37:
296:). Enterprises that were participating in those strikes had delegated to those councils their delegates to coordinate joint actions. In various locations those councils carried different names such as "Soviet of workers deputies", "Delegate assembly", "Assembly of deputies", "Commission of elected", and others. By October 1905 the "Soviet of workers deputies" became more common. Following the example of Soviets of workers deputies in other locations were appearing Soviets of workers, sailors, and soldiers deputies, Soviets of workers and peasants deputies, Soviet of peasants deputies.
161:
460:
legislative establishment of 8 hour workday, the conference did not call the workers upon its immediate establishment by revolutionary means. On peasant and land issues, the conference adopted its resolution about support in the
Constituent Assembly for gratuitous alienation from all privately owned lands and transferring them to working people, but spoke against "arbitrary resolution of land issue at local level", leaving, thus, the land in hands of landowners.
226:, democratic local governing bodies in which the surrounding population could participate. The soviets elected the delegates to the Congress, and then in turn the Congress held the national authority, making the highest decisions. There were several political parties represented in the various sessions of the Congress, each of which fought for increasing their own influence in the soviets. However, as the
245:, adoption of the Constitution of the Russian SFSR and amendments to it, approval of amendments proposed by the Central Executive Committee, and approval of the autonomous republics' constitutions. On the other issues, the Congress and the Central Executive Committee had the same authority. The Congress ceased to exist at the end of the constitutional reform of 1936–1937, when first on the
888:, endorsed by the Congress. In his speech before the Congress, Stalin, as final words, said that: "Let us hope, comrades, that by forming our Union Republic we shall create a reliable bulwark against international capitalism, and that the new Union State will be another decisive step towards the union of the working people of the whole world into a World Soviet Socialist Republic."
1014:
986:
463:
On 16 April 1917 the conference elected 10 delegates from oblasts and 6 from the Army and the Navy to the
Petrograd Soviet Executive Committee turning it in this way in central authority of Soviets of the whole country until the opening of First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of workers and soldiers
656:
The Third All-Russian
Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (January 23–31, 1918) was attended by delegates from 317 Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' with a further 110 delegates from army, corps and divisional committees. The Bolsheviks comprised 441 of the
641:
the
Chairman, and thus making him the head of government. At the opening of the Congress, Lenin gave a speech saying that the "Soviet government will propose an immediate democratic peace to all the nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts" and declared "Long live the revolution!," uttering
459:
had been speaking, took "a wrong position" by taking off own resolution draft and voting for the
Menshevik-SR resolution after it was added with resolutions about "control and impact" of revolutionary democracy on the Provisional Government and its local authorities. Recognizing the need for a
747:
The Fifth All-Russian
Congress of Soviets of Workers’ Peasants’, Soldiers’ and Red Army Deputies was held July 4–10, 1918. A decree that "linked citizenship to military service and obliged all healthy men aged 18–40 years to come forward" and fight for the
597:, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (November 7–9, 1917) ratified the revolutionary transfer of state power. 649 delegates were elected to the Congress, representing 318 local soviets; 390 were
759:
The Left
Socialist-Revolutionaries had 352 delegates compared to 745 Bolsheviks out of 1132 total. The Left SRs raised disagreements on the suppression of rival parties, the death penalty, and mainly, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The
651:
337:) and the powers of the revolutionary masses (soviets). All other Russian political parties considered soviets as temporary public organizations and dual power did not exist for them as they were preparing for elections to the
514:, and others. The right to vote was given to these soviets containing at least 25,000 persons, and each representative from 10,000 to 25,000 members was asked to speak on behalf of the Soviet of his locality or employment.
497:
There were 1090 delegates, 822 acting as voting delegates, representing 305 workers', soldiers' and peasant soviets, and 53 regional, provincial and district soviets. The breakdown of delegates by party was thus: 285
238:. The Congress was formed of representatives of city councils (1 delegate per 25,000 voters) and the congresses of the provincial (oblast) and autonomous republican councils (1 deputy for every 125,000 inhabitants).
