385:"Because of the frequency of the experience, these judgements may be regarded as certain, even without our knowing the reason . For there is certain knowledge that the effect in question is not due to chance. It must accordingly be supposed that it is due to nature or to some modality thereof. Thus the cause qua cause, though not its species or mode of operation, is known. For experimental science is also constituted by a knowledge of the cause and by an induction based on all the data of sensation; whereby a general science is reached. ... But in the cases in which an experiment has not been completed, because of its not having been repeated in such a way that the persons, the time and the circumstances varied in everything that did not cause the determining cause, whereas this cause , the experiment does not prove certain knowledge, but only probably opinion."
494:) is a priori and almost as general as that of being, encompassing the sensible and the non-sensible, that which moves and that which is at rest. Our idea of time results not from abstraction, stripping accidents from perceived objects, but from a mental representation based on an innate idea. Al-Baghdadi stops short of offering a precise definition of time, stating only that 'were it to be said that time is the measure of being (
498:), that would be better than saying that it is the measure of motion'. His reclassification of time as a subject for metaphysics rather than for physics represents a major conceptual shift, not a mere formalistic correction. It also breaks the traditional linkage between time and space. Concerning space, al-Baghdadi held unconventional views as well, but he did not remove its investigation from the domain of physics.
541:(the title may be translated as "The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"). According to Abu'l-Barakāt, Kitāb al-Muʿtabar consists in the main of critical remarks jotted down by him over the years while reading philosophical text, and published at the insistence of his friends, in the form of a philosophical work. The work "presented a serious philosophical alternative to, and criticism of,
519:
Al-Baghdadi's most significant departure in psychology concerns human self-awareness. Ibn Sina had raised the issue of our consciousness of our own psychic activities, but he had not fully pursued the implications for
Aristotelian psychology of his approach. Al-Baghdadi took the matter much further,
332:
He converted to Islam later in his life. Abu'l
Barakat does not refer to his conversion in his writings, and the historical sources give contradictory episodes of his conversion. According to the various reports, he converted either out of "wounded pride", fear of the personal consequences of the
457:
Al-Baghdadi also suggested that motion is relative, writing that "there is motion only if the relative positions of the bodies in question change." He also stated that "each type of body has a characteristic velocity that reaches its maximum when its motion encounters no
510:
He upheld the unity of the soul, denying that there is a distinction between it and the intellect. For him, the soul's awareness of itself is the definitive proof that the soul is independent of the body and will not perish with it. On his contributions to
337:'s wife while under his care as a physician or fear of execution when he was taken prisoner in a battle between the armies of the caliph and that of the sultan. Ayala Eliyahu argues that the conversion was "probably motivated by convenience reasons".
1127:
Marcotte, Roxanne D. (2004) La conversion tardive d'un philosophe: Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdidi (mort vers 545/1150) sur "L'Intellect et sa quiddite" (al-'Aql wa mahiyyatu-hu). Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 15 1:
579:
Abu'l-Barakāt's thought had a deep influence on
Islamic philosophy but none on Jewish thought. His works were not translated into Hebrew, and he is seldom cited in Jewish philosophy, probably because of his conversion to Islam.
272:("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet; and the treatise "On the Reason Why the Stars Are Visible at Night and Hidden in Daytime". Abu'l-Barakāt was an
1343:
Abū al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī wa-falsafatuhu al-Ilāhīyah : dirāsah li-mawqifihi al-naqdī min falsafat Ibn Sīnā (أبو البركات البغدادي وفلسفته الإلهية : دراسة لموقفه النقدي من فلسفة ابن سينا)
280:, but also developed his own ideas. He proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity.
450:
is proportional to acceleration rather than velocity. Abu'l-Barakat also developed
Philoponus' theory of impetus, stating that the mover imparts a violent inclination (
641:
Norman A. Stillman; Shlomo Pines. "Abū ʾl-Barakāt al-Baghdādī." Encyclopedia of Jews in the
Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2013
490:
Dissatisfied with the regnant approach, which treated time as an accident of the cosmos, al-Baghdadi drew the conclusion that time is an entity whose conception (
4137:
571:
All that we possess in the way of medical writing by Abu'l-Barakāt are a few prescriptions for remedies. These remain in manuscript and are as yet unstudied.
