943:
1388:
marine in origin, they are now all but universally regarded as aeolian deposits. They are made up mostly of fine- to medium-sized quartz grains that are well-rounded and frosted, both indications of aeolian transport. The Navajo contains huge tabular crossbed sets with sweeping foresets. Individual crossbed sets dip at an angle of more than 20 degrees and are from 5 to 35 meters (16 to 115 ft) thick. The formation contains freshwater invertebrate fossils and vertebrate tracks. Slump structures (contorted bedding) are present that resemble those in modern wetted dunes. Successive migrating dunes deposited a vertical stacking of eolian beds between interdune bounding surfaces and regional supersurfaces.
1282:
919:
crescent directed downwind. The dunes are widely separated by areas of bedrock or reg. Barchans migrate up to 30 meters (98 ft) per year, with the taller dunes migrating faster. Barchans first form when some minor topographic feature creates a sand patch. This grows into a sand mound, and the converging streamlines of the air flow around the mound build it into the distinctive crescent shape. Growth is ultimately limited by the carrying capacity of the wind, which as the wind becomes saturated with sediments, builds up the slip face of the dune. Because barchans develop in areas of limited sand availability, they are poorly preserved in the geologic record.
745:
404:
419:
1000:
641:
311:
438:
206:
3468:
992:
3617:
1008:
911:
625:
37:
846:
340:. It was once considered a major contributor to desert erosion, but by the mid-20th Century, it had come to be considered much less important. Wind can normally lift sand only a short distance, with most windborne sand remaining within 50 centimeters (20 in) of the surface and practically none normally being carried above 2 meters (6 ft). Many desert features once attributed to wind abrasion, including wind caves,
262:, and suspension. Traction or surface creep is a process of larger grains sliding or rolling across the surface. Saltation refers to particles bouncing across the surface for short distances. Suspended particles are fully entrained in the wind, which carries them for long distances. Saltation likely accounts for 50–70 % of deflation, while suspension accounts for 30–40 % and surface creep accounts for 5–25 %.
22:
190:
952:
have a sharp sinuous or en echelon crest. They are thought to form from a bimodal seasonal wind pattern, with a weak wind season characterized by wind directed an at acute angle to the prevailing winds of the strong wind season. The strong wind season produces a barchan form and the weak wind season stretches this into the linear form. Another possibility is that these dunes result from
1126:. The flowlines eventually reach the, sea creating great plume of Saharan dust extending thousands of kilometers into the Atlantic Ocean. This creates a steady rain of silt into the ocean. It is estimated that 260 million tons of sediments are transported through this system each year, but the amount was much greater during the
1412:(fossil soil) beds to thin, chaotically arranged dune sets to equilibrium erg construction, with dunes 300 to 400 meters (980 to 1,310 ft) wide migrating over still larger draas. The draas survived individual climate cycles, and their interdunes were sites of barchan nucleation during arid portions of the climate cycles.
1395:
of the North Sea and north Europe contains sediments from adjacent uplands. Erg sand bodies within the group are up to 500 meters (1,600 ft) thick. Study of the crossbedding shows that sediments were deposited by a clockwise atmospheric cell. Drilling core show dry and wet interdune surfaces and
1144:
ergs are fed by coastal sediments. The Namib receives its sediments from the south through narrow deflation corridors from coast that cross more than 100 kilometers (62 mi) of bedrock to the erg. The Oman was created by deflation of marine shelf carbonates during the last
Pleistocene lowstand of
1105:
system), or erosion takes place. Wet systems are characterized by a water table near the depositional surface, which exerts a strong control on deposition, bypass, or erosion. Stabilized systems have significant vegetation, surface cement, or mud drapes which dominate the evolution of the system. The
901:
Dunes take three general forms. Linear dunes, also called longitudinal dunes or seifs, are aligned in the direction of the prevailing winds. Transverse dunes, which include crescent dunes (barchans), are aligned perpendicular to the prevailing winds. More complex dunes, such as star dunes, form where
836:
Sand sheets are common in desert environments, particularly on the margins of dune fields, although they also occur within ergs. Conditions that favor the formation of sand sheets, instead of dunes, may include surface cementation, a high water table, the effects of vegetation, periodic flooding, or
510:
Saltation is downwind movement of particles in a series of jumps or skips. Saltation is most important for grains of up to 2 mm in size. A saltating grain may hit other grains that jump up to continue the saltation. The grain may also hit larger grains (over 2 mm in size) that are too heavy
356:
are one kind of desert feature that is widely attributed to wind abrasion. These are rock ridges, up to tens of meters high and kilometers long, that have been streamlined by desert winds. Yardangs characteristically show elongated furrows or grooves aligned with the prevailing wind. They form mostly
982:
Clay dunes are uncommon but have been found in Africa, Australia, and along the Gulf Coast of North
America. These form on mud flats on the margins of saline bodies of water subject to strong prevailing winds during a dry season. Clay particles are bound into sand-sized pellets by salts and are then
951:
Linear dunes can be traced up to tens of kilometers, with heights sometimes in excess of 70 meters (230 ft). They are typically several hundred meters across and are spaced 1 to 2 kilometers (0.62 to 1.24 mi)apart. They sometimes coalesce at a Y-junction with the fork directed upwind. They
1387:
were part of the largest erg deposit in the geologic record. These formations are up to 700 meters (2,300 ft) thick and are exposed over 265,000 square kilometers (102,000 sq mi). Their original extent was likely 2.5 times the present outcrop area. Though once thought to possibly be
1085:
exposed during times of lower sea level. Sediment availability depends on the coarseness of the local sediment supply, the degree of exposure of sediment grains, the amount of soil moisture, and the extent of vegetation coverage. The potential transport rate of wind is usually more than the actual
978:
Vegetated parabolic dunes are crescent-shaped, but the ends of the crescent point upwind, not downwind. They form from the interaction of vegetation patches with active sand sources, such as blowouts. The vegetation stabilizes the arms of the dune, and an elongated lake sometimes forms between the
964:
Complex dunes (star dunes or rhourd dunes) are characterized by having more than two slip faces. They are typically 500 to 1,000 meters (1,600 to 3,300 ft) across and 50 to 300 meters (160 to 980 ft) high. They consist of a central peak with radiating crests and are thought to form where
716:
Wind-deposited materials hold clues to past as well as to present wind directions and intensities. These features help us understand the present climate and the forces that molded it. For example, vast inactive ergs in much of the modern world attest to late
Pleistocene trade wind belts being much
616:, are common in arid lands and are thought to be related to very intense local heating of the air that results in instabilities of the air mass. Dust devils may be as much as one kilometer high. Dust devils on Mars have been observed as high as 10 kilometers (6.2 mi), though this is uncommon.
