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Albanian morphology

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25: 2053: 165:(see below) and is morphologically identical to the dative. The vocative is distinguished from the nominative in the case of only a few nouns. The dative and the ablative are identical, except for the indefinite plural. The indefinite accusative is always the same as the indefinite nominative. 226:
form of the noun is identical in the nominative and accusative cases, being the uninflected form of the noun in the singular, and the form noted above in the plural. The following are the endings for the dative and ablative cases when the noun is in indefinite form:
746:
is the declinable particle described below. (If adverbs appear between the adjective and the linking particle, then the latter must take its indefinite form.) The linking particle agrees with the noun in gender, case and number.
1081:, and has separate declension paradigms for the indicative present and imperfect, as well as the imperative. The other forms are produced from these and from the active forms periphrastically. 1526:
Most proper Albanian verbs are irregular since they change their only vowel of the stem, often rearranging consonant order or by changing the stem completely. Verbs of foreign origin like
862:
The adjectives themselves are also declined to agree with the noun in gender and number. Paradigms differ depending on whether the adjective is or is not used with the linking particle.
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etc. are regular. Verbs derived from nouns, like ndryshoj (from ndryshe, different), vlerësoj (from vlerë, value), are normally regular. Here are some examples of irregular verbs:
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Some adjectives are used without the linking particle. These take different endings from those that use the linking particle, and come in seven different types.
1887: 1063: 1988: 415:(weak) forms in the accusative and dative. Older forms of the personal pronouns for the 3rd person in the ablative case are occasionally found. 54: 637:
is very similar to that of the 3rd person personal pronouns. Older forms of demonstrative pronouns in the ablative are occasionally found.
1781: 1058:(indeclinable). (The admirative endings are regular across conjugational classes and are similar to forms of the auxiliary 76: 47: 2082: 1774: 2087: 110: 1546:(I have, you have, I had (imperfect), I had (aorist), I (wish to) have, (imperative) have!, had (participle). 198: 1075: 2077: 2056: 1906: 1767: 1683: 1022:
Each row is a different declension class. Each cell labeled "?" indicates varied/irregular endings.
870:
One group of adjectives uses the same form for all except the feminine plural, which uses the ending
37: 90: 41: 33: 1849: 1833: 1816: 102: 1854: 1823: 58: 1938: 634: 391: 1933: 1943: 8: 1948: 1811: 1973: 1859: 1078: 126: 122: 2033: 2018: 2008: 1978: 1928: 1892: 1869: 1790: 94: 371:
The masculine nouns of "u" type are those whose uninflected form ends in a stressed
2023: 2013: 1983: 408: 174: 134: 1050:
present and imperfect (with 6 person/number inflections for each), as well as the
2038: 2028: 1864: 1051: 2071: 1965: 1923: 1915: 1071: 106: 1675: 1031: 130: 372: 125:: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Nouns are morphologically altered for 1955: 1055: 1047: 1035: 142: 138: 98: 1759: 1828: 1043: 202: 158: 154: 150: 897:
on the feminine and none on the masculine. Many of these end in
1039: 412: 162: 146: 1062:.) All other mood/tense/aspect combinations are produced 1700:. Trans. Leonard Fox. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984. 912: 1703:
Gut, Christian, Agnés Brunet-Gut & Remzi Përnaska.
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Albanian Handbook with English and Albanian Glossaries
1724:
Newmark, Leonard, Philip Hubbard, & Peter Prifti.
