648:, an autonomous lexical item in a particular context loses the properties of a fully independent word over time and acquires the properties of a morphological affix (prefix, suffix, infix, etc.). At any intermediate stage of this evolutionary process, the element in question can be described as a "clitic". As a result, this term ends up being applied to a highly heterogeneous class of elements, presenting different combinations of word-like and affix-like properties.
167:
2294:"I was there, too". Depending on the context when attached to a verb it can also express that something happened according to the plan or as a surprise and not according to the plan. It can also make exclamations stronger. It can be attached to several words in the same sentence, changing the focus of the host word, but can only appear once per sentence:
668:, a given form can move gradually from one to the other by morphologization). However, by identifying clusters of observable properties that are associated with core examples of clitics on the one hand, and core examples of affixes on the other, one can pick out a battery of tests that provide an empirical foundation for a clitic-affix distinction.
625:
Special clitics are morphemes that are bound to the word upon which they depend: they exist as a part of their host. That form, which is unaccented, represents a variant of a free form that carries stress. Both variants carry similar meaning and phonological makeup, but the special clitic is bound to
691:
level, and attaches only phonetically to the first, last, or only word in the phrase or clause, whichever part of speech the word belongs to. The results of applying these criteria sometimes reveal that elements that have traditionally been called "clitics" actually have the status of affixes (e.g.,
729:
Similar to the discussion above, clitics must be distinguishable from words. Linguists have proposed a number of tests to differentiate between the two categories. Some tests, specifically, are based upon the understanding that when comparing the two, clitics resemble affixes, while words resemble
1474:
and is restricted to only third-person singular conjugations. It is not used as a verb in the grammar of the sentence but introduces prepositional phrases and adds emphasis. It does not need to concord with the tense of the main verb, as in the second example, and can be usually removed from the
656:
Although the term "clitic" can be used descriptively to refer to any element whose grammatical status is somewhere in between a typical word and a typical affix, linguists have proposed various definitions of "clitic" as a technical term. One common approach is to treat clitics as words that are
703:
Clitics do not select their hosts. That is, they are "promiscuous", attaching to whichever word happens to be in the right place. Affixes do select their host: They only attach to the word they are connected to semantically, and generally attach to a particular part of
716:
Clitics can attach to material already containing clitics (and affixes). Affixes can attach to other affixes, but not to material containing clitics. That is, an affix may appear between a stem and a clitic, but a clitic may not occur between a stem and an affix to that
1771:), even though many of the modern clitics became cliticised much more recently in the language (e.g. auxiliary verbs or the accusative forms of pronouns). In subordinate clauses and questions, they follow the connector and/or the question word respectively.
743:
If a morpheme must be in a certain order with respect to other morphemes within the construction, then it is likely a clitic. Independent words enjoy free ordering with respect to other words, within the confines of the word order of the
1925:"tomorrow morning"). In cases like these, clitics normally follow the initial phrase, although some Standard grammar handbooks recommend that they should be placed immediately after the verb (many native speakers find this unnatural).
3552:
2663:: pronominal clitics, either subject or object clitics, are required in Somali. These exist as simple clitics postponed to the noun they apply to. Lexical arguments can be omitted from sentences, but pronominal clitics cannot be.
2082:: Suffixes standing for direct object pronouns and/or indirect object pronouns (as found in Indo-European languages) are suffixed to verbs, possessive determiners are suffixed to nouns, and pronouns are suffixed to particles.
730:
syntactic phrases. Clitics and words resemble different categories, in the sense that they share certain properties. Six such tests are described below. These are not the only ways to differentiate between words and clitics.
584:
Some authors postulate endoclitics, which split a stem and are inserted between the two elements. For example, they have been claimed to occur between the elements of bipartite verbs (equivalent to
English verbs such as
2835:
SIL International (2003). SIL Glossary of
Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic? "This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003." Retrieved from
707:
Clitics do not exhibit arbitrary lexical gaps. Affixes, on the other hand, are often lexicalized and may simply not occur with certain words. (English plural -s, for example, does not occur with "child".)
2112:). In some Australian languages, case markers also seem to operate like special clitics since they are distributed at the phrasal instead of word level (indeed, clitics have been referred to as "phrasal
747:
If a morpheme's allowable behavior is determined by one principle, it is likely a clitic. For example, "a" precedes indefinite nouns in
English. Words can rarely be described with one such description.
820:
which acts as a general question marker. It always appears in second position in its sentence or proposition, and if the interrogation concerns one word in particular, that word is placed before it:
713:
Clitics do not exhibit semantic idiosyncrasies. That is, the meaning of the phrase-plus-clitic is predictable from the meanings of the phrase and the clitic. Affixes may have irregular meanings.
664:
Given this basic definition, further criteria are needed to establish a dividing line between clitics and affixes. There is no natural, clear-cut boundary between the two categories (since from a
617:
Simple clitics are free morphemes: can stand alone in a phrase or sentence. They are unaccented and thus phonologically dependent upon a nearby word. They derive meaning only from that "host".
759:
Clitics do not always appear next to the word or phrase that they are associated with grammatically. They may be subject to global word order constraints that act on the entire sentence. Many
132:
is not always a good guide for distinguishing clitics from affixes: clitics may be written as separate words, but sometimes they are joined to the word they depend on (like the Latin clitic
721:
An example of differing analyses by different linguists is the discussion of the possessive marker ('s) in
English. Some linguists treat it as an affix, while others treat it as a clitic.
2450:". It can also make a sentence more explanatory, make a claim more self-evident, express that something happened according to one's expectations, or that something came as a surprise etc.
3560:
740:
If a morpheme combines with single words to convey a further degree of meaning, then it is likely a clitic. A word combines with a group of words or phrases to denote further meaning.