4147:
3864:
1449:
502:
In his view, there is just one time which is similar for all beings, including God. Abu'l-Barakāt also regarded space as three-dimensional and infinite.
4031:
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483:
474:
as "the measure of motion" and instead redefines the concept with his own definition of time as "the measure of being", thus distinguishing between
4102:
1297:
1265:
1151:
520:
dispensing with the traditional psychological faculties and pressing his investigations in the direction of what we would call the unconscious.
2286:
1379:
3955:
3171:
1422:
1134:
Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi : an introduction to his metaphysics in the conception of existent being and its nexus to the notion of God
3849:
654:
Stroumsa, Sarah; A. Baumgarten; et al. (1998). "Twelfth
Century Concepts of Soul and Body: The Maimonidean Controversy in Baghdad".
2961:
2859:
1928:
4142:
4112:
3854:
1560:
4127:
3655:
1485:
1480:
292:
587:
was one of Abu'l-Barakāt's eminent disciples. The influence of Al-Baghdadi's views appears especially in Al-Razi's chief work
4082:
1555:
1532:
1334:
al-Madhhab al-ishrāqī bayna al-falsafah wa-al-dīn fī al-fikr al-Islāmī (المذهب الاشراقي بين الفلسفة والدين في الفكر الاسلامي)
774:
694:
1369:
3906:
3181:
1638:
690:
299:
4107:
4046:
3757:
4097:
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3161:
1862:
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908:
329:
in modern-day Iraq. As a renowned physician, he served at the courts of the caliphs of
Baghdad and the Seljuk sultans.
2279:
1249:
1210:
1175:
1108:
1075:
991:
962:
917:
875:
843:
732:
4117:
3519:
1415:
3793:
2340:
1643:
1395:
Ibn Sina and Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi on the origination of the soul and the invalidation of its transmigration
348:, was one of his pupils, to whom Abu'l-Barakāt, Jewish at the time, dictated a long philosophical commentary on
3478:
3398:
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1969:
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proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of
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2185:
2140:
1776:
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3408:
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1241:
Al-Wujūd wa-al-khulūd fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الوجود والخلود في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)
138:
3645:
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1748:
1540:
1522:
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1408:
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3941:
3726:
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2747:
2040:
1821:
1202:
284:
230:
124:
1355:
Al-Jānib al-naqdī fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الجانب النقدي في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)
4122:
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2205:
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1984:
1811:
1801:
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1100:
454:) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover.
4072:
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3989:
3979:
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3701:
3307:
3140:
2828:
2757:
2240:
1989:
1908:
3231:
1092:
1009:"From al-Ghazali to al-Razi: 6th/12th Century Developments in Muslim Philosophical Theology"
655:
3772:
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3115:
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2528:
2395:
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1979:
1974:
1903:
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584:
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178:
8:
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2111:
2091:
2050:
1527:
1492:
1068:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
431:
430:'s fundamental dynamic law , anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of
3887:
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120:
90:
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913:
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839:
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2020:
1786:
1621:
1389:
1045:
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954:
867:
724:
419:
341:
187:
134:
3752:
1388:
Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from
929:
Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and
Impetus Theory",
684:
3762:
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2543:
2518:
2463:
2215:
2210:
2165:
1626:
1611:
1606:
1040:
Al-Tayyib, Aḥmad (1980). "Un traité d'Abū l-Barakāt al-Baġdādī sur l'intellect".
530:
407:
353:
273:
218:
110:
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254:
1025:
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2035:
1959:
1933:
1867:
1194:
1063:
831:
238:
3443:
1380:
Abu ‘l-Barakat al-Baghdadi: Outline of a Non-Aristotelian
Natural Philosophy
1049:
394:
Al-Baghdadi was a follower of the scientific and philosophical teachings of
3680:
3554:
3372:
3085:
2909:
2899:
2653:
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2493:
2458:
2225:
2170:
1994:
1923:
1679:
1664:
1502:
1159:
946:
859:
683:
Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), "al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)",
443:
415:
349:
345:
302:
199:
100:
1857:
3913:
3615:
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2668:
2643:
2609:
2533:
2498:
2478:
2473:
2405:
2335:
2086:
2010:
1816:
545:". He also developed concepts which resemble several modern theories in
479:
295:
195:
2264:
3984:
3808:
3721:
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3610:
3544:
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3463:
3448:
3347:
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3201:
3080:
2833:
2813:
2673:
2663:
2015:
1918:
1837:
1752:
1596:
613:
395:
374:
242:
1231:
Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī fī al-Islām (تاريخ الفكر الفلسفي في الاسلام)
767:
Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds
3920:
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3120:
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3049:
3013:
3003:
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2772:
2742:
2076:
1964:
1898:
1842:
1791:
1659:
1601:
1591:
1400:
1277:(in Arabic). Haydarabad: Jam‘iyyat Da’irat al-Ma‘arif al-‘Uthmaniyya.