588:
481:
344:
The embedding of the
Bolsheviks into the Soviets (Bolshevization of the Soviets) established the Communist-Soviet system of state power in the USSR which existed until the 1988 constitutional reform. It was a
1090:
June 3–24 (June 6 – July 7), 1917; V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th
English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1974, Vol. 25, pp. 15–42. Translated from the Russian, Edited by Stephan Apresyan and Jim
486:
The First All-Russian
Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies (June 16 – July 7, 1917) was convened by the National Conference of the Soviets. It was dominated by pro-government parties (
660:
The Congress had a Presidium composed of ten Bolsheviks and three Left Socialist-Revolutionaries with a further delegate from each other group (Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, etc.).
455:
Executive Committee, the conference approved the declaration of the Provisional Government about the war (of 28 March) as if it abandoned aggressive goals. The Bolshevik group, on behalf of which
709:
The Mensheviks, Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Menshevik internationalists used the Congress to indicate their opposition to the domestic and foreign policy which the Bolsheviks passed.
1015:
Communist-Soviet system of state power in the USSR: creation, basic stages of development, collapse (КОМПАРТІЙНО-РАДЯНСЬКА СИСТЕМА ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ВЛАДИ В СРСР: ТВОРЕННЯ, ОСНОВНІ ЕТАПИ РОЗВИТКУ, КРАХ)
657:
707 delegates. On the fourth day January 13 (26), more delegates who had been at the Third All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies arrived. By the end there were 1,587 delegates.
960:
Models of Democracy, David Held, p. 225. "Stalinism destroyed the possibility of a radical workers' democracy, installed briefly in the Soviet Union in October 1917 under Lenin's leadership"
674:(VTsIK), the Congress resolved to expunge any references to the forthcoming Constituent Assembly from all new editions of decrees and laws of the Soviet Government. The Congress received:
1357:
Our military construction and our fronts; report read at the 7th All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers, Peasants, Red Army and Labour Cossacks Deputies on the 7th of December 1919
987:
Soviets of workers', peasants', and soldiers' deputies of toilers, people's deputies (РАДИ РОБІТНИЧИХ, СЕЛЯНСЬКИХ І СОЛДАТСЬКИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ, ДЕПУТАТІВ ТРУДЯЩИХ, НАРОДНИХ ДЕПУТАТІВ)
848:
The Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held in Moscow from December 23–27, 1922. It was attended by 1,727 delegates and 488 guests. At this Congress, 488 were from the
780:
The Seventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’, Cossacks’ and Red Army Deputies was held December 5–9, 1919. That year a report on the foreign policy of
349:
that had combined in itself the dictatorship of the Communist Party and the power of soviets (councils). The mechanism of such combination was theoretically designed by
1068:
663:
The Swiss, Romanian, Swedish and Norwegian Social-Democratic parties, the British Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of America sent messages of solidarity.
896:
The Eleventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held in Moscow from January 19–29, 1924. It was attended by 1,637 delegates, of whom 1,143 held voting status.
840:
The Ninth All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held in Moscow from December 23–28, 1921. It was attended by 1,991 delegates, of whom 1,630 held voting status.
1568:
1335:
The foreign policy of Soviet Russia : report submitted by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs to the Seventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets
904:
The Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held in Moscow from May 7–16, 1925. It was attended by 1,634 delegates, of whom 1,084 held voting rights.
1578:
881:
829:
389:
At the conference, 480 delegates out of 139 Soviets, 13 military rear area garrisons, 7 of regular army, and 26 separate frontline councils attended.
1071:, June 26, 1917, Rech’, 26 June 1917; Frank Golder, ed., Documents of Russian History, 1914–1917 (New York: The Century Co., 1927), pp. 360–361.
314:
noted that in political relations the Soviet of workers deputies should be viewed as the kernel (germ) of provisional revolutionary government.
772:
The Sixth Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’, Cossacks’ and Red Army Deputies was held November 6–9, 1918.
1484:"THE UNION OF THE SOVIET REPUBLICS (Report Delivered at the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, December 26, 1922)". Stalin, J. V.. in:
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188:
869:
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The Congress also approved the Decree on Land which provided the basic provisions of the redistribution and nationalization of land.
702:
1558:
1028:
All-Russian conference of Soviets of workers and soldiers deputies (Всероссийское совещание Советов рабочих и солдатских депутатов)
302:
For socialist parties the appearance of soviets was unexpected, yet each made an effort to delegate to them their representatives.
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on the principles of federation and the nationalities' policy for the emerging Soviet state. The nationalities policy was agreed.