3605:
Mereu, Lunella. "Agreement, Pronominalization, and Word Order in
Pragmatically-Oriented Languages." Boundaries of Morphology and Syntax. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1999. N. pag. Print.
710:
Clitics do not exhibit morphophonological idiosyncrasies. That is, they follow the morphophonological rules of the rest of the language. Affixes may be irregular in this regard.
2370:
it can be attached to several host words in the same sentence. The only word it cannot be attached to is a negative verb. In questions it acts as a confirmation, like the word
987:. It was fully declined for gender, case and number. Since both the noun and enclitic were declined, this led to "double declension". The situation remains similar in modern
1901:
In certain rural dialects this rule is (or was until recently) very strict, whereas elsewhere various exceptions occur. These include phrases containing conjunctions (e. g.
609:
One distinction drawn by some scholars divides the broad term "clitics" into two categories, simple clitics and special clitics. This distinction is, however, disputed.
1425:
to be conjugated as a verbal clitic adverbial adjunct to emphasize the importance of the phrase compared to its context, or with the meaning of "really" or "in truth":
734:
If a morpheme is bound to a word and can never occur in complete isolation, then it is likely a clitic. In contrast, a word is not bound and can appear on its own.
97:
on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host. A clitic is pronounced like an
2842:
657:
prosodically deficient: that, like affixes, they cannot appear without a host, and can only form an accentual unit in combination with their host. The term
571:
case turns "with/having something" into "even with/having something". Without the enclitic, the saying would be "rahaga vaene", which would mean that the
3582:
3441:
2888:
2619:("not... either") also function as clitics: although written separately, they are pronounced together with the preceding word, without stress:
2952:
Miller, Philip H. "Clitics and
Phrasal Affixes." Clitics and Constituents in Phrase Structure Grammar. New York: Garland, 1992. N. pag. Print.
771:), which requires sentential clitics to appear in "second position", after the first syntactic phrase or the first stressed word in a clause:
2896:
3016:
Klavans, Judith L. On
Clitics and Cliticization: The Interaction of Morphology, Phonology, and Syntax. New York: Garland Pub., 1995. Print.
2961:
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo & John Payne (2011). There are no special clitics. In
Alexandra Galani, Glyn Hicks & George Tsoulas (eds),
3339:
575:
is "poor, but has money" (compared to "poor even having money", having money won't make a difference if the predicate is poor or not).
3308:
3244:
3417:
1230:
are used after a noun and definite article to express "this" / "that" (singular) and "these" / "those" (plural). For example:
3483:
3128:
2984:
3354:
1991:, which always precedes the verb in Serbo-Croatian, or after prefixes (earlier preverbs), and the interrogative particle
1763:
These clitics follow the first stressed word in the sentence or clause in most cases, which may have been inherited from
3007:
On
Clitics and Cliticization: The Interaction of Morphology, Phonology, and Syntax. New York: Garland Pub., 1995. Print.
2657:). However, alternative analysis suggests that the nominal particles do not function as clitics, but as phrasal affixes.
1646:" "I would not succeed in giving it to him". In addition there are various simple clitics including short prepositions.
750:
In general, words are more morphologically complex than clitics. Clitics are rarely composed of more than one morpheme.
3217:
3185:
3073:
2918:
2873:
887:
207:
63:
2838:
3635:
2792:
2085:
3156:
2426:
is also a tone particle. In interrogative sentences it can make the question more polite and not as pressing:
1917:"the city (of) Zagreb"), and in many local varieties clitics are hardly ever inserted into any phrases (e. g.
923:
argue, however, that the form has the properties of an affix rather than a syntactically independent clitic.
3589:
2895:, Inc. / StreamSage, Inc.), September 18, 2005. Endoclitics in Pashto: Implications for Lexical Integrity (
2215:"Are you watching television?". It can also be added to words that are not verbs but the emphasis changes:
2089:
1488:
220:
Clitics fall into various categories depending on their position in relation to the word they connect to.
2586:= The man told me that he would see you tomorrow (Literally, "The man told me, tomorrow I see you ") vs.
1326:
of and so are affixes by the definition used here. There is no general agreement on the issue. For the
2729:
means in the room. Verbal clitics also exist, for pronouns as well as for certain meanings like "if" (
2392:
is a tone particle which can either add an arguing or patronising tone, or strengthen the host word:
3355:"Pronominal Syntax in Maputo Portuguese (Mozambique) from a Comparative Creole and Bantu Perspective"
683:, such as a verb, to form a new word. A clitic syntactically functions above the word level, on the
3537:
3625:
2105:
185:
20:
16:
Morpheme with syntactic characteristics of a word but with phonological dependence on another word
2705:
means "are you also good?". However, this word must be pronounced and written carefully, as the -
1484:
1327:
1276:
as clitics in a similar way, also to express "this" / "that" and "these" / "those". For example:
1011:. Old Norse had also some enclitics of personal pronouns that were attached to verbs. These were
798:'s epigram LXIV, literally "who indeed can deny ?"). Spevak (2010) reports that in her corpus of
760:
665:
737:
If the addition of a morpheme to a word prevents further affixation, then it is likely a clitic.
3048:
Andrew
Spencer and Ana Luís, "The canonical clitic". In Brown, Chumakina, & Corbett, eds.
2093:
2590:
I told the man that I would see you tomorrow (Literally, "To man I told, tomorrow I see you ).
3524:
3435:
2669:: there are some clitics which are independent words, while others are suffixes: the clitic
2767:
2582:(1st person speakers) is added to the end of a sentence to show reported speech. Examples:
1768:
1124:
8:
3315:
2496:
is a tone particle as well. It can also be used as a mitigating or softening phrase like
1764:
1557:
1418:
1365:
1134:
699:
Zwicky and Pullum postulated five characteristics that distinguish clitics from affixes:
572:
182:. In particular, it is unclear which words or parts of words are clitics in the examples.
