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thing which makes them live" and when they see an animal, "they know that the skin has been fashioned to serve them as food". In turn, flies hunt the mosquito "which is the food that they like best", and predators eat the flies. "All animals, in short, can not exist without food, neither can the hunting animal escape being hunted in his turn. Every weak animal devours those weaker than itself. Strong animals cannot escape being devoured by other animals stronger than they. And in this respect, men do not differ from animals, some with respect to others, although they do not arrive at the same extremes. In short, God has disposed some human beings as a cause of life for others, and likewise, he has disposed the latter as a cause of the death of the former."
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generations for the Harra to give them all the complexion of the Banu Sulaim. This Harra is such that the gazelles, ostriches, insects, wolves, foxes, sheep, asses, horses and birds that live there are all black. White and black are the results of environment, the natural properties of water and soil, distance from the sun, and intensity of heat. There is no question of metamorphosis, or of punishment, disfigurement or favor meted out by Allah. Besides, the land of the Banu Sulaim has much in common with the land of the Turks, where the camels, beasts of burden, and everything belonging to these people is similar in appearance: everything of theirs has a
Turkish look.
676:: to look closely and search for understanding. ... If certain historians have claimed that Jahiz wrote about evolution a thousand years before Darwin and that he discovered natural selection, they have misunderstood. Jahiz was not trying to work out how the world began or how species had come to be. He believed that God had done the making and that he had done it brilliantly. He took divine creation and intelligent design for granted. … There was, for him, no other possible explanation. ... What is striking, however, about Jahiz’s portrait of nature in
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and eloquent, and no people less given to insulting language. No other nation can surpass them in bodily strength and physical toughness. One of them will lift huge blocks and carry heavy loads that would be beyond the strength of most
Bedouins or members of other races. They are courageous, energetic, and generous, which are the virtues of nobility, and also good-tempered and with little propensity to evil. They are always cheerful, smiling, and devoid of malice, which is a sign of noble character.
587:
437:
319:(porter); the manuscripts differ – of ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ named Maḥbūb, nicknamed Fazārah, or Fazārah was his maternal grandfather, and Maḥbūb his paternal. The names may however have been confused. His nephew also reported that al-Jāḥiẓ's grandfather was a black cameleer. In the early Islamic Arabia, the designation of
991:
Bayard Dodge in his editorial notes that he books about the caliphate undoubtedly tried to prove that it was the ‘Abbāsid caliphs who had the divine right to rule the
Islamic theocracy and that al-Jāḥiẓ had put these words into the caliph’s mouth in an attempt to boast of his erudition and clarity of
757:
was one of al-Jāḥiẓ's later works, in which he wrote on epiphanies, rhetorical speeches, sectarian leaders, and princes. The book is considered to have started Arabic literary theory in a formal, systemic fashion. Al-Jāḥiẓ's defining of eloquence as the ability of the speaker to deliver an effective
667:
Jahiz was not concerned with argument or theorizing. He was concerned with witnessing; he promoted the pleasures and fascinations of close looking and told his readers that there was nothing more important than this. ... Here and there amid the close looking there are visions, glimpses of brilliant
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The rat goes out for its food, and is clever in getting it, for it eats all animals inferior to it in strength", and in turn, it "has to avoid snakes and birds and serpents of prey, who look for it in order to devour it" and are stronger than the rat. Mosquitos "know instinctively that blood is the
2002:
G.J. van Gelder, "Brevity in
Classical Arabic Literary Theory." Taken from Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam, 1 to 7 September 1978, pg. 81. Ed. Rudolph Peters. Volume 4 of Publications of the Netherlands Institute of Archaeology and
820:
bin Mansur, and that all the peoples settled in the Harra, besides the Banu Sulaim are black. These tribes take slaves from among the Ashban to mind their flocks and for irrigation work, manual labor, and domestic service, and their wives from among the
Byzantines; and yet it takes less than three
810:
Everybody agrees that there is no people on earth in whom generosity is as universally well developed as the Zanj. These people have a natural talent for dancing to the rhythm of the tambourine, without needing to learn it. There are no better singers anywhere in the world, no people more polished
516:
had praised his books on the imamate and the caliphate, for his eloquent phraseology, and use of market-place speech, and that of the elite and of the kings, was exaggerated self-glorification and doubted that al-Ma’mūn could have spoken these words. Al-Jāḥiẓ was said to have admired the eloquent
330:
He sold fish along one of the canals in Basra to help his family. Financial difficulties, however, did not stop al-Jāḥiẓ from continuously seeking knowledge. He used to gather with a group of other youths at Basra's main mosque, where they would discuss different scientific subjects. During the
918:
The ancestor of ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ was Abū al-Qallamas; the first of the Nasāh of the Banū Kināna who were overseers of observance of the religious holy months, when warfare was forbidden. His genealogy has been reported as ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ al-Kinānī, then al-Fuqaymī, a.k.a. ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ al-Kinānī
662:
According to Frank
Edgerton (2002), the claim made by some authors that al-Jahiz was an early evolutionist is "unconvincing", but the narrower claim that Jahiz "recognized the effect of environmental factors on animal life" seems valid. Rebecca Stott (2013) writes of al-Jahiz's work:
1856:...there is much more in al-Jāḥiẓ, enough to indicate that he used a version of Aristotle (or an epitome), but still not very much. If al-Baghdadi thought that the Kitab al-hayawan was a plagiarism of the Aristotelian work he was either a fool or unacquainted with Aristotle.
262:
and author of works of literature (including theory and criticism), theology, zoology, philosophy, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, philology, linguistics, and politico-religious polemics. His extensive zoological work has been credited with describing principles related to
448:
While still in Basra, al-Jāḥiẓ wrote an article about the institution of the
Caliphate. This is said to have been the beginning of his career as a writer, which would become his sole source of living. It is said that his mother once offered him a tray full of
841:
school of theology supported by the caliph al-Maʾmūn and his successor. When Muʿtazilism was abandoned by the caliph al-Mutawakkil, al-Jāḥiẓ remained in favour by writing essays such as Manāqib at-turk (Eng. trans., “Exploits of the Turks”).
327:) was used to describe people like Zuṭṭ and Zanj, and based on this, several scholars have stated that al-Jahiz descended from one of these black communities, with some even suggesting that he was possibly of African descent.
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The ‘Anqā was a fabled bird, also called
Simurgh, that reigned as queen on Mount Qāf. The Ṣūfīs sometimes used the bird as an allegorical symbol of divine truth, so that the “Greatest King” probably refers to
772:
This book is composed as an imaginary debate between black people and white people as to which group is superior. Al-Jāḥiẓ mentions that Blacks have an oratory and eloquence of their own culture and language.
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Dodge notes that al-Jāḥiẓ’s praise for the ‘Abbāsid lineage, and promotion of their ancestors, the Banū Hāshim, over the ‘Abd Shams, ancestors of the
Umayyads, and the Banū Makhzūm, is evidentially political
816:
The Zanj say that God did not make them black to disfigure them; rather it is their environment that made them so. The best evidence of this is that there are black tribes among the Arabs, such as the
44:
953:
Probably the Caliph al-Ma’mūn, who made a special point of the doctrine of the creation of the Qur’ān. Al-Jāḥiẓ wrote numerous books about the caliphs, and which two books he refers to is unknown.
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is his vision of interconnectedness, his repeated images of nets and webs. He certainly saw ecosystems, as we would call them now, in the natural world. He also understood what we might call the
496:. What was my due but to sit above the Simakān, Spica and Arcturus, or on top of the ‘Ayyūq, or to deal with red sulphur, or to conduct the ‘Anqā by her leading string to the Greatest King.
635: – a charge of plagiarism was levelled against Aristotle himself with regard to a certain "Asclepiades of Pergamum". Later scholars have noted that there was only a limited
532:
and judge Ismā’īl ibn Isḥāq – such that “whenever a book came into the hand of al-Jāḥiẓ he read through it, wherever he happened to be. He even used to rent the shops of
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469:. Al-Jāḥiẓ was also one of the first Arabic writers to suggest a complete overhaul of the language's grammatical system, though this would not be undertaken until his fellow linguist
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The Simakān were two stars: al-Simāk al-A‘zal or Spica, and al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ or
Arcturus. The ‘Ayyūq was either Aldebaran in the constellation of Taurus, or else Capella.
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561:, but after his murder in December 861 he left Samarra for his native Basra, where he lived on his estate with his “concubine, her maid, a manservant, and a donkey.”
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528:, – and retells the story of al-Jāḥiẓ's reputation for being one of the three great bibliophiles and scholars – the two others being
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al-Fuqaymī in an akhbār cited by al-Anbārī. Kinānī and Fuqaymī refer to the tribes of Kināna and Fuqaym. ‘Amr ibn Qal‘s ancestor was one of the Nasah (Nasa’ah).
649:
science in 1941, said that an excerpt from this work was the only relevant passage he had found from an Arabian scholar. He provided a quotation describing the
311:
early in 160/February 776, he asserted in a book he wrote that he was a member of the Banu Kinanah. However, the grandfather of al-Jāḥiẓ was reportedly a Black
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289:(The book of misers), a collection of anecdotes on stinginess. Tradition claims that he was smothered to death when a vast amount of books fell over him.
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and told him he would earn his living from writing. He went on to write two hundred books in his lifetime on a variety of subjects, including on the
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2441:
Kennedy, Hugh N. (2010) . "Al-Jahiz and the Construction of Homosexuality at the Abbasid Court". In Harper, April; Proctor, Caroline (eds.).
