 10951: 4455: 1291:

metaphilosophy are all commonly elements of pragmatist philosophies. Many pragmatists are

8: 14908: 14638: 14320: 14213: 14188: 14173: 14102: 13814: 13754: 13566: 13129: 12959: 12541: 12472: 12250: 12081: 12063: 12027: 11947: 11902: 11892: 11794: 11689: 11516: 11135: 11060: 10748: 10597: 10560: 10159: 10127: 10015: 9825: 9711: 9607: 9542: 9480: 9442: 9348: 9296: 9269: 9060: 9040: 8908: 8893: 8754: 8638: 8565: 8545: 8500: 8490: 8449: 8397: 8382: 8311: 8291: 8273: 8105: 8072: 7933: 7920: 7727: 7524: 7435: 7390: 7296: 7182: 6995: 6843: 5298:

A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management

5292: 5272: 5253: 5153: 5137: 4999:

Hildebrand, David L. 2008. Public Administration as Pragmatic, Democratic and Objective.

4983: 4863:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. Shields relies primarily on Dewey's logic of Inquiry. 4858:

A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management

4853: 4785: 4165: 4156: 3488: – Activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States 3485: 3149: 2579: 2330: 2282: 2228: 2197: 2092: 2084: 1996: 1815: 1248: 1171: 1051: 995: 535: 402: 322: 317: 302: 7257: 5280: 5261: 5084:

Snider, Keith. 2005. Rortyan Pragmatism: 'Where's the beef' for public administration."

2551:

one of the most important pragmatists of his time, Schiller is largely forgotten today.

2123: 14786: 14741: 14628: 14451: 14272: 14107: 14097: 13981: 13976: 13950: 13870: 13854: 13849: 13759: 13679: 13672: 13482: 13357: 13207: 12878: 12714: 12432: 12389: 12358: 12348: 12308: 12166: 12146: 12007: 11967: 11962: 11887: 11580: 11446: 11345: 10498: 10371: 10279: 10200: 9820: 9582: 9567: 9129: 9114: 9035: 9020: 8495: 8464: 8444: 8392: 8374: 8349: 8344: 8296: 8283: 8250: 8145: 8047: 7982: 7938: 7882: 7722: 7551: 7445: 7353: 7157: 7036: 7027: 6990: 6985: 6891: 6886: 6863: 6782: 6596: 6523: 6061: 6057: 6000: 5940: 5793: 5710: 5619: 5545: 5513: 5358: 5161: 5098: 5060: 5013: 4966: 4708: 4669: 4630: 4362: 4036: 3981: 3927: 3091: 2874: 2643: 2411: 2171: 2147: 2065: 1619: 1538: 1292: 1151: 813: 737: 550: 12799: 5951:(ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931–1935, 1958. Cited as CP vol.para. 3450: 2278:

coincides closely with the period of greatest influence of the classical pragmatists.

2030: 1227:

view that there is more than one sound way to conceptualize the world and its content.

14845: 14618: 14475: 14265: 14230: 14124: 14063: 13920: 13905: 13799: 13764: 13598: 13419: 13276: 12894: 12528: 12518: 12452: 12333: 12268: 12002: 11907: 11612: 11597: 11524: 11456: 11412: 11393: 10843: 10783: 10481: 10354: 10349: 9943: 9743: 9733: 9686: 9360: 9174: 9030: 8965: 8858: 8759: 8648: 8643: 8628: 8533: 8434: 8429: 8414: 8354: 8316: 8301: 8258: 7829: 7789: 7707: 7635: 7618: 7596: 7224: 7199: 7010: 6830: 6573: 6254: 5728: 5718: 5659: 5649: 5575: 5456: 5350: 5342: 4958: 4950: 4890: 4727: 4673: 4634: 4553: 4542: 4267: 4237: 4227: 4179: 4169: 4133: 4123: 3948: 3938: 3709: 3617: 3513: 3133: 2773: 2591: 2540: 2339: 2208: 2203:

Pragmatism emphasizes the connection between thought and action. Applied fields like

1735: 1642: 1542: 1128: 930: 838: 823: 781: 764: 699: 684: 500: 495: 462: 14716: 13900: 12989: 12551: 6280: 6073:

Ramsey, F. P. (1990). "Facts and Propositions (1927)". In Mellor, David Hugh (ed.).

5903:

Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, Popular Lectures on Philosophy

5478:

Mary Parker Follett, Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920s

4712: 2369:

friar Celestine Bittle presented multiple criticisms of pragmatism in his 1936 book

362: 14816: 14771: 14751: 14287: 14277: 14260: 13940: 13910: 13895: 13844: 13839: 13794: 13261: 13254: 13219: 13187: 13009: 12604: 12581: 12571: 12394: 12343: 12240: 12096: 11742: 11634: 11364: 11144: 11018: 10918: 10898: 10793: 10773: 10738: 10032: 9950: 9791: 9768: 9706: 9512: 9507: 9470: 9221: 9154: 9119: 9065: 8948: 8898: 8826: 8764: 8485: 8419: 8409: 8110: 8057: 8007: 7987: 7948: 7943: 7784: 7712: 7430: 7341: 7232: 7204: 7189: 7152: 6858: 6838: 6805: 6710: 6672: 6053: 5992: 5611: 5537: 5505: 5448: 5332: 5324: 5275:(1998). "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public Administration," 4940: 4932: 4700: 4661: 4620: 4211: 3834: 3283: 2761: 2723: 2655: 2626: 2414:

than to philosophy, and which attracts the brunt of criticism from his detractors.

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Later in his life Schiller became famous for his attacks on logic in his textbook,

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Hickman, Larry 2004. "On Hugh T. Miller on 'Why old pragmatism needs an upgrade."

4970: 3746:

Peirce, C.S., "The Founding of Pragmatism", manuscript written 1906, published in

2099:. The epistemology of conceptual pragmatism was first formulated in the 1929 book 1029: 14806: 14766: 14688: 14643: 14480: 14385: 14370: 14345: 14159: 14139: 13885: 13875: 13804: 13104: 12964: 12924: 12755: 12735: 12709: 12683: 12576: 12566: 12546: 12278: 12245: 12136: 12121: 11972: 11957: 11877: 11856: 11727: 11576: 11301: 11291: 11252: 11228: 11204: 11189: 11149: 11110: 11105: 11023: 10988: 10848: 10570: 10513: 10503: 10420: 10299: 10270: 10265: 10207: 9758: 9701: 9696: 9676: 9627: 9527: 9465: 9407: 9402: 9387: 9226: 9201: 9077: 9000: 8955: 8863: 8191: 8160: 8125: 8090: 7968: 7819: 7717: 7675: 7586: 7574: 7559: 7534: 7509: 7279: 7147: 7142: 7059: 7044: 6717: 6601: 6324: 6320: 6166: 5948: 5837: 5682: 5046:

Webb, James "Comment on Hugh T. Miller's 'Why old Pragmatism needs and upgrade'.

4861: 4829:

Philosophical Pragmatism and International Relations: Essays for a Bold New World

3901: 3589: 3585: 3497:

Communication Theory as a Field § Russill, pragmatism as an eighth tradition

3427: 3408: 3364: 3353: 3341: 3172: 2958: 2704: 2615: 2507: 2290: 2131: 2127: 2080: 1901: 1871: 1654: 1598: 1550: 1511: 1296: 1284: 1234: 1199: 1147: 1132: 1108: 1103:

Peirce developed the idea that inquiry depends on real doubt, not mere verbal or

1047: 1018: 991: 808: 747: 664: 659: 654: 649: 488: 478: 116: 9557: 7331: 5445:

The Oxford Handbook of Sociology and Organization Studies: Classical Foundations

2826:

The New Constellation: The Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernity/Postmodernity

2390:, Russell praised James's radical empiricism, to which Russell's own account of 212: 14857: 14726: 14586: 14225: 14134: 13880: 13824: 13779: 13749: 13734: 13729: 13364: 13214: 13109: 13019: 12984: 12954: 12939: 12909: 12783: 12665: 12536: 12467: 12462: 12427: 12328: 12225: 12194: 12179: 12141: 12131: 12086: 11861: 11529: 11461: 11389: 11276: 11194: 11085: 10928: 10863: 10828: 10818: 10408: 10176: 9869: 9859: 9646: 9617: 9572: 9211: 9139: 9104: 8928: 8841: 8769: 8749: 8739: 8100: 8095: 7963: 7928: 7860: 7834: 7670: 7519: 7458: 7371: 7214: 7110: 6853: 6533: 5852: 4665: 3389: 3272: 3161: 3071: 2908: 2391: 2302: 2232: 2115: 2076: 2049: 2014: 1963:

is considered one of the main thinkers of the pragmatist educational approach.

1819: 1662: 1261: 1167: 833: 776: 674: 627: 607: 577: 352: 10998: 7541: 7316: 6390:

There are several peer-reviewed journals dedicated to pragmatism, for example

6375: 6172:

John Dewey, "Three Independent factors in Morals" (lecture published as paper)

4704: 2354:

argued that there's significant ambiguity in the notion of the effects of the

1633:

William James gives an interesting example of this philosophical shortcoming:

14877: 14776: 14711: 14683: 14611: 14340: 14255: 13930: 13915: 13890: 13829: 13789: 13647: 13637: 13581: 13444: 13369: 13322: 13239: 13229: 13134: 13089: 13084: 13059: 13034: 13024: 13004: 12929: 12804: 12773: 12660: 12655: 12625: 12591: 12561: 12556: 12487: 12482: 12412: 12404: 12381: 12288: 12235: 12126: 12091: 12053: 11982: 11882: 11851: 11442: 11408: 11310: 11262: 10908: 10893: 10838: 10632: 10587: 10575: 10469: 10464: 10398: 10378: 10149: 10022: 9993: 9691: 9661: 9592: 9577: 9428: 9241: 9236: 9206: 9082: 9045: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8821: 8709: 8657: 8155: 8067: 7997: 7739: 7529: 7463: 7420: 7289: 6914: 6700: 6682: 6288: 5972: 5881: 5346: 5328: 4954: 4936: 4650:"Good on paper: sociological critique, pragmatism, and secularization theory" 4625: 4608: 3195: 3110: 3025: 3000: 2981: 2472: 2403: 2305:

in part draws on the ideas of classical pragmatism in the development of the

2262: 2240: 2175: 2126:. It often is seen as opposed to structural problems connected to the French 2119: 2107: 2022: 2010: 2000: 1989: 1986: 1977: 1972: 1867: 1811: 1697: 1546: 1489: 1460: 1403: 1300: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1090: 1081:" (1878)—as the foundation of pragmatism. Peirce in turn wrote in 1906 that 1010: 828: 818: 372: 357: 136: 121: 91: 13739: 12768: 12635: 6448: 6360: 5678: 5663: 4241: 4183: 3952: 3838: 2772:

American philosopher and theologian, inserted pragmatism into his theory of

1595:

Lewis. C. S. Peirce developed multiple methods for doing formal logic.