177:
3233:
3630:
3290:
3107:
On a law of Indo-European word order: Über ein Gesetz der indogermanischen Wortstellung
2593:
2561:
2117:
1000:
992:
876:
635:
601:. However, other authors treat such forms as a sequence of clitics docked to the stem.
2055:"Do you see the sister?" (It is impossible to say, e. g. **Sestru li vidiš?, although
3557:
Language, Information and Computation Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference
3489:
3479:
3402:
3369:
3333:
3269:
Zwicky, Arnold M.; Pullum (1983). "Cliticization vs. inflection: the case of English
3213:
3201:
3181:
3169:
3152:
3124:
3069:
2980:
2914:
2869:
2571:
2249:
2127:
2101:
2097:
1701:
1315:
1008:
768:
552:
3459:
2108:
and other less common argument structures like causal and reciprocal arguments (see
2007:
appear in sentence-initial position and are followed by clitics (if there are any).
1583:
1348:" = "we tied it" or "we tied him"; can only occur with the verb it is the object of)
1169:
from its rest of the verb if the preverb comes at the beginning of the clause, e.g.
3512:
3282:
3114:
2666:
2611:
he'll come." This clitic can also mark direct questions with a falling intonation.
2123:
1737:
1597:
1323:
1319:
1217:
1004:
988:
894:
864:
813:
269:
34:
3620:
3205:
3173:
3063:
2777:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2660:
2630:
2109:
2079:
1649:
1577:
1120:
996:
920:
598:
594:
525:
3516:
3094:
Zwicky, Arnold M. "Clitics and Particles." Language 61.2 (1985): 283–305. Print.
2642:
2634:
1995:
always immediately follows the verb. Colloquial interrogative particles such as
1368:
allows object suffixes before the conditional and future suffixes of the verbs:
3508:
3377:
3004:
2553:
1939:"He and I went to town." (lit. I are and him gone to town) – this is dialectal.
1697:
1619:
1513:
1072:
775:
680:
645:
498:
394:
72:
634:
Some clitics can be understood as elements undergoing a historical process of
3614:
3373:
3026:
2787:
2762:
2710:
1879:"If you (pl.) gave them to me now..." (lit. If you-would to-me them now give-
1717:
916:
290:
110:
76:
3493:
3458:(ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: LINGUISTICS). Vol. Volume 52. Oxon: Routledge.
3105:
3119:
2913:. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
2797:
1685:
1263:
1108:
1081:
definite article of neuter nouns and third person singular neuter pronoun,
1066:
911:
etc. is typically considered a clitic that developed from the lexical item
778:
had three enclitics that appeared in second or third position of a clause:
590:
116:
Clitics can belong to any grammatical category, although they are commonly
1969:"My elder sister told him that." (lit. my to-him is elder sister that say-
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1571:
1565:
1540:
1517:
3473:
2438:
if your dad is at home?" In command phrases it makes the command softer:
189:
129:
3583:"Non-morphological Determination of Nominal Particle Ordering in Korean"
3080:
There are two alternatives that have been explored in recent literature.
2203:
attached to a verb makes it a question. It is used in yes/no questions:
1552:
1546:
1530:
3180:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1614–1616.
2936:
2911:
Clitics in Degema: A Meeting Point of Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax
1660:
568:
371:
143:
125:
121:
3294:
2681:
depending on vowel harmony) is used to form yes/no questions, such as
2650:
1504:
493:)." (= However, I'm not sure if I would like to try it there as well.)
3212:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 480–481.
1672:
932:
672:
94:
84:
2937:
Martin Haspelmath (2022) 'Types of clitics in the world’s languages'
1909:"the top of the hill"), proper names and titles and the like (e. g.
867:
enclitics include the contracted versions of auxiliary verbs, as in
3286:
1500:
1322:
forms as clitics, though they only attach to the verb they are the
1165:("of thyself?"). Multiple clitics could be stacked up, and split a
676:
330:
90:
2737:). Pronominal clitics make pronouns redundant in most situations.
1839:"I showed (all of) them to you yesterday." (focus on "yesterday")
1192:
1166:
978:
810:, these three words appear in such position in 100% of the cases.
807:
795:
356:
117:
2104:, animate arguments as well. Pronominal enclitics may also mark
1666:
1654:
2892:
2782:
2490:"I thought you wouldn't be able to, but you speak Finnish well"
1987:
Clitics are however never inserted after the negative particle
1721:
803:
799:
688:
684:
341:
139:
102:
24:
2974:
883:
as an enclitic, rather than a (phrasal) genitival inflection.
2113:
1526:
1123:: Sentence clitics appear in 2nd position in accordance with
971:("the tree"), an abbreviated form of the independent pronoun
240:
98:
79:
953:(masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular), as in
138:, meaning "and") or separated by special characters such as
2965:(Linguistik Aktuell 178), 57–96. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2126:: Finnish has seven clitics, which change according to the
1829:"I showed all of them to you (yesterday)." (focus on "all")
244:
93:
that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends
2264:
blueberries". It can also make a negative verb stronger:
1905:"Ivan and Ana"), nouns with a genitival attribute (e. g.
1622:: special clitics: weak personal and reflexive pronouns (
52:
46:
2979:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
833:Завтра ли он придёт?, Is it tomorrow that he'll arrive?
2649:), as well as some nominal and verbal particles (e.g.
836:Он ли завтра придёт?, Is it he who'll arrive tomorrow?
