873:
3874:
3727:
3773:
3686:
3674:
3785:
3836:
3761:
3662:
238:
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3809:
886:
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27:
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throughout Europe and the
Northern Hemisphere (Frechen 2011). Furthermore, the numerical dating provides the basis for quantitative loess research applying more sophisticated methods to determine and understand high-resolution proxy data including the palaeodust content of the atmosphere, variations of the atmospheric circulation patterns and wind systems, palaeoprecipitation, and palaeotemperature.
3898:
3698:
490:
record. More recently, luminescence dating has also become a robust dating technique for penultimate and antepenultimate glacial loess (e.g. Thiel et al. 2011, Schmidt et al. 2011) allowing for a reliable correlation of loess/palaeosol sequences for at least the last two interglacial/glacial cycles
537:
that carried large volumes of glacial meltwater and sediments from the annual melting of continental ice sheets and mountain ice caps during the spring and summer. During the autumn and winter, when the melting of the ice sheets and ice caps ceased, the flow of meltwater down these rivers either
494:
Besides luminescence dating methods, the use of radiocarbon dating in loess has increased during the past decades. Advances in methods of analyses, instrumentation, and refinements to the radiocarbon calibration curve have made it possible to obtain reliable ages from loess deposits for the last
846:
Loess deposits of varying thickness (decimeter to several tens of meters) are widely distributed over the
European continent. The northern European loess belt stretches from southern England and northern France to Germany, Poland and the southern Ukraine and deposits are characterized by strong
538:
ceased or was greatly reduced. As a consequence, large parts of the formerly submerged and unvegetated floodplains of these braided rivers dried out and were exposed to the wind. Because the floodplains consist of sediment containing a high content of glacially ground flour-like
328:
United States. Loesses generally occur as blanket deposits that cover hundreds of square kilometers. The deposits are often tens of meters thick. Loesses often have steep or vertical faces. Because the grains are angular, loesses will often stand in banks for many years without
2466:ĂjvĂĄri, GĂĄbor; Varga, Andrea; Ramos, Frank C.; KovĂĄcs, JĂĄnos; NĂ©meth, Tibor; Stevens, Thomas (April 2012). "Evaluating the use of clay mineralogy, SrâNd isotopes and zircon UâPb ages in tracking dust provenance: An example from loess of the Carpathian Basin".
478:(OSL), and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating have been available, providing the possibility for dating the time of loess (dust) depositions, i.e., the time elapsed since the last exposure of the mineral grains to daylight. During the past decade,
455:(older soil buried under deposits) sequences as the archives of climate and environment change. These water conservation works have been carried out extensively in China, and the research of loesses in China has been ongoing since 1954.
466:
substage 5e was a matter of debate, due to the lack of robust and reliable numerical dating, as summarized, for example, by Zöller et al. (1994) and
Frechen et al. (1997) for the Austrian and Hungarian loess stratigraphy, respectively.
1760:
Schaetzl, Randall J.; Bettis, E. Arthur; Crouvi, Onn; Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; Grimley, David A.; Hambach, Ulrich; Lehmkuhl, Frank; MarkoviÄ, Slobodan B.; Mason, Joseph A.; Owczarek, Piotr; Roberts, Helen M. (May 2018).
518:
According to Pye (1995), four fundamental requirements are necessary for the formation of loess: a dust source, adequate wind energy to transport the dust, a suitable accumulation area, and a sufficient amount of time.
818:. The Yellow River was so named because the loess forming its banks gave a yellowish tint to the water. The soil of this region has been called the "most highly erodible soil on earth". The Loess Plateau and its dusty
683:(the air-filled space in the soil). The fertility of loess is not due to organic matter content, which tends to be rather low, unlike tropical soils which derive their fertility almost wholly from organic matter.
2821:
2635:
1454:
734:
and tilled in the fall, both intensely erosive practices. At times it suffered erosion rates of over 10 kilograms per square meter per year. Today this loess deposit is worked as low till or
1820:ĂjvĂĄri, GĂĄbor; Stevens, Thomas; MolnĂĄr, MihĂĄly; DemĂ©ny, Attila; Lambert, Fabrice; Varga, György; Jull, A. J. Timothy; PĂĄll-Gergely, Barna; Buylaert, Jan-Pieter; KovĂĄcs, JĂĄnos (2017-12-12).
2864:
2281:, Fig. 1 (b) showing the distribution of loess, deserts, and mountains in Central Asia (adopted from ). The locality of the Chashmanigar loess section is indicated by the solid arrow.
1416:
Observations sur un terrain d`origine météorique ou de transport aerien qui existe au
Mexique et sur le phénomÚne des trombes de poussiÚre auquel il doit principalement son origine
2714:*Hardcastle, J. 1890. On the Timaru loess as a climate register. Transcations & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 23, 324-332 (on line: Royal Society of New Zealand
2380:
Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; MarkoviÄ, Slobodan B.; Hambach, Ulrich (2012-05-18). "Pleistocene environmental dynamics recorded in the loess of the middle and lower Danube basin".
1517:
Zöller, L.; Oches, E. A.; McCoy, W. D. (1994). "Towards a revised chronostratigraphy of loess in
Austria with respect to key sections in the Czech Republic and in Hungary".
2556:
Bertran, Pascal; Liard, Morgane; Sitzia, Luca; Tissoux, HĂ©lĂšne (November 2016). "A map of
Pleistocene aeolian deposits in Western Europe, with special emphasis on France".
2140:
Ding, Z.; Sun, J. (1999). "Changes in Sand
Content of Loess Deposits along a NorthâSouth Transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau and the Implications for Desert Variations".
495:
40â45 ka. However, the use of this method relies on finding suitable in situ organic material in deposits such as charcoal, seeds, earthworm granules, or snail shells.
1420:
3677:
3788:
2901:
3764:
2705:
Smalley, I.J., Davin, J.E. 1980. The First
Hundred Years-A Historical Bibliography of New Zealand Loess. New Zealand Soil Bureau Bibliographic Report 28, 166pp.