1349:

philosophies then resorted either to a phenomenology inspired by Kant or to

14821: 14801: 14756: 14731: 14721: 14693: 14623: 14581: 14455: 14409: 14380: 14360: 13955: 13945: 13834: 13819: 13657: 13593: 13399: 13389: 13384: 13347: 13297: 13094: 13074: 13064: 12994: 12914: 12693: 12609: 12477: 12422: 12371: 12318: 12313: 12273: 12220: 12189: 12184: 12156: 12116: 12043: 11927: 11820: 11722: 11707: 11403: 11359: 11219: 11184: 11140: 11125: 10976: 10788: 10778: 10444: 10247: 10227: 10117: 10097: 9803: 9728: 9723: 9681: 9547: 9424: 9259: 9005: 8868: 8784: 8704: 8610: 8186: 8176: 8135: 8115: 7887: 7850: 7809: 7695: 7645: 7306: 7284: 7262: 7209: 7177: 7049: 6909: 6820: 6616: 6310: 5966:

The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913)

5888:", 1 paragraph, vol. 2, pp. 321–322 in J.M. Baldwin (ed., 1901–1905), 5871: 5817: 5764: 5707:

Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects

5579: 5354: 4962: 4689:"Advertising morality: maintaining moral worth in a stigmatized profession" 3507: 3504: – Philosophical doctrine that relations are internal to their bearers 2885: 2602: 2461: 2111: 2087:, whom he calls "a pragmatist of a sophisticated kind". Another example is 1669: 1439: 1205: 1190: 1124: 669: 47: 5732: 5197: 5124:

Miller, Hugh 2005. "Residues of foundationalism in Classical Pragmatism."

4348: 3967: 2973:

and Dewey, in the context of a rapprochement with Continental philosophy.

2040:

Neopragmatist thinkers who are more loyal to classical pragmatism include

1438:

Pragmatism was not the first to apply evolution to theories of knowledge:

14811: 14796: 14781: 14761: 14678: 14606: 14423: 14413: 14400: 14365: 14315: 14245: 14198: 14085: 14075: 13935: 13809: 13662: 13465: 13439: 13249: 13162: 13139: 13114: 13099: 12999: 12974: 12949: 12944: 12778: 12745: 12740: 12688: 12650: 12645: 12630: 12599: 12513: 12323: 12293: 12283: 12230: 12215: 12151: 11815: 11702: 11592: 11562: 11417: 11398: 11325: 11296: 11224: 11214: 11164: 11041: 10913: 10883: 10833: 10758: 10712: 10692: 10646: 10592: 10424: 10415: 10309: 10171: 10112: 10107: 10044: 9978: 9960: 9879: 9874: 9832: 9656: 9532: 9367: 9159: 8938: 8836: 8719: 8685: 8653: 8181: 8120: 7992: 7972: 7877: 7814: 7774: 7754: 7680: 7650: 7311: 7247: 6939: 6924: 6800: 6790: 6739: 6705: 6644: 6183: 6116:

One Hundred Years of Pragmatism: William James's Revolutionary Philosophy

5892:, 3 volumes in 4, Macmillan, New York. Reprinted, CP 5.2 in C.S. Peirce, 4137: 3609: 3322: 3260: 3218: 2858: 2715:

Italian essayist, mostly known because James occasionally mentioned him.

2407: 2334:

all three became friends, influenced each other, and were engaged in the

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Dewey was opposed to other ethical philosophies of his time, notably the

1739: 1705: 1677: 1556: 1527: 1519: 1407: 1304: 1280: 1269: 1220: 1194: 1175: 1094: 796: 742: 642: 597: 257: 232: 146: 106: 86: 13992: 13521: 13069: 6351: 6144:

C.S. Peirce, "A Definition of Pragmatism" (paper as titled by Menand in

5912: 5901: 5830:

The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action

5313:"A Pragmatist Approach to the Problem of Knowledge in Health Psychology" 4921:"A Pragmatist Approach to the Problem of Knowledge in Health Psychology" 4367: 4259: 4040: 3986: 3252:

seeks to apply pragmatist thinking in a decision-theoretic perspective.

2289:

In addition, applied scholarship of public administration that assesses

1924: 14698: 14427: 14405: 14149: 14112: 13960: 13925: 13784: 13774: 13744: 13652: 13302: 13224: 13124: 13044: 13014: 12969: 12497: 12366: 12303: 12298: 11997: 11737: 11644: 11619: 11572: 11384: 11369: 11272: 11179: 11097: 11037: 11033: 10966: 10878: 10873: 10858: 10803: 10743: 10651: 10555: 10545: 10535: 10520: 10324: 10314: 10188: 10183: 10072: 10049: 9911: 9889: 9748: 9587: 9502: 9475: 9457: 9397: 9372: 9306: 9286: 9191: 9149: 9134: 9124: 9010: 8960: 8903: 8027: 7855: 7804: 7665: 7569: 7514: 7321: 7301: 7167: 6934: 6848: 6677: 6624: 6588: 6492: 6398: 6314: 6065: 6004: 5866:, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1938. Reprinted, pp. 1–527 in 5822: 5805: 5623: 5550: 5526:

Lovejoy, Arthur O. (January 16, 1908). "The thirteen pragmatisms. II".

5518: 4905:

Baert, P. (2004). "Pragmatism as a philosophy of the social sciences."

3377: 3241: 3145: 2491: 2335: 2258: 2163: 2053: 1960: 1863: 1799: 1689: 1614: 1321: 1276: 1265: 1162:, the most influential of the late 20th century pragmatists along with 1097: 1014: 987: 850: 754: 722: 602: 592: 367: 227: 151: 126: 101: 14852: 11763: 11485: 5825:, Lexington, MA, 1910. Reprinted, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, NY, 1991. 5241: 5240:: An Exploratory Study" (2008). Applied Research Projects. Paper 276. 5225: 5185: 3728:

In addition to James's lectures and publications on pragmatist ideas (

3400:

author of "Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism (1981)"

2537: 1745: 30:

This article is about the philosophical movement. For other uses, see

14465: 14058: 13691: 13629: 13603: 13576: 13374: 13307: 13271: 12934: 12899: 12847: 12071: 11942: 11679: 11659: 11567: 11542: 11432: 11355: 11306: 11159: 11120: 11028: 10923: 10903: 10868: 10823: 10798: 10768: 10733: 10702: 10607: 10540: 10449: 10429: 10393: 10383: 10339: 10232: 10137: 10077: 10063: 10058: 10010: 10005: 9983: 9973: 9921: 9916: 9854: 9778: 9753: 9738: 9537: 9072: 9055: 8888: 8588: 8042: 8037: 7897: 7824: 7759: 7630: 7564: 7376: 7366: 7361: 7336: 7132: 6692: 6654: 6407: 5924:

From Nature to Experience: The American Search for Cultural Authority

5832:, Minton, Balch, and Company, New York. Reprinted, pp. 1–254 in 5494:

Lovejoy, Arthur O. (January 2, 1908). "The thirteen pragmatisms. I".

5337: 5209: 5173: 4945: 4302:(Summer 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4054: 2652: 1823: 1795: 1780: 1070: 791: 342: 247: 217: 161: 96: 7267: 5996: 5615: 5541: 5509: 2822:

Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis

1625: 1398: 14485: 14203: 13684: 13571: 11732: 11712: 11664: 11649: 11587: 11547: 11437: 11340: 11281: 11247: 11238: 11209: 11199: 11174: 11130: 11070: 10993: 10961: 10956: 10943: 10933: 10888: 10853: 10813: 10725: 10697: 10622: 10612: 10508: 10361: 10289: 10284: 10257: 10237: 10222: 10166: 10102: 9968: 9926: 9815: 9631: 9622: 9382: 9301: 9281: 9276: 9196: 9015: 8990: 8985: 8724: 8699: 8680: 7872: 7779: 7744: 7702: 7690: 7478: 7272: 7172: 7115: 6919: 6873: 6757: 6338: 5600:

Putnam, Hilary (December 1992). "The permanence of William James".

5312: 1727: 1672:. These questions feature prominently in current debates about the 1484:

In reality, James asserts, the theory is a great deal more subtle.

1471:

in how it acknowledges an external world which must be dealt with.

1329: 1034: 975: 717: 515: 510: 470: 13620: 6439: 5140:. 2004. "Classical Pragmatism: Engaging practitioner experience." 4920: 3685:

James credited Peirce again in 1906 lectures published in 1907 as

14183: 13317: 11639: 11629: 11624: 11607: 11466: 11451: 11427: 11115: 11055: 11045: 11013: 11008: 10808: 10707: 10476: 10454: 10434: 10366: 10329: 10319: 10212: 10195: 10132: 10087: 10068: 10053: 10039: 9988: 9899: 9842: 9651: 9447: 9377: 9343: 9338: 9324: 9314: 9310: 9251: 8943: 8714: 8670: 7499: 7473: 7468: 7410: 7405: 7237: 7125: 7120: 7079: 6901: 6747: 6629: 6421: 5236:

Johnson, Timothy Lee, "The Downtown Austin Planning Process as a

3929:

Beyond realism and antirealism: John Dewey and the neopragmatists

3419:

author of the 1917 pragmatist anti-war essay "Twilight of Idols"

2742: 2071:

Not all pragmatists are easily characterized. With the advent of

1776:

that viewed it not as a preparation for life but as life itself.

1061:, meaning business, deed or act, is a noun derived from the verb 999: 979: 111: 6434: 4803:

Pragmatist Democracy: Evolutionary Learning as Public Philosophy

4513: 2158:

Ordinary language philosophy is closer to pragmatism than other

1753:

William James' contribution to ethics, as laid out in his essay

1390: 1295:

and see this to be an important facet of their pragmatism (e.g.

1085:

had been instrumental by emphasizing the importance of applying

14250: 13434: 11674: 11669: 11654: 11552: 11320: 11315: 11233: 11065: 11050: 10637: 10565: 10439: 10388: 10304: 10294: 10154: 10082: 9894: 9864: 9849: 9597: 9437: 9419: 9328: 9319: 8779: 8614: 7764: 7685: 7415: 7074: 7064: 6762: 6664: 6412: 4059: 2460:

was the founder of American pragmatism (later called by Peirce

1170:. Contemporary pragmatism may be broadly divided into a strict 272: 262: 207: 6046:

Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes

2003:(who was the first to develop neopragmatist philosophy in his 13079: 11257: 11003: 10617: 10530: 10525: 10027: 9933: 9904: 9837: 9786: 9432: 7580: 7242: 6528: 6461: 4885:

Nungesser, Frithjof. 2021. "Pragmatism and Interaction." In:

4323:"The Carnegie Institute Application, Memoir 10, MS L75.361-2" 3056: 1808:

The Perfect Baby: A Pragmatic Approach to Genetic Engineering

1530:

is a case in point. Lewis is sometimes called a proponent of

1406:

has suggested that the reconciliation of anti-skepticism and

267: 8557: 6443: 6044:; Moore, G. E. (1927). "Symposium: Facts and Propositions". 5529:

The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods

5497:

The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods

4266:. Philosophie de la connaissance. Paris: Collège de France. 3933:. The Vanderbilt library of American philosophy. Nashville: 3608: 2515: 1311: 14129: 13409: 13337: 11602: 11557: 10641: 10488: 10334: 10275: 10242: 10217: 10092: 9517: 9392: 9333: 8813: 8695: 8666: 6416: 3705:

The Will to Believe: And Other Essays in Popular Philosophy

2380:

devoted a chapter each to James and Dewey in his 1945 book

983: 222: 5836:, Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), Harriet Furst Simon (text. ed.), 4260:"Why we should take a stand, and the stand we should take" 3037: 2787: 2101:

Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge

2079:, a student of Quine's, falls into this category, as does 1524:

Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge

10582: 10459: 7425: 6370: 6025:

From a Logical Point of View: Logico-Philosophical Essays

6014:

From a Logical Point of View: Logico-Philosophical Essays

2446: 6243:(includes essays by Peirce, James, Dewey, Rorty, others) 6077:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–51. 6027:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5377:

Healing Psychiatry: Bridging the Science/Humanism Divide

4066:, in both of which Peirce was active. See quotes under " 3968:"Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man" 3440:

Sociology and Pragmatism: The Higher Learning in America

2936: 1178:) that adheres to the work of Peirce, James, and Dewey. 4688: 4649: 2806: 1372:

Richard Rorty expanded on these and other arguments in

6425: 6404:

European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy

5870:, Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), Kathleen Poulos (text. ed.), 4687:

Cohen, Andrew C.; Dromi, Shai M. (February 15, 2018).