3574:
3410:
EStudos Em Homenagem Ao Professor Doutor Mário Vilela
2182:. One word can have multiple clitics attached to it:
1664:(reflexive, also modifies meaning of certain verbs),
1630:, "would"), and various short particles and adverbs (
64:
55:
40:
3471:
3403:"Novas notas sobre a construção com ser focalizador"
1493:
49:
43:
3033:. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
536:, which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
532:= ఇది నా పువ్వు (This is my flower). With enclitic
509:, which indicates certainty, this sentence becomes
37:
2975:Hopper, Paul J.; Elizabeth Closs Traugott (2003).
1112:
641: lexical item → clitic → affix
340:नरो गजश्च i.e. "naraḥ gajaḥ ca" नरस् गजस् -च with
3460:https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317918325
2350:is also a focus particle and it corresponds with
3612:
3200:
3168:
3149:Studies in language Amsterdam / Companion series
3068:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293.
1470:Note that this clitic form is only for the verb
505:= இது என் பூ (This is my flower). With enclitic
3509:"Case Suffixes as Special Clitics in Wangkatja"
2866:Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
2824:A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
1849:"I know that I have already shown them to you."
1475:sentence without affecting the simple meaning.
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
3580:
3401:Bartens, Angela, and Niclas Sandström (2005).
3145:The Constituent Order of Classical Latin Prose
2685:"is it good?". It can be inflected by person:
830:Придёт ли он завтра?, Will he arrive tomorrow?
661:is sometimes used for this sense of the term.
3210:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
3178:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1893:"Whatever I saw..." (lit. What I-am ever see-
1202:
1196:
3440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3268:
3103:
2932:
2930:
2031:"Bring them (over here)!" (a prefixed verb:
1869:"Did I (really) show them to you yesterday?"
1180:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1128:
982:
188:. There might be a discussion about this on
3061:
2282:is a focus particle, often used instead of
2059:"It's the sister that you see." is natural)
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
926:
133:
3553:"Clitic Analyses of Korean "Little Words""
3044:
3042:
3040:
3000:
2998:
2996:
849:
651:
374:: नमः + -ते = नमस्ते), with sandhi change
3118:
3090:
3088:
2927:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
1684:&c. (unstressed personal pronouns in
1099:third person masculine singular pronoun,
692:the Romance pronominal clitics discussed
593:. Endoclitics have also been claimed for
563:means "Poor even having money". Enclitic
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
105:level. In other words, clitics have the
3506:
3052:. Oxford University Press, pp. 123–150.
2948:
2946:
2944:
2420:"Well, go ahead and tell why you did it"
1736:, for the respective tense), unstressed
1059:). These could even be stacked up, e.g.
935:: The definite article was the enclitic
843:, I don't know if he'll arrive tomorrow.
724:
264:Roman" = "The Senate and people of Rome"
3400:
3352:
3097:
3037:
2993:
2237:gives the host word a colloquial tone:
2231:"Is it you who is watching television?"
1973:) – standard and usual in many dialects
1859:"Why did I show them to you yesterday?"
1815:"I showed them to you (pl.) yesterday."
3613:
3338:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3085:
3062:Spencer, Andrew; Luis, Ana R. (2012).
3025:
2863:
2809:
2596:: the marker of indirect questions is
1959:– prescribed by some standard grammars
1750:me, te, ga (nj), je (ju), nas, vas, ih
1478:
693:
2941:
2826:. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.
2223:"Is it television you're watching?",
1487:, some clitics can be traced back to
854:
228:A proclitic appears before its host.
3550:
2908:
2709:(another clitic) suffix creates the
2701:) means "too", "as well" or "also":
1309:
1179:("and then he seized them (fem.)"),
841:(Ya nye znayu, pridyot li on zavtra)
236:An enclitic appears after its host.
160:
153:in "it's" for "it has" or "it is").
109:of affixes, but the distribution of
101:, but plays a syntactic role at the
2868:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2069:"Do/Can you see (me)?" (colloquial)
1752:), and unstressed present tense of
1626:, "him"), certain auxiliary verbs (
1591:
1211:
1203:
1197:
792:quis enim (quisenim) potest negare?
13:
3113:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2588:K'atss vutxari, xval gnaxe-metki =
2578:(2nd and 3rd person speakers) and
2458:"Pekka knows me, he is my teacher
2073:
620:
14:
3647:
2909:Kari, Ethelbert Emmanuel (2003).
1692:
612:
156:
3475:Aspects of the theory of clitics
2793:Weak and strong forms in English
2484:Luulin, ettette osaisi, mutta te
2207:"You are watching television" →
2088:: Many Australian languages use
1093:second person singular pronoun,
165:
33:
3599:
3544:
3500:
3478:. New York: Oxford University.
3465:
3448:
3423:from the original on 2014-03-12
3394:
3346:
3301:
3262:
3250:from the original on 2014-10-31
3226:
3194:
3162:
3137:
3055:
3050:Canonical Morphology and Syntax
3019:
3010:
2845:from the original on 2004-05-10
2560:attached to a verb to form the
2086:Australian Aboriginal languages
1581:"for" (in a logical argument),
1413:" – "They will give it to us").
1318:, some have treated the object
839:Я не знаю, придёт ли он завтра
626:a host word and is unaccented.
2968:
2955:
2902:
2882:
2857:
2568:'in' (also attached to a verb)
1716:(yes–no question), unstressed
604:
350:" = "the man and the elephant"
89:"leaning" or "enclitic") is a
1:
3472:Anderson, Stephen R. (2005).
3456:Australian Aboriginal Grammar
3353:Gadelii, Karl Erland (2002).
2963:Morphology and its interfaces
2839:"What is a clitic? (Grammar)"
2803:
2584:K'atsma miutxra, xval gnaxe-o
2382:"Where did you say you lived
2021:"I don't (or can't) see you."