553:
427:
4015:
3635:
3453:
3433:
3428:
3327:
3070:
2939:
2838:
2823:
2808:
2803:
2722:
2330:
1913:
1852:
1847:
1771:
1669:
1166:
Studies in Abu'l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī : physics and metaphysics
542:
439:
378:
277:
158:
1325:مشكلة قدم العالم وحدوثة عند ابى البركات البغدادى وفخر الدين الرازى
951:
Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
912:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26–28.
864:
Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
3948:
2488:
1694:
1674:
1545:
1464:
906:
Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah".
546:
356:. Isaac wrote a poem in his honour as introduction to this work.
258:
68:
2355:
1724:
1565:
1229:
Abū Rayyān, Muḥammad ʻAlī (1973). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī".
322:
16:
12th century Iraqi Islamic philosopher, physicist and physician
1316:
Namādhij min falsafat al-Islāmīyīn (نماذج من فلسفة الإسلاميين)
268:
His writings include the anti-Aristotelian philosophical work
3266:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1684:
1187:
Nouvelles études sur Awḥad al-Zamân Abu-l-Barakât al-Baghdâdî
475:
447:
326:
262:
80:
53:
2060:
1954:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1512:
471:
321:(Unique One of his Time), was born in Balad, a town on the
234:
1307:نقد أبي البركات البغدادي لنظرية (ابن سينا في النفس والعقل)
926:
807:"Taking Turns: New Perspectives on Jews & Conversion"
721:
Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition
1273:
Al-Baghdadi, Abu al-Barakat (1939). S. Yaltkaya (ed.).
788:
786:
745:
743:
1314:
Luṭf, Sāmī Naṣr (1977). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī".
653:
438:
Al-Baghdadi's theory of motion distinguished between
1233:(in Arabic). Alexandria: Dār al-Jāmiʻāt al-Miṣrīyah.
1138:
https://yale.academia.edu/FrankGriffel/Book-Reviews
1090:
986:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 76.
783:
740:
595:). Abu'l-Barakāt influenced certain conceptions of
482:concept rather than a physical one. The scholar Y.
1284:الفلسفة الطبيعية والالهية عند ابى البركات البغدادى
1163:
1199:A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages
552:Abu'l-Barakāt also wrote a short treatise on the
245:, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name
4059:
1747:
1136:. Jerusalem. pp. (see F. Griffel's review
558:Kitāb Ṣaḥiḥ adillat al-naql fī māhiyyat al-ʻaql
215:Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī
23:Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī
4138:12th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
838:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 98–99.
470:Al-Baghdadi criticized Aristotle's concept of
2955:
2280:
1416:
1327:(in Arabic). Asyut, Egypt: Assiut University.
4148:12th-century Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate
3172:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1332:Sharaf, Muḥammad Jalāl Abū al-Futūḥ (1972).
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
1272:
977:
975:
973:
657:Self, Soul and Body in Religious Experience
162:Abu’l Hasan Sa’id ibn Hibat Allah (teacher)
2962:
2948:
2287:
2273:
1423:
1409:
1318:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Saʻīd Raʼfat.
1296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1264:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1237:
1228:
1197:(1996). "Judah Halevi and Abu-l-Barakāt".
1150:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
682:
649:
647:
276:philosopher who in many respects followed
241:. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary of
3956:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
2860:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
2294:
1386:"Abu’l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah."
1091:Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver (1997).
1039:
1024:
760:
758:
667:
1006:
1000:
981:
970:
714:
712:
710:
3656:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
2631:
1282:Hasan, Sabri 'Uthman Muhammad (1982).
826:
824:
769:. Random House of Canada. p. 485.