2576: 5957:

The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings

5868:

John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925–1953, Vol. 12: 1938

5603:

Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

5262:

https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3967

4874:

Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version.

4220:

Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophies

3088: 2106:

French pragmatism is attended with theorists such as

998:, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring 6158:

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

5834:

John Dewey, The Later Works, 1925–1953, Vol. 4: 1929

5427:

Pragmatism and Feminism: Reweaving the Social Fabric

4588:

foreword for Dewey 1929 in the 1988 edition, p. xiii

3688:

Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

3130: 2141: 4164:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 3510: – American philosopher and historian of ideas 3280: 2758: 2720: 2623: 2252: 1427: 1343: 1046:members Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and 6207:The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America 4887:Routledge International Handbook of Interactionism 4816:Democracy and Leadership: On Pragmatism and Virtue 4155: 4105: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3860:v. 2, pp. 451–462, see pp. 457–458. Peirce wrote: 3447: 3424: 3405: 3361: 3338: 3183:student of Wittgenstein, known especially for his 3169: 2955: 2701: 5780:Ed. Morris Dickstein, Duke University Press, 1998 5441:"Mary Parker Follett and Pragmatist Organization" 5429:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 21 4222:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 4114:. The John Dewey essays in philosophy. New York: 3386: 3233:and philosopher, a student of Dewey at Columbia. 3068: 2905: 1459:in a traditionally robust sense of realism (what 1399:Reconciliation of anti-skepticism and fallibilism 1100:as an alternative to rationalistic speculation." 14875: 6032:Ramsey, F. P. (1990). Mellor, David Hugh (ed.). 5489: 5487: 5310: 4918: 4253: 4251: 3635: 3633: 3192: 3107: 3022: 2997: 2978: 2469: 2083:, who arrived at his philosophical position via 6274:Dewey's Pragmatism and the Decline of Education 4572:Nicholas Rescher, "Methodological Pragmatism", 3915: 3352:broad thinker, attacked mainstream variants of 2882: 2599: 1069:was in 1898 by James, who credited Peirce with 6232:Haack, Susan & Lane, Robert, Eds. (2006). 5914:The Meaning of Truth, A Sequel to 'Pragmatism' 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 4726:Shook, John R.; Solymosi, Tibor (April 2013). 4206: 4204: 3319: 3257: 3215: 2855: 2350:In the 1908 essay "The Thirteen Pragmatisms", 1981:formation: for example, conceptual pragmatist 1351:correspondence theories of knowledge and truth 14008: 13537: 12863: 11779: 11501: 8573: 6477: 6453: 6431:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 5635: 5633: 5484: 5447:. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–485. 4725: 4248: 4149: 4147: 4029:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 3799:, v. 12, pp. 1–15. Reprited often, including 3630: 3566:, v. 12, 286–302. Reprinted often, including 3238: 2734:Italian analytic and pragmatist philosopher. 2488: 2218: 1272:with no relation to philosophical pragmatism. 948: 439: 5987:(January 1951). "Two Dogmas of Empiricism". 4647: 4435:C.I. Lewis in Focus: The Pulse of Pragmatism 4264:The Pragmatists and the Human Logic of Truth 4053:Peirce held that (philosophical) logic is a 3614:Pragmatism, old & new: selected writings 3602: 3577: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 1414:(as distinguished from that which is called 1353:. Pragmatists criticized the former for its 1065:, to do. The first use in print of the name 6295:. Boston: Small, Maynard and Company, 1909. 6040: 5586: 5570:Bittle, Celestine Nicholas Charles (1936). 4648:Dromi, Shai M.; Stabler, Samuel D. (2019). 4201: 3886:A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God 1142:Pragmatism enjoyed renewed attention after 14015: 14001: 13544: 13530: 12870: 12856: 11786: 11772: 11508: 11494: 8580: 8566: 6484: 6470: 6150:Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 5979:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5936:Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 5630: 5574:. New York: The Bruce Publishing Company. 4750:Douglas Browning et al. 1998; Rescher, SEP 4686: 4494:Dewey 2004 ch. 7; Dewey 1997 , p. 47 4144: 3924: 3856:Manuscript "A Sketch of Logical Critics", 3748:The Hound & Horn: A Harvard Miscellany 3639:Biesta, G.J.J. & Burbules, N. (2003). 2739: 1537:Another development is the cooperation of 1174:and a "neo-classical" pragmatism (such as 955: 941: 477: 446: 432: 14671: 14634:Relationship between religion and science 14022: 13551: 6377:A short film about the pragmatist revival 6234:Pragmatism Old and New: Selected Writings 6152:v. 8, some or all of paragraphs 191–195.) 5917:. New York: Longmans, Green, and Company. 5906:. New York: Longmans, Green, and Company. 5878:Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1986. 5844:Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville, 1984. 5565: 5563: 5561: 5549: 5517: 5336: 4944: 4624: 4366: 4257: 3985: 3652:Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. 3545: 2506:, referred to his brand of pragmatism as 2301:, urban quality of life initiatives, and 1877: 1674:relationship between religion and science 1312:Anti-reification of concepts and theories 6426:Central European Pragmatist Forum (CEPF) 6036:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5311:Cornish, Flora; Gillespie, Alex (2009). 4919:Cornish, Flora; Gillespie, Alex (2009). 4437:, Indiana University Press, 2007, p. 28. 4349:"Some Consequences of Four Incapacities" 4293: 4258:Tiercelin, Claudine (October 14, 2014). 3584:Hookway, Christopher (August 16, 2008). 3300: 2869:Philosopher of Science who proposed the 2427: 1814:) garnered praise from within classical 1744: 1653:In the second half of the 20th century, 1624: 1505: 1389: 1028: 886:Library and information science software 12062: 11793: 11515: 6092: 6083: 5890:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology 5799:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology 5701: 5676: 5525: 5493: 5480:. Cambridge MA: Harvard Business Press. 5453:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199535231.003.0021 5198:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/48 4762:"The Pragmatic Truth of Existentialism" 4300:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4210: 4112:Ontological relativity and other essays 3583: 3164:also demonstrates pragmatist leanings. 3051:pragmatist philosopher, concerned with 2788:Analytic, neo- and other (1950–present) 1150:used a revised pragmatism to criticize 14: 14876: 12877: 6072: 6031: 5971: 5921: 5802:, 3 volumes in 4, Macmillan, New York. 5599: 5569: 5558: 5475: 5438: 4346: 4320: 4153: 4022: 3965: 3816: 3612:; Robert Edwin Lane (April 11, 2006). 2641:, especially in his early masterwork, 2417: 2329:as a founder of classical pragmatism. 2316: 2146:In the 20th century, the movements of 1217:useful-to-believe to such a statement. 1017:. In 1878, Peirce described it in his 881:Geographic information system software 13996: 13525: 13471:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 12851: 11767: 11489: 10672: 8801: 8599: 8561: 8223: 6965: 6503: 6465: 6452: 6408:Associazione Culturale Pragma (Italy) 6252:New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 6022: 6011: 5983: 5910: 5899: 5677:Goodman, Russell (October 20, 2017). 5642:Dewey's new logic: a reply to Russell 5639: 4759: 4606: 4548:. Harvard University Press. pp. 4544:The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound 4539: 4196:unique insight of American pragmatism 4103: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3701: 3643:. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 3208:The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound 1888:The Varieties of Religious Experience 1683: 1367:Illustrations of the Logic of Science 14914:Progressive Era in the United States 14899:Philosophical schools and traditions 6221:Pragmatic Tests and Ethical Insights 5769:There's No Such Thing as Free Speech 4296:"Skepticism and Content Externalism" 4072:Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms 3616:. Prometheus Books. pp. 18–67. 3152:that derives from the pragmatism of 2558:Protopragmatists or related thinkers 2422: 1919: 1906:Historied Thought, Constructed World 1834:A recent pragmatist contribution to 13643:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution 6356:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project 6344:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6330:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5688:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5301:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. 5258:Journal of Public Affairs Education 5242:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/276 5226:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/115 5186:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/288 4844:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 4805:. New York: Oxford University Press 4519:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4506: 4218:. In Boundas, Constantin V. (ed.). 4188:that one can be both fallibilistic 4078:v. 2, n. 3, pp. 140–157. Reprinted 3691:, see Lecture 2, fourth paragraph. 3641:Pragmatism and educational research 3595:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3492:Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography 3014:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 2186:regarding their theories of truth. 2006:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 1702:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 1382:, who was instrumental in bringing 1375:Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 24: 6177:A short catechism concerning truth 6161:(especially lectures I, II and VI) 6103: 5572:Reality and the Mind: Epistemology 5277:Research in Public Administration. 5210:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/71 5174:http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/76 4760:Irven, Donovan (August 24, 2020). 4376:. See opening pages. Reprinted in 4157:"Pragmatism and moral objectivity" 3873: 3863:I have always fathered my pragmati 3847:v. 5, paragraphs 411–437, see 414. 3148:and yet rooted in a conception of 2371:Reality and the Mind: Epistemology 1696:(1929) and, half a century later, 1496: 1357:, and the latter because it takes 25: 14930: 14654:Sociology of scientific knowledge 14649:Sociology of scientific ignorance 14602:History and philosophy of science 8600: 6319: 6299: 4907:European Journal of Social Theory 4354:Journal of Speculative Philosophy 4076:Journal of Speculative Philosophy 3973:Journal of Speculative Philosophy 3765: 3375:author of the philosophical work 2142:Legacy and contemporary relevance 14851: 14839: 13619: 12831: 12822: 12821: 8541: 8540: 8527: 6399:International Pragmatism Society 6058:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/7.1.153 5774: 5771:, Oxford University Press, 1994. 5757: 5748: 5295:and Nandhini Rangarajan (2013). 4025:"Peirce's Supposed Psychologism" 3896:v. 6, paragraphs 452–85, and in 3666:1, September 1898, pp. 287–310. 3442:and was a commentator on Dewey. 3123:Knowledge and Practical Interest 2253:Effects on public administration 1966: 1923: 1822:. An anthology published by the 1428:Theory of truth and epistemology 1344:Naturalism and anti-Cartesianism 1251:view that rejects analyzing the 6228:Rational Acceptance and Purpose 5739: 5695: 5670: 5469: 5432: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5392: 5382: 5369: 5304: 5286: 5266: 5247: 5230: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5147: 5131: 5118: 5103: 5091: 5078: 5065: 5053: 5040: 5027: 5018: 5006: 4993: 4977: 4912: 4899: 4879: 4876:. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. 4866: 4847: 4834: 4821: 4808: 4795: 4779: 4753: 4744: 4719: 4680: 4641: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4566: 4533: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4449: 4440: 4427: 4418: 4409: 4400: 4391: 4340: 4314: 4287: 4097: 4047: 4016: 4007: 4004:v. 2, pp. 11–27, and elsewhere. 3959: 3850: 3810: 3785: 3759: 3756:v. 5, paragraphs 11–13, see 12. 3526: 2383:A History of Western Philosophy 2325:Feminist philosophers point to 1541:and pragmatism in the works of 1421:Meditations on First Philosophy 1332:philosophers, the belief in a " 1037:who first identified pragmatism 14043:Analytic–synthetic distinction 12034:Analytic–synthetic distinction 6491: 6250:Designing Urban Transformation 3740: 3735:Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life 3722: 3695: 3655: 3646: 3502:Doctrine of internal relations 2358:of a proposition and those of 1608: 1510:In the philosophy of science, 1181: 192:Analytic–synthetic distinction 13: 1: 13328:Hard problem of consciousness 11076:Traditional African religions 8587: 8224: 6236:. New York: Prometheus Books. 