1113:
The Sahara of North Africa is the largest hot desert in the world. Flowlines can be traced from erg to erg, demonstrating very long transport downwind. Satellite observations show yardangs aligned with the sandflow lines. All flowlines arise in the desert itself, and show indications of clockwise
918:
Transverse dunes occur in areas dominated by a single direction of the prevailing wind. In areas where sand is not abundant, transverse dunes take the form of barchans or crescent dunes. These are not common, but they are highly recognizable, with a distinctive crescent shape with the tips of the
1109:
The movement of sediments in aeolian systems can be represented by sand-flow maps. These are based on meteorological observations, bedform orientations, and trends of yardangs. They are analogous to drainage maps, but are not as closely tied to topography, since wind can blow sand significant
933:
are very large composite transverse dunes. They can be up to 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) across and 400 meters (1,300 ft) high and extend lengthwise for hundreds of kilometers. In form, they resemble a large aklé or barchanoid dune. They form over a prolonged period of time in areas of
293:
are hollows formed by wind deflation. Blowouts are generally small, but may be up to several kilometers in diameter. The smallest are mere dimples 0.3 meters (1 ft) deep and 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. The largest include the blowout hollows of
Mongolia, which can be 8 kilometers
143:
Aeolian processes are most important in areas where there is little or no vegetation. However, aeolian deposits are not restricted to arid climates. They are also seen along shorelines; along stream courses in semiarid climates; in areas of ample sand weathered from weakly cemented
922:
Where sand is more abundant, transverse dunes take the form of aklé dunes, such as those of the western Sahara. These form a network of sinuous ridges perpendicular to the wind direction. Aklé dunes are preserved in the geologic record as sandstone with large sets of
506:
in suspension. Turbulent air motion supports the weight of suspended particles and allows them to be transported for great distances. Wind is particularly effective at separating sediment grains under 0.05 mm in size from coarser grains as suspended particles.
2239:
Muhs, Daniel R.; Budahn, James; Avila, Anna; Skipp, Gary; Freeman, Joshua; Patterson, DeAnna (September 2010). "The role of
African dust in the formation of Quaternary soils on Mallorca, Spain and implications for the genesis of Red Mediterranean soils".
486:
and is the wind velocity required to begin dislodging grains from the surface. Once transport is initiated, there is a cascade effect from grains tearing loose other grains, so that transport continues until the wind velocity drops below the
514:
Vegetation is effective at suppressing aeolian transport. Vegetation cover of as little as 15% is sufficient to eliminate most sand transport. The size of shore dunes is limited mostly by the amount of open space between vegetated areas.
946:
Rub' al Khali (Arabian Empty
Quarter) sand dunes imaged by Terra (EOS AM-1). Most of these dunes are seif dunes. Their origin from barchans is suggested by the stubby remnant "hooks" seen on many of the dunes. Wind would be from left to
269:, a sheet-like surface of rock fragments that remains after wind and water have removed the fine particles. The rock mantle in desert pavements protects the underlying material from further deflation. Areas of desert pavement form the
820:
Sand sheets are flat or gently undulating sandy deposits with only small surface ripples. An example is the Selima Sand Sheet in the eastern Sahara Desert, which occupies 60,000 square kilometers (23,000 sq mi) in southern
969:
of Mexico are thought to have formed from precursor linear dunes due to a change in the wind pattern about 3000 years ago. Complex dunes show Little lateral growth but strong vertical growth and are important sand sinks.
1407:
in Utah was contemporary with the
Rogliegend. This formation records at least 12 erg sequences bounded by regional deflation supersurfaces. Aeolian landforms preserved in the formation range from damp sandsheet and lake
1733:
712:
added parabolic dunes, which are strongly influenced by vegetation, to the list of dune types. The discovery of dunes on Mars reinvigorated aeolian process research, which increasingly makes use of computer simulation.
2147:
Yan, Yuchun; Xu, Xingliang; Xin, Xiaoping; Yang, Guixia; Wang, Xu; Yan, Ruirui; Chen, Baorui (1 December 2011). "Effect of vegetation coverage on aeolian dust accumulation in a semiarid steppe of northern China".
1064:
The state of an aeolian system depends mainly on three things: The amount of sediment supply, the availability of sediments, and the transport capacity of the winds. The sediment supply is largely produced in
360:
Abrasion produces polishing and pitting, grooving, shaping, and faceting of exposed surfaces. These are widespread in arid environments but geologically insignificant. Polished or faceted surfaces called
1024:
cover 20 to 25 percent of the modern land surface of the earth, mostly between the latitudes of 10 to 30 degrees north or south. Here the descending part of the tropical atmospheric circulation (the
246:
Worldwide, erosion by water is more important than erosion by wind, but wind erosion is important in semiarid and arid regions. Wind erosion is increased by some human activities, such as the use of
1133:
Another example of an aeolian system is the arid interior of
Australia. With few topographic barriers to sand movement, an anticlockwise wind system is traced by systems of longitudinal dunes.
780:. This distinguishes small ripples from dunes, where the coarsest materials are generally in the troughs. This is also a distinguishing feature between water laid ripples and aeolian ripples.
465:
and carbonate sediments inland, while wind storms and dust storms can carry clay and silt particles great distances. Wind transports much of the sediments deposited in deep ocean basins. In
890:
Wind-blown sand moves up the gentle upwind side of the dune by saltation or creep. Sand accumulates at the brink, the top of the slipface. When the buildup of sand at the brink exceeds the
1396:
regional supersurfaces, and provide evidence of five or more cycles of erg expansion and contraction. A global rise in sea level finally drowned the erg and deposited the beds of the
721:
dates to 20 to 21 thousand years ago. The abundant dust is attributed to a vigorous low-latitude wind system plus more exposed continental shelf due to low sea levels.
1152:
of China has been a long-term sink for sediments during the
Quaternary ice age. It provides a record of glaciation, in the form of glacial loess layers separated by
902:
the directions of the winds are highly variable. Additional dune types arise from various kinds of topographic forcing, such as from isolated hills or escarpments.
2392:
662:
Wind is very effective at separating sand from silt and clay. As a result, there are distinct sandy (erg) and silty (loess) aeolian deposits, with only limited
378:
Attrition is the wearing down by collisions of particles entrained in a moving fluid. It is effective at rounding sand grains and at giving them a distinctive
1156:(fossil soils). The loess layers were desposited by a strong northwest winter monsoon, while the paleosols record the influence of a moist southeast monsoon.
1101:
well below the surface, where it has no stabilizing effect on sediments. Dune shapes determine whether sediment is deposited, simply moves across surface (a
511:
to hop, but that slowly creep forward as they are pushed by saltating grains. Surface creep accounts for as much as 25 percent of grain movement in a desert.
1885:"Erosion around a large-scale topographic high in a semi-arid sedimentary basin: Interactions between fluvial erosion, aeolian erosion and aeolian transport"
934:
abundant sand and show a complex internal structure. Careful 3-D mapping is required to determine the morphology of a draa preserved in the geologic record.
717:
expanded during the Last
Glacial Maximum. Ice cores show a tenfold increase in non-volcanic dust during glacial maxima. The highest dust peak in the Vostok
2741:
385:
Collisions between windborne particles is a major source of dust in the size range of 2-5 microns. Most of this is produced by the removal of a weathered
1346:
787:
is an accumulation of sand on the downwind side of an obstruction, such as a boulder or an isolated patch of vegetation. Here the sand builds up to the
258:
Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material from the surface by wind turbulence. It takes place by three mechanisms: traction/surface creep,
1342:
2104:
Lancaster, Nicholas; Baas, Andy (1 January 1998). "Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: field studies at Owens Lake, California".
