Alps - Knowledge

2501: 4332: 2130: 3196: 2932: 3510: 3214: 4478:. Until this point, Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, and by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy, and Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. Since the 1980s tourism expansion and easy global access generate grave concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and many uncertainties about sustainable development. As a likely result of climatic change, the number of high altitude ski resorts and piste km is in decline since 2015, with snow-making machines installed at many sites. 4555: 9760: 968: 3438:, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons. 4028: 3995: 3911: 9736: 2439: 1967: 53: 3929: 4114: 4348: 3473: 4671: 653: 2166: 3678: 8171: 4316: 2579:. These do not reach the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together, but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the presence of wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), sometimes even to 1,700 m (5,600 ft). 9901: 9724: 2355: 1110: 434: 4087: 3418: 2771: 1207: 9856: 2583: 2213: 9698: 1921: 4154: 3130: 9844: 3501:(1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamoured with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed. 2435:). The effect of mountain chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of temperature, often accompanied by precipitation in the form of snow or rain. The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks. 2834: 2658: 2274: 9808: 3944: 9772: 7792: 2546: 9832: 1796: 909: 4010: 2743:

The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of the forest. In some areas, the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural

9796: 2672: 1379: 9784: 2336:, and from there to France where one of its uses is to cool nuclear power plants. The Rhine originates in a 30 km (12 sq mi) area in Switzerland and represents almost 60% of water exported from the country. Tributary valleys, some of which are complicated, channel water to the main valleys which can experience flooding during the snowmelt season when rapid runoff causes debris torrents and swollen rivers. 4169: 3962: 1196:; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there, it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1.6 km (1 mi) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by 270: 9820: 9687: 9884: 4257:. Even when large events feature only a little folk culture, all participants take part with gusto. Good opportunities to see local people celebrating the traditional culture occur at the many fairs, wine festivals, and firefighting festivals which fill weekends in the countryside from spring to autumn. Alpine festivals vary from country to country. Frequently they include music (e.g. the playing of 1018: 2030: 9748: 3977: 2071:

to the melting of the last glacial maximum ice-cap or long-term erosion, detachment of the Western Alpine subducting slab, mantle convection as well as ongoing horizontal convergence between Africa and Europe, but their relative contributions to the uplift of the Alps are difficult to quantify and likely to vary significantly in space and time.

3314:, which relocated the Western Alps border along the watersheds. Historically, the Alps were used to determine the borders of political and administrative gangs, but the Peace of Utrecht was the first significant body of treaty that considered geographical conditions. The Alps were carved up and borders were agreed, so that 814:, where cows and other livestock are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where huts and hay barns can be found, sometimes constituting tiny hamlets. Therefore, the term "the Alps", as a reference to the mountains, is a misnomer. The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as 2742:

are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries.

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The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life, and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,600 and 3,300 ft), depending on the

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Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were

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studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th-century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he studied and documented. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the

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measurements show ongoing topographic uplift at rates of up to about 2.5 mm per year in the North, Western and Central Alps, and at ~1 mm per year in the Eastern and South-Western Alps. The underlying mechanisms that jointly drive the present-day uplift pattern are the isostatic rebound due

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The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. Traditional practices such as farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still thrive in Alpine villages. However, the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded significantly after World War II, eventually becoming the dominant

4196:, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of 3098:

and acquired absolute control over the Alpine trade routes. Aggressors in modern-day Italy were dealt with and an alliance was formed with the Celts. The grip of the Etruscan settlements broke down, as the Roman political system expanded, so as to take control over Alpine trade routes that connected

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to the snow line, is followed by the glacial zone, which covers the glaciated areas of the mountain. Climatic conditions show variances within the same zones; for example, weather conditions at the head of a mountain valley, extending directly from the peaks, are colder and more severe than those at

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was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and

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described them as "darkening the day-time, torch-like with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom." Gentians tend to "appear" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than

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The Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11% of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90% of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan depend on

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In simple terms, the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African, and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn

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can weigh up to 70 kg (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion about the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages that have become somewhat mechanized in

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The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus, and on the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming

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During the post-World War I period, ski lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, and summer tourism continued to be important. By the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new

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which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,200 ft). The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.

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Farming has been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June, cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the

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The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high

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levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 km (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river

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in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.

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Sternai, Pietro; Sue, Christian; Husson, Laurent; Serpelloni, Enrico; Becker, Thorsten W.; Willett, Sean D.; Faccenna, Claudio; Di Giulio, Andrea; Spada, Giorgio; Jolivet, Laurent; Valla, Pierre; Petit, Carole; Nocquet, Jean-Mathieu; Walpersdorf, Andrea; Castelltort, Sébastien (March 2019).

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vary from 2,400 to 3,000 m (7,900 to 9,800 ft), above which the snow is permanent and the temperatures hover around the freezing point even during July and August. High-water levels in streams and rivers peak in June and July when the snow is still melting at the higher altitudes.

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with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages. Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and

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The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by six million vehicles per year. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of

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The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in an 800 km (500 mi) arc (curved line) from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The range stretches from the

4165:, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served traditionally on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries, carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation. 4149:

originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

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The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the Romance dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of

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Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking, pastry-making, and cheesemaking.

4470:, Austria. Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate. 4628:, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. Several airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access. 3456:

where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492, Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying."

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snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The

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from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.

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in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year, tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much of it coming from winter sports, although summer visitors are also an important component.

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live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,900 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures.

3780:. Undocumented migrants, visa overstayers, false tourists, asylum seekers, and other clandestine humans, lose their lives crossing the Alps. The exact number of smuggled humans who die a brutal death in the Alps can only be estimated. 5274: 1441:(1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m peaks. He completed his series of ascents in 1911. Many of the big Alpine three-thousanders were climbed in the early 19th century, notably the 2184:

where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the

2516:. Significant changes, of both natural and anthropogenic origins, have already been diagnosed from observations, including a 5.6% reduction per decade in snow cover duration over the last 50 years, which also highlights 3291:, which is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century, 2005:

thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps have comparatively few high peaked massifs. Similarly the peaks in eastern Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that

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The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, travelled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the

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home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.

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The Alps are found in the following countries: Austria (28.7% of the range's area), Italy (27.2%), France (21.4%), Switzerland (13.2%), Germany (5.8%), Slovenia (3.6%), Liechtenstein (0.08%) and Monaco (0.001%).

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The first British Mont Blanc ascent by a man was in 1788; the first ascent by a woman was in 1808. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides.

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family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is

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The col du Mont-Cenis (2,081 m (6,827 ft)) at the centre left of the picture gives access to a large alpine lake, and further away to the Italian peninsula 12 km (7.5 mi) beyond the

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Schmid, Stefan M. (2004). "Regional tectonics: from the Rhine graben to the Po plain, a summary of the tectonic evolution of the Alps and their forelands". Basel: Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut

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are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the

3627:, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". 2066:

Due to the ever-present geologic instability, earthquakes continue in the Alps to this day. Typically, the largest earthquakes in the alps have been between magnitude 6 and 7 on the Richter scale.

4231:. Old traditions are carefully maintained among inhabitants of Alpine areas, even though this is seldom obvious to the visitor: many people are members of cultural associations where the Alpine 4672: 2880:

can commonly be seen drinking from the snowmelt; some species of blues fly as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail

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At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,000 ft), including

1947:(rock composition) and nappe structures according to the orogenic events that affected them. The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps, and Southern Alps: the 581:

The altitude and size of the range affect the climate in Europe; in the mountains, precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as

7479: 2763:, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the 5270: 2454:. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the 2244:), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage, and loss of life. 4621:(in France), is car-free, with other Alpine villages considering becoming car-free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain. 4399:

terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first

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zone extends from 800 to 1,700 m (2,600 to 5,600 ft), followed by the sub-Alpine zone from 1,600 to 2,400 m (5,200 to 7,900 ft). The Alpine zone, extending from

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Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century, the now-defunct idea of

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suggests that glacial erosion propagates from low elevations to high elevations leading to an early increase of local relief followed by lowering of the mean orogen elevation.

5464: 2649:, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,900 to 7,900 ft). Writing about the gentians in Switzerland 5746: 638:

have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps. As of 2010, the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.

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altitudes. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins.

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Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,809 m (15,778 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains 128 peaks higher than

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built roads along the Alpine mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period. Roman road markers can still be found on the Alpine mountain passes.

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The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps make classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the

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recent years, although the slopes are so steep that scythes are usually necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days.

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The Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in folded structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the

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While Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786 and the Jungfrau in 1811, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the second half of the 19th century, notably

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Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio; Navarra, Antonio (January 15, 2015). "Observed shift towards earlier spring discharge in the main Alpine rivers".

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are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,900 ft). The most common bird is the

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The Alps are a fascinating and spectacular mountain range spanning eight countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland.

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In the high villages, people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the

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pass has been a major commercial and military road between Western Europe and Italy. The pass was crossed by many troops on their way to the Italian peninsula. From

2992:. His clothing lets modern people assume that he was an alpine farmer, while the location and manner of his death suggests that Ötzi was traveling. Analysis of the 5432: 5569: 2055:

The core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion produced the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the

5364: 1905:, and the sediments became involved in younger folds as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in 1072:, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna. 2853:

live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude

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crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular, the

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An "Alp" refers to a high elevation pasture frequented only in summer. It often includes several huts and small places of worship (here the Alpe Bardughè in

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that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, the Briançonnais, and

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The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the

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In the summers the cows are brought up to the high mountain meadows for grazing. Small summer villages such as the one shown in this photograph taken in

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and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from

7424: 6716:"Luca Ermini et al., "Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman," Current Biology, vol. 18, no. 21 (30 October 2008), pp. 1687–1693" 3337:. In 1799 the Russian imperial military engaged the revolutionary French army in the Alps, this episode has been recorded as significant achievement in 4746:

may also qualify as part of the Alps, although these are more typically classified as foothills, and Hungary is not considered to be an Alpine country.

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Between 430 and 400 BC prolonged warfare in the Alps resulted in the devastation of agricultural land and human settlements, ultimately triggering the

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was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been

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live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created.

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on the northern. The peaks in the easterly portion of the range, in Austria and Slovenia, are smaller than those in the central and western portions.

3465:. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four 7616: 6600: 3711: 6424:. Towards a better understanding of the links between stressors, hazard assessment and ecosystem services under water scarcity. 503–504: 222–232. 5188: 3244:

in the eastern Alps. The construction of castles in the Alps supported the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in

8757: 3710:. This domestic, but representative, fortification had two small bedrooms, and a full bathroom, planned by the Munich architect and NSDAP member 6719: 5772: 5327: 2559:

Thirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be

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have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on

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with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High "massifs" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by

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The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. Crossing routes by road, train, or foot are known as

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and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

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The rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent-shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of

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were surrounded in the Alps by much larger French troops. The Russian troops broke out, mauled the French troops, and retreated through the

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was a shelter for humans and destination for pilgrims. In 1291, to protect themselves from incursions by the House of Habsburg, four Alpine

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Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations.

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area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the

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The Alps extend in an arc from France in the south and west to Slovenia in the east, and from Monaco in the south to Germany in the north.