5975:(1994). Conant, James (ed.). 4298:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 3925:Hildebrand, David L. (2003). 3803:v. 5, paragraphs 358–387 and 3570:v. 5, paragraphs 388–410 and 3539: 2590:philosopher and sociological 2345: 1845: 1831:the work of Dewey and James. 1033:Charles Peirce: the American 10673: 8013:Ordinary language philosophy 6504: 6413:Nordic Studies in Pragmatism 6214:Pragmatism: An Open Question 6167:Reconstruction in Philosophy 5876:Southern Illinois University 5864:Logic: The Theory of Inquiry 5842:Southern Illinois University 5810:Lectures on Ethics 1900–1901 5389:feminists? Hypatia, 6, 8–21. 5317:Journal of Health Psychology 5158:Administration & Society 5142:Administration & Society 5126:Administration & Society 5112:Administration & Society 5086:Administration & Society 5073:Administration & Society 5048:Administration & Society 5035:Administration & Society 5001:Public Administration Review 4988:Public Administration Review 4925:Journal of Health Psychology 4818:. New York: Lexington Books. 4790:Public Administration Review 4613:American Sociological Review 4023:Kasser, Jeff (Summer 1999). 3817:Peirce, C. S. (April 1905). 2871:Natural Ontological Attitude 2257:The classical pragmatism of 2152:ordinary language philosophy 1985:was very critical of Dewey; 1915: 1577:ordinary language philosophy 7: 14376:Hypothetico-deductive model 14351:Deductive-nomological model 14336:Constructivist epistemology 10404:Food and drink prohibitions 8802: 8063:Contemporary utilitarianism 7978:Internalism and externalism 6139:How to Make Our Ideas Clear 5926:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5851:, Part 2 of John Dewey and 5646:University of Chicago Press 5379:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 4827:Ralston, Shane (Ed). 2013. 4801:Ansell, Christopher. 2011. 4728:"Pragmatism: key resources" 3935:Vanderbilt University Press 3560:How to Make Our Ideas Clear 3532:See Dewey 1910 for a "FAQ." 3479: 3356:in the analytic tradition. 2541:F. C. S. Schiller 2223:In the early 20th century, 2021:. Brazilian social thinker 1643:F. C. S. Schiller 1293:epistemological relativists 1264:). Not to be confused with 1129:F. C. S. Schiller 1079:How to Make Our Ideas Clear 32:Pragmatism (disambiguation) 10: 14935: 11933:Causal theory of reference 7327:Svatantrika and Prasangika 6966: 6388:Journals and organizations 5786: 4814:Weber, Eric Thomas. 2013. 4666:10.1007/s11186-019-09341-9 4380:v. 5, paragraphs 264–317, 4294:McKinsey, Michael (2018). 4107:"Epistemology naturalized" 4082:v. 5, paragraphs 264–317, 3996:v. 5, paragraphs 213–263, 3317: 2929:Perspectives on Pragmatism 2804: 2699: 2674:Atlanta University Studies 2656:W. E. B. Du Bois 2574: 2444: 2219:Effects on social sciences 1970: 1719: 1431: 1202:theories of justification. 1077:" (1877), and especially " 1050:as well as John Dewey and 1024: 29: 14830: 14662: 14564: 14494: 14437:Semantic view of theories 14356:Epistemological anarchism 14308: 14293:dependent and independent 14030: 13969: 13863: 13715: 13697:Evolutionary epistemology 13628: 13617: 13559: 13491: 13458: 13285: 13155: 13050:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 13040:David Lewis (philosopher) 12885: 12817: 12792: 12754: 12728: 12702: 12674: 12618: 12590: 12527: 12506: 12445: 12403: 12380: 12357: 12259: 12203: 12165: 12109: 12016: 11920: 11870: 11844: 11808: 11801: 11688: 11635:Parsimony (Occam's razor) 11523: 11094: 10942: 10721: 10683: 10679: 10668: 10256: 9959: 9777: 9456: 9292:Cross-cultural psychology 9250: 9110:Manipulation (psychology) 8976: 8812: 8808: 8797: 8606: 8595: 8521: 8473: 8373: 8335: 8282: 8249: 8240: 8236: 8219: 8169: 8081: 7919: 7910: 7843: 7626: 7617: 7595: 7550: 7492: 7444: 7398: 7389: 7352: 7223: 7088: 7035: 7026: 6976: 6972: 6961: 6900: 6872: 6829: 6781: 6738: 6691: 6663: 6615: 6587: 6549:Philosophy of mathematics 6539:Philosophy of information 6514: 6510: 6499: 6459: 6454:Links to related articles 6435:Charles S. Peirce Society 6417:Nordic Pragmatism Network 6086:Methodological Pragmatism 5640:Burke, F. Thomas (1994). 4705:10.1007/s11186-018-9309-7 4607:Simko, Christina (2012). 4192:antiskeptical is perhaps 4116:Columbia University Press 3313: 3307: 3061:philosophy of mathematics 2898:The Revival of Pragmatism 2800: 2794: 2695: 2689: 2570: 2564: 2519:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 2440: 2434: 2397:The Bertrand Russell Case 2062:methodological pragmatism 2060:advocates his version of 2048:(known for the theory of 1955:Pragmatic pedagogy is an 1715: 1434:Pragmatic theory of truth 1198:in the way maintained by 1158:gained influence through 908:Qualitative data analysis 298:Evolutionary epistemology 14894:Epistemological theories 14179:Intertheoretic reduction 14168:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 14145:Functional contextualism 11993:Scientific structuralism 9642:Mass psychogenic illness 9493:Collective effervescence 8934:Self-fulfilling prophecy 8620:Collective consciousness 6185:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 5886:Pragmatic and Pragmatism 5849:Theory of the Moral Life 5443:. In Adler, Paul (ed.). 5425:Seigfried, C.H. (1996). 5329:10.1177/1359105309338974 4937:10.1177/1359105309338974 4856:and Rangarjan, N. 2013. 4840:Caspary, William. 2000. 4626:10.1177/0003122412458785 4609:"Rhetorics of Suffering" 4104:Quine, W. V. O. (1969). 3519: 3310: 2925:Between Saying and Doing 2797: 2692: 2567: 2504:philosopher of education 2437: 2394:was indebted. Dewey, in 2297:, financial management, 2015:W. V. O. Quine 1798:led by the philosophers 1660:postanalytic philosopher 1566: 1561:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 1412:philosophical skepticism 1384:naturalized epistemology 413:Philosophy of perception 14664:Philosophers of science 14442:Scientific essentialism 14391:Model-dependent realism 14326:Constructive empiricism 14219:Evidence-based practice 13717:Philosophers of biology 13178:Eliminative materialism 10982:Eastern Orthodox Church 9523:Culture-bound syndromes 9498:Collective intelligence 8018:Postanalytic philosophy 7959:Experimental philosophy 6395:Contemporary Pragmatism 5911:James, William (1909). 5900:James, William (1907). 5691:(Winter 2017 ed.). 4597:Lakoff and Johnson 1999 4540:Unger, Roberto (2007). 4406:James 1907, p. 222 4397:James 1907, p. 200 4154:Putnam, Hilary (1994). 4086:v. 2, pp. 211–242, and 4064:experimental psychology 3906:Popular Science Monthly 3884:Peirce, C. S. (1908). " 3839:10.5840/monist190515230 3797:Popular Science Monthly 3768:"The Metaphysical Club" 3702:James, William (1896). 3598:(Spring 2010 ed.). 3564:Popular Science Monthly 3041:Willard van Orman Quine 2309:and focus of analysis. 2299:performance measurement 2272:participatory democracy 2225:Symbolic interactionism 2213:international relations 2170:Pragmatism has ties to 2073:postanalytic philosophy 1789:consummatory experience 1774:conception of education 1318:The Quest for Certainty 1275:Additionally, forms of 1239:scientific anti-realist 1144:Willard Van Orman Quine 1083:Nicholas St. John Green 972:philosophical tradition 308:Historical epistemology 27:Philosophical tradition 14889:Charles Sanders Peirce 14747:Alfred North Whitehead 14737:Charles Sanders Peirce 13430:Propositional attitude 13425:Problem of other minds 13333:Hypostatic abstraction 12049:Reflective equilibrium 11423:Social constructionism 11081:Unitarian Universalism 9885:Observational learning 9613:In-group and out-group 9553:False consensus effect 9232:Suppression of dissent 9130:Moral entrepreneurship 9100:Ideological repression 9088:Historical revisionism 8624:Collective unconscious 8151:Social constructionism 7163:Hellenistic philosophy 6579:Theoretical philosophy 6554:Philosophy of religion 6544:Philosophy of language 6406:, affiliated with the 6397:, affiliated with the 6132:The Fixation of Belief 5959:, Volume 1 (1867–1893) 5922:Lundin, Roger (2006). 5439:Ansell, Chris (2009). 5375:Brendel, David. 2006. 4831:. New York: Lexington. 4424:James 1907, p. 91 4415:James 1907, p. 90 4347:Peirce, C. S. (1868). 4327:arisbe.sitehost.iu.edu 4321:Peirce, C. S. (1902). 4013:De Waal 2005, pp. 7–10 3966:Peirce, C. S. (1868). 3870: 3793:The Fixation of Belief 3683: 3558:Peirce, C.S. (1878), " 2669:The Philadelphia Negro 2450:Charles Sanders Peirce 2267:Charles Sanders Peirce 2211:, leadership studies, 2200:became a sociologist. 2180:Alfred North Whitehead 2160:philosophy of language 1957:educational philosophy 1896:transcendent realities 1878:Philosophy of religion 1765: 1750: 1640: 1630: 1482: 1395: 1245:Philosophy of language 1075:The Fixation of Belief 1038: 1007:Charles Sanders Peirce 787:Inferential statistics 733:Descriptive statistics 680:Human subject research 14904:Philosophy of science 14846:Philosophy portal 14597:Hard and soft science 14592:Faith and rationality 14461:Scientific skepticism 14241:Scientific Revolution 14024:Philosophy of science 13611:Evolutionary taxonomy 13553:Philosophy of biology 13501:Philosophers category 13405:Mental representation 13168:Biological naturalism 13055:Maurice Merleau-Ponty 13030:Frank Cameron Jackson 12720:Nicholas Wolterstorff 12175:David Malet Armstrong 11690:Theories of deduction 10972:Chinese folk religion 9672:Political correctness 9667:Pluralistic ignorance 9356:Identity (philosophy) 9182:Religious persecution 9165:Psychological warfare 9145:Political engineering 8996:Argumentum ad populum 8854:Collective narcissism 8832:Attitude polarization 8534:Philosophy portal 8053:Scientific skepticism 8033:Reformed epistemology 6559:Philosophy of science 6444:William James Society 6440:William James Studies 6097:. Albany: SUNY Press. 6023:Quine, W. V. (1980). 6012:Quine, W. V. (1980). 4574:Journal of Philosophy 4433:Sandra B. Rosenthal, 3861: 3791:Peirce, C.S. (1877), 3678: 3301:In the extended sense 3231:New York intellectual 2940:Clarence Irving Lewis 2428:Classical (1850–1950) 2352:Arthur Oncken Lovejoy 2293:, contracting out or 2276:public administration 2235:, as well as that of 2205:public administration 2097:Clarence Irving Lewis 1760: 1748: 1732:good reasons approach 1694:Experience and Nature 1647:Riddles of the Sphinx 1635: 1628: 1613:James and Dewey were 1532:conceptual pragmatism 1506:Philosophy of science 1477: 1416:scientific skepticism 1393: 1231:Philosophy of science 1117:founder of statistics 1113:mathematical logician 1044:The Metaphysical Club 1032: 571:Philosophical schools 418:Philosophy of science 14572:Criticism of science 14447:Scientific formalism 14331:Constructive realism 14236:Scientific pluralism 14209:Problem of induction 13183:Emergent materialism 11336:Naturalism (Western) 11331:Naturalism (Chinese) 11243:Renaissance humanism 9799:Conceptual framework 9764:System justification 9603:Hysterical contagion 9187:Religious uniformity 9170:Religious conversion 9026:Cognitive dissonance 8924:Selective perception 8775:Theory of everything 8745:Primal world beliefs 8730:Philosophical theory 7954:Critical rationalism 7661:Edo neo-Confucianism 7505:Acintya bheda abheda 7484:Renaissance humanism 7195:School of the Sextii 6569:Practical philosophy 6564:Political philosophy 6271:Edward W. Younkins, 6241:Pragmatism: A Reader 6146:Pragmatism: A Reader 6095:Realistic Pragmatism 6093:Rescher, N. (2000). 6088:. Oxford: Blackwell. 6084:Rescher, N. (1977). 6075:Philosophical Papers 6034:Philosophical Papers 5989:Philosophical Review 5862:Dewey, John (1938), 5847:Dewey, John (1932), 5828:Dewey, John (1929), 5815:Dewey, John (1910), 5476:Graham, ed. (1995). 5279:Volume 4: 195–225. ( 5238:Community of inquiry 5222:Community of inquiry 4872:Stryker, S. (1980). 3819:"What Pragmatism Is" 3664:University Chronicle 3463:Universal Pragmatics 3185:The Uses of Argument 3158:argumentation theory 3102:philosopher of art. 2810:Richard J. Bernstein 2388:The Analysis of Mind 2376:British philosopher 2307:conceptual framework 1997:analytic pragmatists 1603:The Uses of Argument 1522:' main arguments in 1465:metaphysical realism 896:Reference management 846:Scientific modelling 588:Critical rationalism 293:Applied epistemology 14884:American philosophy 14639:Rhetoric of science 14577:Descriptive science 14321:Confirmation holism 14214:Scientific evidence 14174:Inductive reasoning 14103:Demarcation problem 13755:Peter Godfrey-Smith 13380:Language of thought 13130:Ludwig Wittgenstein 12960:Patricia Churchland 12542:Patricia Churchland 12473:Christine Korsgaard 12359:Logical positivists 12251:Ludwig Wittgenstein 12028:paradox of analysis 11795:Analytic philosophy 11517:Philosophical logic 10749:Christian democracy 9712:Social facilitation 9608:Information cascade 9543:Emotional contagion 9481:Collective behavior 9443:Symbolic boundaries 9297:Cultural psychology 9041:Cultural dissonance 8914:Observer-expectancy 8909:Observational error 8894:In-group favoritism 8639:Conventional wisdom 7525:Nimbarka Sampradaya 7436:Korean Confucianism 7183:Academic Skepticism 6285:, Ayn Rand Lexicon. 