705:(Arabic for "sword"). Bagnold developed a classification scheme that included small-scale ripples and sand sheets as well as various types of dunes.
1028:) produces high atmospheric pressure and suppresses precipitation. Large areas of this desert is floored with windblown sand. Such areas are called
674:, US. Here vegetation-stabilized sand dunes are found to the west and loess deposits to the east, further from the original sediment source in the
1041:
The sandy areas of today's world are somewhat anomalous. Deserts, in both the present day and in the geological record, are usually dominated by
169:
The lee (downwind) side of river valleys in semiarid regions are often blanketed with sand and sand dunes. Examples in North America include the
875:. They differ from sand shadows or sand drifts in that they are independent of any topographic obstacle. Dunes have gentle upwind slopes on the
1397:
602:
1130:, based on deep-sea cores. Mineral dust of 0.1–1 microns in size is a good shortwave radiation scatterer and has a cooling effect on climate.
3401:
3167:
478:(skipping or bouncing) and creeping (rolling or sliding) along the ground. The minimum wind velocity to initiate transport is called the
983:
deposited in the dunes, where the return of the cool season allows the pellets to absorb moisture and become bound to the dune surface.
1463:
2125:
1372:
indicate erg stabilization. The ergs interfingered with adjacent river systems, as with the Wingate Sandstone interfingering with the
3193:
3442:
2183:
Koren, Ilan; Kaufman, Yoram J; Washington, Richard; Todd, Martin C; Rudich, Yinon; Martins, J Vanderlei; Rosenfeld, Daniel (2006).
2563:
Muhs, Daniel R.; Cattle, Stephen R.; Crouvi, Onn; Rousseau, Denis-Didier; Sun, Jimin; Zárate, Marcelo A. (2014). "Loess Records".
2320:
Rashki, A.; Middleton, N.J.; Goudie, A.S. (January 2021). "Dust storms in Iran – Distribution, causes, frequencies and impacts".
1356:
Perhaps the best examples of aeolian processes in the geologic record are the Jurassic ergs of the western US. These include the
582:
in 1971, a dust storm lasting one month covered the entire planet, thus delaying the task of photo-mapping the planet's surface.
2631:
942:
265:
Regions which experience intense and sustained erosion are called deflation zones. Most aeolian deflation zones are composed of
162:
deposited by wind, is common in humid to subhumid climates. Much of North America and Europe are underlain by sand and loess of
829:. This consists of a few feet of sand resting on bedrock. Sand sheets are often remarkably flat and are sometimes described as
91:. Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as
2864:
Kocurek, Gary; Nielson, Jamie (December 1986). "Conditions favourable for the formation of warm-climate aeolian sand sheets".
1086:
transport, because the sediment supply is usually insufficient to saturate the wind. In other words, most aeolian systems are
1061:
during their initial fluvial transport, were further sorted by wind, which also sculpted the sediments into eolian landforms.
518:
Aeolian transport from deserts plays an important role in ecosystems globally. For example, wind transports minerals from the
2580:
1867:
666:
between the two. Loess deposits are found further from the original source of sediments than ergs. An example of this is the
1053:
climate change, and the sediments that are now being churned by wind systems were generated in upland areas during previous
1471:
566:
are affected by dust storms. On Earth, dust can cross entire oceans, as occurs with dust from the Sahara that reaches the
3427:
2396:
2026:
Margolis, Stanley V.; Krinsley, David H. (1971). "Submicroscopic Frosting on Eolian and Subaqueous Quartz Sand Grains".
776:, or distance between adjacent crests, of the ripples. In ripples, the coarsest materials collect at the crests causing
370:
In parts of Antarctica wind-blown snowflakes that are technically sediments have also caused abrasion of exposed rocks.
633:
3357:
3225:"Persistent aeolian activity at Endeavour crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars; new observations from orbit and the surface"
1038:
when smaller. Ergs and dune fields make up about 20% of modern deserts or about 6% of the Earth's total land surface.
132:
that are caused by wind at or near the surface of the earth. Sediment deposits produced by the action of wind and the
3394:
2615:
2463:
Zhu, Yuanjun; Jia, Xiaoxu; Shao, Mingan (July 2018). "Loess Thickness Variations Across the Loess Plateau of China".
2304:
2010:
1971:
1944:
1716:
1507:
601:. This very same Asian dust is blown for thousands of miles, forming deep beds in places as far away as Hawaii. The
2419:
1934:
1428:
453:
Wind dominates the transport of sand and finer sediments in arid environments. Wind transport is also important in
236:
1884:
1281:
806:. These form downwind of a gap between obstructions, due to the funneling effect of the obstructions on the wind.
3437:
1228:
June–July winds blowing dust in primarily north to south in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, UAE, and parts of Pakistan.
2507:
2185:"The Bodélé depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest"
3447:
3057:
2039:
1831:
1668:
1618:
348:, are now attributed to differential weathering, rainwash, deflation rather than abrasion, or other processes.
3651:
3343:
3387:
3373:
3224:
3001:
Bowler, J.M. (December 1973). "Clay Dunes: Their occurrence, formation and environmental significance".
3641:
545:
1118:. The greatest deflation occurs in dried lake beds where trade winds form a low-level jet between the
3452:
1582:
702:
1734:"Military Vehicle Trafficking Impacts on Vegetation and Soil Bulk Density at Fort Benning, Georgia"
1451:
887:. Dunes may have more than one slipface. The minimum height of a slipface is about 30 centimeters.
295:
45:
1587:
1211:
1097:
Aeolian desert systems can be divided into wet, dry, or stabilized systems. Dry systems have the
761:
697:
and deposited by wind. He recognized two basic dune types, the crescentic dune, which he called "
367:
are rare, requiring abundant sand, powerful winds, and a lack of vegetation for their formation.
1163:
is mostly ergs deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum that are now stabilized by vegetation.
1045:
rather than dune fields. The present relative abundance of sandy areas may reflect reworking of
3666:
3656:
1335:
1245:
1184:
966:
302:, US, extends 14 by 9.7 kilometers (9 by 6 mi) and is up to 90 meters (300 ft) deep.
133:
1057:(moist) periods and transported to depositional basins by stream flow. The sediments, already
681:
Some of the most significant experimental measurements on aeolian landforms were performed by
3671:
3328:
2607:
2597:
1595:
999:
471:(desert sand seas), wind is very effective at transporting grains of sand size and smaller.
3564:
3521:
3432:
3322:
3236:
3115:
3010:
2873:
2785:
2680:
2635:
2522:
2508:"Accretion of Asian dust to Hawaiian soils: isotopic, elemental, and mineral mass balances"
2472:
2329:
2249:
2196:
2157:
2113:
2078:
1899:
1404:
1301:
1127:
1049:
sediments following the Last Glacial Maximum. Most modern deserts have experienced extreme
667:
403:
125:
26:
1442:
744:
8:
3201:
3174:
1883:
Jolivet, M.; Braucher, R.; Dovchintseren, D.; Hocquet, S.; Schmitt, J.-M. (August 2021).