617:, proverbs,and descriptions of over 350 animal species. Including in-depth analyses of their ecosystems and behaviors. Composed in honour of
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Al-Nadīm gives two versions of an anecdote which differ in their source: his first source is Abū Hiffān and his second is the grammarian
373:) with Akhfash al-Awsaṭ (al-Akhfash Abī al-Ḥasan). Over a twenty-five-year span studying, al-Jāḥiẓ acquired a considerable knowledge of
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in AH 255/December 868 – January 869 AD. His exact cause of death is not clear, but a popular assumption is that al-Jāḥiẓ died in his
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Al-Jāḥiẓ replaced Ibrāhīm ibn al-‘Abbās al-Ṣūlī in the government secretariat of al-Ma’mūn but left after just three days. Later at
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1986:, pg. 2. Volume 8 of Studies in Arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1982.
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wanted al-Jāḥiẓ to teach his children, but then changed his mind when his children were frightened by al-Jāḥiẓ's boggle-eyes (
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When I was writing these two books, about the creation of the Qur’ān, which was the tenet given importance and honour by the
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Al-Jāḥiẓ intervened in a theological dispute between two Mu’tazilītes, and defended Abū al-Hudhayl against the criticism of
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Le milieu baṣrien et la formation de Ğāḥiẓ (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Paris; Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient)
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literary style of the director of the library, Sahl ibn Hārūn (d. 859/860) and quoted his works. Because of the caliphs'
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A Treasury of Virtues: Sayings, Sermons, and Teachings of Ali, with the One Hundred Proverbs, attributed to al-Jahiz
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281:(The book of the Animal), a seven-part compendium on an array of subjects with animals as their point of departure;
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Ismā’īl ibn Isḥāq ibn Ismā’īl ibn Ḥammād, al-Qāḍī (d. 895/896) a jurist of Baṣrah who became a judge at Baghdād.
758:
message while maintaining it as brief or elaborate at will was widely accepted by later Arabic literary critics.
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The actual name of al-Jahiz was Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Bahr ibn Maḥbūb. His grandfather, Maḥbūb, was a protégé or
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1822:
Mattock, J. N. (1971). "Review: Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam by F. E. Peters".
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A copiest of MSS, or stationer, or bookshop owner. Bookshops were often meeting places for scholarly debate.
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508:, in 816 AD, because the caliphs encouraged scientists and scholars and had just founded the library of the
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730:. The book is considered one of the best works of al-Jāḥiẓ. The book has two English translations: One by
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Abū Hiffān 'Abd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥarb al-Mihzamī was a secretary and poet who died in Baghdād in 871.
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1889:"A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 6: Arabic Language Science: Origins and Zoological Writings"
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692:. He frequently used metaphors of webs and nets to express the interconnectedness of the natural world.
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influence in al-Jāḥiẓ's work, and that al-Baghdadi may have been unacquainted with Aristotle's work.
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al-Jammāz Muḥammad ibn ‘Amr, Abū ‘Abd Allāh (d. 868/869) a satirist and storyteller at the court of
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for their greedy behavior. Many of the stories continue to be reprinted in magazines throughout the
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was to persuade the reader to fulfil his moral obligation to God, an obligation enjoined by the
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and his eagerness to establish himself and reach a wider audience, al-Jāḥiẓ stayed in Baghdad.
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834:. Another Mu‘tazilite theologian, Ja‘far ibn Mubashshir, wrote a “refutation of al-Jāḥiẓ”.
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tribe. Not much is known about al-Jāḥiẓ's early life, but his family was very poor. Born in
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lists nearly 140 titles attributed to al-Jahiz, of which 75 are extant. The best known are
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1244:. In Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T.M.; Latham, J.D.; Serjeat, R.B.; Rex Smith, G. (eds.).
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8:
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Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem
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99:
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Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary (tr. Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-al-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān)
2222:
Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary (tr. Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-al-Anbā Abnā' al-Zamān)
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A late tradition claims that Jahiz...was smothered to death under an avalanche of books.
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285:(The book of eloquence and exposition), a wide-ranging work on human communication; and
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2019:
Sharawi, Helmi, 'The African in Arab culture: Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion', in
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Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite
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Ja‘far ibn Mubashshir al-Thaqafī, Abū Muḥammad, (d. 848/49) a Mu‘tazilah of Baghdād.
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2286:. Vol. ii. New York & London: Columbia University Press. pp. 397–409.
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When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty
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1963:
1357:
Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Chuo cha Uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kiswahili (1974).
489:
458:
7776:
7583:
6770:
1835:
928:
Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hāni’ (d. 810), licentious poet and court companion of
586:
553:). This is said to be the origin of his nickname. He enjoyed the patronage of
43:
8780:
8547:
8471:
8445:
8379:
7740:
7670:
7650:
7612:
7231:
7216:
6980:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
6787:
6712:
6522:
6483:
6470:
6445:
6351:
6140:
6112:
5989:
5943:
5861:
5560:
5461:
5446:
5436:
5271:
5233:
5210:
5172:
5083:
4813:
4807:
4797:
4785:
4147:
4137:
4047:
3997:
3947:
3917:
3824:
3819:
3809:
3671:
3583:
3540:
3410:
3380:
3335:
3307:
3172:
3137:
3072:
2657:
2621:
2416:
2394:
2386:
2216:
2180:
1619:
1001:
Compare “al-Fihrist” (ed. Dodge, 1970), Ch. III, §.2, near n. 12; Ch. V, §.1.
942:
879:
642:
558:
417:
374:
7702:
3430:
2431:
2251:(in Arabic and French). Vol. iii. Paris: Imprimerie impériale. p.
2171:(in Arabic). Vol. 14. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmi. pp. 124–132.
1824:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
789:
al-Jāḥiẓ, “The Boasts of the Blacks Over the Whites,” trans. Tarif Khalidi,
742:. Editions: Arabic (al-Ḥājirī, Cairo, 1958); Arabic text, French preface.
8737:
8682:
8506:
8435:
8191:
8176:
8014:
7768:
7697:
7485:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
7425:
7398:
7389:
7289:
6766:
6582:
6517:
6210:
6107:
6098:
6004:
5758:
5426:
5345:
5276:
5140:
4637:
4577:
4552:
4533:
4127:
4102:
4087:
4057:
4052:
3952:
3942:
3844:
3834:
3814:
3759:
3608:
3470:
3375:
3302:
3182:
3082:
3037:
2977:
2707:
2637:
2303:
2279:
2275:
870:
after one of many large piles of books fell on him, killing him instantly.
544:
513:
493:
421:
340:
335:
books became readily available, and learning accessible. Al-Jāḥiẓ studied
304:
274:
182:
8369:
7435:
6928:
6548:
3192:
2450:
1369:, ed. Iḥsān `Abbās, 7 vols (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993), 5:2102.
1347:, ed. Iḥsān `Abbās, 7 vols (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993), 5:2102.
838:
837:
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, he was "part of the rationalist
352:
8598:
8522:
8328:
7750:
7472:
7440:
7385:
7251:
6949:
6914:
6896:
6688:
6425:
6355:
6035:
5934:
5503:
5476:
5466:
5403:
5308:
5298:
5293:
5125:
5108:
4932:
4847:
4687:
4562:
4167:
4112:
4072:
4002:
3877:
3829:
3666:
3656:
3628:
3598:
3510:
3405:
3187:
3177:
3147:
3042:
2814:
2772:
2727:
2697:
2667:
2652:
2023:, ed. by Tahar Labib (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2008), pp. 92-156 (p. 99);
1492:
1114:
817:
603:
525:
485:
406:
3097:
2425:(in Arabic). Vol. III. Beirut: Dār Ṣādar. pp. 470–475 (§506 ).
1904:
1888:
8527:
8430:
8349:
8264:
8108:
7394:
7191:
6972:
6918:
6816:
6754:
6705:
6671:
6624:
6545:
6478:
6465:
6383:
6359:
6288:
6193:
6135:
6057:
5960:
5333:
5097:
5093:
4927:
4852:
4828:
4793:
4747:
4682:
4642:
4617:
4572:
4557:
4547:
4062:
3982:
3839:
3754:
3618:
3593:
3555:
3545:
3500:
3425:
3415:
3400:
3395:
3365:
3317:
3252:
3222:
3047:
2957:
2732:
2586:
2497:
2357:
Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb (Yāqūt's Dictionary of Learned Men)
2198:
2125:. Sankt-Peterburg: T͡Sentr "Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie". p. 392.
2099:"al-Jahiz | biography - Muslim theologian and scholar | Britannica.com"
2054:"Medieval Sourcebook: Abû Ûthmân al-Jâhith: From The Essays, c. 860 CE"
1469:
1037:
855:
727:
626:
613:
is an extensive zoological encyclopedia in seven volumes consisting of
575:
378:
5178:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
5037:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
1945:
Jāḥiẓ (al-), Abū ‘Uthman ‘Amr ibn Bahr (1958). al-Ḥājirī, Ṭāhā (ed.).
1843:
1053:
Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (d. ca. 841) Muʿtazilī theologian from Baṣrah
8588:
8476:
8410:
8354:
8303:
8171:
8113:
8103:
7912:
7654:
7642:
7620:
7551:
7464:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
7455:
7356:
7301:
7226:
6880:
6875:
6801:
6745:
6491:
6346:
6339:
6215:
6126:
6040:
6020:
5865:
5806:
5318:
5286:
5241:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
5129:
5007:
4922:
4917:
4727:
4692:
4587:
4582:
3588:
3490:
3465:
3385:
3217:
3087:
3017:
2869:
2864:
2248:
Kitāb al-Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar (tr. Les Prairies d'or)
2234:
2208:
Kitāb al-Ishtiqāq (Ibn Doreid's genealogisch-etymologisches Handbuch)
2176:
1868:
Zirkle C (1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'".