1470:
Kukla G. J. (1975). "Loess stratigraphy of
Central Europe". In: Butzer K. W. & Isaac G. L. (eds.) After the Australopithecus, pp. 99â188. Mouton, The Hague.
1023:. The uppermost loess, the Peoria Loess in which the modern soil has developed, accumulated during the late Wisconsin Stage. Animal remains include terrestrial
1439:
2331:
Vandenberghe, Jef; French, Hugh M.; Gorbunov, Aldar; Marchenko, Sergei; Velichko, Andrey A.; Jin, Huijun; Cui, Zhijiu; Zhang, Tingjun; Wan, Xudong (2014).
668:
Loess tends to develop into very rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world.
2950:
462:
and their correlations (Kukla 1970, 1975, 1977). However, even the chronostratigraphical position of the last interglacial soil correlating with marine
3812:
3598:
3865:
431:(1834) brought the term into widespread usage, observing similarities between "loess" and its derivatives along the loess bluffs in the Rhine and in
1887:
Moine, Olivier; Antoine, Pierre; HattĂ©, Christine; Landais, AmaĂ«lle; Mathieu, JĂ©rĂŽme; Prudâhomme, Charlotte; Rousseau, Denis-Didier (2017-06-13).
486:
regenerative (SAR) protocols (Murray & Wintle 2000) resulting in reliable ages (or age estimates) with an accuracy of up to 5 and 10% for the
675:
rapidly due to their large surface area, making soils derived from loess rich. A theory says that the fertility of loess soils is due largely to
3752:
702:
its color have been farmed and have produced phenomenal yields for over one thousand years. Winds pick up loess particles contributing to the
333:. This type of soil has "vertical cleavage", and thus, it can be easily excavated to form cave dwellings, which is a popular method of making
2875:
4563:
2817:
2859:
2833:
324:
Loess deposits may become very thick: at more than a hundred meters in areas of
Northwestern China and tens of meters in parts of the
2333:"The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25â17 ka BP"
1889:"The impact of Last Glacial climate variability in west-European loess revealed by radiocarbon dating of fossil earthworm granules"
644:
The thick Chinese loess deposits are non-glacial loess having been blown in from deserts in northern China. The loess covering the
2130:
Whalley, W.B., Marshall, J.R., Smith, B.J. 1982, Origin of desert loess from some experimental observations, Nature, 300, 433-435.
1599:
Murray, A. S.; Wintle, A. G. (2000). "Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single aliquot regenerative-dose protocol".
550:
by the wind. Once entrained by the wind, particles were then deposited downwind. The loess deposits found along both sides of the
4608:
2998:
2423:
Jipa, Dan C. (November 2014). "The conceptual sedimentary model of the Lower Danube loess basin: Sedimentogenetic implications".
855:, likely derived from the Danube River system. In south-western Europe, relocated loess derivatives are mostly restricted to the
2505:
Boixadera, Jaume; Poch, Rosa M.; Lowick, Sally E.; Balasch, J. Carles (July 2015). "Loess and soils in the eastern Ebro Basin".
443:
origin of the loesses was recognized later (Virlet D'Aoust 1857), particularly due to the convincing observations of loesses in
3591:
3275:
2608:
1240:
Vasiljevic, D. A.; Markovic, S. B.; Hose, T. A.; Smalley, I.; O'Hara-Dhand, K.; Basarin, B.; Lukic, T.; Vujicic, M. D. (2011).
2896:
2931:
2905:
2787:
2981:
2632:
Loesses in Louisiana and at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Guidebook, Friends of the Pleistocene Field Trip, 12-14 April, 1985.
2291:
1554:
Frechen, M.; HorvĂĄth, E.; GĂĄbris, G. (1997). "Geochronology of Middle and Upper Pleistocene loess sections in Hungary".
451:(1878). A tremendous number of papers have been published since then, focusing on the formation of loesses and on loess/
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2938:
4018:
3616:
3584:
3264:
2802:
2319:
2239:
2068:
1331:
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475:
1099:
The neotropical loess is made of silt or silty clay. Relative to the pampean loess the neotropical loess is poor in
1601:
1681:"Luminescence dating of the loess/palaeosol sequence at the gravel quarry Gaul/Weilbach, Southern Hesse (Germany)"
3269:
3280:
2630:
1092:
is covered by loess. Two areas of loess are usually distinguished in Argentina: the neotropical loess north of
907:
793:
278:
222:
2684:
660:
is considered to be non-glacial desert loess. Non-glacial desert loess is also found in Australia and Africa.
4266:
4147:
3689:
2945:
2086:
835:
785:
218:
1994:
Bettis, E.A.; Muhs, D.R.; Roberts, H.M.; Wintle, A.G. (2003). "Last Glacial loess in the conterminous USA".
4579:
3300:
2881:
1638:"Investigating the chronostratigraphy of prominent palaeosols in Lower Austria using post-IR IRSL dating"
1636:
Thiel, C.; Buylaert, J. P.; Murray, A. S.; Terhorst, B.; Tsukamoto, S.; Frechen, M.; Sprafke, T. (2011).
4754:
4739:
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3285:
2639:
1956:
1797:
1381:
420:
4482:
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topsoil is eroded or degraded, the underlying loess soil is infertile, and requires the addition of
482:
has significantly improved by new methodological improvements, especially the development of single
4558:
4548:
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4410:
4240:
3978:
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1519:
1008:
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448:
376:, with connotations of origin by wind-deposited accumulation, was introduced into English from the
325:
166:
4398:
4373:
4313:
3993:
3934:
3290:
3253:
2974:
2255:
Ding, Z.L. (2002). "The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess".
2041:
896:
1242:"Loess Towards (Geo) Tourism â Proposed Application on Loess in Vojvodina Region (North Serbia)"
1168:
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference "Loess in Europe: Guest Editorial".