1219:
1082:
682:
475:
259:
3333:
3240:
3119:
3014:
2877:
2789:
2684:
2526:
2476:
2333:
2253:
2200:
2161:
2117:
2082:
1903:
418:
102:
3579:
2885:
2801:
2758:
2701:
2670:
2658:
2488:
2345:
2296:
2209:
1915:
1764:
1327:
1290:
1115:
1058:
772:
to the wind direction. The average length of jumps during saltation corresponds to the
675:
327:
121:
41:
2534:
1171:
Major global aeolian systems thought to be linked with weather and climate variation:
3661:
3569:
3501:
3053:
3022:
2706:
2611:
2576:
2538:
2492:
2349:
2300:
2214:
2184:
2129:
2006:
1967:
1940:
1919:
1863:
1850:
Zheng, Fenli; Wang, Bin (2014). "Soil Erosion in the Loess Plateau Region of China".
1827:
1756:
1712:
1664:
1614:
1503:
1377:
1373:
1357:
1296:
Aeolian processes can be discerned at work in the geologic record as long ago as the
1119:
1074:
290:
3379:
2762:
2261:
2067:"Windblown sand saltation: A statistical approach to fluid threshold shear velocity"
708:
Bagnold's classification is most applicable in areas devoid of vegetation. In 1941,
239:
in the wind, collisions between particles further break them down, a process called
3646:
3457:
3244:
3123:
3018:
2881:
2793:
2750:
2696:
2688:
2568:
2530:
2480:
2337:
2292:
2257:
2204:
2165:
2121:
2086:
2065:
Raffaele, Lorenzo; Bruno, Luca; Pellerey, Franco; Preziosi, Luigi (December 2016).
2035:
1911:
1907:
1855:
1826:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 258–268.
1768:
1748:
1576:
1392:
1384:
1361:
709:
657:
593:. The thickest known deposit of loess, up to 350 meters (1,150 ft), is on the
430:
319:
83:, transport, and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse
3316:
526:. Saharan dust is also responsible for forming red clay soils in southern Europe.
3554:
3544:
3347:
3248:
2692:
2572:
2341:
2169:
2090:
1422:
1263:
930:
891:
791:(the maximum stable slope angle), about 34 degrees, then begins sliding down the
788:
765:
640:
446:
426:
411:
310:
266:
149:
1859:
609:. The soils developed on loess are generally highly productive for agriculture.
3621:
3549:
3511:
3491:
3486:
1365:
1123:
1078:
1030:
1015:
953:
777:
549:
467:
178:
174:
3128:
3103:
2484:
2005:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 24–25.
1254:
event in US, carried sand eastward. 5500 tons were deposited in Chicago area.
205:
3635:
3536:
3496:
2542:
2218:
2133:
1760:
1225:
1149:
1034:
when they exceed about 125 square kilometers (48 sq mi) in area or
1011:
924:
898:
of grains slides down the slipface. Grain by grain, the dune moves downwind.
850:
769:
594:
462:
437:
341:
198:
3353:
1752:
1549:
1523:
605:
of North America is up to 40 meters (130 ft) thick in parts of western
3602:
3526:
3419:
2754:
2710:
1460: – Type of ecological community or xeric wildfire-maintained ecosystem
1369:
1331:
1316:
1070:
1042:
879:
side. The downwind portion of the dune, the lee slope, is commonly a steep
725:
690:
663:
645:
629:
567:
523:
495:, which is usually less than the fluid threshold. In other words, there is
398:
336:) is the process of wind-driven grains knocking or wearing material off of
247:
232:
170:
3467:
1707:
Lal, R. (2017). "Soil Erosion by Wind and Water: Problems and Prospects".
3052:(2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 642–646.
2603:
2126:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199801)23:1<69::AID-ESP823>3.0.CO;2-G
1350:
1297:
1215:
1204:
1194:
1098:
1025:
991:
749:
458:
454:
194:
163:
2595:
2442:
2268:
2003:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
1977:
1794:
1613:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1007:
3559:
3516:
3506:
2739:
Kenn, M. J. (1991). "Ralph Alger Bagnold. 3 April 1896 – 28 May 1990".
1436:
1324:
1200:
1050:
854:
815:
773:
729:
694:
613:
541:
535:
503:
496:
461:, and in coastal areas. Coastal winds transport significant amounts of
442:
422:
407:
363:
222:
84:
3616:
2805:
910:
624:
540:
Dust storms are wind storms that have entrained enough dust to reduce
36:
3478:
3104:"Detection and Analysis of an Amplified Warming of the Sahara Desert"
1305:
1286:
1251:
1190:
895:
880:
575:
553:
227:
145:
99:
2395:. World Meteorological Organization. 8 February 2017. Archived from
1272:
in the arid conditions, many aeolian processes have been discovered.
1207:
and reaches Korea, Japan, Taiwan (at times) and even the western US.
2797:
2675:
2363:
1882:
1457:
1409:
1339:
1320:
1309:
1160:
1153:
1069:
periods (periods of greater rainfall) and accumulates by runoff as
1046:
884:
876:
845:
748:
Wind ripples on crescent-shaped sand dunes (barchans) in southwest
718:
693:. Bagnold investigated the physics of particles moving through the
671:
649:
337:
294:(5 mi) across and 60 to 100 meters (200 to 400 ft) deep.
129:
88:
71:
and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the
2066:
1266:
blowing sand/dust east across southern Africa toward Indian Ocean.
3597:
3587:
3410:
3340:
1313:
1257:
1241:
1235:
1066:
1054:
1021:
698:
563:
352:
299:
214:
117:
80:
68:
64:
30:
21:
1852:
Restoration and Development of the Degraded Loess Plateau, China
1498:
Allaby, Michael (2013). "aeolian processes (eolian processes)".
867:
A dune is an accumulations of sediment blown by the wind into a
1260:
sandy winds from Africa/Sahara blowing north into South Europe.
1231:
1176:
753:
519:
345:
315:
279:
274:
92:
87:, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated
76:
3066:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
589:-size particles. Deposits of this windblown silt are known as
287:. Desert pavement is extremely common in desert environments.
2934:
2776:
Hack, John T. (1941). "Dunes of the Western Navajo Country".
2064:
1474: – EU Environment and Climate Programme research project
1180:
1137:
872:
868:
837:
sediments rich in grains too coarse for effective saltation.
826:
822:
686:
598:
590:
559:
155:
72:
3324:
Facts about wind erosion and dust storms on the Great Plains
2506:
Kurtz, Andrew C; Derry, Louis A; Chadwick, Oliver A (2001).
2289:
Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
1244:
dust from Libya, Egypt and Levant in Spring associated with
1077:. Another important source of sediments is the reworking of
1003:
Unsettled Weather system moving across the Australian desert
189:
3085:
3083:
3081:
2897:
2895:
2596:
Getis, Arthur; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000).