831:
750:
Kitāb al-Bayān wa-al-Tabyīn 'The Book of eloquence and demonstration'
518:
425:
398:
382:
336:
332:
7645:
2542:
1632:
1040:
gives a list of the first and last sentences of each section of the
668:
insight and perception about natural laws, but the overt purpose of
8425:
8364:
8359:
8283:
8181:
7839:
7806:
7661:
7546:
7538:
7327:
6732:
6663:
6586:
6569:
6400:
6387:
6220:
6166:
5948:
5396:
5020:
4612:
4328:
3932:
3525:
3485:
3390:
863:
614:
466:
450:
268:
259:
2712:
2533:
Kitāb al-Hayawān (Book of Animals), by al-Jāḥiẓ (Full Arabic text)
621:, who paid him five thousand gold coins. The 11th-century scholar
8206:
8186:
8057:
7976:
7844:
7824:
7785:
7630:
7477:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
7421:
7373:
7220:
7210:
6935:
6884:
6838:
6676:
6573:
6474:
6453:
6332:
6327:
6202:
6153:
6081:
6030:
5751:
5630:
5303:
5117:
5049:
4439:
3460:
3322:
3012:
2284:
The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture
2276:
Nadīm (al-), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq Abū Ya’qūb al-Warrāq
2021:
Imagining the Arab Other, How Arabs and Non-Arabs View Each Other
1728:
859:
719:
595:
540:
501:
462:
141:
137:
1644:
1194:"Giggers, Greeners, Peyserts, and Palliards: Rendering Slang in
8236:
8077:
7849:
7829:
7710:
7674:
6858:
6761:
6698:
6577:
6420:
6374:
5854:
5163:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
5121:
5068:
4492:
4403:
3897:
2747:
1668:
1465:
1284:
723:
711:
402:
386:
370:
299:
256:
5028:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
2314:, in Bosworth, CE; Donzel, E van; Lewis, B; Pellat, C (eds.),
8241:
8231:
8226:
8196:
7834:
6870:
6495:
6296:
6284:
5086:
5061:
5032:
4421:
1530:(10th ed.). Hong Kong: MacMillan Education Ltd. p.
1327:
1325:
1323:
1138:
851:
715:
707:
673:
454:
308:
172:
64:
2379:
The life and works of Jahiz : Transl. of selected texts
2067:
1805:
Aristotle and the Arabs: The Aristotelian Tradition in Islam
1784:
1656:
702:) 'the book of misers' (a.k.a. 'avarice and the avaricious')
8572:
8466:
8221:
8211:
8201:
8024:
7528:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
5072:
5067:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
4997:
1429:
1417:
1308:
1272:
1102:
884:
803:
512:. But al-Nadim suspected al-Jāḥiẓ's claim that the caliph
436:
7488:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
2079:
1740:
1716:
1692:
1680:
1596:
1502:
1377:
1375:
1320:
797:
5431:
2445:(Second ed.). London : Routledge. pp. 175–188.
2144:
Islam on the Margins: Studies in Memory of Michael Bonner
2034:
1704:
1248:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
5173:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
2360:(in Arabic), vol. VI, Leiden: Brill, pp. 56–80
2318:, vol. 5 (New ed.), Leiden: Brill, p. 116
424:
reports that al-Jāḥiẓ said he was about the same age as
4189:
2381:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
1372:
484:, and another about superiority in connection with the
401:. Al-Jahiz was also critical of those who followed the
343:
and poetry from among the most learned scholars at the
331:
cultural and intellectual revolution under the Abbasid
2003:
Arabic Studies in Cairo. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1981.
1752:
1343:
Al-Jahiz messages, Alwarraq edition, page 188; Yāqūt,
5225:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
5188:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
2502:(in Arabic). Beirut: Dār Gharib al-Islām i. pp.
2161:
1624:. Vol. II. Cambridge: University Press. p.
1120:
7460:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
5058:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
1400:
Islamic Thought: From Mohammed to September 11, 2001
476:
Al-Nadīm cited this passage from a book of al-Jāḥiẓ:
243:
212:
1441:
1296:
1126:
7504:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
7452:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
5166:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
6992:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
1870:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
8778:
8259:
5921:
5155:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
2372:
2215:
1734:
543:he wrote a huge number of his books. The caliph
7319:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
5169:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
2415:
2393:
2229:, William. London: W.H.Allen. pp. 405–410.
2211:(in Arabic). Göttingen: Dieterich. p. 150.
1962:Jāḥiẓ (al-), Abū ‘Uthman ‘Amr ibn Bahr (1951).
825:
2235:Mas’ūdī (al-), Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn
2186:Chronologie orientalischer Völker von Albērūnī
2163:Baghdādī (al-) Khaṭīb, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī
303:of ‘Amr ibn Qal‘ al-Kinānī, who was from Arab
8852:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
7928:
5900:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
5250:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
4344:
2558:
2488:(in Arabic). Vol. VI (7). Leiden: Brill.
2348:Yāqūt, Shīhab al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī
2233:
1893:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
1363:. East African Swahili Committee. p. 16.
1278:
653:, citing a Spanish translation of this work:
473:took up the matter two hundred years later.
2429:
2199:Durayd (Ibn), Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan
2197:
2175:
1314:
1290:
1090:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 7 March 2012
776:
763:
697:
577:
548:
416:Al-Jāḥiẓ died 250 , during the caliphate of
364:
214:Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Baḥr al-Kinānī al-Baṣrī
58:Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Baḥr al-Kinānī al-Baṣrī
6998:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
2525:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2274:
2085:
2073:
2040:
1969:Kitāb al-Bukhalā' (Tr. Le Livre des avares)
1961:
1944:
1790:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1508:
1331:
1191:
1144:
557:, the bibliophile boon companion of Caliph
397:, especially that of the Greek philosopher
7935:
7921:
7019:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
4371:
4351:
4337:
2565:
2551:
2433:al-Ǧāḥiẓ fī al-Baṣrah wa Baḡdād wa Sāmirāʻ
1972:(in Arabic and French). Paris: Maisoneuve.
1602:
1588:. London: Williams & Norgate. p.
1561:A dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English
1554:
1396:
1392:
1390:
862:. He died in Basra in the Arabic month of
409:, referring to his Hadithist opponents as
195:Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Basri
42:
2430:Pellat, Charles; Kīlānī, Ibrāhīm (1961).
2189:(in Arabic). Leipzig: Brockhaus. p.
2141:Haug, Robert; Judd, Steven, eds. (2023).
1213:
718:style. Al-Jāḥiẓ ridicules schoolmasters,
590:A page from a reproduction of al-Jāḥiẓ's
8847:Zoologists of the medieval Islamic world
6621:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
5160:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
2517:
2422:Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā' Abnā' al-Zamān
2407:, William. London: W.H. Allen. pp.
2298:(in French), Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve,
2140:
1886:
1585:An Arabic English Lexicon Book-i, Part-v
1435:
1423:
1397:Al-Jubouri, I. M. N. (12 October 2010).
1381:
1202:Journal of the American Oriental Society
858:after spending more than fifty years in
585:
435:
6844:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
2494:Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥamawī
2476:Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd al-Ḥamawī
2440:
2322:
2263:Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2120:
1821:
1758:
1387:
1155:
1153:
14:
8779:
7942:
6201:
5844:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2520:"Al-Jāḥith, Abū 'Uthmān 'Amr Ibn Baḥr"
2290:
1867:
1861:
1614:
1239:
1132:
714:, it is the best example of al-Jāḥiẓ'
8258:
7916:
7412:Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
5920:
4993:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
4370:
4332:
4188:
3697:
2789:
2619:
2584:
2572:
2546:
2492:
2474:
2346:
1917:
1802:
1710:
1520:
1459:
1447:
1108:
738:, and another by Jim Colville titled
688:Like Aristotle, al-Jahiz believed in
625:dismissed it as "little more than a
271:, and the functions of an ecosystem.
79:December 868/January 869 (aged 92-93)
8822:9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
4358:
2309:
2121:al-Ṣūlī, Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyá (1998).
1578:
1350:
1302:
1235:
1233:
1150:
895:List of Arab scientists and scholars
619:Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mālik al-Zayyāt
347:, where he attended the lectures of
203:أبو عثمان عمرو بن بحر الكناني البصري
8857:Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate
8837:9th-century Arabic-language writers
6632:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
4191:National literatures of Arab states
2499:Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb
2485:Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb
2417:Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad
2395:Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad
2217:Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad
1951:(in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Ma‘ārif.
1367:Irshād al-arīb ilá ma`rifat al-adīb
1345:Irshād al-arīb ilá ma`rifat al-adīb
1162:"Darwin's Ghosts, By Rebecca Stott"
764:
698:
578:
549:
365:
233:
202:
24:
2436:(in Arabic). Damas: Dar El-Yakaza.
2366:
2168:Tārīkh Baghdād aw madīnat al-salām
706:A collection of stories about the
444:(Book of the Animals) by al-Jāḥiẓ.