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630:
242:
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mandated that Congress shall convene at least twice a year, with the duties of defining (and amending) the principles of the
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to that conference. The same day he repeated his report at a joint conference of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks who took part.
873:
621:
split into two groups – the Left Social Revolutionaries and the Right Social Revolutionaries. Also on the first day, the
764:
broke out on during this Congress. Its suppression marked the end of Left SR participation in the Congress of Soviets.
192:
1521:
1472:
816:. This was the first economic plan which focused on significant electrification of Russian industry. Lenin criticised
1588:
1536:
692:
634:
1496:"The Union of the Soviet Republics Report Delivered at the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, December 26, 1922"
386:, on 11–16 April 1917 in Petrograd the All-Russian conference of Soviets of workers and soldiers deputies was held.
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have seen in them the authority with help of which they could install in the country their dictatorship. In 1905
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was passed and this went on to become the basis of the Soviet Constitution. It was also agreed to establish the
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211:, making the Congress of Soviets the sole, and supreme governing body. This Congress was not the same as the
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For the earlier portion of its life, the Congress was a democratic body. Over Russia there were hundreds of
1210:
1165:
Report on peace; delivered at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
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deputies walked out in protest. 505 delegates voted in favour of the transfer of power to the Soviets. The
415:
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Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (January 23–31, 1918)
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511:
1393:
Lenin’s Collected Works, 1st English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965, Volume 32, pages 19–42
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1500:
1318:
The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917–1922
1195:
The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917–1922
1184:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. xxii, 156, 287, 447, 591, 593, 848, 971, 1055, 1177.
1102:
The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917–1922
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The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917–1922
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First All-Russian Congress of Soviets: Composition of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets
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Eighth All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’, Red Army and Cossack Deputies
8:
1356:
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809:
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365:(people's rule) of the soviets and therefore officially, the political regime was called
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and SRs view those soviets as strike committees or local authorities of self-government.
594:
204:
1164:
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At the Fourth Extraordinary All-Russian Congress of Soviets (March 14–16, 1918), the
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as councils (soviets) of workers in those cities that were captured by mass strikes (
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Third All-Russian Congress of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants Deputies' Soviets
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effectively cementing this situation and decisively turning the Congress into a
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party. In the communist-soviet system of power, the dictatorship of one party (
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In its resolution on war that was rather defensive, presented by Menshevik-SR
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Breakdown of delegates at the Second Congress by party (includes estimation)
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1289:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. xxx, 39, 315, 670–671, 751.
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The exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress consisted of the election of the
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came up with the famous slogan "All power to the Soviets!". Following the
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was held in Moscow on December 22–29, 1920. It was at this Congress that
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1490:(1st ed.). Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 158.
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1057:
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
1416:"The Bolshevik Sowing Committees of 1920: Apotheosis of War Communism?"
1248:
Extraordinary Fourth All-Russia Congress Of Soviets (March 14–16, 1918)
1086:
First All Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
951:, US: Harvard College, 1979, reprint, p. 50-51 61–63, 67–68, 73, 81–84.
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Following the overthrow of the Provisional Government of Russia in the
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Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets
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progressed, the soviets' authority was progressively reduced, with the
54:
1117:
All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Soviet Deputies, Second
1104:, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 54, 58, 64, 363.
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First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets
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1360:, Moscow: Executive Committee of the Communist International, 1920,
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group introduced its own resolution drafts on key issues of agenda.
168:
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets (November 7–9) in Petrograd,
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what are sometimes called the "Land Decree" and "Decree on Peace."
853:
817:
602:
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1389:"The Trade Unions, The Present Situation And Trotsky's Mistakes"
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was ratified. This marked a rift between the Bolsheviks and the
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made a report about war and revolution in which he outlined his
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and 7 of other factions. On the first day of the Congress, the
196:
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1047:, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 41, 363.
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Originally, those soviets were mass political organizations.
200:
1263:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. xxvii, 227.
1377:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. xlv, 1295.
1375:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
1320:, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 364.
1300:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
1287:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
1261:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
1224:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
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The 3rd All-Russian Congress of Soviets completed its work
1197:, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 363.
1182:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
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The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies
1226:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 317-318.
714:
Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People
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on the basis of a free union of the peoples of Russia.
1302:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p. 933.