1677:
1269:
1141:
862:
733:
606:
586:
579:
571:
445:
cloud is about to envelop a military camp as it rolls over
386:
159:
60:
3048:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
2659:"On the relationship between dust devil radii and heights"
2182:
2040:
10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3395:SFOEAS]2.0.CO;2
1966:
National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, page 166,
585:
Most of the dust carried by dust storms is in the form of
544:
to less than 1 kilometer (0.6 mi). Most occur on the
3136:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2845:
1234:
dust storms in Sudan, Australia, Arizona associated with
739:
231:(the wearing down of surfaces by the grinding action and
3267:
3265:
3078:
2924:
2922:
2892:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2562:
1782:
2722:
2720:
2632:"Dust Devils: Ephemeral Whirlwinds Can Stir Up Trouble"
474:
Particles are transported by winds through suspension,
136:
characteristic of these deposits are also described as
2370:. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1425: – Formula relating wind speed and mass transport
3409:
3277:
3262:
3148:
2946:
2919:
2907:
2824:
2812:
2319:
2046:
221:(the removal of loose, fine-grained particles by the
3047:
3029:
2742:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
2717:
2238:
1711:(0002 ed.). Milton, United Kingdom: Routledge.
1502:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1447:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
277:. These are further divided into rocky areas called
1663:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 292–300.
965:strong winds can come from any direction. Those in
2505:
1854:. Ecological Research Monographs. pp. 77–92.
1731:
1575:
1368:. Individual formations are separated by regional
956:, though the precise mechanism remains uncertain.
1574:
209:Effects of wind erosion at Giza pyramid, May 1972
3633:
3341:International Society for Aeolian Research, ISAR
2176:
2025:
1845:
1843:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1454: – Deposition of sediments onto snow or ice
1175:An average of 132 million tons of dust from the
1106:Sahara shows the full range of all three types.
574:periodically engulf the entire planet. When the
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
2863:
2499:
2313:
1876:
1433: – 2015 bibliography on aeolian processes
1312:of the western US. Other examples include the
449:, Iraq, just before nightfall on 27 April 2005
3395:
3041:
2420:"The Fact and Fiction of Martian Dust Storms"
2280:
2103:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1840:
1732:Retta, A.; Wagner, L.E.; Tatarko, J. (2014).
2556:
2411:
2146:
1824:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1627:
1493:
1491:
1489:
548:(regional) scale, due to strong winds along
2287:Lancaster, N. (2014). "Aeolian Processes".
799:is a sand shadow of a cliff or escarpment.
636:from the north west arm of Star Dune (2003)
283:and areas of small rocks and gravel called
3402:
3388:
2634:. Arizona Vacation Planner. Archived from
2599:Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition
2462:
1989:
1602:
1500:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1465:The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes
1353:sandstones of India and northwest Africa.
3304:(2nd. ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
3222:
3127:
2700:
2674:
2286:
2208:
1926:
1849:
1806:
1788:
1694:
1658:
1609:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "eolian".
1486:
1276:
986:
108:
98:The term is derived from the name of the
3443:Principle of cross-cutting relationships
3102:Cook, Kerry H.; Vizy, Edward K. (2015).
3101:
2417:
1280:
1006:
998:
990:
941:
909:
844:
743:
701:", and the linear dune, which he called
685:, a British army engineer who worked in
639:
623:
436:
417:
402:
309:
204:
188:
35:
20:
2940:
2656:
2418:Mersmann, Kathryn (18 September 2015).
1983:
1800:
1608:
1530:. United States Geological Survey. 1997
3634:
3453:Principle of inclusions and components
3299:
3283:
3271:
3180:
3154:
3142:
3072:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2928:
2913:
2851:
2839:
2818:
2387:
2385:
2274:
2052:
2028:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2000:
1497:
1218:towards Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and the
740:Ripples and other small-scale features
344:, and the honeycomb weathering called
166:age originating from glacial outwash.
3383:
3089:
3035:
2901:
2726:
2106:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1932:
1821:
1197:also occur blowing dust to the ocean.
3360:from the original on 1 December 2006
3317:The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
3186:
3168:"Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants"
2775:
2738:
2440:
1596:participating institution membership
1472:Wind Erosion on European Light Soils
802:Closely related to sand shadows are
724:Wind-deposited sand bodies occur as
678:at the feet of the Rocky Mountains.
578:spacecraft entered its orbit around
25:Wind erosion of soil at the foot of
3428:Principle of original horizontality
3374:Persistent aeolian activity on Mars
3329:UNT Government Documents Department
2732:
2382:
1706:
1468: – Book by Ralph Alger Bagnold
973:
905:
502:Small particles may be held in the
40:Rock carved by drifting sand below
13:
3466:
3293:
2886:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb00983.x
2297:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09126-0
1376:and the Navajo Sandstone with the
357:in softer material such as silts.
14:
3683:
3309:
3223:Chojnacki, Matthew (1 May 2015).
1939:. London: UCL Press. p. 68.
3615:
3183:, "harmattan wind (the doctor)".
1430:Bibliography of Aeolian Research
1187:) across the Atlantic each year.
959:
927:and many reactivation surfaces.
768:and troughs whose long axes are
728:and other small-scale features,
644:Aeolian deposition near Addeha,
332:Abrasion (also sometimes called
193:Sand blowing off a crest in the
3438:Principle of lateral continuity
3216:
3160:
3095:
2994:
2857:
2769:
2650:
2624:
2589:
2515:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2456:
2434:
2356:
2262:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.013
2232:
2140:
2097:
2058:
2019:
1960:
937:
760:Wind blowing on a sand surface
184:
3448:Principle of faunal succession
3302:What Is Environmental History?
2189:Environmental Research Letters
1912:10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107747
1725:
1700:
1659:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
1568:
1542:
1528:Deserts: Geology and Resources
1516:
809:
529:
499:in the wind transport system.
235:by windborne particles). Once
16:Processes due to wind activity
1:
2657:Jackson, Brian (March 2020).
2535:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00575-0
1709:Soil erosion research methods
1479:
619:
3249:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.044
3023:10.1016/0012-8252(73)90001-9
2693:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113523
2573:10.1007/978-94-017-8978-3_16
2342:10.1016/j.aeolia.2020.100655
2210:10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005
2170:10.1016/j.catena.2011.07.002
2091:10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.10.002
1319:of northwestern Europe; the
562:, people, and possibly even
392:
373:
253:
7:
3050:Origin of sedimentary rocks
1860:10.1007/978-4-431-54481-4_6
1661:Principles of geomorphology
1415:
1166:
1071:fan deltas or terminal fans
305:
225:action of the wind) and by
105:, the keeper of the winds.
10:
3688:
3300:Hughes, J. Donald (2016).
2443:"Geology of Mars: Aeolian"
2242:Quaternary Science Reviews
1556:. Dictionary.com LLC. 2020
1214:transported dust from the
860:
813:
655:
533:
396:
325:
148:outcrops; and in areas of
3611:
3578:
3535:
3477:
3464:
3418:
3346:12 September 2017 at the
3129:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00230.1
2485:10.1007/s10712-018-9462-6
1933:Cooke, Ronald U. (1993).