48:Syrian stamp of al-Jahiz from 1968
25:
8868:
7004:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
2511:
1230:
564:
440:A giraffe from a reproduction of
315:(cameleer) – or
7022:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
5244:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
5116:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
4794:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
2332:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
2177:Bīrūnī (al-), Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad
1215:10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.1.0017
1173:from the original on 4 June 2012
255:'the bug eyed'), was an
7574:United Submitters International
6853:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
6231:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
5584:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2620:
2603:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions
2114:
2091:
2046:
2013:
1996:
1976:
1955:
1938:
1911:
1880:
1815:
1796:
1764:
1608:
1572:
1548:
1514:
1486:
1453:
1337:
1056:
1047:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
985:
975:
966:
956:
947:
935:
922:
912:
768:) 'pride of blacks over whites'
645:, writing about the history of
389:. He read translated books on
7868:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
6881:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
5594:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
5589:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
5247:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
4868:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
2703:Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri
2443:Medieval Sexuality: A Casebook
2225:. Vol. ii. Translated by
1564:. London: W.H. Allen. p.
1460:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997).
1185:
1076:
13:
1:
8708:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
8698:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
8289:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
7295:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
5621:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
2900:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi
2790:
2403:. Vol. i. Translated by
2261:Al-Jāḥiẓ: In Praise of Books.
1772:"Islam's evolutionary legacy"
1497:Refutation of the Grammarians
1495:, Introduction to Ibn Mada's
900:
798:On the Zanj ("Swahili coast")
786:(Beirut: Dar al-Guiel, 1991).
784:Fakhr El Soudan Ala Al Bidhan
762:Fakhr al-Sūdān ala al-Bīḍān (
218:
8375:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
6983:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
6924:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
6905:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
5923:Islamic schools and branches
4758:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
4663:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
2496:(1993). Abbās, Ihsan (ed.).
2310:Watt, W. Montgomery (1986),
1069:
826:Mu‘tazilī theological debate
465:, poetry, lexicography, and
7:
6915:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
5611:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
4968:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
4903:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
3361:Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib
2471:. Vol. 26. NYU Press, 2013.
1887:Edgerton, Frank N. (2002).
873:
244:
213:
10:
8873:
8832:Medieval Arabic literature
8653:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
8553:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
8467:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
7671:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
7111:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
6864:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
6542:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
6026:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
5282:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4913:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
4873:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
4698:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
3698:
2895:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
2259:Montgomery, James (2013).
2133:
1924:. Bloomsbury. p. 50.
1641:, p. 400, I, ch.5 §1.
1621:Literary History of Persia
1121:Baghdādī (al-) Khaṭīb 2001
765:فَخْر السُودان على البيضان
740:Avarice and the Avaricious
568:
504:, then the capital of the
428:and older than al-Jammāz.
283:Kitāb al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn
8642:
8581:
8515:
8454:
8401:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
8393:
8342:
8276:
8272:
8254:
8164:
8089:
7954:
7950:
7862:
7815:
7767:
7721:
7611:
7598:
7537:
7434:
7372:
7355:
7242:
7190:
7181:
7120:
7037:
6971:
6948:
6895:
6815:
6800:
6730:
6597:
6440:
6304:
6279:
6255:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
6192:
6092:
5942:
5933:
5929:
5916:
5890:
5835:
5782:
5678:
5671:
5629:
5599:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
5559:
5417:
5314:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
5262:
5232:
5139:
5107:
5048:
5006:
4827:
4781:
4768:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
4743:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
4593:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
4532:
4523:
4491:
4463:
4430:
4402:
4395:
4391:
4366:
4197:
4184:
3903:Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar
3858:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3642:
3569:
3316:
2928:
2802:
2798:
2785:
2628:
2615:
2593:
2580:
1836:10.1017/s0041977x00141722
1809:New York University Press
1111:, pp. 56–80, VI (6).
793:, 25, no. 1 (1981): 3–51.
777:Editions and translations
482:Commander of the Faithful
431:
188:
178:
168:
163:
159:
155:
127:
115:
105:
91:
87:
75:
53:
41:
34:
7284:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
6159:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
5773:The Moderation in Belief
5654:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
5392:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
4963:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
4893:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
3293:Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli
905:
845:
746:. (Pellat. Paris, 1951)
379:pre-Islamic Arab history
82:Basra, Abbasid Caliphate
8807:9th-century Arab people
8802:8th-century Arab people
8385:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
8334:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
8294:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
7746:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
7137:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
7055:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
6827:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
5766:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
5724:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
5579:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
4983:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
4888:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
4878:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
4718:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
4673:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
4608:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
3662:Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi
3113:Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani
2968:Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi
2753:Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith
2648:Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād
2585:
2377:; Hawke, D. M. (1969).
1918:Stott, Rebecca (2013).
1403:. Xlibris Corporation.
1123:, pp. 124–132, 14.
1088:Encyclopædia Britannica
732:Robert Bertram Serjeant
682:survival of the fittest
357:Sa'īd ibn Aws al-Anṣārī
292:
27:Arabic writer (776–869)
8718:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
8668:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
8629:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
8497:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
8324:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
8146:Transcendent theosophy
7418:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
6995:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
6488:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
5983:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
5644:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
5639:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
5574:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
5534:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
5519:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
5199:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
5194:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
4953:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
4863:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
4858:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
4843:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
4713:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
4678:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
4603:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
3168:Abu Muhammad al-Anbari
3158:Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya
2673:Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah
2518:Plessner, M. (2008) .
1803:F. E., Peters (1968).
1499:, pg. 48. Cairo, 1947.
1246:Abbasid Belles Lettres
823:
813:
690:spontaneous generation
686:
660:
651:struggle for existence
607:
582:) 'book of the animal'
498:
445:
413:("the contemptible").
395:Hellenistic philosophy
8502:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
7687:Wallace Fard Muhammad
6639:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
6146:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
5895:Early Muslim scholars
5703:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
4973:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
4723:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
4633:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
3908:Abdur Rahman Kashgari
3740:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi
3441:Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
3258:Al-Raghib al-Isfahani
2820:Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
2810:Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi
2633:Abu Layla al-Muhalhel
2451:10.4324/9780203935026
2316:Encyclopedia of Islam
1982:G. J. H. Van Gelder,
1735:Khallikān (Ibn) 1843b
1713:, p. 58, VI (6).
850:Al-Jāḥiẓ returned to
832:Bishr ibn al-Mu‘tamir
814:
808:
755:al-Bayan wa al-Tabyin
728:Arabic-speaking world
665:
655:
623:al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
589:
571:al-Jahiz bibliography
478:
439:
224:), commonly known as
8733:Reza Davari Ardakani
8609:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
8543:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
8492:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
8406:Afdal al-Din Kashani
7333:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
7128:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
6318:Theology of Twelvers
6163:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
5710:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
5509:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
4908:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
4898:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
4883:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
4703:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
4668:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
4658:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
4653:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
4628:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
4083:Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
4043:Mohamed Said Raihani
3928:Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
3775:Suleyman al-Boustani
3604:'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya
3153:Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
3078:Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa
3058:Abu Mansur al-Azhari
2953:Abu Firas al-Hamdani
2915:Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a
2905:Dhu Jadan al-Himyari
2885:Qutayla ukht al-Nadr
2758:Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma
2663:Al-Khirniq bint Badr
2109:on 6 September 2015.
1677:, pp. 255, 398.
1653:, p. 400 n.108.
1527:History of The Arabs
1436:Haug & Judd 2023
1424:Haug & Judd 2023
1382:Haug & Judd 2023
1192:Blankinship (2020).
377:, Arabic philology,
8693:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
8614:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
8604:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
8563:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
8073:Medieval psychology
8045:Natural philosophy
7567:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
7309:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
7281:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
7079:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
6741:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
6048:Other Salafi trends
5877:Musta'li Isma'ilism
5793:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
5184:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
4948:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
4598:Zakariyya al-Ansari
4158:Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
4013:Ihsan Abdel Quddous
3745:Ahmad Faris Shidyaq
3128:Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
3003:Baha' al-din Zuhair
2875:Layla al-Akhyaliyya
2743:Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya
2693:Antarah ibn Shaddad
2683:'Amir ibn al-Tufayl
2528:. Encyclopedia.com.
2245:, A. Pavet (eds.).
1240:Pellat, C. (1990).
1147:, pp. 397–409.
744:Le Livre des avares
696:Kitāb al-Bukhalā’ (
8703:Abdolkarim Soroush
8548:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
8462:Hajji Bektash Wali
7998:medieval astronomy
7944:Islamic philosophy
7866:Other scholars of
7757:Islamic modernists
7731:Modernist Salafism
7382:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
7341:Abdullah ibn Saba'
7276:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
7161:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
7149:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
7140:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
7071:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
6393:Astarabadi (Naimi)
6123:Abdullah al-Harari
6077:Muhammad bin Dawud
6010:Syed Nazeer Husain
5745:Tabsirat al-Adilla
5659:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
5494:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
5341:Syed Nazeer Husain
5264:Salafi Theologians
5016:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
4988:Muhammad Abu Zahra
4773:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
4623:Abdul Qadir Gilani
3968:Abdul Rahman Munif
3938:Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel
3913:Muhammad al-Maghut
3888:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
3614:Hamdallah Mustawfi
3579:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
3198:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
3033:Al-Hariri of Basra
3028:Al-Fath ibn Khaqan
2973:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
2910:Dorayd bin Al Soma
2840:Maysun bint Bahdal
2678:'Alqama ibn 'Abada
2598:Namara inscription
2467:al-Quda, Al-Qadi.
2165:(2001). "§6622)".
2103:www.britannica.com
1737:, p. 405, ii.
1438:, p. 225–226.
1426:, p. 222–225.
1293:, p. 12, l.1.