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Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In

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settlements were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near the

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and continues into the present. The formation of the Alps was a segment of this orogenic process, caused by the collision between the

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who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his

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From the beginning of the 19th century, the tourism and mountaineering development of the Alps began. In the early years of the "

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Mershman, Francis. "St. Maurice", The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 10. New York City: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 March 2013

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Although the Alpine topography shows marked glacial morphologies, the mechanisms by which glacial reshaping occurs are unclear.

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was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains. This theory was replaced in the mid-20th century by the theory of

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or non-calcareous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, and woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soil-less scree and

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The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal

2107:, are found throughout much of the Alpine region. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments. 1130:, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. 7670: 9668: 8831: 8046: 8032: 8018: 8001: 7987: 7973: 7959: 7945: 7931: 7917: 7903: 7889: 7875: 7861: 7847: 7833: 7784: 7766: 7745: 7731: 4625: 4176:(4–7 cm) is by the strict architectural regulations in the region bordering the national parks of Vanoise-Grand Paradis. 442: 343: 7125: 2192:

Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The

1033:

The highest peaks of the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, respectively, are Mont Blanc, at 4,810 m (15,780 ft), and

9971: 9465: 8740: 8548: 5512: 5486: 3195: 2153:

Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist

2079:

The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries, BC during the

107: 9951: 9946: 9936: 9872: 8794: 8657: 6549:"High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas: ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspective". 6147: 3599:

visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "

2209:, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, centre, and the terminus of glaciers. 7549: 5422: 4494:

19th century Zermatt avalanche: in the 19th century, 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche.

4265:), sports (e.g. wrestling marches and archery), as well as traditions with pagan roots such as the lighting of fires on 9966: 9941: 9513: 9098: 8725: 8558: 8319: 8109: 5998:"Spatial and temporal variations of glacial erosion in the Rhône valley (Swiss Alps): Insights from numerical modeling" 4575: 4290: 2252:

run-off levels. Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland.

7712: 5565: 4426:, Germany. During World War II the winter games were cancelled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in 4161:

Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as

2110:

Alpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years and began to be classified in the 18th century.

9956: 8745: 8720: 8563: 8093: 7596: 7335: 7310: 7285: 7260: 7235: 6942: 6917: 6883: 6777: 5395: 5354: 9981: 9117: 8398: 8284: 7511: 5248: 3580:, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the 3491: 3476: 3256:

is preserved as an example of medieval architecture. There are several important alpine saints and one such one is

2618:(on alkaline soils). Although Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the 1846:

Period. The Tethys was later squeezed between colliding plates causing the formation of mountain ranges called the

4900: 2513: 1329:

From 11 December 2016, it has been part of the regular railway timetable and used hourly as standard ride between

1137:

were established by religious orders at the summits of many of the main passes. The most important passes are the

9241: 9153: 9000: 8995: 8826: 8694: 5997: 4949: 4145:, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss 3760:

of humans claim that crossing the Alps is less dangerous, or deadly, than traveling 355 km on water between

3352:

After the fall of Napoleon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent further invasion. Thus,

2124: 1373: 575: 2446:

with pine trees growing on the hillside (2007; the surface is 180 m (590 ft) lower than 150 years ago)

2042:(Ambin and Vanoise massifs) and its exposed crystalline basement made of high-pressure subduction rocks such as 1010:

with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the

9189: 8777: 8254: 2529: 1909:

north of the Alps. These regions in Switzerland and Bavaria are well-developed, containing classic examples of

1213: 17: 3702:

commissioned the first of a series of refurbishments, which eventually turned a mountain cottage, later named

2018:

is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of

1803:

seen at the Arpanaz waterfall, shown here in a mid-18th-century drawing, was noted by 18th-century geologists.

706: 9440: 9271: 9158: 8689: 8684: 7417: 4867: 4543: 3513: 3303: 2857:

have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs.

1470: 1410:

objectives. Below are listed the 29 "four-thousanders" with at least 300 m (984 ft) of prominence.

5489:(in English, German, French, Italian, and Romansh). Bern: Swiss Federal Office for Transport. Archived from 3630:

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

2567:, and rock faces and ridges. A natural vegetation limit with altitude is given by the presence of the chief 1970:

Compressed metamorphosed Tethyan sediments and their oceanic basement are sandwiched between the tip of the

755:"hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of 9931: 9199: 9138: 9123: 8975: 8836: 8289: 8086: 5800:"Present-day uplift of the European Alps: Evaluating mechanisms and models of their relative contributions" 5331: 4410:

In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the

3412: 2974: 2939: 2313:, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the 2217: 1239: 1104: 956:, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as 336: 100: 3371:

In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the Alps to shelter humans became tourist destinations. The

2931: 9543: 9261: 9107: 8889: 8799: 8699: 8585: 8553: 8238: 6715: 4274: 3509: 2661: 2431:. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere causes the temperature to decrease (see 2268: 748: 8039:

Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century

7750:

Benniston, Martin, et al. (2011). "Impact of Climatic Change on Water and Natural Hazards in the Alps".

7612: 6598: 3118:

initiated one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, recorded as

2233:

believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous

1064:, passing over many of the highest and most well-known peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to 600:, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. 9714: 9598: 9226: 9046: 8953: 8926: 8861: 8735: 8269: 8195: 5192: 3545: 3119: 8059: 5359: 4487:

17th-century French-Italian border avalanche: in the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an

9628: 9394: 9317: 9281: 8299: 8264: 8259: 5768: 4566: 3536: 3329:

annexed territory formerly controlled by the House of Habsburg, and the House of Savoy. In 1798, the

2517: 2393: 1289: 8170: 4579: 4528: 3260:. Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the 1978:

According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the

9643: 9633: 9613: 9583: 9538: 9236: 9078: 9010: 8980: 8960: 8841: 8517: 8482: 8279: 7161: 4665: 4076: 4045: 3657:, is considered the discoverer of the Dolomites, which for decades were the focus of climbers like 3469:

men almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

3280: 3276: 3213: 2627: 2608: 2332:

as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean Sea; the river begins as glacial meltwater, flows into

2115:

same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals.

2002: 800: 729: 4797: 4522: 4463: 1469:

reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six

929:, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues onward toward 9523: 9286: 9143: 9113: 9088: 9005: 8965: 8904: 8803: 8568: 8538: 4362:

The Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such as

3686: 3620: 3604: 3288: 1960: 1227: 275: 93: 3932: 2965:

shows evidence of houses built on piles. Standing stones have been found in the Alpine areas of

1939:. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different 9221: 9209: 8985: 8970: 8662: 8304: 5996:

Sternai, Pietro; Herman, Frédéric; Valla, Pierre G.; Champagnac, Jean-Daniel (April 15, 2013).

4423: 4310: 3654: 3646: 3634: 3517: 2626:

plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and

1482: 1434: 1403: 1154: 624: 4538: 4533: 4106:("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous 9528: 9455: 9435: 9349: 9298: 9056: 9036: 8846: 8440: 8408: 8294: 8274: 8188: 7200: 3965: 3531: 3441: 3334: 3163:

continued to resist but their territory was eventually conquered when the Romans crossed the

3091: 2715: 2676: 2614: 2467: 2197: 1925: 1026: 903: 770:, while in the English languages "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for 35: 6548: 6220:

Carrer, Marco; Dibona, Raffaella; Prendin, Angela Luisa; Brunetti, Michele (February 2023).

6016: 5189:"Alpine Convention - the Convention - the Alpine Convention in a nutshell - the Alps - Home" 3253: 3133: 1258: 1254: 1048:

A series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the

944:

To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the southern border of

585:

live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as

9379: 9194: 9083: 9061: 8715: 8613: 8497: 8365: 6544: 6425: 6384: 6328: 6233: 6012: 5960: 5811: 5058: 4970:

Smith, Jennifer Nimmo (2004). The river Alpheus in Greek, Christian and Byzantine thought.

4829: 4587: 4554: 4447: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4379: 4367: 4336: 4031: 3998: 3592: 3581: 3480: 3445: 3435: 2714:

The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with

2684: 2432: 2373:

Additionally, the Alps have led to the creation of large lakes in Italy. For instance, the

2063:

consist of layers of rock from the various orogenies including exposures of basement rock.

1304: 1285: 635: 7896:

The Swiss and the Nazis: How the Alpine Republic Survived in the Shadow of the Third Reich

4583: 4517: 4125:

Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the

2908:

in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the

2794:

was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above

8: 9663: 9653: 9608: 9374: 9339: 9334: 9051: 8672: 8608: 8528: 6314:"100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation" 4497: 4270: 3796:. Other larger and important cities within the Alps with over 100,000 inhabitants are in 3703: 3662: 3613:, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel 3564: 3523: 2954: 2921: 2410: 2256: 1956: 1779: 1265: 967: 702: 392: 6429: 6388: 6332: 6237: 5964: 5815: 5062: 4395:, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever-higher elevations, with the 3729:, and the Alps for centuries were permeated with established smuggling routes, known as 2905: 2774:

Young alpine ibex. When fully grown the horns of this male will be about one metre wide.

2237:, often invisible under new snowfall, which causes the greatest danger to mountaineers. 1647: 1525: 1430: 9860: 9638: 9623: 9603: 9460: 9401: 9354: 9276: 9133: 9103: 9093: 9068: 9041: 8948: 8941: 8877: 8633: 8628: 8345: 7646: 7565: 7328:

The History of Migration in Europe: Perspectives from Economics, Politics and Sociology

6397: 6372: 6313: 6036: 5845: 5410: 5076: 4726: 4302: 4294: 4027: 3994: 3553: 3498: 3427: 3233: 2378: 2221: 2011: 1994: 1993:

Peaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the "Houillière zone", which consists of

1882: 1655: 1357: 1197: 1138: 547:. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian 404: 88: 3637:" initially scientific activities were mixed with sport, for example by the physicist 3076: 2946: 604: 9588: 9578: 9450: 9364: 9329: 9256: 9246: 9024: 8894: 8808: 8638: 8618: 8592: 8580: 8375: 8370: 8355: 8350: 8335: 8067: 8042: 8028: 8014: 7997: 7983: 7969: 7955: 7941: 7927: 7913: 7899: 7885: 7871: 7857: 7843: 7829: 7803: 7780: 7776: 7762: 7741: 7727: 7704: 7592: 7586: 7331: 7306: 7281: 7256: 7231: 6938: 6913: 6879: 6773: 6449: 6402: 6346: 6261: 6028: 5978: 5837: 5391: 4863: 4298: 4080: 3600: 3573: 3458: 3421: 3357: 3342: 3330: 3269: 3265: 3203: 3072: 2993: 2854: 2726: 2702: 2654:

in the valleys. On the highest rocky ledges, the spring flowers bloom in the summer.