1746:mi, ti, mu, joj, nam, vam, im
1734:bih, bi, bi, bismo, biste, bi
1658:(conditional mood particle),
754:
644:According to this model from
629:
579:
2689:"are you good?". The clitic
2248:("how"). When attached to a
2092:enclitics to mark inanimate
1742:me, te, ga, je, nas, vas, ih
1189:("whether he saw anything").
1007:, the enclitics have become
881:The Queen of England's crown
223:
7:
3517:10.13140/RG.2.2.10204.00649
2741:
2482:"Well, if it isn't Maija!"
2260:"I don't like strawberries
2252:it corresponds with "and":
1758:ću, ćeš, će, ćemo, ćete, će
1608:(emphasis), то (emphasis),
1105:third person plural pronoun
671:An affix syntactically and
401:-li by se mi si to tam však
231:
10:
3652:
1494:
1195:: The unspecified pronoun
1155:("anything"), for example
859:
80:
3507:Shoulson, Oliver (2019).
2864:Harris, Alice C. (2002).
2725:means "the room too" and
1983:– common in many dialects
1730:sam, si, je, smo, ste, su
1387:" – "She would take it").
790:'however'. For example,
543:= ఇది నా పువ్వే (This is
325:" = "(both) men and gods"
146:(like the English clitic
3559:: 97–102. Archived from
3065:Clitics: An Introduction
2891:& Anthony R. Davis (
2627:"He won't come, either."
2412:what a beautiful cat!",
2400:"Well, I know better!",
1967:starija sestra to rekla.
1805:"Show (pl.) them to me."
1499:is the original form of
1117:("Will he do it today?")
927:Other Germanic languages
827:, He'll arrive tomorrow.
666:diachronic point of view
516:= இது என் பூவே (This is
348:the man the elephant and
3636:Linguistics terminology
3551:Chae, Hee-Rahk (1995).
3104:Wackernagel, W (2020).
2354:in negative sentences:
1823:(jučer) pokazao. / Sve
1485:Indo-European languages
1444:" – "He was very fat").
1328:Spanish object pronouns
1181:
1171:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1113:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
875:. Some also regard the
850:Indo-European languages
761:Indo-European languages
652:Comparison with affixes
3532:Cite journal requires
3454:Blake, Barry J. 2014.
3120:10.5281/zenodo.3978908
2452:Pekka tuntee minut, on
2286:("also" / "as well"):
2254:En pidä mansikoista en
2116:") see for example in
1919:moj najbolji prijatelj
1680:(personal auxiliary),
1462:" – "He phoned Paula (
1101:
1095:
1089:
1087:first person pronoun,
1083:
1077:
983:
981:of the German pronoun
134:
3143:Spevak, Olga (2010).
2717:means "him too", but
2641:) and the adjectival
2607:"He doesn't know yet
1913:"(Mrs) Ivana Marić",
1911:(gospođa) Ivana Marić
1201:can be contracted to
725:Comparison with words
3581:James Hye Suk Yoon.
2768:Grammatical particle
2488:puhutte suomea hyvin
2470:"Everyone does that
2456:hän minun opettajani
2045:"Do/can you see me?"
1977:Moja starija sestra
1774:Examples (clitics –
903:The negative marker
763:, for example, obey
178:confusing or unclear
3234:"What is a clitic?"
2229:katsot televisiota?
1937:i on otišli u grad.
1782:"you would (pl.)",
1765:Proto-Indo-European
1682:mi, ci, cię, go, mu
1678:-m, -ś, -śmy, -ście
1612:"not" (proclitic),
1604:(yes–no question),
1489:Proto-Indo-European
1479:Proto-Indo-European
825:(on zavtra pridyot)
675:attaches to a base
186:clarify the section
3202:Huddleston, Rodney
3170:Huddleston, Rodney
3005:Klavans, Judith L.
2977:Grammaticalization
2623:"He'll come too."
2601:Nem tudja még, jön
2205:Katsot televisiota
1921:"my best friend",
1748:) and accusative (
965:("the gift"), and
900:to be proclitics.
886:Some consider the
855:Germanic languages
659:postlexical clitic
636:grammaticalization
418:), I do not know (
3485:978-0-19-927990-6
3362:Africa & Asia
3130:978-3-96110-271-6
2986:978-0-521-80421-9
2703:Sen de iyi misin?
2548:what time it is?"
2512:isn't it Anni?",
2418:, miksi teit sen!
1769:Wackernagel's Law
1738:personal pronouns
1702:reflexive pronoun
1347:
1316:Romance languages
1310:Romance languages
1125:Wackernagel's Law
1114:Deit'a't vondoag?
888:infinitive marker
877:possessive marker
823:Он завтра придёт
786:'but, moreover',
769:Jacob Wackernagel
765:Wackernagel's law
218:
217:
210:
3643:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3588:. Archived from
3587:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3469:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3376:. Archived from
3359:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3314:. Archived from
3313:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3206:Pullum, Geoffrey
3198:
3192:
3191:
3174:Pullum, Geoffrey
3166:
3160:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2939:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2827:
2822:Crystal, David.
2820:
2615:("as well") and
2398:tiedän paremmin!
2362:"I wasn't there
2332:Minä olin siellä
1949:– commonly heard
1827:pokazao (jučer).
1790:"to you (pl.)",
1592:Slavic languages
1497:
1496:
1491:: for example, *
1345:
1320:personal pronoun
1212:Celtic languages
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1178:
1164:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1116:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
986:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
895:English articles
213:
206:
202:
199:
193:
169:
168:
161:
150:
137:
88:
83:
82:
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
39:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3626:Morphophonology
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3545:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3505:
3501:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:(11 June 2020).