1279:Mas’ūdī (al-) 1864
736:The Book of Misers
608:
576:Kitāb al-Ḥayawān (
555:al-Fath ibn Khaqan
530:al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān
500:Al-Jāḥiẓ moved to
446:
323:( Arabic: السودان
222: 776–868/869
110:Islamic Philosophy
96:Islamic Golden Age
8842:People from Basra
8774:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8619:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
8558:Mahmud Shabistari
8538:Jalaladdin Davani
8487:Nasir al-Din Tusi
8309:Abu Hatim al-Razi
8250:
8249:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7858:
7857:
7667:Muhammad Jaunpuri
7594:
7593:
7520:Sumāma ibn Ashras
7351:
7350:
7202:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
7177:
7176:
7047:Gaylān ibn Marwān
6944:
6943:
6796:
6795:
6459:Abdallah al-Aftah
6275:
6274:
6188:
6187:
6172:Necmettin Erbakan
6014:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5978:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5886:
5885:
5826:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
5820:Tashih al-I'tiqad
5731:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
5667:
5666:
5649:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
5616:Idris Imad al-Din
5569:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
5544:Ruhollah Khomeini
5524:Zurarah ibn A'yan
5499:Sharif al-Murtaza
5487:Muhammad al-Mahdi
5472:Muhammad al-Jawad
5452:Muhammad al-Baqir
5353:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5329:Rabee al-Madkhali
4978:Murtada al-Zabidi
4753:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
4519:
4518:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4133:Ibrahim Nasrallah
4093:Ibrahim al-Mazini
3993:Saadallah Wannous
3790:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
3780:Butrus al-Bustani
3735:Ibrahim al-Yaziji
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3561:Ibn Abi al-Khisal
3446:ibn Hani al-Azdi
3288:Usama ibn Munqidh
3263:Sharif al-Murtaza
3248:Al-Sharif al-Radi
3208:Al-Sarī al-Raffā’
3008:Bashshar ibn Burd
2880:Suraqah al-Bariqi
2830:Hassan ibn Thabit
2781:
2780:
2718:Laila bint Lukaiz
2643:Afira bint 'Abbad
2611:
2610:
2574:Arabic literature
2538:Arabic literature
2460:978-1-135-86634-1
2405:McGuckin de Slane
2227:McGuckin de Slane
2154:978-90-04-52783-6
2076:, pp. 390–1.
1948:Kitāb al-Bukhalā'
1793:, pp. 402–4.
1665:, pp. 262–3.
1616:Browne, Edward G.
1479:978-9-00410-678-9
1315:Durayd (Ibn) 1854
1291:Bīrūnī (al-) 1878
1167:independent.co.uk
890:Al-Jāhiz (crater)
791:Islamic Quarterly
647:natural selection
629:" of Aristotle's
602:) in a nest with
506:Abbasid Caliphate
287:Kitāb al-Bukhalāʾ
265:natural selection
254:
242:
211:
192:
191:
134:Arabic literature
69:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
8864:
8817:Quranist Muslims
8748:Hasanzadeh Amoli
8743:Mostafa Malekian
8713:Taha Abdurrahman
8688:Ismail al-Faruqi
8646:
8568:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
8299:Abu Bakr al-Razi
8274:
8273:
8256:
8255:
8081:
8068:Medieval science
8063:
8048:
8030:
8020:
7983:
7972:
7952:
7951:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7914:
7913:
7609:
7608:
7370:
7369:
7188:
7187:
7164:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
7146:Awn ibn Abdullāh
7133:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
7103:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
6969:
6968:
6813:
6812:
6782:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
6751:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
6720:Khashabiyya Shia
6656:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
6614:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
6397:Imadaddin Nasimi
6302:
6301:
6199:
6198:
6070:Salafi Modernism
5973:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
5940:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5918:
5917:
5814:Awail Al Maqalat
5696:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
5676:
5675:
5606:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
5561:Isma'ili Shi'ism
5549:Wilayat al-faqih
5529:Hisham ibn Hakam
5514:Allamah Al-Hilli
4738:Muhammad Mayyara
4530:
4529:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4368:
4367:
4360:Islamic theology
4353:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4186:
4185:
4153:Mourid Barghouti
4108:Nazik Al-Malaika
4038:Abdellatif Laabi
3958:Ghassan Kanafani
3883:Sonallah Ibrahim
3868:Nawal El Saadawi
3795:Abdallah Marrash
3785:Ahmad Zaki Pasha
3765:Qustaki al-Himsi
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3436:Lubna of Córdoba
3341:Maria Alphaizuli
3228:Laylā bint Ṭarīf
2983:Ahmad al-Tifashi
2855:Jarir ibn Atiyah
2850:Suraqa bin Malik
2845:Jamil ibn Ma'mar
2800:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2768:Aktham ibn Saifi
2763:Zuhayr ibn Janab
2617:
2616:
2582:
2581:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2507:
2489:
2464:
2437:
2426:
2412:
2390:
2361:
2343:
2319:
2306:
2287:
2282:, Bayard (ed.).
2256:
2230:
2212:
2194:
2183:, Eduard (ed.).
2172:
2158:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2105:. Archived from
2095:
2089:
2086:Nadīm (al-) 1970
2083:
2077:
2074:Nadīm (al-) 1970
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2041:Nadīm (al-) 1970
2038:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1794:
1791:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1788:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1747:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1723:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1699:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1696:
1690:
1687:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1684:
1678:
1675:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1672:
1666:
1663:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1660:
1654:
1651:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1648:
1642:
1639:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1636:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1556:Richardson, John
1552:
1546:
1545:
1518:
1512:
1509:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1506:
1500:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1329:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1145:Nadīm (al-) 1970
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:Kitāb al-Ḥayawān
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
970:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
939:
933:
926:
920:
916:
767:
766:
701:
700:
632:Kitāb al-Hayawān
611:Kitāb al-Ḥayawān
600:Struthio camelus
592:Kitāb al-Hayawān
581:
580:
552:
551:
442:Kitāb al-Hayawān
368:
367:
279:Kitāb al-Ḥayawān
249:
247:
237:
235:
223:
220:
216:
206:
204:
150:Islamic theology
46:
32:
31:
21:
8872:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8762:
8728:Fouad Zakariyya
8723:Mohammed Arkoun
8678:Frithjof Schuon
8644:
8638:
8624:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
8577:
8511:
8450:
8389:
8338:
8268:
8246:
8160:
8119:Illuminationism
8085:
8079:
8061:
8046:
8029:(jurisprudence)
8028:
8018:
7981:
7970:
7946:
7941:
7911:
7898:
7854:
7811:
7782:Ahmed Raza Khan
7763:
7717:
7707:Fethullah Gülen
7682:Nation of Islam
7603:
7600:
7590:
7533:
7510:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
7438:
7430:
7363:
7359:
7347:
7268:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
7238:
7173:
7158:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
7116:
7033:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6952:
6940:
6891:
6804:
6792:
6726:
6600:
6593:
6561:Hassan-i Sabbah
6444:
6436:
6308:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6271:
6236:Hasan al-Utrush
6184:
6150:Ahmed Raza Khan
6096:
6088:
5995:Dawud al-Zahiri
5946:
5925:
5904:
5882:
5831:
5778:
5738:Kitab al-Tawhid
5663:
5625:
5555:
5482:Hasan al-Askari
5457:Ja'far al-Sadiq
5419:Twelver Shi'ism
5413:
5385:Salafi Jihadism
5380:Osama bin Laden
5363:Safar Al-Hawali
5324:Saleh Al-Fawzan
5258:
5228:
5221:Sahib ibn Abbad
5216:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
5181:Ja'far ibn Harb
5146:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
5143:
5135:
5103:
5064:ī (Muqātilīyya)
5044:
5002:
4958:Shah Abdul Aziz
4831:
4823:
4777:
4763:Ahmad al-Dardir
4648:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
4536:
4515:
4487:
4459:
4426:
4387:
4386:
4362:
4357:
4327:
4318:
4193:
4172:
4033:Mohammed Bennis
4023:Mohamed Choukri
3963:Ghada al-Samman
3893:Mahmoud Darwish
3854:
3850:Tawfiq al-Hakim
3805:Maryana Marrash
3800:Francis Marrash
3730:Nasif al-Yaziji
3725:Maruf al Rusafi
3702:
3681:
3677:Ahmed Ben Triki
3638:
3565:
3320:
3312:
3273:Yaqut al-Hamawi
3143:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
3123:Yunus ibn Habib
3068:ibn al-Mudabbir
2924:
2890:Waddah al-Yaman
2860:Ka'b bin Zuhayr
2825:Fadl Ashsha'ira
2794:
2777:
2723:Mahd al-Aadiyya
2688:Amr ibn Kulthum
2624:
2607:
2589:
2576:
2571:
2514:
2482:, D. S. (ed.).
2461:
2369:
2367:Further reading
2364:
2354:, D. S. (ed.),
2340:
2339:978-0-306814808
2292:Pellat, Charles
2243:Courteille (de)
2155:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2115:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1981:
1977:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1921:Darwin's Ghosts
1916:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:TheGuardian.com
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1613:
1609:
1605:, p. 1032.
1603:Richardson 1852
1601:
1597:
1577:
1573:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1522:Hitti, Philip K
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
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1422:
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1411:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
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1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1238:
1231:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1169:. 31 May 2012.