865: 411:
decline for case, as do nouns; they have additional
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Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages
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Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students
1662: 1647: 1632: 1617: 1602: 1587: 1572: 1557: 1541: 1084: 1664:them, thua, thosha, thashĂ«, thĂ«nça, thuaj!, thĂ«nĂ«. 197:, but modification of the stem by final consonant 1604:rrĂ­, rri, rrija, ndenja, ndenjsha, rrĂŹ!, ndenjur. 1070:(have) and indeclinable particles. The Albanian 2069: 893:The other does not differ by number, but has an 738:An Albanian noun phrase typically has the form " 46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 1574:shoh, sheh, shihja, pashĂ«, pafsha, shih!, parĂ«. 1649:flas, flet, flisja, fola, folsha, fol!, folur. 1619:vij, vjen, vija, erdha, ardhsha, eja!, ardhur. 390:For examples of noun declension patterns, see 209: 1775: 1728:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. 1714:. New York–London: Garland Publishing, 1985. 1742:. Paris–Budapest–Torino: L'Harmattan, 2003. 1589:ha, ha, haja, hĂ«ngra, ngrĂ«nça, ha!, ngrĂ«nĂ«. 1559:jam, Ă«shtĂ«, isha, qeshĂ«, qofsha, ji!, qenĂ«. 161:case, but this is produced using a linking 1782: 1768: 1731:Newmark, Leonard & Vladimir Dervishi. 1634:bie, bie, bija, rashĂ«, rĂ«nça, bjer!, rĂ«nĂ«. 728: 1740:Manuel de conjugaison des verbes albanais 77:Learn how and when to remove this message 628: 1735:. Kensington, MD: Dunwoody Press, 1999. 1712:The Syntax of the Albanian Verb Complex 1054:(2nd person singular and plural) and a 217: 2070: 1543:kam, ke, kisha, pata, paça, ki, pasur. 1034:, Albanian morphologically alters the 1025: 214:"water", change gender in the plural. 1789: 1763: 1693:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966. 913:Adjectives without the linking clitic 733: 314:singular, masculine nouns of "i" type 300:singular, masculine nouns of "u" type 116: 402: 173:Albanian plural formation is highly 18: 1756:. London–New York: Routledge, 1991. 1528:studioj, kandidoj, refuzoj, provoj, 168: 13: 1521: 874:. Many of these adjectives end in 866:Adjectives with the linking clitic 14: 2099: 101:of nouns and adjectives, and the 2052: 2051: 1085:Regular paradigms (active voice) 243:singular, masculine/neuter nouns 23: 1669: 1721:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 1977. 1719:An Albanian Historical Grammar 111:Academy of Sciences of Albania 1: 489:3rd pers. singular, masculine 905:"hard, difficult", feminine 901:. Examples of these include 512:3rd pers. singular, feminine 7: 1707:. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999. 750:Indefinite linking clitic: 581:3rd pers. plural, masculine 397: 392:Albanian language (Grammar) 387:. Others are of "i" type. 133:(indefinite/definite), and 105:of verbs. It refers to the 10: 2104: 1663: 1648: 1633: 1618: 1603: 1588: 1573: 1558: 1542: 1377: 1233: 1089: 604:3rd pers. plural, feminine 109:standard regulated by the 89:This article concerns the 2047: 2001: 1964: 1914: 1905: 1880: 1842: 1804: 1797: 800:Definite linking clitic: 277:The endings for nouns in 1749:. Bologna: PĂ tron, 1986. 1678:& Wilfried Fiedler. 342:singular, feminine nouns 254:singular, feminine nouns 157:. Many texts include a 32:This article includes a 1684:VEB Verlag EnzyklopĂ€die 1038:present, imperfect and 729:Adjectives (declension) 61:more precise citations. 2083:Indo-European grammars 1691:Albanische Wortbildung 635:demonstrative pronouns 633:The declension of the 328:singular, neuter nouns 210: 201:and/or internal vowel 16:Aspect of the language 2088:Linguistic morphology 1505:Imperative: Singular 1361:Imperative: Singular 1217:Imperative: Singular 629:Demonstrative pronoun 281:form are as follows: 1710:Hubbard, Phillip L. 1680:Albanische Grammatik 1066:using the auxiliary 218:Regular noun endings 208:Some nouns, such as 1949:Vaccarizzo Albanian 1812:Proto-Indo-European 1754:Colloquial Albanian 1747:Grammatica albanese 1738:Neziroski, Fatime. 