3453:
3449:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:"Archived copy"
3307:
3306:
3302:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3167:
3163:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3076:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2994:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2903:
2889:Craig A. Kopris
2887:
2883:
2876:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2778:Separable affix
2773:Possessive case
2758:Functional item
2753:Clitic doubling
2748:Clitic climbing
2744:
2360:en ollut siellä
2100:languages like
2076:
2074:Other languages
1953:Ja i on otišli
1724:tense forms of
1695:
1594:
1558:yes–no question
1481:
1330:, for example:
1312:
1303:na leabhair sin
1301:"these books",
1299:na leabhair seo
1255:"these books",
1214:
1135:yes–no question
1050:-ðu / -du / -tu
929:
921:Geoffrey Pullum
862:
857:
852:
782:'indeed, for',
757:
727:
654:
632:
623:
621:Special clitics
615:
607:
582:
234:
226:
214:
203:
197:
194:
183:
170:
166:
159:
148:
65:
36:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3595:on 2007-09-27.
3573:
3543:
3534:|journal=
3499:
3484:
3464:
3447:
3393:
3345:
3300:
3287:10.2307/413900
3281:(3): 502–513.
3261:
3225:
3218:
3193:
3186:
3161:
3136:
3129:
3096:
3084:
3074:
3054:
3036:
3027:Zwicky, Arnold
3018:
3009:
2992:
2985:
2967:
2954:
2940:
2926:
2919:
2901:
2881:
2874:
2856:
2828:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2721:means "room";
2664:
2658:
2628:
2591:
2569:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2491:
2421:
2387:
2345:
2277:
2232:
2121:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2046:
2036:
2022:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1960:
1950:
1947:otišli u grad.
1940:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1870:
1867:jučer pokazao?
1860:
1857:jučer pokazao?
1850:
1840:
1837:(sve) pokazao.
1830:
1816:
1806:
1756:("want/will";
1698:Serbo-Croatian
1694:
1693:Serbo-Croatian
1691:
1690:
1689:
1647:
1642:by se mi mu to
1638:, "though"). "
1617:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1561:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1388:
1363:
1362:
1349:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1289:an leabhar sin
1285:an leabhar seo
1261:
1260:
1246:
1220:, the clitics
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1118:
1106:
1070:
1069:, stanza 116).
928:
925:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
837:
834:
831:
828:
811:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
726:
723:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
681:part of speech
673:phonologically
653:
650:
646:Judith Klavans
631:
628:
622:
619:
614:
613:Simple clitics
611:
606:
603:
581:
578:
577:
576:
550:
549:
548:
523:
522:
521:
496:
495:
494:
403:také vyzkoušet
392:
391:
390:
353:
352:
351:
328:
327:
326:
288:
287:
286:
267:
266:
265:
233:
230:
225:
222:
216:
215:
173:
171:
164:
158:
157:Classification
155:
111:function words
95:phonologically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3648:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3602:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3563:on 2012-02-07
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3383:on 2006-09-20
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3321:on 2014-05-18
3317:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3219:0-521-43146-8
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3187:0-521-43146-8
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:. In series:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3075:9781139560313
3071:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2920:4-87297-850-1
2916:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2875:0-19-924633-5
2871:
2867:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:V2 word order
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Genitive case
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:locative case
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:(realised as
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:(realised as
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2633:: The copula
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2536:, why not?",
2535:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2432:isäsi kotona?
2431:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:kaunis kissa!
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2306:was there"),
2305:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:negative verb
2247:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:-kaan ~ -kään
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:vowel harmony
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:and, in many
2095:
2091:
2090:bound pronoun
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2057:Sestru vidiš.
2054:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:in genitive (
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1686:oblique cases
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:(subjunctive)
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1464:with emphasis
1461:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1305:"those books"
1304:
1300:
1297:"the books",
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:"this book",
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1259:"those books"
1258:
1254:
1251:"the books",
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:"this book",
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
963:
959:("the elf"),
957:
951:
945:
939:
934:
931:
930:
924:
922:
918:
917:Arnold Zwicky
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
770:
767:(named after
766:
762:
749:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
731:
722:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
700:
697:
695:
690:
686:
682:
679:of a limited
678:
674:
669:
667:
662:
660:
649:
647:
642:
639:
637:
627:
618:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
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574:
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566:
562:
560:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
537:
535:
531:
527:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
508:
504:
500:
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492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
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467:
462:
458:
457:
451:
450:
444:
443:
438:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
406:
404:
402:
399:Nevím, chtělo
396:
393:
388:
387:bowing to you
384:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
354:
349:
345:
344:
343:
339:
338:
332:
329:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Ancient Greek
289:
284:
280:
279:
278:
275:
271:
268:
263:
259:
255:
254:
253:
251:
248:
242:
239:
238:
237:
229:
221:
212:
209:
201:
191:
190:the talk page
187:
181:
179:
174:This section
172:
163:
162:
154:
152:
145:
141:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
78:
74:
70:
69:
60:
30:
26:
22:
3601:
3590:the original
3576:
3565:. Retrieved
3561:the original
3556:
3546:
3525:cite journal
3502:
3474:
3467:
3455:
3450:
3436:cite journal
3425:. Retrieved
3413:
3409:
3396:
3385:. Retrieved
3378:the original
3365:
3361:
3348:
3323:. Retrieved
3316:the original
3303:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3241:stanford.edu
3240:
3228:
3209:
3196:
3177:
3164:
3151:(vol. 117).
3148:
3144:
3139:
3106:
3099:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3030:
3021:
3012:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2910:
2904:
2897:abstract pdf
2884:
2865:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2831:
2823:
2798:Weak pronoun
2734:
2733:) or "can" (
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:"Come here,
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:niin tekevät
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:Missä sanoit
2375:
2374:in English:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:Surprisingly
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:won't come!"