6239:Louis Menand, ed., 6114:John J. Stuhr, ed. 5947:(eds.), vols. 7–8, 5794:Baldwin, James Mark 5293:Patricia M. Shields 5273:Patricia M. Shields 5254:Patricia M. Shields 5154:Patricia M. Shields 5138:Patricia M. Shields 4984:Patricia M. Shields 4786:Patricia M. Shields 4740:: 1367–1377 (1367). 4579:(6):338–342 (1979). 4456:The Will to Believe 4446:James 1907, pp. 8–9 4384:v. 2, pp. 211–242, 4000:v. 2, pp. 193–211, 3807:v. 1, pp. 109–123). 3708:. Longmans, Green. 3486:American philosophy 3461:author of "What Is 3150:social epistemology 2844:What Pragmatism Was 2592:social psychologist 2580:George Herbert Mead 2532:Associate Justice. 2418:List of pragmatists 2331:Mary Parker Follett 2317:Effects on feminism 2283:Patricia M. Shields 2229:George Herbert Mead 2093:embodied philosophy 2035:Continental thought 1828:Pragmatic Bioethics 1816:American philosophy 1755:The Will to Believe 1249:representationalist 1193:(justification): a 1052:George Herbert Mead 876:Argument technology 403:Epistemic cognition 323:Virtue epistemology 318:Social epistemology 303:Formal epistemology 42:Part of a series on 18:American Pragmatism 14858:Science portal 14787:Carl Gustav Hempel 14742:Wilhelm Windelband 14629:Questionable cause 14452:Scientific realism 14273:Underdetermination 14108:Empirical evidence 14098:Creative synthesis 13982:History of biology 13977:Philosophy of mind 13951:John Maynard Smith 13871:Francisco J. Ayala 13855:William C. Wimsatt 13850:Gerard Verschuuren 13760:James R. Griesemer 13208:Neurophenomenology 12879:Philosophy of mind 12715:William Lane Craig 12433:Friedrich Waismann 12390:Carl Gustav Hempel 12349:Timothy Williamson 12309:Alasdair MacIntyre 12167:Australian realism 12147:Russ Shafer-Landau 12008:Analytical Thomism 11963:Logical positivism 11581:Unity of opposites 11447:Post-structuralism 10201:natural philosophy 9583:Group polarization 9568:Group cohesiveness 9217:Social engineering 9115:Media manipulation 9036:Crowd manipulation 9021:Circular reporting 8939:Clever Hans effect 8919:Selective exposure 8146:Post-structuralism 8048:Scientific realism 8003:Quinean naturalism 7983:Logical positivism 7939:Analytical Marxism 7158:Peripatetic school 7070:Chinese naturalism 6597:Aesthetic response 6524:Applied philosophy 6198:Cornelis De Waal, 5941:Charles Hartshorne 5796:(ed., 1901–1905), 5711:Simon and Schuster 4842:Dewey on Democracy 4693:Theory and Society 4654:Theory and Society 3829:(2): 161–181, see 3092:Richard Shusterman 2921:Making It Explicit 2875:scientific realism 2830:The Pragmatic Turn 2644:The Life of Reason 2530:U.S. Supreme Court 2412:literary criticism 2172:process philosophy 2148:logical positivism 2066:pragmatic idealism 2027:radical pragmatism 1935:. You can help by 1886:and the latter in 1806:, whose 1997 book 1751: 1684:Philosophy of mind 1678:physical phenomena 1631: 1620:Radical empiricism 1583:. In this sequel, 1539:logical positivism 1396: 1289:Quinean naturalist 1172:analytic tradition 1152:logical positivism 1039: 870:Tools and software 814:Secondary research 738:Discourse analysis 14871: 14870: 14865: 14864: 14707: 14706: 14619:Normative science 14476:Uniformitarianism 14231:Scientific method 14125:Explanatory power 13990: 13989: 13921:Humberto Maturana 13906:Stephen Jay Gould 13800:Roberta Millstein 13765:Paul E. Griffiths 13519: 13518: 13415:Mind–body problem 13313:Cognitive closure 13277:Substance dualism 12895:G. E. M. Anscombe 12845: 12844: 12813: 12812: 12529:Pittsburgh School 12519:Peter van Inwagen 12453:Roderick Chisholm 12441: 12440: 12334:Richard Swinburne 12269:G. E. M. Anscombe 12105: 12104: 12003:Analytic theology 11978:Ordinary language 11916: 11915: 11761: 11760: 11613:List of fallacies 11598:Explanatory power 11525:Critical thinking 11483: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11457:Transcendentalism 11413:Neo-scholasticism 11394:Neopythagoreanism 10844:Industrialisation 10784:Constitutionalism 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10482:political freedom 9999:mind–body problem 9792:tacit assumptions 9744:Spontaneous order 9734:Social psychology 9687:Self-organization 9031:Critical thinking 8793: 8792: 8760:School of thought 8649:Cultural movement 8629:Conceptual system 8555: 8554: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8206: 7934:Analytic feminism 7906: 7905: 7868:Kierkegaardianism 7830:Transcendentalism 7790:Neo-scholasticism 7636:Classical Realism 7613: 7612: 7385: 7384: 7200:Neopythagoreanism 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6574:Social philosophy 6442:, journal of the 6433:, journal of the 6424:, journal of the 6415:, journal of the 6016:. pp. 20–46. 5160:. 37(4):504–518. 4854:Shields, Patricia 4559:978-0-674-03496-9 4273:978-2-7226-0339-4 4212:Rescher, Nicholas 4090:v. 1, pp. 28–55. 3715:978-0-7905-7948-1 3623:978-1-59102-359-3 3514:New legal realism 3476: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3298: 3297: 3146:Deweyan democracy 3134:Robert B. Talisse 3011:famous author of 2873:to the debate of 2848:Dewey's New Logic 2780: 2779: 2774:Christian realism 2680: 2679: 2555: 2554: 2209:political science 1992:disliked Peirce. 1953: 1952: 1852:Art as Experience 1736:Jerome Schneewind 1543:Charles W. Morris 1534:because of this. 1268:, a sub-field of 965: 964: 931:Philosophy portal 839:Systematic review 824:Literature review 782:Historical method 765:Social experiment 700:Scientific method 685:Narrative inquiry 536:Interdisciplinary 530:Research strategy 501:Research question 496:Research proposal 456: 455: 16:(Redirected from 14926: 14856: 14855: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14817:Bas van Fraassen 14772:Hans Reichenbach 14752:Bertrand Russell 14669: 14668: 14495:Philosophy of... 14278:Unity of science 14071:Commensurability 14017: 14010: 14003: 13994: 13993: 13941:Joan Roughgarden 13911:Richard Lewontin 13896:Michael Ghiselin 13845:Francisco Varela 13840:Alfred I. Tauber 13795:Jane Maienschein 13623: 13546: 13539: 13532: 13523: 13522: 13267:Representational 13262:Property dualism 13255:Type physicalism 13220:New mysterianism 13188:Epiphenomenalism 13010:Martin Heidegger 12872: 12865: 12858: 12849: 12848: 12835: 12834: 12825: 12824: 12764:Nancy Cartwright 12605:Nicholas Rescher 12582:Bas van Fraassen 12572:Nicholas Rescher 12395:Hans Reichenbach 12378: 12377: 12344:Bernard Williams 12241:Bertrand Russell 12163: 12162: 12097:Rigid designator 12060: 12059: 11806: 11805: 11802:Related articles 11788: 11781: 11774: 11765: 11764: 11743:Platonic realism 11510: 11503: 11496: 11487: 11486: 11145:New Confucianism 11019:Korean shamanism 10989:Ethnic religions 10919:Social democracy 10794:Environmentalism 10774:Communitarianism 10739:Authoritarianism 10681: 10680: 10670: 10669: 10300:Codes of conduct 9951:World disclosure 9939:consensus theory 9707:Social exclusion 9513:Crowd psychology 9508:Consensus theory 9471:Bandwagon effect 9408:Rites of passage 9222:Social influence 9155:Propaganda model 9120:Media regulation 8949:wishful thinking 8899:Magical thinking 8810: 8809: 8799: 8798: 8662:World folk-epics 8597: 8596: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8559: 8558: 8544: 8543: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8247: 8246: 8238: 8237: 8221: 8220: 8111:Frankfurt School 8058:Transactionalism 8008:Normative ethics 7988:Legal positivism 7964:Falsificationism 7949:Consequentialism 7944:Communitarianism 7917: 7916: 7785:New Confucianism 7624: 7623: 7431:Neo-Confucianism 7396: 7395: 7205:Second Sophistic 7190:Middle Platonism 7033: 7032: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6962: 6806:Epiphenomenalism 6673:Consequentialism 6607:Institutionalism 6512: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6450: 6449: 6422:Pragmatism Today 6378: 6348: 6334: 6321:Zalta, Edward N. 6098: 6089: 6078: 6069: 6037: 6028: 6017: 6008: 5980: 5927: 5918: 5907: 5894:Collected Papers 5781: 5778: 5772: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5683:Zalta, Edward N. 5674: 5668: 5667: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5597: 5584: 5583: 5567: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5523: 5521: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5340: 5308: 5302: 5290: 5284: 5270: 5264: 5251: 5245: 5234: 5228: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5145: 5135: 5129: 5128:. 37(3):345–359. 5122: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5003:. 68(2), 222–229 4997: 4991: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4948: 4916: 4910: 4909:, 7(3), 355–369. 4903: 4897: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4851: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4547: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4388:v. 1, pp. 28–55. 4386:Essential Peirce 4378:Collected Papers 4372: 4370: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4159: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4088:Essential Peirce 4080:Collected Papers 4051: 4045: 4044: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002:Essential Peirce 3994:Collected Peirce 3991: 3989: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3932: 3922: 3913: 3898:Essential Peirce 3894:Collected Papers 3892:7, reprinted in 3882: 3871: 3858:Essential Peirce 3854: 3848: 3845:Collected Papers 3842: 3814: 3808: 3805:Essential Peirce 3801:Collected Papers 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3753:Collected Papers 3744: 3738: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3699: 3693: 3668:Internet Archive 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3590:Zalta, Edward N. 3581: 3575: 3572:Essential Peirce 3568:Collected Papers 3556: 3533: 3530: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3305: 3304: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3284:Nicholas Rescher 3265: 3264: 3263: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2836:F. Thomas Burke 2814: 2813: 2812: 2792: 2791: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2762:Reinhold Niebuhr 2747: 2746: 2745: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2724:Giovanni Vailati 2709: 2708: 2707: 2687: 2686: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2627:George Santayana 2607: 2606: 2605: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2562: 2561: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2378:Bertrand Russell 2184:Jean-Paul Sartre 2124:Laurent Thévenot 2058:Nicholas Rescher 2025:advocates for a 1983:C. I. Lewis 1948: 1945: 1927: 1920: 1838:is Todd Lekan's 1802:and his student 1722:Pragmatic ethics 1557:W. V. Quine 1520:C. I. Lewis 1490:necessarily true 1253:semantic meaning 1137:necessitarianism 1105:hyperbolic doubt 1071:coining the term 957: 950: 943: 903:Science software 802:Cultural mapping 770:Quasi-experiment 760:Field experiment 728:Content analysis 623:Critical realism 541:Multimethodology 481: 458: 457: 448: 441: 434: 348:Sextus Empiricus 313:Metaepistemology 39: 38: 21: 14934: 14933: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14867: 14866: 14861: 14850: 14840: 14838: 14826: 14807:Paul Feyerabend 14767:Michael Polanyi 14703: 14689:Galileo Galilei 14658: 14644:Science studies 14560: 14490: 14481:Verificationism 14386:Instrumentalism 14371:Foundationalism 14346:Conventionalism 14304: 14140:Feminist method 14026: 14021: 13991: 13986: 13965: 13886:Richard Dawkins 13876:Patrick Bateson 13859: 13805:Sandra Mitchell 13711: 13624: 13615: 13555: 13550: 13520: 13515: 13487: 13454: 13400:Mental property 13293:Abstract object 13281: 13151: 13105:Wilfrid Sellars 12980:Donald Davidson 12965:Paul Churchland 12925:George Berkeley 12881: 12876: 12846: 12841: 12832: 12809: 12800:Jan Łukasiewicz 12788: 12756:Stanford School 12750: 12736:Paul Feyerabend 12724: 12710:Alvin Plantinga 12698: 12684:James F. Conant 12670: 12614: 12586: 12577:Wilfrid Sellars 12567:Alexander Pruss 12547:Paul Churchland 12523: 12502: 12458:Donald Davidson 12437: 12399: 12376: 12353: 12279:Michael Dummett 12255: 12246:Frank P. Ramsey 12199: 12161: 12137:Jaakko Hintikka 12122:Keith Donnellan 12101: 12058: 12012: 11973:Neurophilosophy 11958:Logical atomism 11912: 11866: 11840: 11797: 11792: 11762: 11757: 11728:Logical atomism 11684: 11577:Socratic method 11528: 11519: 11514: 11484: 11471: 11302:Megarian school 11253:Illuminationism 11229:New historicism 11205:Foundationalism 11190:Eretrian school 11150:Critical theory 11111:Aristotelianism 11106:Agriculturalism 11096: 11090: 11024:Modern paganism 10938: 10849:Intellectualism 10723: 10717: 10675: 10656: 10504:Meaning of life 10409:unclean animals 10266:Aesthetic taste 10252: 10208:Problem of evil 10150:National mythoi 9955: 9773: 9769:Viral phenomena 9759:Swarm behaviour 9702:Social emotions 9697:Social behavior 9677:Pseudoconsensus 9628:Majoritarianism 9528:Deindividuation 9466:Abilene paradox 9452: 9388:Myth and ritual 9246: 9227:Social progress 9202:Self-censorship 9078:Excommunication 9001:Attitude change 8978: 8972: 8804: 8789: 8740:Presuppositions 8602: 8591: 8586: 8556: 8551: 8528: 8526: 8505: 8469: 8369: 8331: 8278: 8232: 8231: 8203: 8192:Russian cosmism 8165: 8161:Western Marxism 8126:New Historicism 8091:Critical theory 8077: 8073:Wittgensteinian 7969:Foundationalism 7902: 7839: 7820:Social contract 7676:Foundationalism 7609: 7591: 7575:Illuminationism 7560:Aristotelianism 7546: 7535:Vishishtadvaita 7488: 7440: 7381: 7348: 7219: 7148:Megarian school 7143:Eretrian school 7084: 7045:Agriculturalism 7022: 6968: 6949: 6896: 6868: 6825: 6777: 6734: 6718:Incompatibilism 6687: 6659: 6611: 6583: 6506: 6495: 6490: 6455: 6376: 6337: 6305:General sources 6302: 6212:Hilary Putnam, 6193:Secondary texts 6182:W.V.O. Quine, " 6155:William James, 6125: 6106: 6104:Further reading 6101: 5997:10.2307/2181906 5949:Arthur W. Burks 5838:Stephen Toulmin 5789: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5725: 5700: 5696: 5679:"William James" 5675: 5671: 5656: 5638: 5631: 5616:10.2307/3824783 5598: 5587: 5568: 5559: 5542:10.2307/2011563 5510:10.2307/2012277 5492: 5485: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5374: 5370: 5309: 5305: 5291: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5260:12(3):313–334. 