1473:
Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
613:, 14 United Socialist Democrat-Internationalists, 6
882:Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
1119:. A. M. Kulegin. Encyclopaedia of St. Petersburg.
333:existed as an interweaving of bourgeoisie power (
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1059:, Saint Petersburg Encyclopaedia. A. M. Kulegin.
824:at the subsequent preliminary joint meeting of
16:Supreme governing body of the RSFSR (1918–1937)
828:delegates. The Congress also established the
1569:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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718:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
189:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1522:"Eleventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets,"
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937:Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the RSFSR
870:Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
490:, etc.) and confirmed the supremacy of the
1579:1938 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1537:"Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,"
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784:Russia was submitted to the Congress and
1458:"Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,"
1443:"Ninth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,"
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916:, general article for congresses of all
792:military construction and fronts in the
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683:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
672:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
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243:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
213:Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union
191:from 1918 until 1936, effectively. The
173:The Congress had no permanent location.
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822:The Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions
703:People's Commissariat of Nationalities
878:Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
193:1918 Constitution of the Russian SFSR
1018:. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
990:. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
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637:was elected by the Congress, naming
411:organization of revolutionary forces
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874:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
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670:had been dissolved by order of the
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1129:All-Russian Congress of the Soviet
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329:, Lenin considered that in Russia
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1167:, October 26 (November 8) 1917,"
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691:'s report on the activity of the
681:'s report on the activity of the
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265:as the highest legislative body.
949:How the Soviet Union is Governed
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339:All-Russian Constituent Assembly
183:evolved from 1917 to become the
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693:Council of People's Commissars
635:Council of People's Commissars
492:Russian Provisional Government
404:Russian Provisional Government
209:provisional government of 1917
111:Russian Provisional Government
1:
1574:1917 establishments in Russia
1488:Works (Volume: 5 - 1921-1923)
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353:and put into practice by the
1211:Yeltsin Presidential Library
812:presented his report on the
666:Occurring shortly after the
464:deputies. On 17 April 1917,
416:Russian Constituent Assembly
359:professional revolutionaries
257:to Soviets were replaced by
219:after its creation in 1922.
116:Russian Constituent Assembly
73:; 107 years ago
7:
1540:Great Russian Encyclopedia,
1525:Great Russian Encyclopedia,
1461:Great Russian Encyclopedia,
1446:Great Russian Encyclopedia,
907:
868:announced the union of the
615:Menshevik Internationalists
573:Menshevik Internationalists
512:Menshevik Internationalists
199:Constitution and ratifying
91:; 87 years ago
28:Всероссийский Съезд Советов
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1501:Marxists Internet Archive
1337:, Nov. 1918 to Dec. 1919,
1032:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
619:Socialist Revolutionaries
500:Socialist-Revolutionaries
488:Socialist-Revolutionaries
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215:which governed the whole
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129:Supreme Soviet of Russia
1330:British Socialist Party
1250:accessed 2 October 2010
1238:accessed 2 October 2010
733:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
627:Socialist Revolutionary
361:) was concealed by the
290:1905 Russian Revolution
261:at all levels with the
804:Officially called the
335:Provisional Government
185:supreme governing body
1414:Lih, Lars T. (1990).
1395:. Progress Publishers
1340:University of Warwick
1274:The Russian Civil War
625:delegation and Right
408:organizational issues
402:attitude towards the
396:attitude towards the
668:Constituent Assembly
392:On the agenda were
288:appeared during the
1429:10.5195/CBP.1990.42
1373:Jonathan D. Smele,
1298:Jonathan D. Smele,
1285:Jonathan D. Smele,
1259:Jonathan D. Smele,
1222:Jonathan D. Smele,
1213:, January 31, 1918.
1180:Jonathan D. Smele,
914:Congress of Soviets
810:Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
701:'s report from the
581: Other (3.41%)
414:preparation to the
384:February Revolution
363:popular sovereignty
327:February Revolution
1584:Russian Revolution
1316:Leonard Schapiro,
1193:Leonard Schapiro,
1100:Leonard Schapiro,
1043:Leonard Schapiro,
595:October Revolution
205:October Revolution
1387:Lenin, Vladimir.
1012:Kulchystskyi, S.
892:Eleventh Congress
794:Russian Civil War
788:read a report on
754:Russian Civil War
605:, about 60 other
274:Origin of Soviets
255:indirect election
232:rise of Stalinism
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