764:
644:
410:with successive increments of velocity.
4060:
1430:
1349:
1331:
1131:
755:
718:
583:The famous theologian and philosopher
478:and time, and reclassifying time as a
364:
4103:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
2943:
2268:
1746:
1404:
1340:
1322:
1281:
1193:
1184:
1158:
1062:
1056:
945:
905:
858:
830:
792:
749:
707:
697:from the original on 28 February 2008
223:أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي
3907:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2969:
2733:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
1345:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah.
1313:
821:
691:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
225:; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an
3758:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1336:(in Arabic). Egypt: Dār al-Maʻārif.
1304:
804:
222:
13:
1357:(in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq.
1221:
909:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
14:
4159:
3182:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
1363:
1275:Al-Mu'tabar fi al-Hikmah (3 vols)
465:
3520:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1323:Salim, Ahmad ibn Ahmad (2005).
1007:Shihadeh, Ayman (1 March 2005).
4143:Scholars from the Seljuk Empire
4113:Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate
3794:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
3778:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
2341:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
1084:
1033:
939:
931:Journal of the History of Ideas
899:
883:
852:
369:Al-Baghdadi described an early
300:medieval Christian philosophers
4128:Converts to Islam from Judaism
3399:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2514:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1189:(in French). Paris: Durlacher.
1013:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
798:
635:
562:صحيح أدلة النقل في ماهية العقل
352:, written in Arabic using the
1:
3469:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
3091:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2196:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
2186:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1777:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1238:Abū Saʻdah, Muḥammad (1993).
629:
505:
359:
4083:Medieval Jewish philosophers
3717:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
3505:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
3409:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
3404:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
3257:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
3162:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1863:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1095:History of Jewish philosophy
564:), which has been edited by
289:classical Islamic philosophy
7:
3894:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
3479:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
1341:Sīdbī, Jamāl Rajab (1996).
1170:. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
1044:(in French) (16): 127–147.
602:
589:Al-Mabāḥith al-Mashriqiyyah
293:medieval Jewish philosopher
283:His thought influenced the
257:before his conversion from
10:
4164:
4108:Medieval Jewish physicians
3942:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
3727:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
3676:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
2141:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
2041:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1955:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
1203:Cambridge University Press
1120:
418:, al-Baghdadi's theory of
249:and was given the name of
4098:12th-century philosophers
4093:Aristotelian philosophers
4024:
3998:
3972:
3863:
3842:
3822:
3786:
3740:
3689:
3651:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
3646:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
3603:
3570:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
3492:
3414:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
3391:
3280:
3252:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
3154:
3063:
3042:
2986:
2977:
2927:
2847:
2819:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
2796:
2768:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2728:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2705:
2696:
2639:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2622:
2557:
2444:
2364:
2311:
2302:
2130:
2069:
2003:
1942:
1889:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
1881:
1830:
1764:
1760:
1742:
1652:
1577:
1442:
1438:
1026:10.1017/S0957423905000159
890:Crombie, Alistair Cameron
765:Kraemer, Joel L. (2010).
609:Physics in medieval Islam
574:
389:
169:
149:
144:
130:
116:
106:
96:
86:
76:
61:
45:
40:
28:
21:
4011:Ancient Iranian medicine
3799:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
3671:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
3535:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
3500:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
3323:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
3222:Al-Tamimi, the physician
3009:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
2885:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2778:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2713:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
1324:
1283:
624:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
524:
400:Alistair Cameron Crombie
317:Abu'l-Barakāt, famed as
192:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
36:(Unique One of his Time)
4118:12th-century physicians
3963:Lives of the Physicians
3928:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3874:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
3830:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
3712:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
3575:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
3298:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
3227:Eutychius of Alexandria
3202:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
2748:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2743:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2426:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2401:Richard of Saint Victor
1873:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1822:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1782:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1070:. Springer. p. 7.
1050:10.3406/anisl.1980.1021
982:Marenbon, John (2003).
719:Gutman, Oliver (2003),
531:Aristotelian philosophy
529:He wrote a critique of
426:the oldest negation of
312:
4006:Ancient Greek medicine
3666:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
3580:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3424:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3318:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
3288:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
3192:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2931:Renaissance philosophy
2905:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2890:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
2206:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
2156:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
2117:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1985:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1812:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1634:Transcendent theosophy
1201:(Reprinted ed.).