2630:. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines. 2540: 2438: 2134: 2080: 918: 528: 7527: 6437: 6040: 5849: 5823: 5080: 4507: 1966: 1681: 412: 52: 9752: 9740: 9658: 9480: 9430: 9411: 9406: 9359: 9266: 9204: 9184: 9172: 9128: 8931: 8911: 8899: 8762: 8643: 8360: 8223: 8215: 8125: 8075:

This EU-co-funded programme co-finances transnational projects in the Alpine region

7666: 6441: 6433: 6392: 6336: 6251: 6241: 6020: 5968: 5827: 5819: 5066: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4678: 4502: 4306: 4113: 4072: 4068: 3928: 3910: 3721:

The Alps, Adolf Hitler, and improbable powerful organizations have been subject to

3690: 3650: 3338: 3311: 3107: 3004: 2838: 2795: 2720: 2690: 2638: 2634: 2551: 2291: 2181: 2173: 1914: 1886: 1517: 1320: 552: 485: 456: 247: 232: 217: 8730: 5799: 4075:, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient 3472: 2897:, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,300 ft). 2241: 1114: 9848: 9568: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9445: 9369: 9231: 8750: 8648: 8533: 8433: 8340: 7716: 7653: 7572: 7553: 7534: 7515: 7483: 6604: 6555: 4830:"Víte, že jsou Alpy i v Maďarsku? Geografická zajímavost a tip na příjemný výlet" 4657: 4652: 4644: 4598: 4591: 4266: 4188:. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the 4172:

Alpine chalet being built in Haute-Maurienne (Savoy), the use of thick pieces of

4130: 3577: 3549: 3356:

built a series of fortifications to protect the major alpine passes, such as the

3322: 3296: 3218: 3160: 3056: 3052: 2973:. About 200,000 drawings and etchings have been documented, and are known as the 2819: 2443: 2340: 2165: 2036: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1789: 1561: 1273: 1231: 1057: 710: 652: 544: 477: 202: 187: 5523: 5045:

Schmid, Stefan M.; Genschuh, Bernhard; Kissling, Eduard; Schuster, Ralf (2004).

4388: 4347: 4253:

for women. Visitors can get a glimpse of the rich customs of the Alps at public

3677: 3228:. Monasteries and churches were constructed, even at high Alpine altitudes. The 2755:

The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest

1243: 1011: 9812: 9800: 9776: 9701: 9648: 9618: 9563: 9470: 9344: 9291: 9251: 8921: 8916: 8767: 8667: 8623: 8575: 8523: 8477: 8445: 8403: 8380: 8145: 8140: 6246: 6222:"Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries" 6221: 6024: 5490: 5459: 5427: 4400: 4049: 3761: 3749:. Massive numbers of refugees entered Italy illegally, by navigating the Alps. 3642: 3486: 3388: 3261: 3207: 2962: 2889: 2791: 2732: 2650: 2576: 2509: 2428: 2290:

80% of water from Alpine runoff. Water from the rivers is used in at least 550

2111: 1936: 1902: 1890: 1871: 1823: 1819: 1808: 1800: 1775: 1725: 1717: 1577: 1466: 1418: 1407: 1185: 1166: 1069: 1053: 1049: 560: 548: 385: 6139: 5071: 5046: 4594:

built in the 19th century and realizes the first flat route through the Alps.

4315: 2492:

the mouth of a valley which tend to be less severe and receive less snowfall.

2389:

are a popular tourist destination since the Roman Era for their mild climate.

1811:) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the 1181: 1122:; the currently used bridge from 1958 over the first drivable bridge from 1830 9926: 9920: 9836: 9788: 9764: 9573: 9214: 8784: 8472: 8450: 8309: 7798: 7546: 6406: 6350: 6265: 6032: 5982: 5841: 4262: 4216: 4197: 3734: 3722: 3666: 3658: 3649:", the focus was on mountain sports and climbing. The first president of the 3449: 3257: 3200: 3184: 3152: 3141: 3100: 2823: 2738: 2623: 2420: 2396:

and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for

2386: 2358: 2294:

power plants, considering only those producing at least 10MW of electricity.

2169: 2154: 1906: 1867: 1603: 1569: 1442: 1312: 1189: 1162: 1119: 505: 358: 345: 311: 122: 109: 8078: 7868:

Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains

4474:

villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as

4324: 2520:

needs due to impacts on the climate and regional socio-economic activities.

776: 683: 677: 9824: 9691: 9498: 9303: 9073: 8677: 8543: 8492: 8467: 7709: 6453: 6373:"Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years" 6312:

Huss, Matthias; Hock, Regine; Bauder, Andreas; Funk, Martin (May 1, 2010).

4614: 4475: 4396: 4392: 4351: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4060: 3738: 3699: 3638: 3615: 3596: 3569: 3530:, published in 1732 described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. 3453: 3392: 3380: 3225: 3123: 2827: 2815: 2455: 2424: 2366: 2354: 2225: 2186: 2083:, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the 1894: 1831: 1743: 1691: 1665: 1450: 1422: 1247: 1174: 1170: 1158: 1146: 1109: 1084: 1080: 1065: 1061: 1007: 1003: 996: 972: 934: 763: 612: 593: 556: 536: 433: 31: 9723: 4281:. Folk costume also continues to be worn for most weddings and festivals. 4086: 3417: 2770: 2348: 2282: 2158: 2095:

furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals, such as

1293: 9728: 9593: 9533: 9503: 8856: 8487: 7807: 6371:

Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio (January 1, 2013).

6341: 6256: 5973: 5948: 4610: 4562: 4558: 4443: 4320: 4220: 4212: 4173: 3715: 3558: 3541: 3372: 3361: 3292: 3148: 3137: 3087: 3028: 2950: 2935: 2894: 2858: 2799: 2779: 2333: 2306: 2193: 2084: 2060: 2007: 1929: 1847: 1785: 1629: 1595: 1551: 1438: 1414: 1235: 1034: 979:

The highest portion of the range is divided by the glacial trough of the

647: 620: 589:

grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

497: 326: 5832: 5240: 5223: 4467: 4180:

Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of

3003:

From the 13th to the 6th century BC much of the Alps was settled by the

2582: 2212: 1083:

near Vienna. In contrast, the southeastern part of the Alps ends on the

8851: 8460: 7508: 4892: 4578:

are located there. In 2007, the new 34.57 km-long (21.48 mi)

4455: 4404: 4363: 4355: 4246: 4103: 3769: 3588: 3462: 3400: 3384: 3346: 3249: 3090:

of men, women, and children, goods had to be imported as a result. The

3080: 3040: 2882: 2877: 2862: 2760: 2598: 2451: 2397: 2382: 2362: 2310: 2248: 2176:

in the 1840s showed that it moved at 100 m (328 ft) per year.

2056: 2043: 1971: 1920: 1875: 1733: 1639: 1621: 1535: 1509: 1454: 1342: 1223: 1150: 1056:

in Switzerland and France. The secondary chain of the Alps follows the

1038: 1037:, at 4,049 m (13,284 ft). The second-highest major peaks are 992: 988: 984: 922: 759:, has been used as a name for several mountainous areas across Europe. 568: 564: 71: 7773:

The Alps: People and Pressures in the Mountains, the Facts at a Glance

7710:

The Alps: People and pressures in the mountains, the facts at a glance

5947:

Sternai, P.; Herman, F.; Fox, M. R.; Castelltort, S. (July 13, 2011).

5390:. Newton Abbott, Devon, England: David & Charles. pp. 41–42. 4945: 4153: 4093:

is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times.

3129: 3079:

was well established in the region, and became known for high quality

2861:

can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the

1068:

it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the

9890: 7190:

Gilles Modica "1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering" (2016), pp 10.

6445: 5949:"Hypsometric analysis to identify spatially variable glacial erosion" 5227: 4946:"Alp | Origin and meaning of alp by Online Etymology Dictionary" 4742:

Depending on the definitions used, a small mountain range in western

4488: 4435: 4258: 4254: 4189: 4090: 4079:

derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps

3947: 3853: 3817: 3765: 3757: 3682: 3241: 3237: 3168: 3060: 2981: 2850: 2846: 2833: 2783: 2764: 2756: 2707: 2657: 2619: 2588: 2568: 2560: 2488: 2475: 2459: 2414: 2325:

have major tributaries flowing into them that originate in the Alps.

2318: 2314: 2273: 2047: 2039: 1944: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1812: 1707: 1673: 1613: 1426: 1180:

Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the

1142: 811: 586: 551:

collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine

438: 6932: 3943: 3865: 3619:

in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva amid a thunderstorm. When

2545: 1795: 1449:(1804), although some of them were climbed only much later, such at 1338: 953: 908: 484:, stretching approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight 9907: 9508: 9493: 9488: 9389: 8423: 8418: 8155: 8130: 7966:

Hannibal Crosses The Alps: The Invasion Of Italy And The Punic Wars

4859: 4803:

The Hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide

4439: 4375: 4224: 4126: 3914: 3849: 3789: 3624: 3495: 3466: 3365: 3326: 3180: 3176: 3156: 3115: 3111: 3095: 3068: 3036: 3012: 3008: 2997: 2989: 2909: 2898: 2572: 2504:

Shrinkage of snow cover duration, starting ~end of the 19th century

2234: 2100: 2096: 1987: 1979: 1863: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1699: 1543: 1458: 1433:(1864); the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the 1391: 1308: 1134: 1022: 938: 926: 771: 767: 616: 608: 517: 397: 321: 7797:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6935:

Battlefield Emotions 1500-1800: Practices, Experience, Imagination

4009: 2671: 2351:, accessible only by boat or by climbing over the abutting peaks. 2302: 1751: 1387: 1378: 980: 8455: 8180: 8135: 7093:

Goethe en Suisse et dans les Alpes: Voyages de 1775, 1779 et 1797

4743: 4618: 4606: 4512: 4208: 4204: 4168: 4129:

in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the

4107: 4064: 4013: 3955: 3857: 3821: 3801: 3746: 3707: 3609: 3534:

presented the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, in his novel

3376: 3315: 3284: 3048: 3035:

lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the

3016: 2958: 2810: 2787: 2665: 2646: 2642: 2564: 2484: 2206: 2150: 2088: 2067: 1998: 1816: 1587: 1334: 1277: 1092: 949: 945: 756: 688: 532: 513: 509: 422: 380: 301: 291: 269: 7840:

Packs On!: Memoirs of the 10th Mountain Division in World War II

7461:, 13th edition, Marco Polo, Ostfildern (Germany), 2017, Pp. 21f. 6969: 6419: 3961: 3572:

as part of the greater Swiss struggle for independence from the

3430:-dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the 2985: 2205:

are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys.

1326:

It is the first tunnel that traverses the Alps on a flat route.

597: 9148: 8160: 8150: 6460: 6171: 5289: 4602: 4459: 4340: 4250: 4241: 4181: 4162: 4146: 3980: 3922: 3869: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3809: 3793: 3777: 3307: 3245: 3229: 3190: 3164: 3020: 2966: 2596:

Above the forestry, there is often a band of dwarf pine trees (

2463: 2322: 2196:

valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the

2104: 2092: 2019: 1983: 1910: 1898: 1446: 1346: 1297: 1269: 1193: 1076: 1042: 957: 930: 810:

refers to a high mountain pasture, typically near or above the

725: 697: 657: 540: 493: 489: 481: 417: 316: 296: 78: 7826:

The Western Alps, From Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt

5044: 4989:

Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii

3568:(1804), which tells the story of the legendary Swiss marksman 2247:

High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to

9866: 8428: 8211: 8072: 8063: 6215: 6213: 4730: 4371: 4193: 4185: 4134: 4118: 4071:; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. 4067:, while the southern part of the western range is related to 4021: 3988: 3861: 3833: 3825: 3813: 3805: 3797: 3726: 3494:(1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of 3396: 3353: 3187:

remains of villas, arenas, and temples have been discovered.

3172: 3171:. The Romans built settlements in the Alps. In towns such as 3044: 3032: 2970: 2866: 2806: 2747:

type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.