1741:Transactions of the ASABE
1583:Oxford English Dictionary
1445: – type of sand dune
1114:circulation roughly like
995:Satellite image of Sahara
612:Small whirlwinds, called
389:coating from the grains.
63:activity in the study of
3537:Geomorphologic processes
3420:Stratigraphic principles
3413:principles and processes
3075:, pp. 297, 162–163.
2441:Hsui, Albert T. (2001).
2291:: B9780124095489091260.
1452:Niveo-aeolian deposition
1338:of Britain; the Permian-
1088:transport-undersaturated
840:
273:or stony deserts of the
2364:"What is a dust storm?"
1753:10.13031/trans.57.10327
1588:Oxford University Press
1334:of Brazil; the Permian
1212:2018 Indian dust storms
1092:sediment-undersaturated
883:slope referred to as a
628:Mesquite Flat Dunes in
217:the Earth's surface by
116:are those processes of
3603:Mass wasting processes
3471:
2755:10.1098/rsbm.1991.0003
2393:"Sand and dust storms"
2001:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
1336:Lower Bunter Sandstone
1293:
1289:near Mt. Carmel road,
1277:In the geologic record
1246:extratropical cyclones
1193:winter dust storms in
1018:
1004:
996:
987:Aeolian desert systems
967:Gran Desierto de Altar
948:
915:
858:
857:, United Arab Emirates
757:
703:longitudinal or "seif"
653:
637:
450:
434:
415:
323:
210:
202:
134:sedimentary structures
109:Definition and setting
49:
33:
3479:Petrologic principles
3470:
3003:Earth-Science Reviews
2465:Surveys in Geophysics
1349:of Scotland; and the
1304:are prominent in the
1284:
1010:
1002:
994:
945:
913:
848:
747:
643:
627:
440:
421:
406:
313:
208:
192:
46:Timothy H. O'Sullivan
44:in Arizona (Photo by
39:
24:
3652:Geological processes
3565:Marine transgression
3433:Law of superposition
2567:. pp. 411–441.
2248:(19–20): 2518–2543.
1936:Desert geomorphology
1439: – Type of rock
1405:Cedar Mesa Sandstone
1128:Last Glacial Maximum
634:Cottonwood Mountains
556:from thunderstorms.
3241:2015Icar..251..275C
3198:Science News Online
3170:. 24 February 2015.
3145:, pp. 299–301.
3120:2015JCli...28.6560C
3092:, pp. 263–268.
3015:1973ESRv....9..315B
2991:, pp. 168–169.
2979:, pp. 167–168.
2967:, pp. 164–167.
2904:, pp. 260–263.
2878:1986Sedim..33..795K
2854:, pp. 155–161.
2790:1941GeoRv..31..240H
2778:Geographical Review
2685:2020Icar..33813523J
2527:2001GeCoA..65.1971K
2477:2018SGeo...39..715Z
2399:on 18 December 2023
2334:2021AeoRe..4800655R
2254:2010QSRv...29.2518M
2201:2006ERL.....1a4005K
2162:2011Caten..87..351Y
2118:1998ESPL...23...69L
2083:2016AeoRe..23...79R
1904:2021Geomo.38607747J
1822:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1697:, pp. 288–294.
1611:Glossary of geology
1586:(Online ed.).
1220:Indo-Gangetic Plain
1116:high pressure cells
1083:continental shelves
683:Ralph Alger Bagnold
632:looking toward the
3622:Geology portal
3580:Sediment transport
3472:
3354:"Eolian Processes"
3108:Journal of Climate
1524:"Eolian Processes"
1328:Botucatu Formation
1294:
1203:originates in the
1110:distances uphill.
1075:sedimentary basins
1019:
1005:
997:
979:arms of the dune.
949:
916:
859:
849:Sand dunes of the
758:
676:Ogallala Formation
654:
638:
552:, or locally from
451:
435:
416:
328:Abrasion (geology)
324:
211:
203:
50:
42:Fortification Rock
34:
3642:Aeolian landforms
3629:
3628:
3598:Glacial processes
3593:Aeolian processes
3588:Fluvial processes
3570:Marine regression
2582:978-94-017-8977-6
2521:(12): 1971–1983.
1869:978-4-431-54480-7
1594:(Subscription or
1443:Médanos (geology)
1385:Nugget Sandstones
1378:Kayenta Formation
1374:Moenave Formation
1358:Wingate Sandstone
1347:Hopeman Sandstone
1285:Cross-bedding of
1185:Bodélé Depression
1120:Tibesti Mountains
831:desert peneplains
764:the surface into
570:. Dust storms on
489:dynamic threshold
382:surface texture.
114:Aeolian processes
53:Aeolian processes
3679:
3620:
3619:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3335:Aeolian Research
3327:, hosted by the
3319:
3305:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3204:on 19 March 2004
3200:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2322:Aeolian Research
2317:
2311:
2310:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2071:Aeolian Research
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1747:(4): 1043–1055.
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1675:
1674:
1656:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1448:
1393:Rotliegend Group
1362:Navajo Sandstone
1343:Corrie Sandstone
974:Other dune types
906:Transverse dunes
795:of the patch. A
710:John Tilton Hack
658:Aeolian landform
493:impact threshold
484:static threshold
457:areas, on river
431:Arthur Rothstein
320:Qinghai Province
314:Yardangs in the
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3614:
3607:
3574:
3555:Tectonic uplift
3545:Plate tectonics
3531:
3473:
3462:
3414:
3408:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3348:Wayback Machine
3315:
3312:
3296:
3294:Further reading
3291:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2774:
2770:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2638:on 18 July 2012
2630:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2285:
2281:
2277:, "dust storm".
2273:
2269:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2181:
2177:
2145:
2141:
2102:
2098:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1820:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1628:
1621:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1446:
1423:Bagnold formula
1418:
1383:The Navajo and
1279:
1264:Kalahari Desert
1179:(primarily the
1169:
1016:Hunyuan, Shanxi
989:
976:
962:
940:
908:
892:angle of repose
865:
853:to the east of
843:
818:
812:
789:angle of repose
778:inverse grading
742:
660:
622:
538:
532:
480:fluid threshold
429:. FSA photo by
427:Amarillo, Texas
414:, 14 April 1935
412:Spearman, Texas
401:
395:
376:
330:
308:
267:desert pavement
256:
187:
150:glacial outwash
111:
55:, also spelled
17:
12:
11:
5:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3627:
3626:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Salt tectonics
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Soil formation
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3356:. USGS. 1997.
3350:
3338:
3331:
3320:
3311:
3310:External links
3308:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:, p. 312.
3276:
3274:, p. 314.
3261:
3215:
3185:
3173:
3159:
3157:, p. 301.
3147:
3135:
3094:
3077:
3065:
3058:
3040:
3038:, p. 258.
3028:
3009:(4): 315–338.
2993:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2955:, p. 164.
2945:
2933:
2931:, p. 163.