1185:Pines, Shlomo (1955).
1132:Pavlov, Moshe (2003).
1042:Annales Islamologiques
894:Augustine to Galileo 2
522:
500:
436:
412:
387:
344:and the son-in-law of
340:Isaac, the son of the
285:Illuminationist school
3990:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3881:The Canon of Medicine
3702:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
3308:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
3293:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
3197:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
3141:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
2829:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2824:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2296:Medieval philosophers
1990:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
1370:ABU’L-BARAKĀT BAḠDĀDĪ
1099:. Routledge. p.
663:. Brill. p. 318.
517:
515:, Langermann writes:
488:
424:
404:
383:
373:emphasizing repeated
4088:Natural philosophers
4078:Islamic philosophers
3773:Sultan Ali Khorasani
3474:Serapion the Younger
3116:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2999:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
2895:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2865:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2839:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2814:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2529:Godfrey of Fontaines
2431:Gilbert de la Porrée
2396:Hugh of Saint Victor
2381:Anselm of Canterbury
2351:John Scotus Eriugena
2221:Reza Davari Ardakani
2097:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
2031:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1980:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1894:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1374:Encyclopædia Iranica
1244:(in Arabic). Cairo.
619:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
585:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
535:Aristotelian physics
183:Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
179:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
101:Islamic civilization
4133:People from Baghdad
4042:Medical Renaissance
3900:The Book of Healing
3804:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
3595:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3484:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
3126:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
2804:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2723:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2649:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2570:Marsilius of Inghen
2421:Bernard of Chartres
2181:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2102:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
2092:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
2051:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
1561:Medieval psychology
1533:Natural philosophy
1286:(in Arabic). Cairo.
984:Medieval philosophy
593:Oriental Discourses
432:classical mechanics
365:Experimental method
265:later in his life.
227:Islamic philosopher
56:, present-day Iraq)
3980:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3888:Tacuinum Sanitatis
3814:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
3333:Badi' al-Asturlabi
3232:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
3207:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
3187:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
3136:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
3029:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
3024:Nafi ibn al-Harith
2605:Lambertus de Monte
2585:Francesc Eiximenis
2454:Robert Grosseteste
2416:Alexander of Hales
2346:Isidore of Seville
2326:Augustine of Hippo
2191:Abdolkarim Soroush
2036:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1950:Hajji Bektash Wali
1486:medieval astronomy
1432:Islamic philosophy
936:(4), p. 521-546 .)
686:Islamic Philosophy
513:Islamic psychology
153:Influenced by
121:Islamic philosophy
91:Islamic Golden Age
71:, present-day Iraq
4055:
4054:
4047:Medieval medicine
3838:
3837:
3697:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
3530:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
3419:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
3034:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2937:
2936:
2923:
2922:
2692:
2691:
2618:
2617:
2549:William of Ockham
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2107:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
2046:Mahmud Shabistari
2026:Jalaladdin Davani
1975:Nasir al-Din Tusi
1797:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1738:
1737:
776:978-0-385-51200-8
539:Kitab al-Mu'tabar
371:scientific method
270:Kitāb al-Muʿtabar
233:and physicist of
212:
211:
135:Physics of motion
4155:
4123:Court physicians
4037:Learned medicine
4032:Ibn Sina Academy
3732:Şerafeddin Kadir
3707:Husayni Isfahani
3641:Mansur ibn Ilyas
3585:Rashidun al-Suri
3464:Moshe ben Maimon
3247:Ibrahim ibn Baks
3177:Abu Bakr al-Razi
3111:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3106:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
3101:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2984:
2983:
2971:Islamic medicine
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2703:
2702:
2659:Abraham ibn Daud
2629:
2628:
2590:Nicholas of Cusa
2580:Albert of Saxony
2509:Boetius of Dacia
2504:Siger of Brabant
2309:
2308:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2236:Hasanzadeh Amoli
2231:Mostafa Malekian
2201:Taha Abdurrahman
2176:Ismail al-Faruqi
2134:
2056:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
1787:Abu Bakr al-Razi
1762:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1569:
1556:Medieval science
1551:
1536:
1518:
1508:
1471:
1460:
1440:
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1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1390:Encyclopedia.com
1358:
1346:
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1319:
1310:
1305:Huwaydī, Yaḥyá.