2374: 2298: 2202: 1383: 1361: 1350: 1330: 1316: 1281: 1088: 1017: 501: 306: 7759:

Views from the Alps: Regional Perspectives on Climate Change

7367: 7365: 5995: 5047:"Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen" 2778:

The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the

8413: 6219: 6104: 6102: 6070: 6068: 5946: 5431:(graphical animation) (in German). Zürich. April 14, 2016. 4586:. With the opening of the 57.1 km-long (35.5 mi) 4278: 3877: 3873: 3841: 3279:, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the 3064: 3024: 2873: 2329: 1897:. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine 1481:

The 29 Alpine four-thousanders with at least 300 metres of

611:

notably crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the

582: 524: 7882:

Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II

7613:"Ski resorts of the Alps: the development, 'Marmota Maps'" 6210: 5796: 5463:(graphical animation) (in German). Zürich. April 1, 2016. 3248:, still has intricate frescoes, and excellent examples of 592:

Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the

7362: 6370: 3976: 2637:

grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the

803:

in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks.

774:, although it is more likely derived from the Latin word 687:("white"), or could possibly come from the Greek goddess 459: 7910:

Snow Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry

7353: 6099: 6065: 3556:

visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in

3434:(Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the 7584: 2865:

live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the

2826:

which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or the

2189:, devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers. 1959:

in the centre and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the

1303:

On 1 June 2016 the world's longest railway tunnel, the

627:

as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks of the Alps.

7585:

Briand, F.; Dubost, M.; Pitt, D.; Rambaud, D. (1989).

7488:

Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Alpes

5271:"Die Alpen: Hydrologie und Verkehrsübergänge (German)" 4767:"Le Mont-Blanc passe de 4.810 mètres à 4.808,7 mètres" 3883:

Cities with over 100,000 inhabitants in the Alps are:

3099:

human settlements in the Alps with settlements in the

2419:

The Alps are a classic example of what happens when a

2297:

Major European rivers flow from the Alps, such as the

9712: 6933:

Cornelis van der Haven; Erika Kuijpers, eds. (2016).

4454:(Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the 3718:, stayed over, sleeping in tents or over the garage. 2180:

Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the

1075:

The northeast end of the Alpine arc, directly on the

468: 7726:. (2008). Berkeley: University of California Press. 7303:

Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice

7278:

Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice

7253:

Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice

7102: 7100: 6770:

Iron Age Slaving and Enslavement in Northwest Europe

4982: 3333:

was established, two years later an army across the

1323:

by two single tubes of 57.1 km (35.5 mi).

1300:

on the south side, exactly like the railway tunnel.

465: 462: 8695:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7225: 6986: 6984: 5355:"Ronce, le gardien silencieux du col du Mont-Cenis" 5317:. Encyclopædia Britannica; retrieved 6 August 2012. 5230:

located in the Bernina range, close to Piz Bernina.