1159:
1158:
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1103:
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1018:
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1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
980:
976:
971:
967:
961:
957:
952:
948:
940:
936:
930:Hārūn al-Rashīd
927:
923:
917:
913:
908:
903:
876:
868:private library
848:
828:
802:Concerning the
800:
779:
770:
752:
710:. Humorous and
704:
584:
573:
567:
434:
345:School of Basra
295:
221:
146:Islamic studies
130:
122:Aristotelianism
83:
80:
71:
62:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8870:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8772:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8658:Muhammad Iqbal
8655:
8649:
8647:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8634:Hādī Sabzavārī
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8594:Mir Fendereski
8591:
8585:
8583:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8319:Ikhwan al-Safa
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8280:
8278:
8270:
8269:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8151:Traditionalist
8148:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8095:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8055:
8050:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8022:
8012:
8007:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7974:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7948:
7947:
7940:
7939:
7932:
7925:
7917:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7821:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7788:
7773:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7736:Muhammad Abduh
7727:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7617:
7615:
7606:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7579:Rashad Khalifa
7571:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7562:Muhammad Iqbal
7554:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7505:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7453:
7446:
7444:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7415:
7408:Bektashi Order
7401:
7392:
7378:
7376:
7367:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7257:Abu al-Khattab
7248:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7215:Abū Hulmān al-
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7196:
7194:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7170:Amr ibn Murrah
7168:
7167:Ahmad ibn Hārb
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7155:Salm ibn Sālem
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7130:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7087:Sāleh ibn Umar
7082:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7063:Gassān al-Kūfī
7058:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6966:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6921:
6912:
6910:Jābir ibn Zayd
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6878:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6821:
6819:
6810:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:Tawussite Shia
6775:
6774:
6773:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6633:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6605:
6603:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6580:
6567:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6481:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6450:
6448:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6390:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6314:
6312:
6299:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6248:Imams of Yemen
6245:
6243:Yahya ibn Umar
6240:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6169:
6156:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6115:
6104:
6102:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6018:
6017:
6016:
5997:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5954:
5952:
5937:
5927:
5926:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5869:
5858:
5851:Kitab al-Majmu
5847:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5788:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5689:Asas al-Taqdis
5684:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5539:Ja'far Sobhani
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5442:Husayn ibn Ali
5439:
5434:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5375:Salman al-Ouda
5372:
5371:
5370:
5368:Sahwa movement
5360:
5358:Zubair Ali Zai
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Al-Zamakhshari
5203:
5202:
5201:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5151:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5065:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Ahmad Sirhindi
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4804:Malik ibn Anas
4801:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
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4568:Al-Shahrastani
4565:
4560:
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4527:
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4182:
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4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:Samih al-Qasim
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Omar Abu Risha
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4068:Youssef Rzouga
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4028:Leila Abouzeid
4025:
4020:
4018:Alaa Al Aswany
4015:
4010:
4008:Leila Aboulela
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Colette Khoury
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Abbās al-Aqqād
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Naguib Mahfouz
3870:
3864:
3862:
3856:
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3847:
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3837:
3832:
3827:
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3807:
3802:
3797:
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3750:Naoum Mokarzel
3747:
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3732:
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3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
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3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3634:Al-Qalqashandi
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Ibn al-Kattani
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
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3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
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3378:
3373:
3371:Ibn Abd Rabbih
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3298:Ibn al-Shajari
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
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3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Rabia of Basra
3115:
3110:
3108:Aban al-Lahiqi
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
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3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Abu al-Atahiya
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
2945:
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2926:
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2907:
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2897:
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2835:Ibn Abi Hasina
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
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2806:
2804:
2796:
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2783:
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2779:
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2609:
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2600:
2594:
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2578:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2513:
2512:External links
2510:
2509:
2508:
2490:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2438:
2427:
2413:
2391:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2344:
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2320:
2307:
2288:
2272:
2269:978-0748683321
2257:
2241:, C. Barbier;
2231:
2213:
2195:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2090:
2088:, p. 397.
2078:
2066:
2045:
2033:
2012:
1995:
1975:
1954:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1899:(2): 142–146.
1879:
1860:
1830:(1): 147–148.
1814:
1811:. p. 133.
1795:
1783:
1763:
1761:, p. 252.
1751:
1749:, p. 402.
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 399.
1715:
1703:
1701:, p. 255.
1691:
1689:, p. 929.
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1607:
1595:
1571:
1547:
1540:
1513:
1511:, p. 401.
1501:
1485:
1478:
1472:. p. 55.
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1409:
1386:
1384:, p. 226.
1371:
1349:
1336:
1334:, p. 398.
1319:
1317:, p. 150.
1307:
1305:, p. 116.
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 116.
1271:
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827:
824:
799:
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787:
778:
775:
769:
760:
751:
748:
722:, singers and
703:
694:
583:
574:
569:Main article:
566:
565:Selected books
563:
510:Bayt al-Ḥikmah
459:Arabic grammar
433:
430:
391:Greek sciences
294:
291:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
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129:Main interests
128:
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107:
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93:
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88:
85:
84:
81:
77:
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8446:Shams Tabrizi
8444:
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8380:Nasir Khusraw
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
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8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:Ibn Miskawayh
8353:
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7833:
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7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7817:Other beliefs
7814:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7792:
7791:Hilmi Tunahan
7789:
7787:
7783:
7780:
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7774:
7772:
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7766:
7758:
7754:
7752:
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7744:
7742:
7741:Muhammad Asad
7739:
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7732:
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7708:
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7651:Sabbatai Zevi
7649:
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7641:
7637:
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7501:Ali al-Aswarī
7500:
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7296:
7293:
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7283:
7282:
7280:
7275:
7274:
7273:Muʿāmmarīyya
7272:
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7262:
7258:
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6857:
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6851:
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6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6788:Waqifite Shia
6786:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6713:Ishaq al-Turk
6711:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6665:
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6655:
6654:
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6610:
6607:
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6602:
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6521:
6519:
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6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6471:Hamdan Qarmat
6469:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
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6427:
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6413:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6368:Safavid Islam
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6352:Sheikh Haydar
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5944:Ahl al-Hadith
5941:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5631:Zaydi Shi'ism
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Musa al-Kazim
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Ali al-Sajjad
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Hasan ibn Ali
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5408:Post-Salafism
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Ibn Taymiyyah
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5253:Mustadrakīyya
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:Amr ibn Ubayd
5209:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Yusuf al-Khal
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Elia Abu Madi
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Waciny Laredj
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Zakaria Tamer
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Ibrahim Tuqan
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Nizar Qabbani
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Kahlil Gibran
3823:
3821:
3820:Mikhail Naimy
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Hafez Ibrahim
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Ibn al-Wannan
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Ibn Al Ouardy
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Ibn al-Yayyab
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Ibn al-Khatib
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Ibn al-Zaqqaq
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Al-Rumaikiyya
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Al Suhrawardi
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Ibn al-Anbari
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Bint al-Mahdī
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:Early Islamic
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Imru' al-Qais
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2506:-2122 (§872).
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:Kennedy, Hugh
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2043:, p. 35.
2042:
2037:
2030:
2029:9781845113841
2026:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2009:9789004063808
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:9789004068544
1989:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1931:9781408831014
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:. March 2009.
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1541:0-333-09871-4
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1450:, p. 56.
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1410:9781453595855
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1353:
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1328:
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1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1257:
1255:9780521240161
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1135:, p. 51.
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
988:
978:
969:
959:
950:
944:
943:al-Mutawakkil
938:
931:
925:
915:
911:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
840:
835:
833:
822:
819:
812:
807:
805:
792:
788:
785:
781:
780:
774:
759:
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
693:
691:
685:
683:
679:
678:Living Beings
675:
671:
670:Living beings
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:Conway Zirkle
640:
638:
634:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
601:
597:
594:depicting an
593:
588:
572:
562:
560:
559:al-Mutawakkil
556:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
443:
438:
429:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Arabic poetry
372:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
290:
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196:
187:
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181:
177:
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162:
158:
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139:
135:
132:
126:
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120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
8827:Arab writers
8812:Mu'tazilites
8758:Partawi Shah
8753:Javadi Amoli
8738:Ahmad Fardid
8683:Martin Lings
8533:Hajji Bayram
8507:Ibn Taymiyya
8436:Omar Khayyám
8421:Ayn-al-Quzat
8416:Ahmad Yasavi
8329:Ibn Masarrah
8263:by century (
8261:Philosophers
8156:Contemporary
8058:
8025:
8015:
7978:
7967:
7800:Other orders
7705: /
7698:Nur movement
7669: /
7626:Mirza Ghulam
7557:Tolu-e-Islam
7426:Galibi Order
7424: /
7404:Balım Sultan
7399:Babai revolt
7390:Qalandariyya
7388: /
7290:Mufaḍḍaliyya
7199:Jawārībīyya
7152:Umar ibn Zar
7121:Other Murjīs
6850:Bayhasīyyah
6767:Nuqta-yi Ula
6583:Pir Sadardin
6576: /
6490: /
6486: /
6403: /
6395: /
6382: /
6362: /
6358: /
6354: /
6211:Zayd ibn Ali
6161: /
6148: /
6099:Ilm al-Kalam
6012: /
6005:Ahl-i Hadith
5873:Umm al-kitab
5871:
5860:
5849:
5842:
5824:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5771:
5764:
5759:Fihi Ma Fihi
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5427:Twelve Imams
5346:Ahl-i Hadith
5277:Ibnul Qayyim
5187:
5157:(Nazzāmīyya)
4638:Ibn al-Jawzi
4578:Al-Taftazani
4553:Al-Baqillani
4284:Saudi Arabia
4227:Copto-Arabic
4128:Saadi Yousef
4103:Safa Khulusi
4088:Hasan Tawfiq
4058:Alifa Rifaat
4053:Tahar Djaout
3953:Emile Habibi
3943:Sinan Antoon
3860:Contemporary
3845:Taha Hussein
3835:Jurji Zaydan
3815:Ahmed Shawqi
3760:Ameen Rihani
3609:Ibn al-Wardi
3496:al-Shushtari
3471:Umm Al-Kiram
3376:Ibn al-Abbar
3356:Al-Rukuniyya
3303:Ibn al-Nafis
3233:Al-Tha'alibi
3183:Ibn Qutaybah
3092:
3083:Al-Mutanabbi
3063:ibn al-Mahdi
3038:Ibn al-Farid
2993:ibn al-'Amid
2943:Ibn al-Ahnaf
2708:Hatim al-Tai
2638:Adi ibn Zayd
2523:
2498:
2484:
2468:
2442:
2432:
2421:
2399:
2378:
2356:
2328:
2315:
2295:
2283:
2260:
2247:
2239:Meynard (de)
2221:
2207:
2205:, F. (ed.).