5252: 5248: 5235: 5231: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5144:, 36(3):351–361 5136: 5132: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5088:37(2), 243–247. 5083: 5079: 5075:37(2), 248–255. 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5050:36(4), 479–495. 5045: 5041: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4998: 4994: 4982: 4978: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4724: 4720: 4685: 4681: 4646: 4642: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4256: 4249: 4234: 4209: 4202: 4176: 4152: 4145: 4130: 4102: 4098: 4052: 4048: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3964: 3960: 3945: 3923: 3916: 3902:Giovanni Papini 3890:Hibbert Journal 3883: 3874: 3855: 3851: 3815: 3811: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3730:Will to Believe 3727: 3723: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3607: 3603: 3582: 3578: 3557: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3482: 3477: 3451:Jürgen Habermas 3449: 3448: 3428:C. Wright Mills 3426: 3425: 3409:Randolph Bourne 3407: 3406: 3388: 3387: 3365:Frank P. Ramsey 3363: 3362: 3354:foundationalism 3342:Wilfrid Sellars 3340: 3339: 3321: 3320: 3303: 3282: 3281: 3259: 3258: 3240: 3239: 3217: 3216: 3194: 3193: 3173:Stephen Toulmin 3171: 3170: 3132: 3131: 3109: 3108: 3090: 3089: 3070: 3069: 3039: 3038: 3024: 3023: 2999: 2998: 2980: 2979: 2959:Joseph Margolis 2957: 2956: 2938: 2937: 2907: 2906: 2884: 2883: 2857: 2856: 2808: 2807: 2790: 2782: 2760: 2759: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2721: 2705:Giovanni Papini 2703: 2702: 2654: 2653: 2625: 2624: 2616:neo-Hegelianism 2601: 2600: 2578: 2577: 2539: 2538: 2517: 2516: 2508:instrumentalism 2490: 2489: 2471: 2470: 2448: 2447: 2430: 2420: 2348: 2338:experience and 2319: 2291:charter schools 2255: 2221: 2162:because of its 2144: 2132:Pierre Bourdieu 2128:critical theory 2081:Stephen Toulmin 2031:Jürgen Habermas 2019:Donald Davidson 1975: 1969: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1933:needs expansion 1918: 1902:Joseph Margolis 1880: 1872:Joseph Margolis 1866:in the wake of 1848: 1840:Making Morality 1724: 1718: 1686: 1655:Stephen Toulmin 1611: 1599:Stephen Toulmin 1569: 1551:pragmatic maxim 1512:instrumentalism 1508: 1499: 1497:In other fields 1436: 1430: 1401: 1346: 1314: 1297:Joseph Margolis 1285:verificationism 1235:instrumentalist 1200:foundationalist 1184: 1148:Wilfrid Sellars 1133:Giovanni Papini 1109:pragmatic maxim 1048:Chauncey Wright 1027: 1019:pragmatic maxim 992:problem solving 961: 925: 924: 871: 863: 862: 809:Phenomenography 748:Autoethnography 713: 705: 704: 665:Grounded theory 660:Critical theory 655:Art methodology 650:Action research 645: 635: 634: 573: 563: 562: 531: 523: 522: 491: 489:Research design 452: 423: 422: 408:Epistemic logic 398: 397: 388: 387: 338: 337: 336:Epistemologists 328: 327: 288: 287: 278: 277: 182: 181: 172: 171: 117:Foundationalism 82: 81: 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14932: 14922: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14860: 14848: 14836: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14792:W. V. O. Quine 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14727:Rudolf Steiner 14724: 14719: 14717:Henri Poincaré 14714: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14675: 14673: 14666: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14587:Exact sciences 14584: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14565:Related topics 14562: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14524:Social science 14521: 14520: 14519: 14517:Space and time 14509: 14504: 14498: 14496: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14430: 14421: 14416: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14312: 14310: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14226:Scientific law 14223: 14222: 14221: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14135:Falsifiability 14132: 14127: 14122: 14121: 14120: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14064:Mill's Methods 14056: 14045: 14040: 14034: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14020: 14019: 14012: 14005: 13997: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13901:François Jacob 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13881:Charles Darwin 13878: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13825:Sahotra Sarkar 13822: 13817: 13815:Alex Rosenberg 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13780:Philip Kitcher 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13750:Marjorie Grene 13747: 13742: 13737: 13735:Daniel Dennett 13732: 13730:Lindley Darden 13727: 13721: 13719: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13640: 13634: 13632: 13626: 13625: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13563: 13561: 13557: 13556: 13549: 13548: 13541: 13534: 13526: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13492: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13468: 13462: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13395:Mental process 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13365:Intentionality 13362: 13361: 13360: 13355: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13215:Neutral monism 13212: 13211: 13210: 13200: 13198:Interactionism 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13110:Baruch Spinoza 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13020:Edmund Husserl 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12990:René Descartes 12987: 12985:Daniel Dennett 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12955:David Chalmers 12952: 12947: 12942: 12940:Franz Brentano 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12920:Alexander Bain 12917: 12912: 12910:Thomas Aquinas 12907: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12875: 12874: 12867: 12860: 12852: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12829: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12784:Patrick Suppes 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12666:Michael Walzer 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12596: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12552:Adolf Grünbaum 12549: 12544: 12539: 12537:Robert Brandom 12533: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12493:W. V. O. Quine 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12468:Nelson Goodman 12465: 12463:Daniel Dennett 12460: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12428:Moritz Schlick 12425: 12420: 12415: 12409: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12392: 12386: 12384: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12363: 12361: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12339:Charles Taylor 12336: 12331: 12329:P. F. Strawson 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12265: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12226:Norman Malcolm 12223: 12218: 12213: 12207: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12195:J. J. C. Smart 12192: 12187: 12182: 12180:David Chalmers 12177: 12171: 12169: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12142:Giuseppe Peano 12139: 12134: 12132:Edmund Gettier 12129: 12124: 12119: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12087:Possible world 12084: 12079: 12074: 12068: 12066: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12039:Counterfactual 12036: 12031: 12020: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11898:Paraconsistent 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11812: 11810: 11809:Areas of focus 11803: 11799: 11798: 11791: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11768: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11698:Constructivism 11694: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11530:informal logic 11521: 11520: 11513: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11470: 11469: 11464: 11462:Utilitarianism 11459: 11454: 11449: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11390:Pythagoreanism 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11277:Neo-Kantianism 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11236: 11231: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11195:Existentialism 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11102: 11100: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11086:Zoroastrianism 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10985: 10984: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10948: 10946: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10929:Utilitarianism 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10864:Libertarianism 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10829:Green politics 10826: 10821: 10819:Fundamentalism 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10689: 10687: 10677: 10676: 10666: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10635: 10633:Unspoken rules 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10418: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10364: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10273: 10268: 10262: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10152: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10008: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9870:Meta-knowledge 9867: 9862: 9860:Meaning-making 9857: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647:Milieu control 9644: 9639: 9634: 9625: 9620: 9618:Invisible hand 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9573:Group dynamics 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9462: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9422: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9322: 9317: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9212:Social control 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9140:Polite fiction 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105:Indoctrination 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8944:placebo effect 8941: 8931: 8929:Self-deception 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8818: 8816: 8806: 8805: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8770:Social reality 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8750:Reality tunnel 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8664: 8658:National epics 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8617: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8585: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8537: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8337:Middle Eastern 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8101:Existentialism 8098: 8096:Deconstruction 8093: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7929:Applied ethics 7925: 7923: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7893:Nietzscheanism 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7835:Utilitarianism 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7733:Transcendental 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7700: 7699: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7671:Existentialism 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7459:Augustinianism 7456: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7372:Zoroastrianism 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7215:Church Fathers 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6970: 6969: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6730:Libertarianism 6727: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Metaphilosophy 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6385: 6384: 6373: 6358: 6349: 6335: 6317: 6301: 6300:External links 6298: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6278: 6263: 6262: 6259:978-0415837705 6244: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6218:Abraham Edel, 6216: 6210: 6204:Louis Menand, 6202: 6190: 6189: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6162: 6153: 6142: 6137:C.S. Peirce, " 6135: 6130:C.S. Peirce, " 6120: 6119: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6038: 6029: 6020: 6019: 6018: 5981: 5977:Words and Life 5973:Putnam, Hilary 5969: 5964:Peirce, C.S., 5962: 5954:Peirce, C.S., 5952: 5928: 5919: 5908: 5897: 5882:James, William 5879: 5860: 5853:James H. Tufts 5845: 5826: 5813: 5803: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5723: 5694: 5669: 5654: 5629: 5585: 5557: 5483: 5468: 5462:978-0199535231 5461: 5431: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5381: 5368: 5323:(6): 800–809. 