5174: 5172: 5170: 7477:"What Role Do the Alps Play within World Tourism?" 6653: 6651: 6641: 6639: 6311: 5551: 5549: 4796: 4582:was opened, which circumvents the 100 years older 2317:, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the 1288:(16.9 km (10.5 mi) long) connecting the 1045:, at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively. 7300: 7275: 7250: 7097: 6907: 6116: 6114: 5906: 5904: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 4940: 4938: 4525:, the deadliest avalanche in the Alps in 40 years 4110:while the farmers dress in traditional costumes. 3325:in the late 18th century and early 19th century, 1400:Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme 30:"Alpe" redirects here. For the German river, see 9918: 7842:. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. 7820:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 737–754. 7802: 7374: 6981: 6975: 6618: 6466: 6177: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5295: 5167: 4601:either because of inaccessibility or by choice. 3788:The largest city within the Alps is the city of 3224:Christianity was established in the Alps by the 2514:snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff 2133:This illustration of the glacier systems of the 1889:were uplifted, forming characteristic recumbent 8027:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 7418:"Cahier d'architecture Haute Maurienne/Vanoise" 7325: 7159: 7052: 7050: 6772:. Archaeopress Publishing Limited. p. 18. 6692: 6690: 6648: 6636: 6627: 5792: 5790: 5546: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 4235:is cultivated. At cultural events, traditional 3217:Napoleon passing the Great St Bernard Pass, by 1473:was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger 8073:Official website of the Alpine Space Programme 6111: 5901: 5874: 5708: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5137: 5135: 5133: 4935: 4498:December 13, 1916 Marmolada-mountain-avalanche 3725:. The Alps acted as a geographical barrier to 3645:being the highlight. In the later years, the " 3504: 1990:probably occurred in the Cretaceous or later. 1943:regions. The Alps are subdivided by different 8196: 8108: 8094: 7824:De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. (2011). 5584: 5513:"The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List" 5306: 5304: 3641:, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn by 3576:in the early 14th century. At the end of the 3540:, published in 1761. Later the first wave of 2996:of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 2675:Preserved internal alpine forest and meadow, 2622:is the area defined as "alpine" where in the 2343:on the French side. In Germany, the medieval 2050:(picture taken at 2,400 metres or 7,900 feet) 239: 224: 209: 7047: 6804: 6699: 6687: 6531: 6529: 5787: 5717: 5664: 5662: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5385: 5114: 5112: 5087: 4039: 3191:Christianity, feudalism, and Napoleonic wars 2285:in Bavaria is a popular tourist destination. 1272:; in 1882 the 15 km-long (9.3 mi) 476:) are one of the highest and most extensive 194: 179: 7451: 6873: 5692: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5626: 5624: 5598: 5130: 5040: 5038: 5036: 4805:. Abington, United Kingdom: Helicon. 2014. 1826:; it broke into separate plates during the 8203: 8189: 8101: 8087: 7656:Swissworld.org. Retrieved August 20, 2012, 6912:. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. 6767: 5922: 5892: 5455:"Was die Tunnelbauer im Gotthard antrafen" 5301: 5151: 5149: 5147: 4491:in a village on the French-Italian border. 4203:In the German-speaking parts of the Alps ( 4104:Almabtrieb, Alpabzug, Alpabfahrt, Désalpes 3681:The Nazis hid looted art in salt mines at 3452:in 1356. The knight reached the summit of 3341:. In October 1799 the troops commanded by 713:is also supposed to derive from the Greek 8041:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8011:Trekking and Climbing in the Western Alps 7854:Killing Dragons: The Conquest of the Alps 7779:(alpconv.org). Retrieved August 4, 2012. 6526: 6396: 6340: 6255: 6245: 6085:Mountains: Globally Important Eco-systems 5972: 5913: 5831: 5699: 5659: 5633: 5109: 5070: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4534:January 13, 2016 Les-Deux-Alpes avalanche 1394:) has the tallest north face in the Alps. 1079:, which flows into the Black Sea, is the 641: 7994:Minerals first Discovered in Switzerland 7518:. Olympic.org. Retrieved August 13, 2012 7471: 7469: 7467: 5687: 5671: 5621: 5033: 4609:(in Switzerland) are accessible only by 4553: 4346: 4330: 4314: 4227:, there is a strong tradition of Alpine 4167: 4152: 4112: 4085: 3783: 3752: 3676: 3508: 3471: 3416: 3212: 3194: 3128: 2930: 2832: 2769: 2670: 2656: 2581: 2544: 2499: 2437: 2353: 2272: 2211: 2164: 2128: 1965: 1919: 1862:—a process that began at the end of the 1794: 1377: 1253:Now the pass has been supplanted by the 1242:, Napoléon and more recently the German 1108: 1041:, at 4,634 m (15,203 ft), and 1016: 966: 907: 732:says that all high mountains are called 701:, a dull white leprosy; and finally the 651: 615:had settlements in the region. In 1800, 432: 163:200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) 8023:Shoumatoff, Nicholas and Nina. (2001). 6786: 5144: 4508:February 10, 1970 Val d'Isère avalanche 4481: 2957:, close to Grenoble and Echirolles. In 2830:, a high-altitude tourist destination. 766:, "Albania" was a name for the eastern 681:could possibly come from the adjective 14: 9919: 7207:from the original on November 24, 2020 7126:"Gods, Ghosts, and Shelley's 'Atheos'" 6289:"IPCC regional fact sheet - Mountains" 6132: 5367:from the original on November 28, 2021 5352: 5328:"History of the Great St Bernard pass" 4952:from the original on December 17, 2018 4915: 4840:from the original on December 20, 2022 4777:from the original on December 26, 2018 4759: 3824:). Larger cities outside the Alps are 3562:(1799). Schiller later wrote the play 3479:shown in, Descent from Mont-Blanc, by 2385:, originates in the Italian Alps. The 1769: 975:, the second-highest range of the Alps 27:Major mountain range in central Europe 8184: 8082: 7740:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7619:from the original on October 17, 2021 7556:. HKR.com. Retrieved August 13, 2012, 7490:. CIRPA.org. Retrieved August 9, 2012 7464: 7430:from the original on November 3, 2013 7162:"Cliffhanger at the top of the world" 6937:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 96. 6360:from the original on October 9, 2022. 6301:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5775:from the original on February 2, 2019 5769:"The largest earthquakes in the Alps" 5749:from the original on February 3, 2019 5743:"SED | Earthquakes and the Alps" 5425:[Who has the longest tube?]. 5320: 5277:from the original on November 3, 2021 5241:"Alps | Definition, Map, & Facts" 4995:from the original on November 6, 2021 4870:from the original on October 22, 2023 4827: 4711: 4698: 4685: 4664: 4651: 4544:July 3, 2022 Marmolada serac collapse 4503:1950–1951 winter-of-terror avalanches 3733:. After World War II, members of the 1264:The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from 1118:(Devil's Bridge) on the route to the 925:basin, extending through France from 842:are used in German-speaking regions; 728:, the late fourth-century grammarian 276:map with international borders marked 9873: 8741:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 8060:17, 2005 Satellite photo of the Alps 7673:from the original on August 16, 2016 7669:. Bern: Swiss Federal Archives SFA. 7160:Fleming, Fergus (November 3, 2000). 6150:from the original on August 28, 2018 5541:The Geographical magazine: Volume 59 5353:Thiers, Frédéric (August 10, 2016). 5315:Encyclopedia Online Academic Edition 4903:from the original on October 1, 2023 4809:from the original on August 30, 2018 4539:January 18, 2016 Valfréjus avalanche 4418:in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1367: 1356:The highest pass in the alps is the 631:industry by the end of the century. 7996:. Lausanne, CH: Museum of Geology. 7804:Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort 7172:from the original on April 14, 2021 6168:Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 13 6005:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5572:from the original on April 22, 2021 5435:from the original on April 29, 2016 4885: 4523:February 23, 1999, Galtür avalanche 4518:February 21, 1999 Evolène avalanche 3694:which sustained significant damage. 3552:came to admire the Alpine scenery; 3043:settled in the Rhône valley and in 2347:was built on the south side of the 2262: 1087:in the area around Trieste towards 24: 8210: 7884:. Rockville Center, NY: Sarpedon. 7667:"Welcome to the AlpTransit Portal" 7588:The Alps - A system under pressure 6876:The Alps: An Environmental History 6722:from the original on June 12, 2012 6062:Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 5 5251:from the original on June 13, 2015 5155:Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 9 5021:from the original on July 28, 2017 4932:Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010), 8 4513:February 9, 1999 Montroc avalanche 4466:was first run in the same year in 4291:List of national parks in the Alps 3741:, known in modern English only as 3071:, where evidence was found of the 2901:can be found in the Italian Alps. 2718:important for medicinal purposes. 2602:), which is in turn superseded by 2392:Scientists have been studying the 1284:in Italy. 98 years later followed 1060:from the Mediterranean Sea to the 603:By the 6th century BC, the Celtic 83:4,808.73 m (15,776.7 ft) 25: 9993: 8053: 8025:The Alps: Europe's Mountain Heart 7771:Chatré, Baptiste, et al. (2010). 5522:(145). March 1994. Archived from 5467:from the original on May 11, 2016 4828:kutka, petr (February 21, 2022). 4590:on June 1, 2016, it bypasses the 4549: 3318:in the Alps could be eliminated. 3136:, a castle on the north shore of 2841:has adapted to alpine conditions. 1986:deposits in the Southern Alps of 1917:formed during mountain building. 960:, the demarcation is less clear. 563:into high mountain peaks such as 254:(not including numerous dialects) 9962:Mountain ranges of Liechtenstein 9899: 9882: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9818: 9806: 9794: 9782: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9722: 9697: 9696: 9685: 8169: 7968:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. 7810:; Knox, Howard Vincent (1911). " 7790: 7752:Environmental Science and Policy 7685: 7659: 7640: 7631: 7605: 7578: 7559: 7540: 7521: 7502: 7493: 7442: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7344: 7319: 7294: 7269: 7244: 7219: 7193: 7184: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7118: 7109: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7038: 7029: 7020: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6960: 6951: 6926: 6901: 6892: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6795: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6708: 6678: 6669: 6660: 6422:Science of the Total Environment 5017:. Etymonline.com. May 14, 1955. 4597:Some high mountain villages are 4026: 4008: 3993: 3975: 3960: 3942: 3927: 3909: 2028: 1205: 1200:to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. 1021:A typical alpine village in the 933:, Austria, and southeast to the 870:in French-speaking regions; and 455: 268: 51: 9426:Orders, decorations, and medals 8062:, taken on August 31, 2005, by 7775:. Permanent Secretariat of the 6828:Beattie, (2006), 32, 34, 37, 43 6609: 6591: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6538: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6481: 6472: 6438:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.036 6413: 6364: 6305: 6281: 6272: 6201: 6192: 6183: 6162: 6123: 6090: 6077: 6056: 6047: 5989: 5953:Journal of Geophysical Research 5940: 5931: 5865: 5856: 5824:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.01.005 5761: 5735: 5726: 5647: 5612: 5568:. Bielefeldt.de. July 6, 2010. 5566:"4000 m Peaks of the Alps" 5558: 5533: 5505: 5479: 5447: 5415: 5404: 5379: 5346: 5263: 5233: 5216: 5207: 5181: 5158: 5121: 5007: 4976: 4964: 4561:Interregio train following the 4200:, they are called "tavaillon". 2641:. Gentians are named after the 2240:Glaciers end in ice caves (the 2125:List of glaciers in Switzerland 1901:sediments was deposited in the 1807:The formation of the Alps (the 1374:List of Alpine four-thousanders 9977:Mountain ranges of Switzerland 7697: 7132:, Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 4–18 6976:Coolidge, Lake & Knox 1911 6579:Shoumatoff (2001), 90, 96, 101 6467:Coolidge, Lake & Knox 1911 6377:Environmental Research Letters 6178:Coolidge, Lake & Knox 1911 5296:Coolidge, Lake & Knox 1911 4852: 4821: 4789: 4736: 4719: 4638: 4529:July 2014 Mont-Blanc avalanche 3745:, disappeared into a crowd of 3584:effects of monumental nature. 