1026:Verbs (conjugation) 177:. Suffixes include 129:(singular/plural), 123:grammatical genders 121:Albanian has three 107:Tosk-based Albanian 1537:‘have’ (auxiliary) 734:The linking clitic 466:2nd pers. singular 443:1st pers. singular 117:Nouns (declension) 34:list of references 2078:Albanian language 2065: 2064: 1997: 1996: 1901: 1900: 1893:Balkan sprachbund 1791:Albanian language 1503: 1502: 1359: 1358: 1215: 1214: 1046:present, and the 1020: 1019: 860: 859: 798: 797: 726: 725: 626: 625: 409:personal pronouns 403:Personal pronouns 369: 368: 275: 274: 95:Albanian language 87: 86: 79: 2095: 2055: 2054: 1912: 1911: 1802: 1801: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1745:Ressuli, Namik. 1717:Mann, Stuart E. 1705:Parlons albanais 1698:Albanian Grammar 1666: 1665: 1651: 1650: 1636: 1635: 1621: 1620: 1606: 1605: 1591: 1590: 1576: 1575: 1561: 1560: 1553:‘be’ (auxiliary) 1545: 1544: 1382: 1381: 1238: 1237: 1094: 1093: 1064:periphrastically 920: 919: 803: 802: 753: 752: 740:N Lnk (Adv*) Adj 640: 639: 558:2nd pers. plural 535:1st pers. plural 418: 417: 284: 283: 230: 229: 213: 169:Plural formation 137:. The cases are 97:, including the 82: 75: 71: 68: 62: 57:this article by 48:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2043: 1993: 1960: 1897: 1876: 1838: 1824:Palaeo-Balkanic 1817:language family 1793: 1788: 1696:Camaj, Martin. 1689:Camaj, Martin. 1672: 1524: 1522:Irregular verbs 1380: 1236: 1092: 1087: 1028: 915: 868: 736: 731: 631: 405: 400: 220: 171: 119: 83: 72: 66: 63: 52: 38:related reading 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2101: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1924:Southeast Tosk 1920: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1852: 1850:Origins debate 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1834:Proto-Albanian 1831: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1808: 1806: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1752:Zymberi, Isa. 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1671: 1668: 1523: 1520: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1074:continues the 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1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1103:IND.Imperfect 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1082: 1080: 1079:medio-passive 1077: 1076:Indo-European 1073: 1072:passive voice 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 991: 987: 984: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 939: 936: 935: 931: 928: 925: 922: 921: 918: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 863: 855: 852: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 835: 832: 831: 827: 824: 821: 818: 817: 813: 810: 807: 805: 804: 801: 793: 790: 787: 786: 782: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 765: 764: 760: 757: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 741: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 708: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 674: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 647: 644: 642: 641: 638: 636: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 602: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 441: 438:DAT (clitic) 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 420: 419: 416: 414: 410: 395: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 364: 361: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 294: 291: 288: 286: 285: 282: 280: 270: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 253: 252: 248: 245: 242: 241: 237: 234: 232: 231: 228: 225: 215: 212: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 81: 78: 70: 60: 56: 50: 49: 43: 39: 35: 30: 21: 20: 1865:Daco-Moesian 1855:Paleo-Balkan 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1679: 1670:Bibliography 1661: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1516: 1515:Participle: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1372: 1371:Participle: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1228: 1227:Participle: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1067: 1059: 1032:active voice 1029: 1021: 916: 906: 902: 898: 894: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 869: 861: 799: 761:ACC/DAT/ABL 749: 743: 739: 737: 693:masc. plural 632: 616:atyre (sosh) 593:atyre (sish) 435:ACC (clitic) 406: 389: 384: 380: 376: 370: 278: 276: 223: 221: 207: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 172: 131:definiteness 120: 88: 73: 67:January 2020 64: 53:Please help 45: 1682:. Leipzig: 1388:IND.Present 1244:IND.Present 1100:IND.Present 886:"deep" and 710:fem. plural 659:masc. sing. 524:asaj (soje) 373:front vowel 205:is common. 