4749:
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4286:
4122:
4097:
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2926:
2915:
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conditions. South-eastern European loess is mainly deposited in plateau-like situations in the
31:
4348:
4157:
3665:
2852:
2848:
2609:"Eolian History of North America: Task 2, Understand the paleoclimatic significance of loess"
2231:
2221:
1763:"Approaches and challenges to the study of loessâIntroduction to the LoessFest Special Issue"
1482:
1273:
Smalley, I. J.; Derbyshire, E. (1990). "The definition of 'ice-sheet' and 'mountain' loess".
739:
551:
2844:
2268:
1822:"Coupled European and Greenland last glacial dust activity driven by North Atlantic climate"
561:, loess and loess-like sediments were formed in periglacial environments on mid-continental
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4553:
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3711:
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2742:
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2514:
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2003:
1965:
1900:
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that covers an area of some 640,000 km around the upper and middle reaches of China's
187:
1707:
1664:
1357:
423:(1823â1824), who had reported yellowish brown, silty deposits along the Rhine valley near
8:
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3941:
3716:
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2868:
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1241:
1093:
872:
479:
302:
2746:
2569:
2518:
2475:
2436:
2393:
2348:
2198:
2155:
2099:
2042:"Quaternary loess-paleosol sequences as examples of climate-driven sedimentary extremes"
2007:
1969:
1904:
1837:
1778:
1735:
1614:
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1495:
4744:
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2019:
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2015:
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areas in Europe and Siberia as well as on the margins of high mountain ranges like in
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2530:
2487:
2448:
2405:
2362:
2315:
2235:
2206:
2171:
2064:
2023:
1977:
1936:
1918:
1869:
1851:
1802:
1585:
1540:
1503:
1327:
1154: â Soil composed of similar proportions of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay
1104:
1049:
1016:
980:
731:
723:
440:
432:
225:
and have vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical
214:
198:
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2401:
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2159:
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2011:
1973:
1926:
1908:
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1702:
1692:
1659:
1649:
1618:
1573:
1536:
1499:
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1220:
1015:
Loess. The lowermost loess, the Crowley's Ridge Loess, accumulated during the late
727:
562:
386:
116:
51:
45:
20:
3800:
2483:
274:
4691:
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4368:
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3998:
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3511:
3371:
2954:
2526:
2444:
2107:
1743:
1343:
1319:
1057:
1053:
435:. At the time, it was thought that the yellowish brown silt-rich sediment was of
377:
353:
349:
345:
330:
158:
110:
1107:. The source region for this loess is thought by some scientists to be areas of
19:
This article is about the geologic material. For the statistical technique, see
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4013:
4003:
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507:
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ridges" in America and "greda ridges" in Europe. The formation of these loess
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4666:
4505:
4383:
4378:
4333:
4102:
3546:
3431:
2585:
2534:
2491:
2452:
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2314:
John M. Laflen, Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, 2000, CRC Press, 736 pages
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2060:
1922:
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1806:
1323:
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781:
707:
695:
534:
428:
3873:
3726:
2733:
Sagayo, José Manuel (1995). "The Argentine neotropical loess: An overview".
1913:
1846:
290:
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1940:
1873:
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815:
699:
645:
637:
597:
487:
459:
286:
171:
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483:
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4393:
4276:
4215:
3784:
3536:
3516:
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3416:
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2885:
2643:
2227:
1045:
1000:
973:
939:
856:
848:
711:
687:
671:
Soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained. The fine grains
527:
194:
3835:
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2829:
2219:
2116:
1787:
1762:
237:
4520:
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3411:
3376:
3346:
3212:
3119:
3084:
3059:
1697:
1680:
1654:
1637:
1452:
Kukla G. (1970). "Correlation between loesses and deep-sea sediments".
1225:
1208:
969:
910: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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672:
631:
593:
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573:
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558:
424:
298:
210:
2959:
2357:
2332:
2084:
Iriondo, M.H.; Krohling, D.M. (2007). "Non-classical types of loess".
1019:. The middle loess, Sicily Island Loess, accumulated during the early
4676:
4656:
4542:
4358:
4343:
3959:
3901:
3701:
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3451:
3391:
3154:
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2889:
2647:
2577:
1258:
1089:
1082:
1024:
965:
958:
2920:
1480:
Kukla, G. J. (1977). "Pleistocene Land-Sea Correlations I. Europe".
885:
186:. Ten percent of Earth's land area is covered by loesses or similar
146:
4706:
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4323:
4298:
4225:
4142:
3808:
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built by 10,000 years of post-glacial accumulation of organic-rich
719:
680:
657:
649:
619:
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452:
310:
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201:(windborne) sediment, defined as an accumulation of 20% or less of
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2685:"Glaciers and glaciation - Retreating ice and the glacier legacy"
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3124:
1954:
Pye, K (1995). "The nature, origin and accumulation of loess".
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1120:
1100:
823:
801:
760:
653:
625:
607:
585:
546:, they were highly susceptible to winnowing of their silts and
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crystals. Loesses have been described as rich, dust-like soil.
306:
250:
246:
3649:
1141:
679:(the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from the soil) and
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and on semi-arid margins of some lowland deserts as in China.
257:
2715:
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511:
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Much effort was put into setting up regional and local loess
444:
404:
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262:
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2775:. Benchmark Geology 26. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross 454pp.
337:
in some parts of China. However, loesses can readily erode.
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4036:
3496:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
2718:; reproduced in Loess Letter supplement 23, November 1988).
2629:
Miller, B.J., G.C. Lewis, J.J. Alford, and W.J. Day, 1985,
2612:
2220:
Getis, Arthur; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000).
1635:
1151:
943:
819:
730:. For almost 150 years, this loess deposit was farmed with
715:
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539:
514:. The clay is composed of loess with a fineness grade of 1.