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998:
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979:
968:
967:
955:Brill Publishers
943:
937:
923:
903:
897:
887:
881:
880:
868:Brill Publishers
856:
850:
849:
828:
819:
818:
816:
814:
809:. Penn Libraries
805:Eliyahu, Ayala.
802:
796:
790:
781:
780:
762:
753:
747:
738:
737:
725:Brill Publishers
716:
705:
704:
703:
702:
680:
665:
664:
662:
651:
642:
639:
446:and showed that
377:, influenced by
342:Abraham Ibn Ezra
333:death of Sultan
307:Albert of Saxony
247:Baruch ben Malka
224:
204:Albert of Saxony
188:Abraham Ibn Ezra
117:Main interest(s)
19:
18:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4020:
3994:
3968:
3859:
3834:
3818:
3782:
3763:Dawud al-Antaki
3736:
3685:
3599:
3540:Ibn Abi Usaibia
3488:
3387:
3378:Jonah ibn Janah
3276:
3167:Aayon Ibn Aayon
3150:
3131:Shapur ibn Sahl
3059:
3038:
2994:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2973:
2968:
2938:
2933:
2919:
2843:
2792:
2738:Matta ibn Yunus
2688:
2614:
2553:
2544:Petrus Aureolus
2519:Meister Eckhart
2464:Albertus Magnus
2446:
2440:
2366:
2360:
2298:
2293:
2263:
2250:
2216:Fouad Zakariyya
2211:Mohammed Arkoun
2166:Frithjof Schuon
2132:
2126:
2112:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
2065:
1999:
1938:
1877:
1826:
1756:
1734:
1648:
1607:Illuminationism
1573:
1567:
1549:
1534:
1517:(jurisprudence)
1516:
1506:
1469:
1458:
1434:
1429:
1366:
1361:
1326:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1224:
1222:Further reading
1219:
1213:
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1123:
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1111:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1061:
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1034:
1005:
1001:
994:
980:
971:
965:
957:, p. 203,
953:, vol. 2,
944:
940:
924:
920:
904:
900:
888:
884:
878:
870:, p. 339,
866:, vol. 2,
857:
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846:
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822:
812:
810:
803:
799:
791:
784:
777:
763:
756:
748:
741:
735:
727:, p. 193,
717:
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698:
681:
668:
660:
652:
645:
640:
636:
632:
605:
577:
527:
508:
496:miqdar al-wujud
492:ma'qul al-zaman
484:Tzvi Langermann
468:
398:. According to
392:
375:experimentation
367:
362:
354:Hebrew alphabet
315:
208:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
175:
174:
165:
161:
155:
154:
139:concept of time
131:Notable idea(s)
72:
66:
65:1164 or 1165 CE
57:
50:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Hakim-e-Gilani
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3748:Rostam Gorgani
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
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3714:
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3628:
3623:
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3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3590:Sa'ad al-Dawla
3587:
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3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
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3547:
3542:
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3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
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3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Ibn al-Kattani
3365:
3363:Ibn al-Haytham
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Ibn Al-Thahabi
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Ali ibn Ridwan
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3272:Qusta ibn Luqa
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
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3239:
3234:
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3214:
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3179:
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3149:
3148:
3146:Yusuf al-Khuri
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
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3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
3052:
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3036:
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2715:
2709:
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2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:Hasdai Crescas
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2666:
2661:
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2641:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2616:
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2607:
2602:
2600:Paul of Venice
2597:
2595:Vincent Ferrer
2592:
2587:
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2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
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2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Thomas Aquinas
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:Henry of Ghent
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2436:Alain de Lille
2433:
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2391:Anselm of Laon
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2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Muhammad Iqbal
2143:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2122:Hādī Sabzavārī
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Mir Fendereski
2079:
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1807:Ikhwan al-Safa
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1639:Traditionalist
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1066:, ed. (1997).
1064:Selin, Helaine
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1019:(1): 141–179.