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2213:televisiota?
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1923:sutra ujutro
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1891:god vidio...
1888:
1886:
1880:
1877:sada dali...
1874:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1847:već pokazao.
1844:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1676:(emphasis),
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:"the book",
1280:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:Irish Gaelic
1262:
1257:an lyvrow na
1256:
1253:an lyvrow ma
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:"the book",
1234:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1183:
1173:
1159:
1127:, including
1109:Plautdietsch
915:. Linguists
912:
908:
904:
902:
897:
890:
885:
880:
872:
868:
863:
840:
824:
817:
816:has one: ли
791:
787:
783:
779:
764:
758:
728:
720:
698:
670:
663:
658:
655:
643:
640:
633:
624:
616:
608:
591:Udi language
586:
583:
564:
558:
556:
544:
540:
533:
530:idi nā puvvu
529:
517:
513:
506:
502:
490:
485:
484:
480:
475:
474:
470:
465:
464:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
440:
436:
433:
428:
427:
423:
419:
414:
413:
409:
400:
398:
386:
379:
375:
367:
363:
358:
347:
336:
334:
322:
319:
315:
311:
305:
302:
298:
294:
282:
276:
273:
261:
257:
249:
246:
235:
227:
219:
204:
195:
184:Please help
175:
147:
128:. Note that
115:
106:
85:
28:
18:
3416:: 105–119.
2675:mi, mı, mu,
2562:progressive
2446:"Come here
2324:As expected
2322:there" or "
2300:olin siellä
2292:olin siellä
2258:mustikoista
2217:Televisiota
2176:-han ~ -hän
2010:Examples:
1928:Examples:
1915:grad Zagreb
1875:biste mi ih
1744:), dative (
1640:Nepodařilo
1587:"therefore"
1430:Ele estava
1417:Colloquial
1295:na leabhair
1291:"that book"
1245:"that book"
1243:an lyver na
1239:an lyver ma
605:Distinction
539:Idi nā puvv
489:) as well (
144:apostrophes
130:orthography
126:adpositions
122:determiners
3615:Categories
3567:2007-03-28
3427:2014-03-11
3387:2006-09-20
3325:2014-05-18
3159:. Page 14.
3157:9027205841
3031:On Clitics
2849:2004-04-16
2804:References
2687:iyi misin?
2625:Ő sem jön.
2274:definitely
2106:possession
1971:participle
1903:Ivan i Ana
1895:participle
1881:participle
1865:sam vam ih
1855:sam vam ih
1845:sam vam ih
1835:sam vam ih
1825:sam vam ih
1821:sam vam ih
1811:sam vam ih
1728:("to be";
1634:, "here";
1456:He phoned
1452:para Paula
1448:Ele ligou
1419:Portuguese
1403:They give-
1366:Portuguese
1281:an leabhar
1162:þus silbin
1149:("then"),
898:a, an, the
755:Word order
630:Properties
580:Endoclitic
569:comitative
547:my flower)
520:my flower)
454:vyzkoušet
452:) to try (
372:Devanagari
355:Sanskrit:
335:naro gajaś
180:to readers
86:enklitikós
81:ἐγκλιτικός
73:backformed
21:morphology
3631:Morphemes
3374:1650-2019
3368:: 27–41.
2621:Ő is jön.
2594:Hungarian
2542:kello on?
2480:se siinä!
2472:after all
2460:after all
2414:No, kerro
2330:there"),
2308:Minä olin
2144:-ka ~ -kä
2136:-ko ~ -kö
2118:Wangkatja
2094:arguments
2033:do+vedite
2025:Dovedite
2015:Ne vidim
1981:to rekla.
1799:Pokažite
1794:"them"):
1786:"to me",
1391:Eles dar-
1381:She take-
1373:Ela levá-
1249:an lyvrow
1176:-sat ijōs
1143:("and"),
1001:Norwegian
995:, but in
993:Icelandic
933:Old Norse
744:language.
589:) in the
587:take part
573:predicate
567:with the
545:certainly
518:certainly
512:idu eṉ pū
503:idu eṉ pū
295:ánthrōpoí
281:"to have
224:Proclitic
198:July 2014
3494:60776789
3418:Archived
3334:cite web
3275:Language
3254:30 April
3245:Archived
3208:(2002).
3176:(2002).
3029:(1977).
2843:Archived
2742:See also
2572:Georgian
2538:Paljonko
2436:I wonder
2380:asuvasi?
2366:". Like
2337:("I was
2197:it is?"
2192:I wonder
2102:Warlpiri
2098:pro-drop
1943:Ja i on
1907:vrh brda
1843:Znam da
1809:Pokazao
1778:"I am",
1501:Sanskrit
1235:an lyver
909:couldn't
893:and the
879:, as in
677:morpheme
553:Estonian
445:) want (
331:Sanskrit
256:"Senate
245:Senatus
232:Enclitic
118:pronouns
91:morpheme
2683:iyi mi?
2667:Turkish
2526:Miksikä
2510:Oh, but
2342:as well
2304:I, too,
2221:katsot?
2124:Finnish
2114:affixes
2110:Pintupi
2053:sestru?
1957:u grad.
1718:present
1598:Russian
1575:"but",
1569:"and",
1563:Greek:
1544:"and",
1538:Latin:
1525:), and
1483:In the
1438:He was
1421:allows
1357:("give
1218:Cornish
1193:Yiddish
1167:preverb
1067:Hávamál
1047:), and
1009:endings
1005:Swedish
989:Faroese
979:cognate
956:álfrinn
865:English
860:English
814:Russian
808:Sallust
796:Martial
704:speech.