357:
314:
206:
202:
183:
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131:
125:
96:
90:
60:
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2379:
1315:
Neuendorf, K.E.K., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, 2005,
876:
Map showing the distribution of loess in the United States
745:
3481:
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1819:
1306:
Pearson Prentice Hall - World Studies - Europe and Russia
75:
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1993:
755:
An area of multiple loess deposits spans from southern
706:
pollution problem. The largest deposit of loess in the
2465:
1287:
213:
from 20 to 50 micrometers), often loosely cemented by
610:
loess produced by aeolian attrition of quartz grains;
305:, with little polishing or rounding, and composed of
149:
134:
99:
78:
63:
1678:
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1056:. The basis of loess stratigraphy was introduced by
999:
accumulated at different periods of time during the
143:
122:
87:
72:
57:
2185:Haberlah, D (2007). "A call for Australian loess".
1405:. 3 Vols., J. Engelmann Verlag Heidelberg, pp. 772.
694:of well over 2.5 kg/m per year. In China, the
530:(glacial) loess is derived from the floodplains of
439:origin and had been deposited by large rivers. The
140:
119:
84:
69:
54:
2035:
2033:
1989:
1987:
1138: â Fertile plain â North German loess regions
1126:The pampean loess is sandy or made of silty sand.
1272:
1233:
182:that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown
4721:
1679:Schmidt, E. D.; Semmel, A.; Frechen, M. (2011).
1516:
1290:Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth
360:has been explained as a combination of wind and
2083:
2039:
2030:
1984:
1893:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1826:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
572:In England, periglacial loess is also known as
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
3592:
2975:
2623:
1119:. Other researchers stress the importance of
3606:
2682:
1598:
554:are a classic example of periglacial loess.
398:
380:
2834:Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
1798:1871.1/74383097-8ffd-4d02-9616-33a106668755
1173:
810:), also known as the Huangtu Plateau, is a
344:have formed that had been aligned with the
128:
93:
3599:
3585:
2982:
2968:
2687:. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2223:Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition
2728:
2726:
2724:
2600:
2356:
2115:
1930:
1912:
1863:
1845:
1796:
1786:
1706:
1696:
1663:
1653:
1257:
1224:
926:Learn how and when to remove this message
2818:The Secret of China's Vast Loess Plateau
2184:
1722:Frechen, M. (2011). "Loess in Eurasia".
1072:
871:
502:
256:
236:
25:
2989:
2659:
2139:
1721:
1206:
746:Large areas of loess deposits and soils
622:loess in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay;
16:Sediment of accumulated wind-blown dust
4722:
3276:Canadian system of soil classification
2732:
2721:
2040:Muhs, D.R.; Bettis, III, E.A. (2003).
415:The term "LöĂ" was first described in
410:
205:with a balance of roughly equal parts
3580:
2963:
2947:The Loess Hills of Roztocze in Poland
2880:, Public Information Series. no. 12,
2822:Suburban Emergency Management Project
1755:
1753:
1479:
584:Non-glacial loess can originate from
340:In several areas of the world, loess
165:
2636:LA Agricultural Experimental Station
2606:
2422:
2300:(6th ed.). 2007. Archived from
2254:
1455:Geologiske Foreningen Foerhandlingar
908:adding citations to reliable sources
879:
603:Some types of nonglacial loess are:
522:
2257:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1953:
1288:Donahue, Miller, Shickluna (1977).
1007:, have developed on the top of the
13:
3260:Unified Soil Classification System
2861:Loess Thickness Map (of Illinois).
2765:
1750:
1685:E&G Quaternary Science Journal
1642:E&G Quaternary Science Journal
1213:E&G Quaternary Science Journal
1209:"Loess in Europe: Guest Editorial"
1044:Extensive areas of loess occur in
407:River valley loesses around 1821.
14:
4766:
3617:Offshore geotechnical engineering
3265:AASHTO Soil Classification System
2898:The Loess Hills: A Geologic View.
2895:Prior, J.C., and D.J. Quade, nd,
2845:Glacial Deposits: Loess and Till.
2809:
957:as a consequence of a persistent
738:in all areas and is aggressively
552:Mississippi River alluvial valley
476:optically stimulated luminescence
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3834:
3824:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3725:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3563:
3562:
2935:Why is loess important to study?
2921:Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa
2865:Illinois State Geological Survey
2607:Muhs; et al. (2013-02-06).
2207:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00730.x
1401:Leonhard K. C. von (1823â1824).
1063:
987:, consists of three layers. The
884:
867:
862:
115:
50:
2940:The Loess Hills of Western Iowa
2932:Eolian History of North America
2906:Department of Natural Resources
2708:
2699:
2676:
2653:
2549:
2498:
2459:
2416:
2402:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.03.002
2373:
2324:
2308:
2284:
2248:
2213:
2178:
2133:
2124:
2077:
1947:
1880:
1813:
1715:
1672:
1629:
1592:
1547:
1510:
1473:
1464:
1446:
1427:
1408:
1395:
895:needs additional citations for
750:
616:loess in Ecuador and Argentina;
3281:Australian Soil Classification
3272:(French classification system)
2771:Smalley, I. J. (editor) 1975.
1708:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B8C4-7
1665:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B8C7-1
1374:
1350:
1346:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
1336:
1309:
1300:
1281:
1266:
1039:
806:
797:
789:
634:loess in Venezuela and Brazil;
579:
403:. It was first applied to the
385:, which can be traced back to
1:
4267:Mechanically stabilized earth
2795:Loess and Loess-like Deposits
2780:Loess: A Partial Bibliography
2773:Loess Lithology & Genesis
2664:. Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2558:Journal of Quaternary Science
2484:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.02.007
2277:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00637-4
2016:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00169-0
1623:10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00253-X
1414:Virlet D'Aoust P.T. (1857). "
1358:"loess (sedimentary deposit)"
1158:
836:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
232:
4019:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2755:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00050-X
2527:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.046
2445:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.008
2108:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.03.012
1978:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00047-x
1744:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.014
1541:10.1016/0277-3791(94)90059-0
1504:10.1016/0012-8252(77)90125-8
1403:Charakteristik der Felsarten
1382:"DWDS | Suchergebnisse"
1148:â South German loess regions
1068:
770:
663:
498:
367:
7:
4580:Stress distribution in soil
3301:List of vineyard soil types
2882:Louisiana Geological Survey
1433:Richthofen F. von (1878). "
1129:
946:owe their fertility to the
269:with calcareous concretions
10:
4771:
3730:Pore pressure measurement
3286:Polish Soil Classification
2741:(7â8). Pergamon: 755â766.