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832:Lewis, Bernard
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3850:Ophthalmology
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1934:Shams Tabrizi
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1351:Ṭayyib, Aḥmad
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1251:977-00-5604-9
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1227:
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1214:
1212:0-521-39727-8
1208:
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1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1177:965-223-332-3
1173:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:Pines, Shlomo
1157:
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1147:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1110:0-415-08064-9
1106:
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1077:0-7923-4066-3
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993:0-415-30875-5
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
966:
964:965-223-626-8
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Pines, Shlomo
942:
935:
932:
928:
921:
919:0-684-10114-9
915:
911:
910:
902:
895:
891:
886:
879:
877:965-223-626-8
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:Pines, Shlomo
855:
847:
845:1-4008-1023-X
841:
837:
836:Jews of Islam
833:
827:
825:
808:
801:
794:
789:
787:
778:
772:
768:
761:
759:
751:
746:
744:
736:
734:90-04-13228-7
730:
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414:According to
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253:by his pupil
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Baghdad, Iraq
237:descent from
236:
232:
228:
220:
216:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:Isaac son of
184:
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145:Muslim leader
143:
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82:
79:
75:
70:
64:
60:
55:
48:
44:
39:
34:
31:
27:
20:
4073:1160s deaths
4068:1080s births
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3823:18th century
3787:17th century
3741:16th century
3690:15th century
3681:Zayn-e-Attar
3604:14th century
3555:Ibn al-Nafis
3493:13th century
3413:
3392:12th century
3373:Ibn al-Wafid
3281:11th century
3155:10th century
3086:Ali al-Ridha
2910:Ibn Taymiyya
2900:Ibn al-Nafis
2818:
2654:Judah Halevi
2565:Jean Buridan
2494:John Peckham
2459:Michael Scot
2246:Partawi Shah
2241:Javadi Amoli
2226:Ahmad Fardid
2171:Martin Lings
2021:Hajji Bayram
1995:Ibn Taymiyya
1924:Omar Khayyám
1909:Ayn-al-Quzat
1904:Ahmad Yasavi
1888:
1817:Ibn Masarrah
1751:by century (
1749:Philosophers
1644:Contemporary
1546:
1513:
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1455:
1354:
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983:
950:
941:
933:
930:
907:
901:
893:
885:
863:
854:
835:
813:27 September
811:. Retrieved
800:
766:
720:
699:, retrieved
685:
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588:
582:
578:
570:
561:
557:
551:
538:
528:
518:
509:
501:
495:
491:
489:
480:metaphysical
469:
456:
451:
444:acceleration
437:
425:
416:Shlomo Pines
413:
405:
393:
384:
368:
350:Ecclesiastes
346:Judah Halevi
339:
331:
318:
316:
303:Jean Buridan
282:
274:Aristotelian
269:
267:
250:
246:
214:
213:
200:Jean Buridan
52:Balad (near
32:
3914:De Gradibus
3560:Ibn al-Quff
3064:9th century
3043:8th century
3019:Masarjawaih
2987:7th century
2915:Ibn Khaldun
2753:Ibn Masarra
2684:Joseph Albo
2669:Nachmanides
2644:Saadia Gaon
2610:John Hennon
2534:Duns Scotus
2499:Ramon Llull
2479:Bonaventure