3406: 3206:crossing the Alps in 1799, by 3140:, against the backdrop of the 3063:respectively. The Celts mined 3031:between 1500 and 1000 BC. The 2945:When the ice melted after the 2530:Alps conifer and mixed forests 1874:plates that began in the late 1756:4,110 m (13,484 ft) 1748:4,221 m (13,848 ft) 1738:4,010 m (13,156 ft) 1730:4,122 m (13,524 ft) 1722:4,274 m (14,022 ft) 1712:4,013 m (13,166 ft) 1704:4,158 m (13,642 ft) 1696:4,309 m (14,137 ft) 1686:4,043 m (13,264 ft) 1678:4,160 m (13,648 ft) 1670:4,357 m (14,295 ft) 1660:4,049 m (13,284 ft) 1652:4,173 m (13,691 ft) 1644:4,478 m (14,692 ft) 1634:4,048 m (13,281 ft) 1626:4,190 m (13,747 ft) 1618:4,505 m (14,780 ft) 1608:4,061 m (13,323 ft) 1600:4,194 m (13,760 ft) 1592:4,532 m (14,869 ft) 1582:4,063 m (13,330 ft) 1574:4,199 m (13,776 ft) 1566:4,546 m (14,915 ft) 1556:4,078 m (13,379 ft) 1548:4,206 m (13,799 ft) 1540:4,634 m (15,203 ft) 1530:4,102 m (13,458 ft) 1522:4,208 m (13,806 ft) 1514:4,810 m (15,781 ft) 1406:that are considered important 995:on the southern side, and the 13: 1: 7926:. New York: Springer Verlag. 7894:Halbrook, Stephen P. (2006). 7880:Halbrook, Stephen P. (1998). 7757:Cebon, Peter, et al. (1998). 7326:Francesca Fauri, ed. (2014). 7074:Fleming (2000), 12–13, 30, 27 7026:qtd in Shoumatoff (2001), 193 6559:Biodiversity and Conservation 5015:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 4753: 3514:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 3304:War of the Spanish Succession 3027:tribes settled in modern-day 2926: 2893:. Spiders, such as the large 2466:in Switzerland, and northern 2216:The Sphinx Tunnel connecting 1471:great north faces of the Alps 1307:, was opened, which connects 1274:Saint Gotthard Railway Tunnel 894:in Italian-speaking regions. 783:In modern languages the term 576:4,000 m (13,000 ft) 523:The Alpine arch extends from 274:Relief of the Alps. See also 8037:Viazzo, Pier Paolo. (1980). 7954:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 7950:Mitchell, Arthur H. (2007). 7738:The Alps: A Cultural History 7575:. Retrieved August 14, 2012. 7537:. Retrieved August 14, 2012. 7226:Despina Stratigakos (2015). 6398:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034026 6321:Geophysical Research Letters 5423:"Wer hat die grösste Röhre?" 5386:Kalla-Bishop, P. M. (1971). 5051:Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 3672: 3413:Exploration of the High Alps 3075:. By the 6th century BC the 2975:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica 2940:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica 2365:are characterised by warmer 2218:Jungfraujoch railway station 2141:was first published 1848 in 1105:Principal passes of the Alps 897: 7: 9972:Mountain ranges of Slovenia 9466:Water supply and sanitation 8890:Italian geographical region 8758:Monarchy and the World Wars 8700:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 8586:War of the Sicilian Vespers 8239:Timeline of Italian history 7922:Körner, Christian. (2003). 7898:. Havertown, PA: Casemate. 7761:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 7547:"Hahenkamm Races Kitzbuhel" 7448:Shoumataff (2001), 129, 135 7407:Shoumataff (2001), 131, 134 7255:. OUP Oxford. p. xvi. 6846:Beattie, (2006), 41, 46, 48 6096:Alpine Convention (2010), 8 4987:. In Georgius Thilo (ed.). 4438:, Austria (1964 and 1976), 4017: 4004: 3984: 3971: 3951: 3938: 3918: 3905: 3737:that feared prosecution as 3505:The Romantics and Alpinists 3492:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 3477:Horace Bénédict de Saussure 3306:fallout resulted in a 1713 2662:Berchtesgaden National Park 2328:The Rhône is second to the 2321:. Other rivers such as the 2269:List of valleys of the Alps 2224:, through a glacier at the 2118: 2074: 1477:(north face of the Eiger). 709:. Similarly, the river god 691:, whose name is related to 147:1,200 km (750 mi) 10: 9998: 9952:Mountain ranges of Hungary 9947:Mountain ranges of Germany 9937:Mountain ranges of Austria 9385:Inventions and discoveries 8795:Fall of the Fascist regime 8778:Fourth War of Independence 8736:Expedition of the Thousand 8726:Second War of Independence 7715:November 28, 2021, at the 7552:February 19, 2011, at the 7389:Shoumataff (2001), 123–126 7371:Shoumataff (2001), 114–166 7350:Chartes et. el. (2010), 14 7305:. OUP Oxford. p. 15. 7301:Gerald Steinacher (2011). 7276:Gerald Steinacher (2011). 7251:Gerald Steinacher (2011). 7035:Shoumatoff (2001), 192–194 6990:Shoumatoff (2001), 188–191 6908:Alexander Statiev (2018). 6898:Shoumatoff (2001), 182–183 6855:Beattie, (2006), 73, 75–76 6624:Shoumatoff (2001), 102–103 6247:10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3 6108:Benniston et al. (2011), 3 6074:Benniston et al. (2011), 1 6025:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.039 5555:Shoumatoff (2001), 197–200 5543:, Geographical Press, 1987 4983:Maurus Servius Honoratus. 4288: 4284: 4043: 3546:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 3410: 3120:Hannibal crossing the Alps 3094:responded to raids by the 2919: 2915: 2633:Alpine plants such as the 2606:, dwarf shrubs, typically 2538: 2527: 2523: 2408: 2404: 2369:than the surrounding areas 2266: 2122: 1773: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1371: 1102: 948:in Germany. In areas like 901: 645: 443:UNESCO World Heritage Site 57:Satellite view of the Alps 29: 9967:Mountain ranges of Monaco 9942:Mountain ranges of France 9681: 9479: 9325: 9316: 9180: 9171: 9159:Security and intelligence 9032: 9023: 8885: 8876: 8819: 8746:Third War of Independence 8721:First War of Independence 8708: 8601: 8510: 8391: 8328: 8247: 8231: 8222: 8167: 8116: 8110:Mountain ranges of France 7852:Fleming, Fergus. (2000). 7736:Beattie, Andrew. (2006). 7724:The Encyclopedia of Earth 7514:October 31, 2017, at the 7359:Chartes et. el. (2010), 5 7280:. OUP Oxford. p. 3. 7230:. Yale University Press. 6792:Lancel, Serge, (1999), 71 6554:October 14, 2017, at the 6514:qtd in Beattie (2006), 17 6129:Shoumatoff (2001), 24, 31 5127:Shoumatoff (2001), 117–19 5072:10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x 4576:Europe's highest railways 4414:in Chamonix, France; the 4403:championship was held in 4245:) is expected: typically 4040:Alpine people and culture 3537:Julie, or the New Heloise 3375:had built monasteries in 2518:climate change adaptation 2359:Southern pre-alpine lakes 1758: 1098: 741:Oxford English Dictionary 720:In his commentary on the 403: 391: 379: 374: 335: 284: 266: 261: 172: 167: 159: 155:250 km (160 mi) 151: 143: 138: 99: 87: 77: 67: 62: 50: 45: 9957:Mountain ranges of Italy 8837:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 8832:Institutional referendum 7533:August 13, 2012, at the 7330:. Taylor & Francis. 7141:Beattie, (2006), 127–133 7115:Beattie, (2006), 125–126 7083:Beattie, (2006), 121–123 6657:Shoumatoff (2001), 88–89 6633:Shoumatoff (2001), 97–98 5910:Shoumatoff (2001), 71–72 5889:Shoumatoff (2001), 63–68 5862:Shoumatoff (2001), 49–53 5178:Beattie (2006), xii–xiii 4631: 4462:; the equally demanding 4432:Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956) 4157:Herding sheep in Austria 4046:Transhumance in the Alps 3607:" and the dramatic poem 3281:Great Saint Bernard Pass 3277:Great St Bernard Hospice 3167:valley and defeated the 2988:, was discovered on the 2750: 2609:Rhododendron ferrugineum 2534: 2394:impact of climate change 2345:St. Bartholomew's chapel 2279:St. Bartholomew's chapel 2139:Alexander Keith Johnston 730:Maurus Servius Honoratus 543:at the beginning of the 9982:Physiographic provinces 9360:Emigration and diaspora 8569:Guelphs and Ghibellines 8554:the Sardinian Judicates 8013:. London: New Holland. 8009:Sharp, Hilary. (2002). 7992:Roth, Philipe. (2007). 7936:Lancel, Serge. (1999). 7908:Hudson, Simon. (2000). 7828:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 7817:Encyclopædia Britannica 7722:Allaby, Michael et al. 7509:"21 Past Olympic Games" 7482:April 27, 2009, at the 7130:Literature and Theology 6864:Beattie, (2006), 56, 66 6740:Beattie, (2006), 31, 34 6144:Encyclopedia Britannica 6017:2013E&PSL.368..119S 5311:Encyclopædia Britannica 5245:Encyclopædia Britannica 5106:Reynolds, (2012), 43–45 4860:"The Alpine Convention" 4319:View of the ski resort 4273:. Many areas celebrate 4077:Rhaeto-Romanic language 3605:The Prisoner of Chillon 3360:, which was crossed by 3289:Federal Charter of 1291 1924:The dolomitic peaks of 1296:on the north side with 1133:In the medieval period 648:Albion § Etymology 94:List of mountain ranges 34:. For ‌other uses, see 9242:Science and technology 9190:Italian regions by GDP 8991:Marine protected areas 8663:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 7978:Reynolds, Kev. (2012) 7964:Prevas, John. (2001). 7571:March 4, 2016, at the 7398:Shoumataff (2001), 134 6966:Shoumatoff (2001), 108 6957:Beattie, (2006), 69-70 6819:Beattie, (2006), 28–31 6758:Shoumatoff (2001), 131 6615:Shoumatoff (2001), 101 6603:April 6, 2014, at the 6588:Shoumatoff (2001), 104 6087:. University of Oxford 5595:Graciansky (2011), 1–2 4708: 4695: 4682: 4661: 4648: 4580:Lötschberg Base Tunnel 4570: 4446:, France, (1992), and 4424:Garmisch-Partenkirchen 4359: 4344: 4328: 4311:Tourism in Switzerland 4177: 4158: 4122: 4094: 3695: 3647:silver age of alpinism 3635:golden age of alpinism 3520: 3518:Caspar David Friedrich 3483: 3424: 3387:built their temple at 3221: 3210: 3144: 2942: 2842: 2798:by three hunters from 2775: 2679: 2668: 2593: 2556: 2505: 2447: 2370: 2286: 2229: 2177: 2146: 1975: 1961:Southern Alpine system 1932: 1834:sea developed between 1822:consisted of a single 1804: 1483:topographic prominence 1435:golden age of alpinism 1395: 1386:(shown along with the 1276:was opened connecting 1155:Great St. Bernard Pass 1123: 1030: 976: 913: 661: 642:Etymology and toponymy 625:golden age of alpinism 607:was well established. 598:mummified man ("Ötzi") 446: 240: 225: 210: 195: 180: 9441:Public administration 8549:the Holy Roman Empire 7940:. Oxford: Blackwell. 7870:. Boston: MIT Press. 7652:May 27, 2013, at the 7637:Fleming (2000), 89–90 7615:. November 15, 2019. 7591:. IUCN. p. 128. 7475:Bartaletti, Fabrizio. 6675:Shoumatoff (2001), 91 6666:Shoumatoff (2001), 93 6645:Shoumatoff (2001), 96 6597:Rupicapra rupicapra 6523:Shoumatoff (2001), 87 6505:Shoumatoff (2001), 85 6478:Shoumatoff (2001), 75 6278:Benniston (2011), 3–4 6226:Nature Climate Change 6053:Shoumatoff (2001), 31 5804:Earth-Science Reviews 5723:Graciansky (2011), 31 5714:Graciansky (2011), 29 5618:Shoumatoff (2001), 35 5195:on September 25, 2018 4557: 4350: 4334: 4318: 4289:Further information: 4171: 4156: 4116: 4089: 4044:Further information: 3784:Largest Alpine cities 3753:Undocumented migrants 3680: 3532:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3512: 3475: 3442:Charles VII of France 3420: 3395:maintained abbeys in 3335:Great St Bernard Pass 3295:was established as a 3216: 3198: 3132: 3092:Etruscan civilization 2934: 2836: 2805:Many rodents such as 2773: 2716:secondary metabolites 2677:Vanoise National Park 2674: 2660: 2615:Rhododendron hirsutum 2585: 2548: 2503: 2441: 2357: 2276: 2215: 2168: 2132: 1969: 1926:Triglav National Park 1923: 1885:and pressure, marine 1798: 1381: 1280:in Switzerland, with 1255:Fréjus Highway Tunnel 1112: 1070:Colle della Maddalena 1020: 970: 911: 904:Geography of the Alps 695:, the "white flour"; 668:comes from the Latin 655: 488:(from west to east): 436: 36:Alps (disambiguation) 9669:World Heritage Sites 9124:Council of Ministers 8862:Coronavirus pandemic 8260:Currency and coinage 7912:. New York: Cengage 7866:Gerrard, AJ. (1990) 7838:Feuer, A.B. (2006). 7150:Beattie, (2006), 139 6874:Jon Mathieu (2019). 6801:Prevas (2001), 68–69 6561:, 21 (4): 1115–1126. 6547:and Ratajc, P. 2012. 6342:10.1029/2010GL042616 5974:10.1029/2010JF001823 5928:Gerrard, (1990), 108 5898:Gerrard, (1990), 132 5609:Graciansky (2011), 5 5487:"Official Timetable" 5213:Shoumtoff (2001), 23 4729:are higher, and the 4588:Gotthard Base Tunnel 4482:Avalanche/snow-slide 4420:1936 Winter Olympics 4416:1928 Winter Olympics 4412:1924 Winter Olympics 4277:in the weeks before 4032:Trentino-South Tyrol 3999:Trentino-South Tyrol 3933:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 3593:Percy Bysshe Shelley 3481:Christian von Mechel 3436:canton of St. Gallen 2685:Ranunculus glacialis 2589:Leontopodium alpinum 2433:adiabatic lapse rate 1883:compressive stresses 1305:Gotthard Base Tunnel 1286:Gotthard Road Tunnel 780:, the colour white. 747:might derive from a 636:Winter Olympic Games 123:45.83278°N 6.86500°E 9932:Geography of Europe 9200:Automotive industry 9139:Metropolitan cities 8685:Early Modern period 8658:Kingdom of Sardinia 8609:Italian city-states 7856:. New York: Grove. 7566:Lauberhorn Downhill 7499:Beattie (2006), 198 7056:Fleming (2000), vii 6810:Beattie, (2006), 27 6768:Karim Mata (2019). 6705:Beattie, (2006), 21 6696:Beattie, (2006), 25 6684:Reynolds (2012), 75 6570:Gerrard (1990), 225 6430:2015ScTEn.503..222Z 6389:2013ERL.....8c4026Z 6333:2010GeoRL..3710501H 6238:2023NatCC..13..155C 6198:Ceben (1998), 34–36 5965:2011JGRF..116.3001S 5919:Gerrard, (1990), 78 5816:2019ESRv..190..589S 5732:Beattie (2006), 6–8 5644:Gerrard, (1990), 16 5334:on December 8, 2012 5141:Ceben (1998), 22–24 5063:2004SwJG...97...93S 3706:, into a fortified 3687:Early Netherlandish 3663:Michael Innerkofler 3524:Albrecht von Haller 2955:Vercors Cave System 2922:History of the Alps 2872:Several species of 2869:are now protected. 