2735:Quaternary Science Reviews
2716:http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz
2640:Louisiana State University
2382:Quaternary Science Reviews
2263:(3â4). Elsevier: 387â400.
1996:Quaternary Science Reviews
1957:Quaternary Science Reviews
1435:Bemerkungen zur LöĂbildung
1246:Acta Geographica Slovenica
1123:in the neotropical loess.
1034:
18:
4637:
4592:
4491:
4483:Preconsolidation pressure
4455:
4446:
4419:
4239:
4188:
4175:
4090:
4044:
4035:
3958:
3878:Standard penetration test
3636:
3623:
3614:
3560:
3310:Non-systematic soil types
3309:
3246:
3173:
2997:
2297:The Columbia Encyclopedia
841:
209:and silt (with a typical
3979:California bearing ratio
3777:Rotary-pressure sounding
3608:Geotechnical engineering
3296:List of U.S. state soils
2507:Quaternary International
2425:Quaternary International
2061:10.1130/0-8137-2370-1.53
1724:Quaternary International
1520:Quaternary Geochronology
1421:Geol. Soc. France, Full.
1115:foothills formed by the
1003:. Ancient soils, called
775:
690:can experience dramatic
686:Even well managed loess
677:cation exchange capacity
449:Ferdinand von Richthofen
4399:Geosynthetic clay liner
4374:Expanded clay aggregate
3994:Proctor compaction test
3935:Crosshole sonic logging
3921:Nuclear densometer test
3678:Geo-electrical sounding
3291:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
3270:Référentiel pédologique
3254:FAO soil classification
2877:Loess map of Louisiana.
2830:New European Loess Map.
2269:2002E&PSL.200..387D
1914:10.1073/pnas.1614751114
1847:10.1073/pnas.1712651114
1362:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1096:and the pampean loess.
838:, and parts of others.
421:Karl CĂ€sar von Leonhard
4662:Earthquake engineering
4473:Lateral earth pressure
4098:Hydraulic conductivity
3949:Wave equation analysis
3928:Exploration geophysics
3820:Deformation monitoring
3789:Rotary weight sounding
2927:U.S. Geological Survey
2916:U.S. Geological Survey
2902:Iowa Geological Survey
2874:Heinrich, P.V., 2008,
2782:. Geobooks/Elsevier.
2778:Smalley, I. J. 1980.
2164:10.1006/qres.1999.2045
1602:Radiation Measurements
1578:10.1006/qres.1997.1929
1424:, 2d, Ser. 2, 129â139.
1144: â landscape type
1085:
985:Vicksburg, Mississippi
877:
728:poor farming practices
515:
399:
393:with the English word
381:
270:
254:
162:
35:
32:Vicksburg, Mississippi
3840:Settlement recordings
3765:Rock control drilling
3666:Cone penetration test
2858:Briedis. C.A., 2006,
2853:Springfield, Illinois
2849:Illinois State Museum
2797:. Ossolineum Wroclaw
2793:Rozycki, S. Z. 1991.
1832:(50): E10632âE10638.
1483:Earth-Science Reviews
1461:: 148â180. Stockholm.
1076:
997:Crowley's Ridge Loess
875:
506:
260:
240:
29:
4702:Agricultural science
4404:Cellular confinement
3422:Calcareous grassland
2999:World Reference Base
2824:, Chicago, Illinois.
2002:(18â19): 1907â1946.
1440:Verh Geol Reichsanst
1317:Glossary of Geology.
1117:Patagonian Ice Sheet
979:The loess along the
972:in order to support
964:. When the valuable
904:improve this article
822:cover almost all of
714:along the border of
397:and the German word
352:. These are called "
217:. Usually, they are
4594:Numerical analysis
4478:Overburden pressure
4468:Pore water pressure
4248:Shoring structures
4123:Reynolds' dilatancy
4024:Water content tests
4009:Triaxial shear test
3969:Soil classification
3942:Pile integrity test
2991:Soil classification
2869:Champaign, Illinois
2747:1995QSRv...14..755S
2662:"Canterbury Region"
2570:2016JQS....31E2909B
2519:2015QuInt.376..114B
2476:2012ChGeo.304...83U
2437:2014QuInt.351...14J
2394:2012QSRv...41..104F
2349:2014Borea..43..652V
2199:2007Area...39..224H
2156:1999QuRes..52...56D
2143:Quaternary Research
2100:2007SedG..202..352I
2087:Sedimentary Geology
2008:2003QSRv...22.1907A
1970:1995QSRv...14..653P
1905:2017PNAS..114.6209M
1838:2017PNAS..11410632U
1788:10.1017/qua.2018.15
1779:2018QuRes..89..563S
1767:Quaternary Research
1736:2011QuInt.234....1F
1615:2000RadM...32...57M
1570:1997QuRes..48..291F
1557:Quaternary Research
1533:1994QSRv...13..465Z
1496:1977ESRv...13..307K
1207:Frechen, M (2011).
993:Sicily Island Loess
859:and central Spain.
794:traditional Chinese
640:loess in Argentina.
480:luminescence dating
411:History of research
301:. Loess grains are
4569:Slab stabilisation
4549:Stability analysis
3175:USDA soil taxonomy
3001:for Soil Resources
2953:2011-01-02 at the
2683:Eileen McSaveney.
2470:. 304â305: 83â96.