2918:
2916:, p. 162.
2906:
2891:
2872:(6): 795–816.
2856:
2844:
2842:, p. 297.
2823:
2821:, p. 159.
2811:
2798:10.2307/210206
2784:(2): 240–263.
2768:
2731:
2729:, p. 260.
2716:
2649:
2623:
2616:
2588:
2581:
2555:
2498:
2471:(4): 715–727.
2455:
2433:
2410:
2381:
2355:
2312:
2305:
2279:
2267:
2231:
2175:
2156:(3): 351–356.
2139:
2096:
2057:
2055:, p. 296.
2045:
2018:
2011:
1988:
1986:, "attrition".
1976:
1959:
1945:
1925:
1875:
1868:
1839:
1832:
1805:
1803:, "deflation".
1793:
1791:, p. 289.
1789:Thornbury 1969
1781:
1724:
1717:
1699:
1695:Thornbury 1969
1676:
1669:
1626:
1619:
1601:
1567:
1554:Dictionary.com
1541:
1515:
1508:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1370:unconformities
1366:Page Sandstone
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1168:
1165:
1124:Ennedi Plateau
988:
985:
975:
972:
961:
958:
954:secondary flow
939:
936:
907:
904:
861:Main article:
842:
839:
814:Main article:
811:
808:
741:
738:
621:
618:
550:weather fronts
534:Main article:
531:
528:
394:
391:
375:
372:
342:mushroom rocks
307:
304:
255:
252:
186:
183:
110:
107:
79:). Winds may
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Sedimentology
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Geomorphology
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3458:Walther's law
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:Sedimentology
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2619:
2617:0-697-38506-X
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2444:
2437:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2306:9780124095489
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:(1): 014005.
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2012:9781405177832
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1972:0-7922-3877-X
1969:
1963:
1948:
1946:9780203020593
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Geomorphology
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1718:9780203739358
1714:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1509:9780199653065
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:Loess Plateau
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:sediments on
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:alluvial fans
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1012:Loess Plateau
1009:
1001:
993:
984:
980:
971:
968:
960:Complex dunes
957:
955:
944:
935:
932:
928:
926:
925:cross-bedding
920:
914:Typical shape
912:
903:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
856:
852:
851:Empty Quarter
847:
838:
834:
832:
828:
825:and northern
824:
817:
807:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:perpendicular
767:
763:
755:
751:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
714:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
651:
647:
642:
635:
631:
626:
617:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Loess Plateau
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
537:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:
464:
463:siliciclastic
460:
456:
448:
444:
439:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
409:
405:
400:
390:
388:
383:
381:
371:
368:
366:
365:
358:
355:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
321:
317:
312:
303:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
251:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
207:
200:
199:Mojave Desert
196:
191:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
106:
104:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:, pertain to
58:
54:
48:, USGS, 1871)
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
23:
19:
3672:Soil erosion
3613:
3592:
3527:Metamorphism
3362:. Retrieved
3334:
3323:
3301:
3279:
3252:. Retrieved
3232:
3228:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3197:
3188:
3176:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3114:(16): 6560.
3111:
3107:
3097:
3068:
3049:
3043:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2941:Jackson 1997
2936:
2909:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2847:
2814:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2636:the original
2626:
2598:
2591:
2565:Mineral Dust
2564:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2518:
2514:
2501:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2448:30 September
2446:. Retrieved
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2358:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2288:
2282:
2270:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2192:
2188:
2178:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2112:(1): 69–82.
2109:
2105:
2099:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2048:
2034:(12): 3395.
2031:
2027:
2021:
2002:
1984:Jackson 1997
1979:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1935:
1928:
1895:
1891:
1878:
1851:
1823:
1801:Jackson 1997
1796:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1744:
1740:
1727:
1708:
1702:
1660:
1610:
1604:
1581:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1499:
1464:
1429:
1402:
1398:Weissliegend
1391:The Permian
1390:
1382:
1355:
1332:Parana Basin
1317:Rotliegendes
1295:
1170:
1159:The African
1158:
1147:
1135:
1132:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1063:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1020:
981:
977:
963:
950:
938:Linear dunes
929:
921:
917:
900:
889:
866:
835:
830:
819:
803:
801:
796:
792:
784:
782:
759:
723:
715:
707:
691:World War II
680:
664:interbedding
661:
646:Kola Tembien
630:Death Valley
611:
603:Peoria Loess
584:
568:Amazon Basin
558:
539:
524:Amazon basin
517:
513:
509:
501:
492:
488:
483:
479:
473:
466:
459:flood plains
452:
410:approaching
399:Aeolian dust
384:
379:
377:
369:
362:
359:
351:
350:
333:
331:
289:
284:
278:
270:
264:
257:
248:4x4 vehicles
245:
240:
233:sandblasting
226:
218:
212:
201:, California
185:Wind erosion
168:
154:
142:
137:
113:
112:
97:
56:
52:
51:
18:
3502:Exfoliation
3284:Leeder 2011
3272:Leeder 2011
3235:: 275–290.
3194:"Ill Winds"
3181:Allaby 2013
3155:Leeder 2011
3143:Leeder 2011
3073:Leeder 2011
2989:Leeder 2011
2977:Leeder 2011
2965:Leeder 2011
2953:Leeder 2011
2929:Leeder 2011
2914:Leeder 2011
2852:Leeder 2011
2840:Leeder 2011
2819:Leeder 2011
2604:McGraw Hill
2275:Allaby 2013
2053:Leeder 2011
1351:Proterozoic
1298:Precambrian
1291:Zion Canyon
1216:Thar Desert
1205:Gobi Desert
1195:West Africa
1099:water table
1036:dune fields
1026:Hadley cell
810:Sand sheets
804:sand drifts
785:sand shadow
750:Afghanistan
730:sand sheets
614:dust devils
530:Dust storms
455:periglacial
195:Kelso Dunes
164:Pleistocene
158:, which is
3636:Categories
3560:Subsidence
3522:Compaction
3517:Diagenesis
3507:Weathering
3364:1 November
3254:19 October
3090:Boggs 2006
3059:0136427103
3036:Boggs 2006
2902:Boggs 2006
2727:Boggs 2006
2676:1910.14135
2669:: 113523.
2606:. p.
2548:14 January
2328:: 100655.
2224:14 January
1898:: 107747.
1833:0131547283
1774:14 January
1670:0471861979
1620:0922152349
1598:required.)
1480:References
1437:Dreikanter
1364:, and the
1325:Cretaceous
1302:formations
1300:. Aeolian
1201:Asian dust
1051:Quaternary
894:, a small
855:Liwa Oasis
816:Sand sheet
774:wavelength
695:atmosphere
668:Sand Hills
656:See also:
620:Deposition
554:downbursts
542:visibility
536:Dust storm
504:atmosphere
497:hysteresis
443:sand storm
441:A massive
423:Dust storm
408:Dust storm
397:See also:
364:ventifacts
326:See also:
296:Big Hollow
126:deposition
85:vegetation
75:(or other
27:Chimborazo
3492:Extrusive
3487:Intrusive
3208:6 October
2749:: 56–68.