5303: 5285: 5265: 5246: 5229: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5146: 5130: 5117: 5115:36(4):496–499. 5102: 5090: 5077: 5064: 5052: 5039: 5026: 5017: 5005: 4992: 4990:68(2), 205–221 4976: 4931:(6): 800–809. 4911: 4898: 4878: 4865: 4846: 4833: 4820: 4807: 4794: 4792:68(2), 205–221 4778: 4752: 4743: 4718: 4699:(2): 175–206. 4679: 4660:(2): 325–350. 4640: 4619:(6): 880–902. 4599: 4590: 4581: 4565: 4558: 4532: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4448: 4439: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4361:(3): 140–157. 4339: 4313: 4286: 4272: 4247: 4232: 4200: 4174: 4162:Words and Life 4143: 4128: 4096: 4046: 4035:(3): 501–526. 4015: 4006: 3980:(2): 103–114. 3958: 3943: 3914: 3872: 3849: 3809: 3784: 3772:pragmatism.org 3758: 3739: 3737:, 2nd edition. 3721: 3714: 3694: 3654: 3645: 3629: 3622: 3601: 3576: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3390:Karl-Otto Apel 3383: 3382: 3373: 3370: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3277: 3276: 3273:foundherentism 3269: 3266: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3165: 3162:informal logic 3156:. His work in 3154:Charles Peirce 3142: 3139: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3072:Mike Sandbothe 3065: 3064: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3019: 3018: 3009: 3006: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2933: 2932: 2917: 2914: 2909:Robert Brandom 2902: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2867: 2864: 2852: 2851: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2818: 2815: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2664: 2661: 2649: 2648: 2635: 2632: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2608: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2512: 2511: 2500: 2497: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2392:neutral monism 2347: 2344: 2340:women's rights 2318: 2315: 2303:urban planning 2254: 2251: 2233:Charles Cooley 2220: 2217: 2143: 2140: 2116:Michel Crozier 2077:Daniel Dennett 2050:foundherentism 2033:are closer to 1999:include early 1971:Main article: 1968: 1965: 1951: 1950: 1930: 1928: 1917: 1914: 1884:A Common Faith 1879: 1876: 1860:transcendental 1847: 1844: 1820:medical ethics 1720:Main article: 1717: 1714: 1685: 1682: 1663:Daniel Dennett 1645:'s first book 1610: 1607: 1568: 1565: 1507: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1444:transcendental 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1400: 1397: 1359:correspondence 1345: 1342: 1334:realm of value 1326:ultimate Being 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1273: 1262:inferentialism 1242: 1228: 1218: 1203: 1183: 1180: 1168:Robert Brandom 1087:Alexander Bain 1026: 1023: 963: 962: 960: 959: 952: 945: 937: 934: 933: 927: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 900: 899: 898: 893: 883: 878: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 855: 854: 853: 843: 842: 841: 836: 834:Scoping review 831: 826: 821: 811: 806: 805: 804: 794: 789: 784: 779: 777:Field research 774: 773: 772: 767: 762: 752: 751: 750: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 675:Historiography 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 631: 630: 628:Subtle realism 625: 615: 610: 608:Postpositivism 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 583:Constructivism 580: 578:Antipositivism 574: 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 560: 555: 554: 553: 543: 538: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 513: 503: 498: 492: 487: 486: 483: 482: 474: 473: 467: 466: 454: 453: 451: 450: 443: 436: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 399: 396:Related fields 395: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 385: 380: 378:W. V. O. Quine 375: 370: 365: 363:René Descartes 360: 355: 353:Edmund Gettier 350: 345: 339: 335: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 285: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 194: 189: 183: 179: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 71: 70: 65: 60: 54: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14931: 14920: 14919:William James 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14847: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14777:Rudolf Carnap 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14712:Auguste Comte 14710: 14709: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14684:Francis Bacon 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14612:Pseudoscience 14610: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14563: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14471:Structuralism 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14434: 14433:Received view 14431: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14411: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341:Contextualism 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14018: 14013: 14011: 14006: 14004: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13931:Jacques Monod 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13916:Konrad Lorenz 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:Jared Diamond 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13862: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13830:Elliott Sober 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13790:Helen Longino 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13668:Structuralism 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13648:Catastrophism 13646: 13645: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13638:Adaptationism 13636: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13583: 13582:Kin selection 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13457: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13445:Understanding 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13370:Introspection 13368: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13323:Consciousness 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13256: 13253: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13245:Phenomenology 13243: 13241: 13240:Phenomenalism 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13230:Occasionalism 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13203:Naïve realism 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13193:Functionalism 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13135:Stephen Yablo 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13090:Richard Rorty 13088: 13086: 13085:Hilary Putnam 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13060:Marvin Minsky 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13035:Immanuel Kant 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13025:William James 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12930:Henri Bergson 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12866: 12861: 12859: 12854: 12853: 12850: 12838: 12830: 12828: 12820: 12819: 12816: 12806: 12805:Alfred Tarski 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12774:Peter Galison 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12661:Nathan Salmon 12659: 12657: 12656:Richard Rorty 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12626:Alonzo Church 12624: 12623: 12621: 12617: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12562:Ruth Millikan 12560: 12558: 12557:John McDowell 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12488:Hilary Putnam 12486: 12484: 12483:Robert Nozick 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12413:Rudolf Carnap 12411: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12405:Vienna Circle 12402: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12382:Berlin Circle 12379: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12289:Philippa Foot 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12258: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12236:Graham Priest 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216:Charlie Broad 12214: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12127:Gottlob Frege 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12054:Supervenience 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11953:Functionalism 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11938:Descriptivism 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11903:Philosophical 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11893:Non-classical 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11784: 11782: 11777: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11504: 11499: 11497: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443:Structuralism 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11409:Scholasticism 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11351:Phenomenology 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11311:Postmodernism 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11263:Individualism 11261: 11259: 11258:ʿIlm al-Kalām 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10909:Republicanism 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10894:Progressivism 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10839:Individualism 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10671: 10667: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10588:Social stigma 10586: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10465:jurisprudence 10463: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10399:Family values 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10379:Entertainment 10377: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10248:Unobservables 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10160:philosophical 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10023:Creation myth 10021: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9994:Consciousness 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692:Social action 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9662:Peer pressure 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:Herd behavior 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9578:Group emotion 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9429:Social status 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9242:Woozle effect 9240: 9238: 9237:Systemic bias 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9207:Social change 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9083:Fearmongering 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9046:Deprogramming 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8975: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Filter bubble 8882: 8880: 8879:Ethnocentrism 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8735:Point of view 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:Metanarrative 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8611:Basic beliefs 8609: 8608: 8605: 8601:Related terms 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8548: 8547: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474:Miscellaneous 8472: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170:Miscellaneous 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:Structuralism 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141:Postmodernism 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8131:Phenomenology 