2185:
2167:
2143:
2123:Kniga listov
2122:
2116:
2107:the original
2102:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2048:
2036:
2020:
2015:
1998:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1966:, C. (ed.).
1957:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1876:(1): 71–123.
1873:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1786:
1775:
1766:
1759:Kennedy 2006
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1620:
1610:
1598:
1584:
1574:
1560:
1550:
1526:
1516:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1461:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1399:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1266:
1259:. Retrieved
1245:
1205:
1201:
1198:of al-Jāḥiẓ"
1195:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1058:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
987:
977:
968:
958:
949:
937:
924:
914:
849:
836:
829:
815:
809:
806:, he wrote:
801:
790:
783:
771:
754:
753:
743:
739:
735:
705:
687:
677:
669:
666:
661:
656:
641:
637:Aristotelian
630:
610:
609:
599:
591:
579:كتاب الحيوان
550:جاحظ العينين
538:
536:for study.”
533:
523:
499:
479:
475:
447:
441:
415:
410:
360:
359:and studied
341:lexicography
329:
324:
316:
312:
305:Banu Kinanah
298:
296:
286:
282:
278:
275:Ibn al-Nadim
273:
225:
194:
193:
100:Medieval era
29:
8797:860s deaths
8673:René Guénon
8663:Gohar Shahi
8599:Mulla Sadra
8523:Ibn Khaldun
8134:metaphysics
8080:(mysticism)
8062:(education)
8040:Metaphysics
8019:(dialectic)
8005:Eschatology
7982:(intellect)
7751:Rashid Rida
7599:Independent
7584:Edip Yüksel
7547:Ahle Qur'an
7498:Nazzāmīyya
7495:Ikhshīdiyya
7482:Huzaylīyya
7473:Bahshamiyya
7449:Mā’marīyya
7441:Rationalism
7386:Malamatiyya
7306:Mānsūrīyya
7252:Khaṭṭābiyya
7183:Mu'shabbiha
7143:Sābit Kutna
7076:Sawbānīyya
7060:Gassānīyya
7044:Gaylānīyya
7038:Other sects
6833:Sa'labīyyah
6830:Maymunīyyah
6807:Arbitration
6689:Khurramites
6653:Sam‘ānīyya
6426:Bābā Rexheb
6356:Shah Ismail
6176:Millî Görüş
6094:Ahl ar-Ra'y
6036:Al-Uthaymin
5957:Kullabiyya
5935:Sunni Islam
5836:Independent
5680:Sunni books
5504:Shaykh Tusi
5477:Ali al-Hadi
5467:Ali al-Rida
5404:Yasir Qadhi
5309:Al-Uthaymin
5299:Rashid Rida
5294:Al-Shawkani
5190:(Jāhizīyya)
5175:(Jubbāīyya)
5079:Jawālikīyya
4933:Ali al-Qari
4848:Al-Sarakhsi
4834:Al-Maturidi
4708:Al-Sha'rani
4688:Ibn Khaldun
4563:Al-Qushayri
4525:Theologians
4506:Metaphysics
4412:Eschatology
4379:Theologians
4168:Fadwa Tuqan
4113:Ahmed Matar
4098:al-Jawahiri
4078:Amal Donqol
4073:Salah Jahin
4003:Tayeb Salih
3878:Yusuf Idris
3830:Farah Antun
3770:al-Kawakibi
3667:Hanna Diyab
3644:Ottoman era
3629:Ibn Khaldun
3599:Ibn Battuta
3511:Ibn al-Arif
3406:Ibn Khafaja
3188:Dik al-Jinn
3178:Al-Qasabani
3148:Al-Mubarrad
3133:Al-Farahidi
3103:Al-Armanazi
3043:Ibn al-Rumi
3023:Al-Isfahani
2998:Al-Hamadani
2963:Al-Mudabbir
2930:Abbasid era
2920:al-Mufaddal
2815:Al-Farazdaq
2773:Al-Munakhal
2668:Al-Shanfara
2653:Al-Hujayjah
2622:Pre-Islamic
2480:Margoliouth
2352:Margoliouth
1580:Lane, E. W.
1493:Shawqi Daif
1196:al-Bukhalāʾ
1133:Pellat 1953
963:expedience.
839:Mu’tazilite
818:Banu Sulaim
534:al-warrāqūn
526:al-Mubarrad
486:Banū Hāshim
407:Abu Hurayra
361:ilm an-naḥw
349:Abū Ubaydah
325:"as-swadan"
8792:776 births
8781:Categories
8528:Yunus Emre
8472:Ibn Sab’in
8441:Suhrawardi
8431:Ibn Tufail
8350:Al-Ghazali
8304:Apharabius
8139:psychology
8109:Avicennism
7971:(theology)
7795:Süleymancı
7703:Said Nursî
7662:Mahdavīyya
7613:Messianism
7517:Sumamīyya
7507:Hābītīyya
7395:Baba Ishak
7337:Saba'īyya
7324:Mukhāmmīsa
7315:Mughīrīyya
7302:Ghurābīyya
7264:Bāzīghiyya
7232:Bārāq Bābā
7211:Hulmānīyya
7108:Ziyādīyya
7100:Ubaydīyya
7092:Shamrīyya
7084:Sālehīyya
7068:Tūmanīyya
7052:Yūnusīyya
7013:Sauwāqīyya
6989:Hakāiqīyya
6973:Karrāmīyya
6963:Hanafiyyah
6817:Kharijites
6755:Nuktawiyya
6706:al-Muqanna
6684:Muḥammirah
6672:Abu Muslim
6668:Rezāmīyya
6643:Hārithīyya
6635:Janāhiyya
6625:Hashimiyya
6599:Kaysanites
6546:Badakhshan
6479:Qarmatians
6466:Batiniyyah
6446:Isma'ilism
6417:Demir Bābā
6412:Baktāshism
6405:Bektashism
6384:ibn Nusayr
6380:al-Khaṣībī
6364:Kul Nesîmî
6360:Pir Sultan
6265:Khalafiyya
6260:Dukayniyya
6194:Shia Islam
6136:Maturidism
6058:Madkhalism
5961:Ibn Kullab
5784:Shia books
5334:Madkhalism
5234:Najjārīyya
5124:al-Qībtī (
5098:Karramiyya
5094:Ibn Karram
5050:Mu'jassimā
4938:Al-Maydani
4928:Ali Qushji
4853:Al-Bazdawi
4829:Maturidism
4814:Al-Shafi'i
4683:Al-Baydawi
4643:Qadi Ayyad
4618:Ibn Tumart
4573:Al-Ghazali
4558:Al-Juwayni
4548:Al-Bayhaqi
4539:al-Ash'ari
4511:Philosophy
4432:Philosophy
4259:Mauritania
4063:Ali Douagi
3983:Hanna Mina
3973:Al Gosaibi
3840:May Ziadeh
3755:Ahmad Rida
3720:El Baroudy
3652:Al-Nabulsi
3624:al-Nafzawi
3619:Ibn Nubata
3594:Ibn Manzur
3571:Mamluk era
3556:Ibn Tufayl
3546:Ibn Jubayr
3516:Ibn Wahbun
3501:Abu Madyan
3431:Ibn Zaydún
3426:Ibn Zamrak
3416:Ibn Quzman
3401:Ibn Juzayy
3396:Ibn Bassam
3366:Ibn Hamdis
3331:Abu Ja'far
3318:Al-Andalus
3308:Ibn 'Adlan
3253:Ibn Hayyus
3243:al-Tawhīdī
3238:Al-Daylami
3223:Al-Tughrai
3203:Ibn Bakkar
3138:Al-Shafi'i
3073:Al-Ma'arri
3048:Ibn Duraid
2958:Abu Tammam
2733:Al-Nabigha
2375:Pellat, C.