2049:GSA Special Papers
1698:10.3285/eg.60.1.08
1655:10.3285/eg.60.1.10
1443:, Berlin, pp 1â13.
1277:. pp. 300â01.
1226:10.3285/eg.60.1.00
1086:
878:
786:simplified Chinese
732:mouldboard ploughs
516:
472:thermoluminescence
271:
255:
36:
4755:Aeolian landforms
4740:Sedimentary rocks
4717:
4716:
4588:
4587:
4564:Sliding criterion
4526:Response spectrum
4442:
4441:
4272:Pressure grouting
4171:
4170:
4031:
4030:
3984:Direct shear test
3690:Permeability test
3574:
3573:
2358:10.1111/bor.12070
1899:(24): 6209â6214.
1121:volcanic material
1105:calcium carbonate
1050:Canterbury Plains
981:Mississippi River
936:
935:
928:
724:intensive farming
523:Periglacial loess
470:Since the 1980s,
335:human habitations
293:; typically, non-
285:; pale yellow or
215:calcium carbonate
4762:
4576:Bearing capacity
4463:Effective stress
4453:
4452:
4354:Land reclamation
4294:Land development
4189:Natural features
4186:
4185:
4153:Specific storage
4042:
4041:
3974:Atterberg limits
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3838:
3828:
3813:Screw plate test
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3729:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3634:
3633:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3462:Hydrophobic soil
2984:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2759:
2758:
2730:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2657:
2651:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2615:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2597:
2578:10.1002/jqs.2909
2553:
2547:
2546:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2468:Chemical Geology
2463:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2304:on June 5, 2009.
2288:
2282:
2280:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2027:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1964:(7â8): 653â667.
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1916:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1527:(5â7): 465â472.
1514:
1508:
1507:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1292:(4th ed.).
1285:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:10.3986/AGS51305
1248:(in Slovenian).
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1204:
1147:
931:
924:
920:
917:
911:
888:
880:
808:
799:
791:
402:
384:
348:during the last
346:prevailing winds
174:, predominantly
169:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
114:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
49:
21:local regression
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4692:Earth materials
4633:
4595:
4584:
4493:
4487:
4438:
4415:
4369:Earth structure
4364:Erosion control
4262:Ground freezing
4252:Retaining walls
4235:
4177:
4167:
4128:Angle of repose
4086:
4027:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3914:Visible bedrock
3866:Simple sounding
3854:Shear vane test
3630:instrumentation
3629:
3627:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3575:
3570:
3556:
3527:Subaqueous soil
3512:Serpentine soil
3372:Parent material
3305:
3242:
3169:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2955:Wayback Machine
2812:
2768:
2766:Further reading
2763:
2762:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2628:
2624:
2605:
2601:
2554:
2550:
2503:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2421:
2417:
2378:
2374:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2218:
2214:
2183:
2179:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2044:
2038:
2031:
1992:
1985:
1952:
1948:
1885:
1881:
1818:
1814:
1758:
1751:
1720:
1716:
1677:
1673:
1634:
1630:
1597:
1593:
1552:
1548:
1515:
1511:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1432:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1320:Springer-Verlag
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1238:
1234:
1205:
1174:
1161:
1145:
1132:
1071:
1066:
1058:John Hardcastle
1054:Banks Peninsula
1042:
1037:
1021:Wisconsin Stage
1017:Illinoian Stage
1013:Crowley's Ridge
932:
921:
915:
912:
901:
889:
870:
865:
844:
834:provinces; the
807:HuĂĄngtÇ GÄoyuĂĄn
778:
773:
753:
748:
722:, has survived
698:which give the
666:
628:loess in Spain;
582:
525:
501:
413:
370:
350:glacial maximum
261:Loess from the
235:
139:
118:
109:
108:
83:
68:
53:
44:
43:
34:, United States
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4639:Related fields
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4559:Classification
4556:
4551:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4531:Seismic hazard
4528:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4158:Shear strength
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Friction angle
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Oedometer test
4011:
4006:
4004:Sieve analysis
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3904:
3893:
3892:
3890:Total sounding
3881:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3816:
3815:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3791:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3693:
3692:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3668:
3657:
3656:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Prime farmland
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Fuller's earth
3454:
3449:
3447:Expansive clay
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2936:
2924:
2913:
2893:
2872:
2856:
2841:
2825:
2811:
2810:External links
2808:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2720:
2707:
2698:
2675:
2652:
2622:
2619:on 2013-02-18.
2599:
2548:
2497:
2458:
2415:
2372:
2343:(3): 652â666.
2323:
2307:
2283:
2247:
2240:
2212:
2193:(2): 224â229.
2177:
2132:
2123:
2094:(3): 352â368.
2076:
2069:
2029:
1983:
1946:
1879:
1812:
1773:(3): 563â618.
1749:
1714:
1691:(1): 116â125.
1671:
1648:(1): 137â152.
1628:
1591:
1564:(3): 291â312.
1546:
1509:
1490:(4): 307â374.
1472:
1463:
1445:
1426:
1407:
1394:
1373:
1349:
1335:
1308:
1299:
1280:
1265:
1252:(2): 390â406.
1232:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1109:fluvio-glacial
1094:latitude 30° S
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1048:including the
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
934:
933:
892:
890:
883:
869:
866:
864:
861:
847:influences of
843:
840:
777:
774:
772:
769:
752:
749:
747:
744:
696:loess deposits
665:
662:
642:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
581:
578:
535:braided rivers
524:
521:
508:Medicinal clay
500:
497:
460:stratigraphies
417:Central Europe
412:
409:
369:
366:
265:lowlands near
234:
231:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4767:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Types of soil
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Geomorphology
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Consolidation
4509:
4507:
4506:Frost heaving
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:Geosynthetics
4382:
4380:
4379:Crushed stone
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Cut-and-cover
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4174:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Water content
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:Sample series
3798:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3625:Investigation
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3569:
3568:Types of soil
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Tropical peat
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Dry quicksand
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:Other systems
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2804:
2803:83-04-03745-9
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:0 86094 036 5
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2660:John Wilson.