447:chtělo
410:However
270:Spanish
252:Romanus
247:Populus
176:may be
140:hyphens
3621:Syntax
3492:
3482:
3372:
3295:413900
3293:
3216:
3184:
3155:
3127:
3072:
2983:
2917:
2893:AppTek
2872:
2783:Tmesis
2723:oda da
2661:Somali
2631:Korean
2580:-metki
2506:se on?
2502:Anniko
2464:Kaikki
2364:either
2312:siellä
2209:Katsot
2178:) and
2080:Arabic
2067:vidiš?
2049:Vidiš
2039:Vidiš
1853:Zašto
1833:Jučer
1813:jučer.
1754:htjeti
1732:; and
1722:aorist
1704:forms
1700:: the
1650:Polish
1550:"or",
1385:-would
1338:atamos
1324:object
1174:uh-þan
1121:Gothic
1062:fásktu
1053:(from
1041:(from
1029:(from
1017:(from
997:Danish
962:gjǫfin
907:as in
804:Cicero
800:Caesar
794:(from
784:-autem
689:clause
685:phrase
599:Degema
595:Pashto
557:Rahaga
526:Telugu
342:sandhi
312:people
258:people
103:phrase
29:clitic
25:syntax
3593:(PDF)
3586:(PDF)
3421:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3381:(PDF)
3358:(PDF)
3319:(PDF)
3312:(PDF)
3291:JSTOR
3248:(PDF)
3237:(PDF)
3111:(pdf)
2735:-Abil
2727:odada
2554:Ganda
2518:tänne
2476:Maija
2444:tänne
2384:again
2372:again
2348:-kAAn
2339:there
2270:tule!
2243:miten
2239:miten
2186:kohan
2152:-kAAn
2041:li me
1997:da li
1979:mu je
1965:mu je
1963:Moja
1801:mi ih
1780:biste
1767:(see
1620:Czech
1527:Latin
1514:Greek
1460:Paula
1434:gordo
1411:-will
1359:me it
1344:tied-
1266:uses
1186:-sēƕi
1073:Dutch
984:jener
968:tréit
873:we've
788:-vero
780:-enim
776:Latin
717:stem.
694:below
561:vaene
499:Tamil
481:there
471:to me
437:would
420:nevím
395:Czech
380:namas
378:>
376:namaḥ
364:namaḥ
362:<
357:Namas
303:theoí
274:tener
241:Latin
149:'
124:, or
99:affix
77:Greek
75:from
3538:help
3490:OCLC
3480:ISBN
3442:link
3370:ISSN
3340:link
3256:2018
3214:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3153:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3070:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2715:o da
2655:neun
2647:hada
2558:-nga
2546:Say,
2534:Well
2514:Tule
2498:-hAn
2440:Tule
2428:Onko
2424:-hAn
2394:Minä
2378:kaan
2368:-kin
2358:kään
2356:Minä
2352:-kin
2326:, I
2318:, I
2296:Minä
2288:Minä
2284:myös
2280:-kin
2225:Sinä
2172:-hAn
2148:-kin
2065:(me)
2063:Jel
1897:...)
1887:Što
1883:...)
1873:Kad
1863:Zar
1819:Sve
1726:biti
1720:and
1708:and
1670:and
1541:-que
1531:-que
1495:-kʷe
1466:)").
1354:melo
1184:u-ƕa
1172:diz-
1003:and
991:and
974:hinn
950:-itt
938:-inn
919:and
905:-n't
871:and
818:(li)
806:and
597:and
491:také
415:však
320:gods
250:-que
135:-que
107:form
66:KLIT
27:, a
23:and
3513:doi
3283:doi
3273:".
3271:n't
3115:doi
2731:-sa
2719:oda
2697:or
2677:or
2639:ida
2598:-e:
2566:-wo
2530:ei?
2524:",
2522:you
2486:hän
2478:han
2474:",
2466:han
2462:",
2454:han
2448:you
2442:han
2430:han
2410:Wow
2390:-pA
2334:kin
2328:was
2320:was
2310:kin
2298:kin
2290:kin
2272:"I
2262:nor
2235:-kA
2201:-kO
2170:),
2168:-pä
2164:-pa
2160:-pA
2158:),
2146:),
2140:-kA
2138:),
2132:-kO
2005:jel
2001:dal
1955:smo
1945:smo
1935:smo
1933:Ja
1889:sam
1788:vam
1776:sam
1673:-że
1661:się
1655:-by
1644:dát
1636:ale
1584:οὖν
1578:γάρ
1553:-ne
1547:-ve
1523:-te
1512:),
1510:-ca
1472:ser
1442:fat
1440:was
1432:era
1423:ser
1399:-ão
1377:-ia
1346:1PL
1314:In
1274:sin
1268:seo
1216:In
1198:מען
1182:ga-
1158:ab-
1146:þan
1140:-uh
1137:),
1035:),
1032:mik
1026:-mk
1023:),
1020:sik
1014:-sk
944:-in
913:not
869:I'm
696:).
687:or
565:-gi
507:-vē
486:tam
429:-li
422:),
370:, (
337:-ca
323:and
316:and
306:-te
299:-te
262:and
142:or
68:-ik
19:In
3617::
3555:.
3529::
3527:}}
3523:{{
3511:.
3488:.
3438:}}
3434:{{
3412:.
3408:.
3364:.
3360:.
3336:}}
3332:{{
3289:.
3279:59
3277:.
3243:.
3239:.
3204:;
3172:;
3123:.
3087:^
3078:.
3039:^
2995:^
2943:^
2929:^
2841:.
2811:^
2713::
2707:dA
2699:de
2695:da
2691:dA
2679:mü
2671:mI
2653:,
2643:하다
2635:이다
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