2474:Roger Bacon
2336:Cassiodorus
2161:René Guénon
2151:Gohar Shahi
2087:Mulla Sadra
2011:Ibn Khaldun
1622:metaphysics
1568:(mysticism)
1550:(education)
1528:Metaphysics
1507:(dialectic)
1493:Eschatology
1470:(intellect)
296:Ibn Kammuna
196:Ibn Kammuna
111:Alarsttalih
4062:Categories
4025:Influenced
3999:Influences
3985:Bimarestan
3855:Psychology
3809:Tunakabuni
3722:Nurbakhshi
3621:Ibn Shuayb
3611:Al-Nagawri
3545:Ibn Tumlus
3525:As-Suwaydi
3510:Al-Dakhwar
3449:Ibn Tufayl
3444:Ibn Jumay‘
3348:Ibn Butlan
3237:Ibn Juljul
3212:Al-Kaŝkarī
3081:Albubather
2979:Physicians
2880:al-Qazwini
2855:Ibn Sab'in
2834:Ibn Tufayl
2788:al-Kirmani
2674:Gersonides
2664:Maimonides
2016:Yunus Emre
1960:Ibn Sab’in
1929:Suhrawardi
1919:Ibn Tufail
1838:Al-Ghazali
1792:Apharabius
1627:psychology
1597:Avicennism
1459:(theology)
793:Sirat 1996
750:Sirat 1996
701:2008-02-03
630:References
614:Ibn Bajjah
597:Suhrawardi
506:Psychology
460:resistance
452:mayl qasri
360:Philosophy
298:, and the
243:Maimonides
173:Influenced
49:c. 1080 CE
3921:Al-Tasrif
3661:Nakhshabi
3439:Ibn Habal
3358:Ibn Jazla
3353:Ibn Hindu
3303:Al-Biruni
3217:Al-Natili
3121:Masawaiyh
3096:Bukhtishu
3076:Al-Ruhawi
3050:Bukhtishu
3014:Ibn Uthal
3004:Bukhtishu
2929:See also
2875:Ibn Arabi
2783:al-Biruni
2773:Miskawayh
2718:al-Nazzam
2304:Christian
2077:Mir Damad
2070:17th–19th
2004:14th–16th
1970:al-Abharī
1965:Ibn Arabi
1899:Ahi Evren
1858:Bahmanyār
1617:cosmology
1602:Averroism
1535:(physics)
1481:astrology
1476:Cosmology
1372:entry in
1292:cite book
1260:cite book
1146:cite book
554:intellect
537:entitled
428:Aristotle
422:was thus
231:physician
4016:Ayurveda
3843:Concepts
3636:Jaghmini
3616:Aqsara'i
3454:Ibn Zuhr
3434:Averroes
3429:Avempace
3383:Masawaih
3328:Avicenna
3262:Muvaffak
3071:Al-Kindi
2809:Ibn Hazm
2763:Al-Amiri
2632:Medieval
2539:Durandus
2406:Roscelin
2331:Boethius
1914:Averroes
1853:Ibn Hazm
1848:Avicenna
1802:Al Amiri
1772:Al-Kindi
1765:9th–10th
1675:ʼIjtihād
1660:ʻAṣabīya
1653:Concepts
1592:Farabism
1547:Madrasah
1353:(2004).
1162:(1979).
1128:201–226.
949:(1986),
896:, p. 67.
862:(1986),
834:(2002).
695:archived
603:See also
543:Ibn Sina
486:writes:
440:velocity
396:Ibn Sina
379:Ibn Sina
278:Ibn Sina
251:Nathanel
159:Ibn Sina
125:medicine
77:Religion
41:Personal
3973:Centers
3949:Al-Hawi
2698:Islamic
2489:Vitello
2447:century
2445:13–14th
2367:century
2365:11–12th
2133:present
1695:Maslaha
1579:Schools
1566:Sufism
1450:Alchemy
1121:Sources
547:physics
259:Judaism
69:Baghdad
2624:Jewish
2356:Alcuin
1725:Tawḥīd
1685:ʻIrfān
1498:Ethics
1456:Aqidah
1443:Fields
1248:
1209:
1174:
1107:
1074:
990:
961:
916:
874:
842:
773:
731:
575:Legacy
420:motion
390:Motion
335:Mahmud
325:above
323:Tigris
291:, the
235:Jewish
219:Arabic
97:Region
3865:Works
3267:Qumri
2706:Early
2312:Early
2131:20th–
1730:Ummah
1720:Shūrā
1715:Qiyās
1705:Qadar
1690:Ijmāʿ
1670:Iʻjaz
1587:Early
1541:Peace
1523:Logic
1504:Kalam
661:(PDF)
525:Works
476:space
448:force
408:power
327:Mosul
263:Islam
107:Creed
81:Islam
54:Mosul
29:Title
2848:Late
2797:High
2558:Late
2061:Jami
1943:13th
1882:12th
1831:11th
1710:Qalb
1700:Nafs
1680:ʻIlm
1612:Sufi
1514:Fiqh
1298:link
1266:link
1246:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1152:link
1105:ISBN
1072:ISBN
988:ISBN
959:ISBN
914:ISBN
872:ISBN
840:ISBN
815:2011
771:ISBN
729:ISBN
533:and
472:time
442:and
313:Life
305:and
62:Died
46:Born
1665:Ḥāl
1467:Aql
1046:doi
1021:doi
927:cf.
462:."
287:of
261:to
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1753:CE
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