2656:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2320:0-8493-2349-5
2317:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2241:0-697-38506-X
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2070:9780813723709
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1332:3-540-27951-2
1329:
1325:
1324:New York City
1321:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1294:Prentice Hall
1291:
1284:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:deposits the
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1064:South America
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Sicily Island
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
930:
927:
919:
909:
905:
899:
898:
893:This section
891:
887:
882:
881:
874:
868:United States
863:North America
860:
858:
854:
853:Danube basins
850:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
795:
787:
783:
782:Loess Plateau
768:
766:
762:
758:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:which is the
709:
708:United States
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
520:
513:
509:
505:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Charles Lyell
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
401:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
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196:
193:A loess is a
191:
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185:
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177:
173:
168:
167:[lĆs]
164:
160:
154:
112:
104:
47:
41:
33:
28:
22:
4687:Biogeography
4682:Hydrogeology
4672:Soil science
4652:Geochemistry
4411:Infiltration
4339:Cut and fill
4282:Soil nailing
4148:Permeability
4113:Bulk density
4081:
3830:Inclinometer
3753:Ram sounding
3638:
3477:Martian soil
3466:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2919:
2897:
2876:
2860:
2843:
2828:
2816:
2794:
2779:
2772:
2738:
2734:
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2655:
2631:
2625:
2617:the original
2602:
2564:(8): e2909.
2561:
2557:
2551:
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2500:
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2428:
2424:
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2340:
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2310:
2302:the original
2295:
2286:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2222:
2215:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2150:(1): 56â62.
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2117:11336/114389
2091:
2085:
2079:
2052:
2048:
1999:
1995:
1961:
1955:
1949:
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1892:
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1829:
1825:
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1730:(1â2): 1â3.
1727:
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1609:(1): 57â73.
1606:
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1415:
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1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
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1316:
1311:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1216:
1212:
1167:
1125:
1098:
1087:
1081:of loess in
1043:
996:
992:
989:Peoria Loess
988:
978:
937:
922:
916:January 2016
913:
902:Please help
897:verification
894:
845:
816:Yellow River
805:
779:
754:
751:Central Asia
700:Yellow River
685:
670:
667:
646:Great Plains
643:
638:Anticyclonic
602:
598:volcanic ash
583:
571:
556:
526:
517:
510:produced by
493:
488:last glacial
469:
457:
414:
394:
387:Swiss German
373:
371:
364:conditions.
339:
323:
297:; and often
273:Loesses are
272:
192:
39:
37:
4697:Archaeology
4421:Foundations
4394:Geomembrane
4277:Slurry wall
4216:Water table
4180:Interaction
4176:Structures
4163:Sensitivity
3960:Laboratory
3542:Terra rossa
3537:Terra preta
3517:Spodic soil
3437:Duplex soil
3417:Brown earth
3397:Alkali soil
3387:Rhizosphere
3382:Laimosphere
3256:(1974â1998)
3213:Inceptisols
3120:Plinthosols
3085:Kastanozems
2886:Baton Rouge
2691:16 February
2668:16 February
2644:Baton Rouge
2513:: 114â133.
2388:: 104â118.
2228:McGraw Hill
1326:, 779 pp.,
1164:Attribution
1052:and on the
1046:New Zealand
1040:New Zealand
1001:Pleistocene
974:agriculture
940:Loess Hills
857:Ebro Valley
849:periglacial
712:Loess Hills
594:playa lakes
590:dune fields
580:Non-glacial
557:During the
528:Periglacial
433:Mississippi
317:, or other
289:; slightly
275:homogeneous
241:Loess near
221:and highly
219:homogeneous
195:periglacial
4735:Glaciology
4724:Categories
4554:Mitigation
4536:Shear wave
4521:Earthquake
4516:Compaction
4501:Permafrost
4492:Phenomena/
4389:Geotextile
4314:Embankment
4304:Excavation
4241:Earthworks
4201:Vegetation
4196:Topography
4118:Thixotropy
4108:Void ratio
4091:Properties
3989:Hydrometer
3734:Piezometer
3654:Core drill
3522:Stagnogley
3472:Lunar soil
3427:Dark earth
3412:Brickearth
3377:Pedosphere
3347:Soil crust
3155:Technosols
3140:Solonchaks
3060:Ferralsols
3025:Anthrosols
2840:, Germany.
2292:"Huang He"
2230:. p.
1388:2013-12-22
1367:2013-12-22
1219:(1): 3â5.
1159:References
1025:gastropods
1011:Loess and
970:fertilizer
765:Kazakhstan
757:Tajikistan
704:Asian Dust
632:Trade wind
574:brickearth
567:Tajikistan
559:Quaternary
425:Heidelberg
326:Midwestern
299:calcareous
295:stratified
233:Properties
211:grain size
4745:Sediments
4677:Hydrology
4657:Petrology
4545:analysis
4543:Landslide
4448:Mechanics
4359:Track bed
4344:Fill dirt
4329:Terracing
3902:Trial pit
3717:Statnamic
3702:Load test
3507:Quicksand
3452:Fill dirt
3392:Bulk soil
3238:Vertisols
3228:Spodosols
3218:Mollisols
3208:Histosols
3193:Aridisols
3165:Vertisols
3160:Umbrisols
3150:Stagnosol
3115:Planosols
3110:Phaeozems
3090:Leptosols
3075:Gypsisols
3065:Fluvisols
3045:Chernozem
3040:Cambisols
3035:Calcisols
3030:Arenosols
2910:Iowa City
2890:Louisiana
2650:. 126 pp.
2648:Louisiana
2594:132258680
2586:0267-8179
2543:129905410
2535:1040-6182
2492:0009-2541
2453:1040-6182
2431:: 14â24.