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068:Vienna Circle 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Moral realism 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:Phenomenology 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:Individualism 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7605:Judeo-Islamic 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7581:ʿIlm al-Kalām 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:Shuddhadvaita 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7464:Scholasticism 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6960: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6915:Conceptualism 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Particularism 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6811:Functionalism 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Eliminativism 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701:Compatibilism 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6640:Particularism 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6294: 6290: 6289:Albert Schinz 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6226:D.S. Clarke, 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6200:On Pragmatism 6197: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6175:John Dewey, " 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123:Primary texts 6117: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042:Ramsey, F. P. 6039: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939:, vols. 1–6, 5938: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5811: 5808:(1900–1901), 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5703:Edwards, Paul 5698: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5037:36(3):326–369 5036: 5030: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895:9780367227708 4892: 4888: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4536: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4485:Anderson, SEP 4482: 4473: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4233:9780748620975 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4175:9780674956063 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992:Reprinted in 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3843:Reprinted in 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3773: 3769: 3766:Shook, John. 3762: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3318: 3306: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3196:Roberto Unger 3191: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3111:Jason Stanley 3106: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3026:John J. Stuhr 3021: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3002: 3001:Richard Rorty 2996: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2982:Hilary Putnam 2977: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2793: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2473:William James 2468: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:Neopragmatism 2401: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2263:William James 2260: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241:William James 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2194:functionalism 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Henri Bergson 2173: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120:Luc Boltanski 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:Michel Callon 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Roberto Unger 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011:Hilary Putnam 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001:Richard Rorty 1998: 1993: 1991: 1990:Richard Rorty 1988: 1987:neopragmatist 1984: 1979: 1978:Neopragmatism 1974: 1973:Neopragmatism 1967:Neopragmatism 1964: 1962: 1958: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1931:This section 1929: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1868:Immanuel Kant 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850:John Dewey's 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:designer baby 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Richard Rorty 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585:Logic for Use 1582: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1547:Rudolf Carnap 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1503: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1467:), but it is 1466: 1463:later called 1462: 1461:Hilary Putnam 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:Hilary Putnam 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1306: 1302: 1301:Hilary Putnam 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Hilary Putnam 1161: 1160:Richard Rorty 1157: 1156:neopragmatism 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091:phenomenalist 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1036: 1031: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:William James 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 958: 953: 951: 946: 944: 939: 938: 936: 935: 932: 929: 928: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 901: 897: 894: 892: 891:Bibliometrics 889: 888: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 867: 866: 859: 856: 852: 849: 848: 847: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829:Meta-analysis 827: 825: 822: 820: 819:Bibliometrics 817: 816: 815: 812: 810: 807: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 753: 749: 746: 745: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 709: 708: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 690:Phenomenology 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 639: 638: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 572: 567: 566: 559: 556: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 527: 526: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 490: 485: 484: 480: 476: 475: 472: 469: 468: 464: 460: 459: 449: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 429: 427: 426: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 392: 391: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 373:Immanuel Kant 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Wang Yangming 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 282: 281: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 238:Justification 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 203: 199: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 176: 175: 168: 167:Structuralism 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 137:Perspectivism 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 122:Infallibilism 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 92:Contextualism 90: 88: 85: 84: 76: 75: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 14822:Larry Laudan 14802:Imre Lakatos 14757:Otto Neurath 14732:Karl Pearson 14722:Pierre Duhem 14694:Isaac Newton 14624:Protoscience 14582:Epistemology 14456:Anti-realism 14454: / 14435: / 14426: / 14418: 14412: / 14410:Reductionism 14408: / 14381:Inductionism 14361:Evolutionism 14166: 14053:a posteriori 14052: 14048: 13956:E. O. Wilson 13946:Rolf Sattler 13835:Kim Sterelny 13820:Michael Ruse 13707:Tree of life 13658:Orthogenesis 13594:Reductionism 13481: / 13477: / 13473: / 13390:Mental image 13385:Mental event 13348:Intelligence 13298:Chinese room 13144: 13095:Gilbert Ryle 13075:Derek Parfit 13065:Thomas Nagel 12995:Fred Dretske 12915:J. L. Austin 12887:Philosophers 12694:Cora Diamond 12610:Morton White 12478:Thomas Nagel 12423:Otto Neurath 12372:Ernest Nagel 12319:Gilbert Ryle 12314:Derek Parfit 12274:J. L. Austin 12221:Casimir Lewy 12190:Peter Singer 12185:J. L. Mackie 12157:Barry Stroud 12117:Noam Chomsky 12110:Philosophers 12044:Natural kind 11928:Anti-realism 11888:Mathematical 11862:Performative 11821:Epistemology 11747: 11723:Intuitionism 11708:Fictionalism 11404:Reductionism 11380:Pre-Socratic 11374: 11360:Neoplatonism 11220:Hermeneutics 11185:Epicureanism 11141:Confucianism 11136:Collectivism 11126:Cartesianism 10977:Christianity 10789:Distributism 10779:Conservatism 10754:Collectivism 10722:Economic and 10647:Works of art 10603:Sublime, The 10494:Magnificence 10445:Human rights 10172:Origin myths 10118:Intelligence 10098:Idios kosmos 9833:Explanations 9804:Epistemology 9729:Social proof 9724:Social group 9682:Scapegoating 9563:Group action 9558:Folie à deux 9548:Entitativity 9425:Social class 9368:Institutions 9260:Anthropology 9125:Missionaries 9051:Echo chamber 9006:Brainwashing 8961:Stereotyping 8869:Cryptomnesia 8859:Confirmation 8785:Value system 8705:Mental model 8539: 8525: 8196: 8187:Postcritique 8177:Kyoto School 8136:Posthumanism 8116:Hermeneutics 7971: / 7912:Contemporary 7888:Newtonianism 7851:Cartesianism 7810:Reductionism 7794: 7646:Conservatism 7641:Collectivism 7579: 7307:Sarvāstivadā 7285:Anekantavada 7210:Neoplatonism 7178:Epicureanism 7111:Pythagoreans 7050:Confucianism 7016:Contemporary 7006:Early modern 6910:Anti-realism 6864:Universalism 6821:Subjectivism 6617:Epistemology 6387: 6386: 6365: 6342: 6339:"Pragmatism" 6328: 6325:"Pragmatism" 6304: 6303: 6292: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6264: 6249: 6248:Aseem Inam, 6240: 6233: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6165: 6164:John Dewey, 6156: 6149: 6145: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6108: 6107: 6094: 6085: 6074: 6049: 6045: 6033: 6024: 6013: 5988: 5985:Quine, W. V. 5976: 5965: 5955: 5934: 5931:Peirce, C.S. 5923: 5913: 5902: 5893: 5889: 5872:Ernest Nagel 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5833: 5829: 5818:How We Think 5816: 5809: 5797: 5776: 5768: 5765:Stanley Fish 5759: 5754:Dennett 1998 5750: 5741: 5709:. New York: 5706: 5697: 5686: 5672: 5641: 5610:(3): 17–31. 5607: 5601: 5571: 5536:(2): 29–39. 5533: 5527: 5501: 5495: 5477: 5471: 5444: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5384: 5376: 5371: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5276: 5268: 5257: 5249: 5232: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5093: 5085: 5080: 5072: 5067: 5055: 5047: 5042: 5034: 5029: 5020: 5008: 5000: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4906: 4901: 4886: 4881: 4873: 4868: 4857: 4849: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4765: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4731: 4721: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4543: 4535: 4523:. 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D. Broad 14679:Roger Bacon 14607:Non-science 14549:Linguistics 14529:Archaeology 14424:Rationalism 14414:Determinism 14401:Physicalism 14366:Fallibilism 14316:Coherentism 14246:Testability 14199:Observation 14194:Objectivity 14155:alternative 14086:Correlation 14076:Consilience 13936:Denis Noble 13810:Susan Oyama 13725:John Beatty 13663:Mutationism 13475:information 13466:Metaphysics 13440:Tabula rasa 13250:Physicalism 13235:Parallelism 13163:Behaviorism 13120:Michael Tye 13115:Alan Turing 13100:John Searle 12975:Dharmakirti 12950:Tyler Burge 12945:C. D. Broad 12793:Lwow-Warsaw 12779:Ian Hacking 12746:Karl Popper 12741:Thomas Kuhn 12689:Alice Crary 12651:Saul Kripke 12646:Jaegwon Kim 12641:David Lewis 12631:Jerry Fodor 12600:Susan Haack 12514:Robert Audi 12324:John Searle 12294:Peter Geach 12284:Antony Flew 12231:G. E. Moore 12152:Ernest Sosa 12082:Possibility 11831:Mathematics 11816:Metaphysics 11703:Dialetheism 11593:Explanation 11563:Credibility 11418:Sentientism 11399:Rationalism 11346:Peripatetic 11326:Natural law 11297:Materialism 11225:Historicism 11215:Hegelianism 11165:Determinism 11042:Agnosticism 10914:Sentientism 10884:Nationalism 10834:Imperialism 10764:Communalism 10759:Colonialism 10713:Weltschmerz 10693:Misanthropy 10593:Stewardship 10521:Obligations 10425:Culpability 10416:Golden Rule 10310:Common good 10228:Supernature 10184:Otherworlds 10143:comparative 10113:Information 10108:Incarnation 10045:Eschatology 9979:Anima mundi 9961:Metaphysics 9880:Observation 9875:Methodology 9657:Moral panic 9637:Mass action 9533:Doublethink 9476:Collectives 9398:Pilgrimages 9287:Coronations 9192:Revolutions 9160:Proselytism 9093:negationism 8979:maintenance 8827:Attentional 8686:Life stance 8654:Epic poetry 8644:Conventions 8182:Objectivism 8121:Neo-Marxism 8083:Continental 7993:Meta-ethics 7973:Coherentism 7878:Hegelianism 7815:Rationalism 7775:Natural law 7755:Materialism 7681:Historicism 7651:Determinism 7542:Navya-Nyāya 7317:Sautrāntika 7312:Pudgalavada 7248:Vaisheshika 7101:Presocratic 7001:Renaissance 6940:Physicalism 6925:Materialism 6831:Normativity 6816:Objectivism 6801:Emergentism 6791:Behaviorism 6740:Metaphysics 6706:Determinism 6645:Rationalism 6366:In Our Time 6179:" (chapter) 6052:: 153–170. 5806:Dewey, John 5713:. pp. 5644:. 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