2203:Wüstenfeld
1711:Yāqūt 1907
1470:E.J. Brill
1448:Yāqūt 1907
1261:14 October
1242:"al-Jahiz"
1109:Yāqūt 1907
1084:"al-Jāḥiẓ"
1038:Al-Fihrist
901:References
880:Shu'ubiyya
856:hemiplegia
782:al-Jahiz,
627:plagiarism
490:‘Abd Shams
418:al-Mu‘tazz
8787:Darwinism
8589:Mir Damad
8582:17th–19th
8516:14th–16th
8482:al-Abharī
8477:Ibn Arabi
8411:Ahi Evren
8370:Bahmanyār
8129:cosmology
8114:Averroism
8047:(physics)
7993:astrology
7988:Cosmology
7723:Modernism
7655:Sabbatean
7643:Kabbalist
7621:Ahmadiyya
7552:Kala Kato
7525:Kā‘bīyya
7456:Bishriyya
7436:Muʿtazila
7364:al-Juhani
7357:Qadariyah
7227:Kalandars
7207:Hāshwīyya
7095:Abū Shamr
7028:Zarībīyya
7025:Wāhidīyya
7016:Sūramīyya
7010:Razīnīyya
6986:Dhīmmīyya
6955:Hasan ibn
6929:Wahbiyyah
6876:Abu Qurra
6802:Muhakkima
6746:Hurufiyya
6733:Mahdiists
6648:Riyāhīyya
6629:Hārbīyya
6570:Aga Khans
6565:Assassins
6528:Sulaymani
6492:ad-Darazi
6430:Hārābātīs
6347:Qizilbash
6340:Shaykhism
6216:Jarudiyya
6127:Al-Ahbash
6108:Ash'arism
6041:Al-Albani
6021:Wahhabism
5866:Ahmadiyya
5807:Al-Khisal
5717:Al-Irshad
5672:Key books
5319:Al-Albani
5287:Wahhabism
5141:Mu'tazila
5130:Qadariyah
5008:Mu'attila
4923:Ibn Kemal
4918:Khidr Bey
4798:Hanafiyah
4733:Al-Bahūtī
4728:Ibn Ashir
4693:Ibn Arafa
4588:Ibn Furak
4583:Al-Maziri
4534:Ash'arism
4501:Cosmology
4478:Cosmology
4473:Astronomy
4445:Education
4274:Palestine
4123:al-Sayyab
4118:Al-Bayati
3589:Al-Busiri
3536:al-Fazazi
3521:Ibn Abdun
3491:Ibn Arabi
3481:Yusuf III
3476:Yusuf III
3466:Al-Tutili
3386:Ibn Amira
3351:Buthaina
3346:Ibn Ammar
3283:Al-Hallaj
3218:Niftawayh
3163:Al-Zahiri
3088:Abu Nuwas
3053:al-Zajjaj
3018:Al-Busiri
2978:Al-Asma'i
2870:Kuthayyir
2865:Al-Khansa
2792:Classical
2658:Al-Ḥurqah
2387:488398998
2219:(1843b).
2147:. BRILL.
2059:2 October
1852:223939666
1365:; Yāqūt,
1360:Kiswahili
1303:Watt 1986
1224:219100706
1208:(1): 17.
1070:Citations
712:satirical
615:anecdotes
545:al-Ma'mun
519:patronage
514:al-Ma’mūn
471:Ibn Maḍāʾ
451:notebooks
426:Abū Nuwās
411:al-nabita
399:Aristotle
366:علم النحو
353:al-Aṣma’ī
337:philology
333:Caliphate
239:romanized
208:romanized
183:Mu'tazila
8426:Averroes
8365:Ibn Hazm
8360:Avicenna
8314:Al Amiri
8284:Al-Kindi
8277:9th–10th
8187:ʼIjtihād
8172:ʻAṣabīya
8165:Concepts
8104:Farabism
8059:Madrasah
7840:Tawakkul
7807:Tawassul
7769:Taṣawwuf
7691:doctrine
7539:Quranism
7328:Namiriya
6957:Muḥāmmad
6950:Murji'ah
6664:Rawendis
6587:Satpanth
6508:Musta'li
6503:Fatimids
6401:Hurufism
6388:Alawites
6293:Sects in
6285:Mahdiist
6221:Batriyya
6167:Deobandi
6118:Shafi'is
6053:Jihadism
6000:Salafism
5968:Hanbalis
5949:Atharism
5862:Malfūzāt
5800:Al-Amali
5397:Hazimism
5109:Murji'ah
5033:Jahmīyya
5021:Mu'jbira
4613:Ibn Aqil
4217:Djibouti
3933:Said Akl
3526:Avempace
3506:al-Rundi
3486:Ibn Hazm
3421:Ibn Sahl
3391:Ibn Baqi
3268:Al Uyuni
3098:Shāriyah
3093:Al-Jahiz
2728:Mu'aqqir
2698:Al-A'sha
2478:(1913).
2419:(1972).
2397:(1843).
2350:(1907),
2326:(2006).
2312:"Kināna"
2294:(1953),
2278:(1970).
2237:(1864).
2201:(1854).
2179:(1878).
1905:20168700
1618:(1964).
1582:(1874).
1558:(1852).
1524:(1970).
1171:Archived
874:See also
864:Muharram
699:البُخلاء
606:. Basra.
467:rhetoric
422:Al-Nadīm
385:and the
369:, i.e.,
269:ethology
260:polymath
245:al-Jāḥiẓ
226:al-Jahiz
169:Religion
164:Personal
36:al-Jahiz
18:Al-Jāḥiẓ
8645:present
8207:Maslaha
8091:Schools
8078:Sufism
7962:Alchemy
7889:Shafi'i
7879:Hanbali
7845:Tewafuq
7825:Sadaqah
7786:Barelvi
7777:Ṭarīqah
7631:Qadiani
7604:beliefs
7374:Alevism
7221:Dimashq
7007:Nūnīyya
7001:Maʿīyya
6961:ibn al-
6936:Azzabas
6897:Ibadism
6885:Nukkari
6839:Azariqa
6824:Ajardi
6771:Bábīyya
6677:Sunpadh
6609:Mukhtār
6574:Nizaris
6549:Alevism
6523:Dawoodi
6513:Tayyibi
6475:Sevener
6454:Fathite
6328:Akhbari
6323:Ja'fari
6310:Twelver
6289:Shi'ite
6226:Imamate
6203:Zaydism
6154:Barelvi
6141:Hanafis
6113:Malikis
6082:Maqrizi
6031:Ibn Baz
5990:Zahiris
5752:Masnavi
5304:Ibn Baz
5118:Dimashq
4818:Shafi‘i
4748:'Illish
4483:Physics
4465:Science
4304:Tunisia
4289:Somalia
4264:Morocco
4249:Lebanon
4212:Comoros
4207:Bahrain
4202:Algeria
3978:Echebbi
3531:al-Baji
3461:Qasmuna
3323:Maghreb
3213:Al-Suli
3013:Buhturi
2373:Jāḥiẓ;
2304:7049520
2134:Sources
1177:19 June
1094:22 June
860:Baghdad
734:titled
724:scribes
720:beggars
596:ostrich
541:Samarra
502:Baghdad
494:Makhzūm
463:zoology
403:Hadiths
387:Hadiths
253:
241::
210::
142:Trivium
138:Biology
8237:Tawḥīd
8197:ʻIrfān
8010:Ethics
7968:Aqidah
7955:Fields
7894:Zahiri
7884:Maliki
7874:Hanafi
7850:Thawab
7830:Sunnah
7755:Other
7711:Hizmet
7675:Zikris
7646:Dönmes
7636:Lahori
7602:Muslim
7422:Rifa`i
7362:Ma'bad
7244:Tajsīm
7192:Tamsīl
6919:Ifrani
6859:Najdat
6762:Shayki
6731:Other
6699:Mazyar
6578:Khojas
6556:Nizari
6535:Hafizi
6496:Druzes
6477:
6421:Alians
6375:Ghulat
5855:Alawis
5122:Nabati
5087:Abdals
5069:Juzjan
4808:Maliki
4493:Sufism
4417:Ethics
4404:Aqidah
4396:Fields
4375:Fields
4309:U.A.E.
4244:Kuwait
4239:Jordan
3898:Adunis
3700:Modern
3657:Fuzûlî
3456:Nazhun
2748:Tarafa
2457:
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2181:Sachau
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1407:
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992:style.
708:greedy
674:Qu'ran
492:, and
488:, the
432:Career
383:Qur'an
381:, the
371:syntax
317:ḥammāl
313:jammāl
300:mawali
257:Arabic
234:الجاحظ
230:Arabic
199:Arabic
117:School
106:Region
8643:20th–
8242:Ummah
8232:Shūrā
8227:Qiyās
8217:Qadar
8202:Ijmāʿ
8182:Iʻjaz
8099:Early
8053:Peace
8035:Logic
8016:Kalam
7835:Taqwa
7219:ī ad-
7217:Fāris
6871:Sufri
6694:Babak
6518:Alavi
6484:Hamza
6442:Imami
6333:Usuli
6306:Imami
6297:Islam
6281:Imami
6063:Sahwa
5126:Murjī
5120:ī an-
5071:ī al-
5062:Balkh
4786:Sunni
4783:Early
4455:Peace
4450:Logic
4422:Kalam
4383:Books
4314:Yemen
4299:Syria
4294:Sudan
4279:Qatar
4254:Libya
4222:Egypt
3712:Nahda
3451:Muhya
3193:‘Inān
2713:Labīd
2280:Dodge
1901:JSTOR
1848:S2CID
1840:JSTOR
1628:n. 3.
1220:S2CID
906:Notes
854:with
852:Basra
846:Death
716:prose
455:Quran
321:Black
309:Basra
179:Creed
173:Islam
65:Basra
8573:Jami
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8394:12th
8343:11th
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8212:Nafs
8192:ʻIlm
8124:Sufi
8026:Fiqh
6601:Shia
4998:Rumi
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4269:Oman
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3321:and
2504:2101
2455:ISBN
2411:–74.
2383:OCLC
2334:ISBN
2300:OCLC
2265:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2061:2014
2025:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1590:2199
1566:1040
1536:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1263:2023
1250:ISBN
1179:2012
1096:2020
982:God.
885:Ajam
804:Zanj
604:eggs
393:and
293:Life
251:lit.
76:Died
54:Born
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5875:of
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