2410:0277-3791
2367:1502-3885
2172:128767602
2055:: 53â74.
2024:130982847
1923:0027-8424
1856:0027-8424
1807:0033-5894
1586:128551599
1384:. Dwds.de
1090:Argentina
1083:Patagonia
1069:Argentina
1060:in 1890.
1029:mastodons
1005:paleosols
966:A-horizon
959:grassland
771:East Asia
664:Fertility
499:Formation
372:The word
368:Etymology
30:Loess in
4730:Pedology
4707:Agrology
4596:software
4494:problems
4324:Causeway
4299:Landfill
4226:Subgrade
4143:Porosity
4138:Cohesion
3492:Paleosol
3407:Blue goo
3362:Gypcrust
3233:Ultisols
3203:Gelisols
3198:Entisols
3188:Andisols
3183:Alfisols
3145:Solonetz
3135:Retisols
3130:Regosols
3105:Nitisols
3100:Luvisols
3095:Lixisols
3080:Histosol
3070:Gleysols
3055:Durisols
3050:Cryosols
3020:Andosols
3010:Acrisols
2951:Archived
2929:, 2006,
2918:, 1999,
2805:. 187pp.
2790:. 103pp.
1941:28559353
1874:29180406
1130:See also
1088:Much of
951:topsoils
740:terraced
720:Nebraska
688:farmland
681:porosity
658:Colorado
650:Nebraska
620:Tropical
614:Volcanic
453:paleosol
331:slumping
311:feldspar
291:coherent
267:Mannheim
188:deposits
180:sediment
4647:Geology
4619:SVSlope
4429:Shallow
4349:Grading
4287:Tieback
4231:Subsoil
4221:Bedrock
4211:Topsoil
4206:Terrain
3999:R-value
3962:testing
3712:Dynamic
3639:in situ
3637:Field (
3442:Eluvium
3402:Bay mud
3367:Caliche
3357:Hardpan
3352:Claypan
3342:Subsoil
3337:Topsoil
3223:Oxisols
3125:Podzols
3015:Alisols
3003:(1998â)
2912:, Iowa.
2838:Leipzig
2743:Bibcode
2566:Bibcode
2515:Bibcode
2472:Bibcode
2433:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2265:Bibcode
2195:Bibcode
2152:Bibcode
2096:Bibcode
2004:Bibcode
1966:Bibcode
1932:5474771
1901:Bibcode
1865:5740632
1834:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1732:Bibcode
1611:Bibcode
1566:Bibcode
1529:Bibcode
1492:Bibcode
1344:"loess"
1275:Area 22
1079:outcrop
1035:Oceania
948:prairie
828:Shaanxi
812:plateau
736:no till
692:erosion
673:weather
586:deserts
532:glacial
484:aliquot
464:isotope
441:aeolian
437:fluvial
391:cognate
389:and is
319:mineral
303:angular
283:friable
253:, China
243:Hunyuan
199:aeolian
178:-sized
172:clastic
170:) is a
157:; from
4629:Plaxis
4624:UTEXAS
4614:SVFlux
4604:SEEP2D
4456:Forces
4309:Trench
4257:Gabion
4067:Gravel
3707:Static
3552:Yedoma
3487:Muskeg
2827:2007,
2815:2006,
2801:
2786:
2592:
2584:
2541:
2533:
2490:
2451:
2408:
2365:
2337:Boreas
2318:
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2170:
2067:
2022:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1805:
1584:
1330:
1113:Andean
1101:quartz
995:, and
842:Europe
830:, and
824:Shanxi
804::
802:pinyin
796::
788::
761:Almaty
759:up to
656:, and
654:Kansas
626:Gypsum
608:Desert
596:, and
563:shield
474:(TL),
378:German
362:tundra
342:ridges
307:quartz
279:porous
251:Shanxi
247:Datong
227:bluffs
223:porous
159:German
4609:STABL
4082:Loess
4045:Types
3532:Takir
3467:Loess
2590:S2CID
2539:S2CID
2168:S2CID
2045:(PDF)
2020:S2CID
1582:S2CID
1136:Börde
983:near
962:biome
955:humus
832:Gansu
776:China
548:clays
512:Luvos
445:China
405:Rhine
395:loose
374:loess
358:dunes
263:Rhine
40:loess
4434:Deep
4077:Loam
4072:Peat
4062:Sand
4057:Silt
4052:Clay
4037:Soil
3739:Well
3497:Peat
3332:Loam
3327:Clay
3322:Silt
3317:Sand
2799:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2693:2020
2670:2020
2613:USGS
2582:ISSN
2531:ISSN
2488:ISSN
2449:ISSN
2406:ISSN
2363:ISSN
2316:ISBN
2236:ISBN
2187:Area
2065:ISBN
1937:PMID
1919:ISSN
1870:PMID
1852:ISSN
1803:ISSN
1328:ISBN
1152:Loam
1142:GĂ€ue
1103:and
1027:and
944:Iowa
938:The
820:soil
798:é»ćé«ć
790:é»ćé«ć
780:The
726:and
718:and
716:Iowa
544:clay
542:and
540:silt
382:Löss
354:paha
315:mica
287:buff
207:sand
203:clay
184:dust
176:silt
163:Löss
4319:Cut
3628:and
3482:Mud
2751:doi
2574:doi
2523:doi
2511:376
2480:doi
2441:doi
2429:351
2398:doi
2353:doi
2273:doi
2261:200
2203:doi
2160:doi
2112:hdl
2104:doi
2092:202
2057:doi
2053:370
2012:doi
1974:doi
1927:PMC
1909:doi
1897:114
1860:PMC
1842:doi
1830:114
1793:hdl
1783:doi
1740:doi
1728:234
1703:hdl
1693:doi
1660:hdl
1650:doi
1619:doi
1574:doi
1537:doi
1500:doi
1437:".
1418:".
1254:doi
1221:doi
1077:An
942:of
906:by
648:of
447:by
419:by
400:los
197:or
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