2612:(on acid soils) or 2411:Climate of the Alps 1957:Austroalpine system 1780:Geology of the Alps 1770:Geology and orogeny 1761:list continued here 1485: 1266:Central Switzerland 1141:(the highest), the 971:Aerial view of the 952:, Switzerland, and 717:and means whitish. 703:Proto-Indo-European 355: / 119: / 9262:Telecommunications 8629:Maritime republics 7982:. Cicerone Press. 7691:Hudson (2000), 107 7528:Lauberhorn History 7124:Geoffrey Hartman, 7106:Fleming (2000), 83 7065:Fleming (2000), 27 7008:Fleming (2000), 12 6487:Beattie (2006), 17 5705:Schmid (2004), 103 5668:Schmid (2004), 102 5630:Gerrard, (1990), 9 5411:Swiss National Map 5360:Le Dauphiné libéré 4985:"Book 10, line 13" 4727:Caucasus Mountains 4571: 4442:, France, (1968), 4360: 4345: 4335:The ski resort in 4329: 4327:, Bavaria, Germany 4303:Tourism in Germany 4295:Tourism in Austria 4178: 4159: 4123: 4095: 3714:. Guests, such as 3696: 3521: 3499:Placidus a Spescha 3484: 3425: 3364:to obliterate the 3254:Château de Chillon 3234:Carolingian Empire 3222: 3211: 3145: 3134:Château de Chillon 2943: 2855:Alpine salamanders 2843: 2809:live underground. 2776: 2680: 2669: 2594: 2571:trees—oak, beech, 2557: 2549:Stemless gentian ( 2508:Various models of 2506: 2448: 2371: 2287: 2257:Numerical modeling 2230: 2222:Sphinx Observatory 2178: 2172:'s studies of the 2147: 2143:The Physical Atlas 1976: 1951:in the north, the 1933: 1805: 1656:Gross Fiescherhorn 1480: 1396: 1257:(opened 1980) and 1198:Napoleon Bonaparte 1124: 1052:in France and the 1031: 977: 914: 662: 623:, followed by the 447: 63:Highest point 9710: 9709: 9677: 9676: 9312: 9311: 9247:Southern question 9167: 9166: 9099:Political parties 9047:Foreign relations 9019: 9018: 8872: 8871: 8593:Kingdom of Naples 8581:Kingdom of Sicily 8178: 8177: 8047:978-0-521-30663-8 8033:978-0-472-11111-4 8019:978-0-8117-2954-3 8002:978-3-9807561-8-1 7988:978-1-85284-465-3 7974:978-0-306-81070-1 7960:978-0-7864-2458-0 7952:Hitler's Mountain 7946:978-0-631-21848-7 7932:978-3-540-00347-2 7924:Alpine Plant Life 7918:978-0-304-70471-2 7904:978-1-932033-42-7 7890:978-1-885119-53-7 7876:978-0-262-07128-4 7862:978-0-8021-3867-5 7848:978-0-8117-3289-5 7834:978-0-444-53724-9 7785:978-88-905158-2-8 7777:Alpine Convention 7767:978-0-262-03252-0 7746:978-0-19-530955-3 7732:978-0-520-25471-8 7705:Alpine Convention 7044:Fleming (2000), 8 7017:Fleming (2000), 5 6999:Fleming (2000), 6 6749:Fleming (2000), 2 6207:Viazzo (1980), 17 6189:Fleming (2000), 3 5684:Schmid (2004), 97 5529:on March 7, 2010. 5164:Fleming (2000), 1 5118:Fleming (2000), 4 4893:"Ötzi the Iceman" 4864:Alpine Convention 4626:highest in Europe 4584:Lötschberg Tunnel 4452:Lauberhorn Rennen 4428:St. Moritz (1948) 4380:Cortina d'Ampezzo 4337:Cortina d'Ampezzo 4299:Tourism in France 4037: 4036: 3774:carretta del mare 3459:Leonardo da Vinci 3422:Mont Blanc massif 3391:. Meanwhile, the 3358:col du Mont-Cenis 3343:Alexander Suvorov 3331:Helvetic Republic 3302:In the Alps, the 3270:House of Habsburg 3266:Visconti of Milan 3204:Alexander Suvorov 3073:Hallstatt culture 3067:in areas such as 2994:mitochondrial DNA 2845:Reptiles such as 2727:Prunella vulgaris 2703:Eritrichium nanum 2697:Saxifraga biflora 2541:Flora of the Alps 2427:have been called 2135:Mont Blanc massif 2081:Hallstatt culture 1887:sedimentary rocks 1767: 1766: 1368:Highest mountains 919:Mediterranean Sea 749:pre-Indo-European 739:According to the 664:The English word 553:sedimentary rocks 431: 430: 337:Range coordinates 128:45.83278; 6.86500 16:(Redirected from 9989: 9912: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9895: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9875: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9727: 9726: 9718: 9700: 9699: 9692:Italy portal 9689: 9688: 9629:National symbols 9323: 9322: 9178: 9177: 9030: 9029: 8883: 8882: 8763:Kingdom of Italy 8690:Napoleonic Italy 8229: 8228: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8182: 8181: 8173: 8126:Armorican Massif 8103: 8096: 8089: 8080: 8079: 7821: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7754:. Volume 30. 1–9 7692: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7644: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7582: 7576: 7563: 7557: 7544: 7538: 7525: 7519: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7491: 7473: 7462: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7372: 7369: 7360: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7081: 7075: 7072: 7066: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7045: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6905: 6899: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6878:. Polity Press. 6871: 6865: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6646: 6643: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6542: 6536: 6535:Sharp (2002), 14 6533: 6524: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6496:Körner (2003), 9 6494: 6488: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6344: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6249: 6217: 6208: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6120:Ceben (1998), 31 6118: 6109: 6106: 6097: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6002: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5944: 5938: 5937:Ceben (1998), 38 5935: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5835: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5685: 5682: 5669: 5666: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5631: 5628: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5596: 5593: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5544: 5539:Michael Huxley, 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5493:on June 27, 2022 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5388:Italian Railways 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5330:. Archived from 5324: 5318: 5308: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5191:. Archived from 5185: 5179: 5176: 5165: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5142: 5139: 5128: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5107: 5104: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5042: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4942: 4933: 4930: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4834:Světoběžník.info 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4763: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4713:[ˈáːlpɛ] 4702: 4689: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4666:[ˈalpn̩] 4655: 4642: 4565:shoreline, near 4374:in Switzerland, 4307:Tourism in Italy 4271:Saint John's Eve 4030: 4012: 3997: 3979: 3964: 3946: 3931: 3913: 3886: 3885: 3698:In autumn 1932, 3691:Ghent Altarpiece 3603:", Byron wrote " 3339:mountain warfare 3312:Peace of Utrecht 3108:Second Punic War 3005:Germanic peoples 2984:human, known as 2878:Blue butterflies 2839:Apollo butterfly 2820:bearded vultures 2796:Kleine Scheidegg 2721:Origanum vulgare 2691:Androsace alpina 2639:Lauterbrunnental 2552:Gentiana acaulis 2292:hydroelectricity 2263:Rivers and lakes 2182:Unteraar Glacier 2174:Unteraar Glacier 2032: 1915:sedimentary rock 1526:Barre des Écrins 1518:Grandes Jorasses 1486: 1479: 1431:Barre des Écrins 1321:canton of Ticino 1209: 921:north above the 801:grazing pastures 486:Alpine countries 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 370: 369: 367: 366: 365: 360: 356: 353: 352: 351: 348: 272: 251: 243: 236: 228: 221: 213: 206: 198: 191: 183: 134: 133: 131: 130: 129: 124: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 55: 43: 42: 21: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9911:from Wikivoyage 9905: 9900: 9898: 9888: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874:sister projects 9871:at Knowledge's 9865: 9855: 9853: 9843: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9747: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9721: 9713: 9711: 9706: 9686: 9673: 9644:Public holidays 9475: 9421:Life expectancy 9308: 9163: 9079:Law enforcement 9015: 8868: 8815: 8804:Social Republic 8768:Colonial Empire 8751:Capture of Rome 8704: 8597: 8506: 8399:Ancient peoples 8387: 8324: 8285:Historic states 8243: 8218: 8209: 8179: 8174: 8165: 8112: 8107: 8056: 8051: 7791: 7789: 7717:Wayback Machine 7700: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7654:Wayback Machine 7645: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7573:Wayback Machine 7564: 7560: 7554:Wayback Machine 7545: 7541: 7535:Wayback Machine 7526: 7522: 7516:Wayback Machine 7507: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7484:Wayback Machine 7474: 7465: 7457:Anita Ericson, 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6910:At War's Summit 6906: 6902: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6649: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6605:Wayback Machine 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6556:Wayback Machine 6543: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6418: 6414: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6083:Price, Martin. 6082: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5795: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5672: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5599: 5594: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5145: 5140: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5088: 5043: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4873: 4871: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4687:[ˈalpi] 4670: 4669: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4615:cog-rail trains 4592:Gotthard Tunnel 4552: 4484: 4450:. In 1930, the 4378:in France, and 4313: 4287: 4267:Walpurgis Night 4261:), dance (e.g. 4052: 4042: 3872:(Switzerland), 3786: 3755: 3675: 3578:Napoleonic Wars 3574:Habsburg Empire 3550:J. M. W. Turner 3507: 3415: 3409: 3323:Napoleonic Wars 3297:sovereign state 3232:expanded their 3219:Edouard Castres 3193: 3110:in 218 BC, the 3077:La Tène culture 3057:Northwest Italy 3053:Adriatic Veneti 2947:Würm glaciation 2929: 2924: 2918: 2753: 2543: 2537: 2532: 2526: 2462:in France, the 2444:Aletsch Glacier 2417: 2409:Main articles: 2407: 2341:Evian-les-Bains 2271: 2265: 2127: 2121: 2077: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2040:Haute Maurienne 2038: 2033: 1941:paleogeographic 1790:plate tectonics 1782: 1774:Main articles: 1772: 1445:(1800) and the 1429:(1861) and the 1376: 1370: 1358:Col de l'Iseran 1261:(opened 1871). 1232:Pepin the Short 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1139:Col de l'Iseran 1107: 1101: 906: 900: 675:The Latin word 650: 644: 605:La Tène culture 549:tectonic plates 545:Pannonian Basin 527:on the western 478:mountain ranges 458: 454: 427: 363: 361: 357: 354: 349: 346: 344: 342: 341: 331: 280: 279: 257: 245: 230: 215: 200: 185: 127: 125: 121: 118: 113: 110: 108: 106: 105: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9995: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9914: 9913: 9896: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9827: 9815: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9767: 9755: 9743: 9731: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9694: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9252:Stock exchange 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9154:Municipalities 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9114:Prime Minister 9111: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9001:Regional parks 8998: 8996:National parks 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8946: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8905:Climate change 8897: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8770: 8765: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8670: 8668:Duchy of Savoy 8665: 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8578: 8576:Lombard League 8573: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8498:Western Empire 8490: 8485: 8483:Roman conquest 8480: 8475: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8404:Italic peoples 8395: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8235: 8233: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8208: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:Massif Central 8143: 8141:Jura Mountains 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8106: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8055: 8054:External links 8052: 8050: 8049: 8035: 8021: 8007: 8004: 7990: 7980:The Swiss Alps 7976: 7962: 7948: 7934: 7920: 7906: 7892: 7878: 7864: 7850: 7836: 7822: 7787: 7769: 7755: 7748: 7734: 7720: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7684: 7658: 7639: 7630: 7604: 7597: 7577: 7558: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7492: 7463: 7450: 7441: 7409: 7400: 7391: 7373: 7361: 7352: 7343: 7336: 7318: 7311: 7293: 7286: 7268: 7261: 7243: 7236: 7228:Hitler at Home 7218: 7192: 7183: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7117: 7108: 7096: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7001: 6992: 6980: 6978:, p. 748. 