2642:5 October
2543:0016-7037
2493:133922132
2350:229440204
2219:1748-9326
2134:1096-9837
2077:: 79–91.
1920:234855671
1761:2151-0032
1577:"aeolian"
1560:24 August
1550:"Aeolian"
1534:24 August
1306:Paleozoic
1287:sandstone
1252:Dust Bowl
1191:Harmattan
1154:paleosols
1145:the sea.
1079:carbonate
896:avalanche
881:avalanche
793:slip face
719:ice cores
689:prior to
576:Mariner 9
476:saltation
393:Transport
374:Attrition
338:landforms
334:corrasion
260:saltation
254:Deflation
241:attrition
237:entrained
223:turbulent
219:deflation
146:sandstone
130:sediments
122:transport
100:Greek god
89:sediments
3662:Pedology
3497:Volcanic
3411:Geologic
3358:Archived
3344:Archived
2943:, "aklé.
2763:72031353
2711:31806915
2426:11 March
2403:10 March
2374:10 March
2368:SciJinks
1458:Sandhill
1416:See also
1410:paleosol
1340:Triassic
1321:Jurassic
1310:Mesozoic
1167:Examples
1161:savannah
1122:and the
1047:Tertiary
885:slipface
877:windward
797:sandfall
672:Nebraska
650:Ethiopia
564:climates
546:synoptic
353:Yardangs
318:Desert,
306:Abrasion
291:Blowouts
228:abrasion
181:Rivers.
179:Missouri
175:Arkansas
3647:Deserts
3237:Bibcode
3116:Bibcode
3011:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2786:Bibcode
2702:6894178
2681:Bibcode
2523:Bibcode
2473:Bibcode
2330:Bibcode
2250:Bibcode
2197:Bibcode
2158:Bibcode
2114:Bibcode
2079:Bibcode
1952:8 March
1900:Bibcode
1769:9602605
1330:of the
1314:Permian
1258:Sirocco
1242:Khamsin
1236:monsoon
1067:pluvial
1055:pluvial
1022:Deserts
762:ripples
726:ripples
699:barchan
522:to the
447:Al Asad
380:frosted
322:, China
300:Wyoming
280:hamadas
197:of the
138:aeolian
118:erosion
93:deserts
77:planets
69:weather
65:geology
31:Ecuador
3229:Icarus
3056:
2806:210206
2804:
2761:
2709:
2699:
2663:Icarus
2614:
2579:
2541:
2491:
2422:. NASA
2348:
2303:
2217:
2150:CATENA
2132:
2009:
1970:
1943:
1918:
1866:
1830:
1767:
1759:
1715:
1667:
1617:
1506:
1360:, the
1232:Haboob
1226:Shamal
1177:Sahara
1103:bypass
1059:sorted
947:right.
766:crests
754:Sistan
732:, and
652:(2019)
520:Sahara
433:(1936)
346:tafoni
316:Qaidam
285:serirs
275:Sahara
215:erodes
177:, and
171:Platte
124:, and
103:Aeolus
57:eolian
2802:JSTOR
2759:S2CID
2671:arXiv
2511:(PDF)
2489:S2CID
2346:S2CID
1916:S2CID
1888:(PDF)
1765:S2CID
1737:(PDF)
1592:
1181:Sahel
1138:Namib
1014:near
931:Draas
873:ridge
869:mound
841:Dunes
827:Sudan
823:Egypt
734:dunes
687:Egypt
599:China
591:loess
560:Crops
213:Wind
156:Loess
81:erode
73:Earth
3366:2006
3256:2021
3210:2001
3054:ISBN
2707:PMID
2644:2007
2612:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2550:2016
2539:ISSN
2450:2012
2428:2022
2405:2022
2376:2022
2301:ISBN
2226:2016
2215:ISSN
2130:ISSN
2007:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1954:2022
1941:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1776:2016
1757:ISSN
1713:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1562:2020
1536:2020
1504:ISBN
1403:The
1345:and
1308:and
1270:Mars
1210:The
1183:and
1148:The
1142:Oman
1140:and
1136:The
1090:(or
1031:ergs
863:Dune
607:Iowa
587:silt
580:Mars
572:Mars
468:ergs
387:clay
271:regs
160:silt
67:and
61:wind
3245:doi
3233:251
3124:doi
3019:doi
2882:doi
2794:doi
2751:doi
2697:PMC
2689:doi
2667:338
2569:doi
2531:doi
2481:doi
2338:doi
2293:doi
2258:doi
2205:doi
2166:doi
2122:doi
2087:doi
2036:doi
1908:doi
1896:386
1856:doi
1749:doi
1094:).
1073:in
871:or
670:of
597:in
491:or
482:or
425:in
298:in
128:of
3638::
3264:^
3243:.
3231:.
3227:.
3196:.
3122:.
3112:28
3110:.
3106:.
3080:^
3017:.
3005:.
2921:^
2894:^
2880:.
2870:33
2868:.
2826:^
2800:.
2792:.
2782:31
2780:.
2757:.
2747:37
2745:.
2719:^
2705:.
2695:.
2687:.
2679:.
2665:.
2661:.
2610:.
2608:99
2602:.
2575:.
2537:.
2529:.
2519:65
2517:.
2513:.
2487:.
2479:.
2469:39
2467:.
2384:^
2366:.
2344:.
2336:.
2326:48
2324:.
2299:.
2256:.
2246:29
2244:.
2213:.
2203:.
2191:.
2187:.
2164:.
2154:87
2152:.
2128:.
2120:.
2110:23
2108:.
2085:.
2075:23
2073:.
2069:.
2032:82
2030:.
1991:^
1914:.
1906:.
1894:.
1890:.
1862:.
1842:^
1808:^
1763:.
1755:.
1745:57
1743:.
1739:.
1679:^
1629:^
1580:.
1552:.
1526:.
1488:^
1400:.
1380:.
833:.
783:A
736:.
648:,
250:.
243:.
173:,
152:.
140:.
120:,
95:.
29:,
3403:e
3396:t
3389:v
3368:.
3258:.
3247::
3239::
3212:.
3132:.
3126::
3118::
3062:.
3025:.
3021::
3013::
3007:9
2888:.
2884::
2876::
2808:.
2796::
2788::
2765:.
2753::
2713:.
2691::
2683::
2673::
2646:.
2620:.
2585:.
2571::
2552:.
2533::
2525::
2495:.
2483::
2475::
2452:.
2430:.
2407:.
2378:.
2352:.
2340::
2332::
2309:.
2295::
2264:.
2260::
2252::
2228:.
2207::
2199::
2193:1
2172:.
2168::
2160::
2136:.
2124::
2116::
2093:.
2089::
2081::
2042:.
2038::
2015:.
1974:.
1956:.
1922:.
1910::
1902::
1872:.
1858::
1836:.
1778:.
1751::
1721:.
1673:.
1623:.
1590:.
1564:.
1538:.
1512:.
1323:–
1248:.
1238:.
1222:.
756:)
752:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