103:conjugation 59:introducing 2072:Categories 1956:Arvanitika 1394:IND.Aorist 1250:IND.Aorist 1106:IND.Aorist 1056:participle 1052:imperative 1048:admirative 1036:indicative 878:, such as 676:fem. sing. 224:indefinite 143:accusative 139:nominative 99:declension 91:morphology 1907:Varieties 1843:Formation 1805:Genealogy 1509:, Plural 1397:Optative 1365:, Plural 1253:Optative 1221:, Plural 1109:Optative 890:"white". 722:kĂ«so(sh) 705:kĂ«si(sh) 654:(old)ABL 501:atij (si) 175:irregular 2057:Category 2034:Veso Bey 2019:Vithkuqi 1979:Arbanasi 1944:ArbĂ«resh 1929:Standard 1881:Contacts 1870:Thracian 1860:Illyrian 1829:Albanoid 1642:to speak 1044:optative 882:"good", 814:DAT/ABL 742:" where 398:Pronouns 295:DAT/ABL 279:definite 203:mutation 159:genitive 155:vocative 151:ablative 2024:Vellara 2014:Elbasan 2002:Scripts 1984:Istrian 1798:History 1686:, 1987. 1627:to fall 1612:to come 1597:to stay 1378:Class 3 1234:Class 2 1211:ofshin 1177:ofshim 1090:Class 1 1030:In the 907:zorshme 903:zorshĂ«m 651:DAT/ABL 362:it/t(Ă«) 359:it/t(Ă«) 93:of the 55:improve 2039:Elifba 2029:Todhri 2009:Modern 1657:to say 1655:them, 1640:flas, 1582:to eat 1567:to see 1565:shoh, 1499:tshin 1482:tshit 1465:tshim 1194:ofshi 1126:ofsha 1042:, the 1040:aorist 888:bardhĂ« 884:thellĂ« 719:kĂ«tyre 716:kĂ«tyre 702:kĂ«tyre 699:kĂ«tyre 413:clitic 375:or in 365:ve(t) 356:plural 265:plural 163:clitic 147:dative 127:number 1625:bie, 1610:vij, 1595:rri, 1355:shin 1338:shit 1321:shim 1160:oftĂ« 1143:ofsh 932:F.PL 688:kĂ«so 685:kĂ«saj 671:kĂ«si 668:kĂ«tij 613:atyre 590:atyre 351:s(Ă«) 320:in/nĂ« 306:un/nĂ« 40:, or 1989:Srem 1974:Reka 1966:Gheg 1939:Cham 1916:Tosk 1580:ha, 1517:-tur 1448:ttĂ« 1270:sha 1229:-uar 1223:-oni 1205:onin 1202:ojnĂ« 1188:onit 1171:onim 1168:ojmĂ« 1154:onte 929:F.SG 926:M.PL 923:M.SG 880:mirĂ« 833:SG.F 819:SG.M 777:SG.F 766:SG.M 713:kĂ«to 696:kĂ«ta 682:kĂ«tĂ« 665:kĂ«tĂ« 570:jush 567:juve 547:nesh 544:neve 521:asaj 498:atij 478:teje 455:meje 407:The 348:n(Ă«) 334:t(Ă«) 331:t(Ă«) 238:ABL 222:The 191:-onj 153:and 135:case 1934:Lab 1551:jam 1535:kam 1511:-ni 1496:tĂ«n 1493:nin 1479:tĂ«t 1476:nit 1462:tĂ«m 1459:nim 1442:nte 1414:ça 1373:-ur 1367:-ni 1349:nin 1332:nit 1315:nim 1304:tĂ« 1287:sh 1208:uan 1191:uat 1185:oni 1174:uam 1140:ove 1137:oje 1123:ova 1120:oja 1068:kam 1060:kam 856:tĂ« 842:sĂ« 828:tĂ« 811:ACC 808:NOM 794:tĂ« 783:tĂ« 772:tĂ« 758:NOM 744:Lnk 679:kjo 648:ACC 645:NOM 610:ato 607:ato 587:ata 584:ata 576:ju 553:na 518:atĂ« 515:ajo 495:atĂ« 484:tĂ« 461:mĂ« 452:mua 449:mua 446:unĂ« 432:ABL 429:DAT 426:ACC 423:NOM 383:or 337:it 323:it 309:ut 292:ACC 289:NOM 271:sh 235:DAT 211:ujĂ« 179:-ra 2074:: 1490:nĂ« 1473:ni 1456:mĂ« 1445:ti 1431:ç 1428:te 1425:je 1411:ta 1408:ja 1352:Ă«n 1346:in 1335:Ă«t 1329:ni 1318:Ă«m 1312:im 1298:te 1281:je 1264:ja 1219:-o 1157:oi 1151:on 1134:on 1117:oj 1016:? 1002:e 988:e 974:e 960:a 946:- 909:. 899:-m 895:-e 876:-Ă« 872:-a 847:PL 791:tĂ« 788:PL 662:ky 622:u 599:u 573:ju 564:ju 561:ju 550:na 541:ne 538:ne 530:i 507:i 492:ai 481:tĂ« 475:ty 472:ty 469:ti 458:mĂ« 394:. 385:-g 381:-k 379:, 377:-h 268:ve 260:e 249:i 195:-Ă« 193:, 189:, 187:-e 185:, 183:-a 181:, 149:, 145:, 141:, 113:. 44:, 36:, 1783:e 1776:t 1769:v 1507:- 1487:3 1470:2 1453:1 1439:- 1436:3 1422:- 1419:2 1405:- 1402:1 1385:- 1363:- 1343:3 1326:2 1309:1 1301:i 1295:- 1292:3 1284:e 1278:- 1275:2 1267:a 1261:- 1258:1 1241:- 1199:3 1182:2 1165:1 1148:3 1131:2 1114:1 1097:- 1013:? 1010:? 1007:- 999:e 996:? 993:- 985:e 982:Ă« 979:- 971:e 968:- 965:- 957:- 954:- 951:- 943:- 940:- 937:- 853:e 850:e 839:e 836:e 825:e 822:i 780:e 769:i 619:i 596:i 527:e 504:e 345:a 317:i 303:u 257:e 246:i 80:) 74:( 69:) 65:( 51:.

Index

list of references
related reading
external links
inline citations
improve
introducing
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morphology
Albanian language
declension
conjugation
Tosk-based Albanian
Academy of Sciences of Albania
grammatical genders
number
definiteness
case
nominative
accusative
dative
ablative
vocative
genitive
clitic
irregular
palatalization
mutation
front vowel
Albanian language (Grammar)
personal pronouns

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