6968: 6959: 6950: 6943: 6925: 6918: 6900: 6891: 6884: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6778: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6733: 6707: 6698: 6686: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6537: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6469:, p. 738. 6459: 6412: 6363: 6327:(10): L10501. 6304: 6280: 6271: 6232:(2): 155–160. 6209: 6200: 6191: 6182: 6180:, p. 737. 6170: 6161: 6131: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6089: 6076: 6064: 6055: 6046: 5988: 5959:(F3): F03001. 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5900: 5891: 5873: 5864: 5855: 5786: 5760: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5698: 5686: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5632: 5620: 5611: 5597: 5583: 5557: 5545: 5532: 5504: 5478: 5460:Tages-Anzeiger 5446: 5428:Tages-Anzeiger 5414: 5403: 5396: 5378: 5345: 5319: 5300: 5298:, p. 740. 5288: 5262: 5232: 5222:Excluding the 5215: 5206: 5180: 5166: 5157: 5143: 5129: 5120: 5108: 5086: 5032: 5006: 4975: 4963: 4934: 4914: 4884: 4851: 4820: 4788: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4735: 4718: 4700:[alps] 4636: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4569:in Switzerland 4551: 4550:Transportation 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4483: 4480: 4401:figure skating 4366:, in Bavaria, 4286: 4283: 4050:Swiss folklore 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4019: 4016: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3785: 3782: 3754: 3751: 3712:Josef Neumaier 3685:, such as the 3674: 3671: 3643:Edward Whymper 3506: 3503: 3487:Conrad Gessner 3411:Main article: 3408: 3405: 3389:Lake Constance 3310:, part of the 3262:House of Savoy 3208:Vasily Surikov 3192: 3189: 2928: 2925: 2920:Main article: 2917: 2914: 2890:Rosalia alpina 2792:canton of Bern 2752: 2749: 2733:Solanum nigrum 2651:D. H. Lawrence 2635:Alpine gentian 2628:high altitudes 2577:sycamore maple 2539:Main article: 2536: 2533: 2528:Main article: 2525: 2522: 2510:climate change 2498: 2497: 2496:Climate change 2483:location. The 2458:in Italy, the 2406: 2403: 2379:primary inflow 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2120: 2117: 2112:Leonhard Euler 2076: 2073: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1937:Jura Mountains 1907:foreland areas 1903:foreland basin 1881:Under extreme 1824:tectonic plate 1820:supercontinent 1809:Alpine orogeny 1776:Alpine orogeny 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1726:Aiguille Verte 1723: 1720: 1718:Finsteraarhorn 1714: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1682:Gross Grünhorn 1679: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1578:Ober Gabelhorn 1575: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1467:Edward Whymper 1408:mountaineering 1369: 1366: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1186:Zillertal Alps 1167:Semmering Pass 1100: 1097: 1054:Jura Mountains 1050:French Prealps 902:Main article: 899: 896: 643: 640: 441:(Italy) are a 429: 428: 426: 425: 420: 415: 413:Bündner schist 409: 407: 401: 400: 395: 389: 388: 386:Alpine orogeny 383: 377: 376: 372: 371: 359:46.58°N 8.62°E 339: 333: 332: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 286: 282: 281: 273: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 252: 237: 222: 207: 192: 176: 174: 170: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 136: 135: 103: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 26: 18:Alps mountains 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9994: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9910: 9909: 9908:Travel guides 9897: 9893: 9892: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9870: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9840: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9816: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9744: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9719: 9716: 9703: 9695: 9693: 9684: 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8824: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8785:Fascist Italy 8783: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Niçard exodus 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451:Magna Graecia 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 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3767: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3739:war criminals 3736: 3735:Schutzstaffel 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723:crime fiction 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3667:Angelo Dibona 3664: 3660: 3659:Paul Grohmann 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623:travelled to 3622: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595:and his wife 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3450:Mont Aiguille 3447: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258:Saint Maurice 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201:Generalissimo 3199:Troops under 3197: 3188: 3186: 3185:Partenkirchen 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155:defeated the 3154: 3153:Julius Caesar 3150: 3143: 3142:Dents du Midi 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3101:Mediterranean 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:A mummy of a 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824:alpine chough 2821: 2817: 2816:Golden eagles 2812: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2739:Urtica dioica 2735: 2734: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2678: 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Retrieved 4770: 4761: 4738: 4721: 4640: 4623: 4596: 4572: 4476:Les Menuires 4472: 4451: 4448:Turin (2006) 4409: 4397:Jungfraubahn 4393:cog-railways 4389:Belle Époque 4385: 4370:in Austria, 4361: 4354:running the 4352:Karl Schranz 4249:for men and 4240: 4237:folk costume 4233:folk culture 4229:folk culture 4202: 4179: 4160: 4142: 4140: 4124: 4100: 4096: 4063:derive from 4061:Aosta Valley 4057: 4053: 3892:Municipality 3882: 3864:(Slovenia), 3787: 3773: 3756: 3742: 3730: 3720: 3700:Adolf Hitler 3697: 3689: 3639:John Tyndall 3632: 3629: 3616:Frankenstein 3614: 3608: 3597:Mary Shelley 3586: 3570:William Tell 3565:William Tell 3563: 3557: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3485: 3454:Rocciamelone 3444:ordered his 3440: 3431: 3426: 3393:Augustinians 3381:Oberammergau 3373:Benedictines 3370: 3351: 3320: 3301: 3287:drew up the 3274: 3236:, while the 3226:Roman people 3223: 3146: 3124:Roman people 3105: 3085: 3002: 2979: 2963:Mondsee lake 2944: 2903: 2888: 2881: 2871: 2844: 2828:Jungfraujoch 2804: 2777: 2754: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2632: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2558: 2550: 2507: 2481: 2472: 2456:Aosta Valley 2449: 2418: 2391: 2372: 2338: 2327: 2296: 2288: 2254: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2226:Jungfraujoch 2203:talus slopes 2191: 2187:Jungfraujoch 2179: 2148: 2142: 2109: 2078: 2065: 2054: 2016: 2010:from former 2003:thin-skinned 1992: 1977: 1934: 1880: 1854:through the 1830:Era and the 1806: 1786:geosynclines 1783: 1760: 1744:Zinalrothorn 1692:Grand Combin 1666:Dent Blanche 1474: 1463: 1451:Mont Pelvoux 1425:(1859), the 1423:Grand Combin 1421:(1858), the 1417:(1850), the 1412: 1397: 1355: 1328: 1325: 1302: 1263: 1252: 1248:World War II 1221: 1179: 1175:Stelvio Pass 1171:Simplon Pass 1159:Col de Tende 1147:Brenner Pass 1132: 1127: 1125: 1113: 1085:Adriatic Sea 1081:Leopoldsberg 1074: 1066:Col de Tende 1047: 1032: 1012:Splügen Pass 1008:Western Alps 1004:Eastern Alps 1001: 997:Bernese Alps 978: 973:Pennine Alps 962: 943: 935:Adriatic Sea 915: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 807: 805: 799:refers to a 796: 792: 788: 784: 782: 775: 761: 752: 744: 743:, the Latin 740: 738: 733: 721: 719: 714: 696: 692: 682: 676: 674: 669: 665: 663: 633: 629: 621:Romanticists 602: 594:Palaeolithic 591: 580: 573: 522: 450: 448: 405:Type of rock 40: 32:Alpe (river) 9861:Switzerland 9594:Italophilia 9554:Coat of arm 9504:Cinquecento 9380:Immigration 9330:Aristocracy 9195:Agriculture 9089:Nationality 9062:LGBT rights 8976:Earthquakes 8857:Mani pulite 8773:World War I 8716:Unification 8709:Late modern 8673:Renaissance 8518:Middle Ages 8511:Middle Ages 8488:Roman Italy 8255:Citizenship 7698:Works cited 7623:October 17, 6011:: 119–131. 5871:Roth, 10–17 5810:: 589–604. 5779:February 2, 5753:February 2, 5656:(2008), 142 5255:February 4, 4563:Lake Brienz 4559:Zentralbahn 4444:Albertville 4321:Bolsterlang 4239:(in German 4223:) and also 4221:Switzerland 4213:South Tyrol 4174:orthogneiss 3895:Inhabitants 3852:(Austria), 3840:(Germany), 3716:Rudolf Hess 3651:Alpine Club 3559:The Prelude 3542:Romanticism 3446:chamberlain 3428:Radiocarbon 3407:Exploration 3399:and one in 3385:Cistercians 3362:Charlemagne 3321:During the 3293:Switzerland 3240:introduced 3149:Gallic Wars 3147:During the 3138:Lake Geneva 3106:During the 3088:enslavement 3029:Switzerland 2951:paleolithic 2936:Petroglyphs 2895:wolf spider 2859:Brown trout 2837:The alpine 2800:Grindelwald 2780:alpine ibex 2761:brown bears 2586:Edelweiss ( 2334:Lake Geneva 2085:Bad Gastein 2061:Hohe Tauern 1930:Julian Alps 1913:, which is 1848:Alpide belt 1842:during the 1630:Piz Bernina 1596:Aletschhorn 1552:Schreckhorn 1457:(1861) and 1439:Karl Blodig 1415:Piz Bernina 1290:A2 motorway 1259:Rail Tunnel 1236:Charlemagne 1182:Ötztal Alps 1035:Piz Bernina 764:Roman times 498:Switzerland 393:Age of rock 364:46.58; 8.62 362: / 327:Switzerland 173:Native name 126: / 101:Coordinates 9921:Categories 9664:Traditions 9654:Television 9639:Philosophy 9604:Literature 9544:Cathedrals 9514:Settecento 9375:Healthcare 9340:Corruption 9335:Censorship 9094:Parliament 9052:Government 8852:Maxi Trial 8800:Resistance 8529:Ostrogoths 8461:Messapians 8346:Villanovan 8336:Prehistory 8329:Prehistory 7707:. (2010). 7459:Österreich 7211:January 3, 7176:January 3, 6545:Kala, C.P. 6154:August 27, 5696:Schmid, 99 4754:References 4567:Niederried 4464:Hahnenkamm 4456:Lauberhorn 4405:St. Moritz 4364:Oberstdorf 4356:Lauberhorn 4325:Oberallgäu 4259:Alpenhorns 4255:Volksfeste 4247:lederhosen 4192:valley in 3880:(France). 3770:tramp ship 3731:green line 3601:Mont Blanc 3554:Wordsworth 3490:snow were 3463:Monte Rosa 3401:Interlaken 3347:Panix Pass 3268:, and the 3250:Gothic art 3081:Celtic art 3041:Allobroges 2927:Prehistory 2883:Parnassius 2863:wood snail 2757:snow fleas 2604:Alpenrosen 2599:Pinus mugo 2476:Snow lines 2452:foehn wind 2398:snowmaking 2383:Lake Garda 2363:Lake Garda 2309:, and the 2249:permafrost 2123:See also: 2057:Swiss Alps 2044:blueschist 1972:Matterhorn 1953:Penninicum 1949:Helveticum 1876:Cretaceous 1734:Lagginhorn 1640:Matterhorn 1622:Strahlhorn 1536:Monte Rosa 1510:Mont Blanc 1455:Monte Viso 1404:prominence 1372:See also: 1343:Bellinzona 1224:Mont Cenis 1173:, and the 1151:Mont-Cenis 1103:See also: 1062:Wienerwald 1039:Monte Rosa 1025:valley of 993:Monte Rosa 989:Matterhorn 985:Mont Blanc 736:by Celts. 646:See also: 569:Matterhorn 565:Mont Blanc 555:rising by 139:Dimensions 114:06°51′54″E 111:45°49′58″N 72:Mont Blanc 9753:Geography 9741:Mountains 9624:Mythology 9599:Libraries 9519:Ottocento 9461:Terrorism 9402:Languages 9355:Education 9277:Transport 9227:Companies 9134:Provinces 9104:President 9069:Judiciary 9042:Elections 8954:Volcanoes 8949:Volcanism 8942:Apennines 8927:Mountains 8895:Peninsula 8878:Geography 8809:Civil War 8534:Byzantium 8441:Etruscans 8376:Canegrate 8371:Golasecca 8356:Rinaldone 8351:Terramare 8341:Neolithic 7434:March 15, 6726:August 6, 6446:2122/9055 6407:1748-9326 6351:1944-8007 6266:1758-6798 6033:0012-821X 5983:0148-0227 5842:0012-8252 5576:August 9, 5338:August 8, 5228:Piz Roseg 5057:(1): 93. 5025:April 18, 4972:Byzantion 4844:April 12, 4771:bfmtv.com 4611:cable car 4489:avalanche 4436:Innsbruck 4275:Fastnacht 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9489:Duecento 9451:Religion 9412:Regional 9390:Italians 9365:Gambling 9257:Taxation 9084:Military 9025:Politics 8827:Republic 8614:Florence 8539:Lombards 8478:Republic 8424:Samnites 8419:Picentes 8361:Apennine 8320:Railways 8300:Military 8248:By topic 8232:Overview 8216:articles 8156:Pyrenees 8131:Ardennes 7938:Hannibal 7713:Archived 7671:Archived 7650:Archived 7617:Archived 7569:Archived 7550:Archived 7531:Archived 7512:Archived 7480:Archived 7425:Archived 7205:Archived 7170:Archived 6720:Archived 6601:Archived 6552:Archived 6454:25005239 6355:Archived 6296:Archived 6148:Archived 6041:14687787 5850:96447591 5773:Archived 5747:Archived 5570:Archived 5465:Archived 5433:Archived 5365:Archived 5281:June 14, 5275:Archived 5249:Archived 5224:Piz Zupò 5199:March 9, 5081:22393862 5019:Archived 4993:Archived 4950:Archived 4901:Archived 4874:July 27, 4868:Archived 4838:Archived 4813:March 7, 4807:Archived 4775:Archived 4599:car-free 4468:Kitzbühl 4440:Grenoble 4376:Chamonix 4368:Saalbach 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