250:
won them great support in the area. Their standing was also boosted by
Abdulaziz's practice of holding open meetings where tribal elders could meet with him, allowing access to their ruler. During his reign Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab was his major advisor and dealt with all major activities, including treasury. However, following the capture of Riyadh Abdulaziz bin Muhammad himself began to control the budget of the state due to the significant increase in revenues. From 1789 Abdulaziz's supremacy was recognised by all
242:(Arabic: Pledge of allegiance) ceremony was supervised by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. Although his father was titled as Emir, Abdulaziz was given the titles of both Emir and Imam. However, the latter title was not granted immediately after his succession to the throne, but it was given later. Imam as a title was a reflection of Abdulaziz's religious education by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and his deeply religious personality. His younger brother,
430:
into his breast crying, "Let this avenge the tomb of Ali, for thy profanations." The brother of
Abdulaziz, hearing the noise, ran into the tent, where he found his brother bathed in his blood, and the assassin, who squatted himself down, saying his prayers, and calmly awaiting death. He attacked him;
209:
Long before the death of his father
Abdulaziz was announced the next ruler of the state at the request of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. From 1750 Abdulaziz was the chief military commander of the Emirate due to his father's old age. In 1763 he led a military campaign of the Emirate attacking the regions
425:
Abdulaziz ibn
Muhammad was assassinated by Ibadgi Osman, a Mussulman of the sect of Ali. He had profaned the tomb of Ali, and thus excited the fury of the disciples of that prophet. Ibadgi Osman resolved to avenge the ashes of Ali. He crossed the desert of Arabia on a dromedary, entered the tent of
249:
Abdulaziz's father, Muhammad bin Saud, initiated attacks against the ruler of Riyadh, Dahham bin Dawwas, in 1747. However, following the battles for nearly 25 years only in 1773 Riyadh was captured by
Abdulaziz and became part of the Emirate. Their military success and orthodox approach to religion
304:
and Khurma, was captured, and the people, particularly men, living there were slaughtered. In Taif
Abdulaziz's forces took women and children as slaves. They also demolished the heterodox texts and innovative household equipment such as mirrors and window frames and robbed the wealth of the local
316:
and Salman, together with their families were sent to
Diriyah where they were all detained. Therefore, the Wahhabi influence also extended to Qatar and Bahrain. However, due to the Ottoman attacks in Hejaz Abdulaziz bin Muhammad did not manage to fully consolidate his power in Bahrain and had to
321:
to reestablish their rule. Abdulaziz's governor, Abdullah bin
Ufaysan, was detained by the Al Khalifa. In 1803 Mecca was taken by Abdulaziz's forces, and the religious figures in the city declared their alliance to Wahhabis. The attacks of the Saudi forces reached Syria, Iraq and Yemen where
353:. they destroyed it because according to the hadith of Prophet Muhammad We cannot built anything over graves. They also stole the gold, jewels, and rare minerals in the shrine. This incident also had another and much more significant effect: it added a
431:
but Ibadgi Osman, who was the strongest of the two, got up and killed his assailant with the same cangiar which was still stained with the blood of his brother. The soldiers then entered, and cut the assassin in pieces with their sabers.
348:
in Iraq. Unlike other attacks the goal of Saudi forces was not to rule or control the region. They massacred thousands of the Shia population, stole enough precious loot to load 4,000 camels, and destroyed the dome over the
262:, originally from Najd, and they were defeated two times in 1791. Muslat bin Mutlaq Al Jarba, son of the tribal leader Mutlaq bin Muhammad, killed in the battle which led to the migration of the tribe to
392:
Abdulaziz was much more adhered to the
Wahhabi cause and more aggressive than his father. However, like his father he dressed in a plain way, and his armaments were not decorated unlike those of the
1461:
376:
They pillaged the whole of it , and plundered the Tomb of
Hussein...slaying in the course of the day, with circumstances of peculiar cruelty, above five thousand of the inhabitants...
1021:
The First Saudi States in Arabia (With Special Reference to its Administrative, Military and Economic Features) in the light of Unpublished Materials from Arabic and European Sources
415:
in the mosque of Turaif in November 1803. The motive of the assassin was to take revenge against him due to the killing of his sons in the Karbala attack. The British newspaper
1310:
990:
1093:
Relentless Warrior and Shrewd Tactician: Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmad of Bahrain 1795-1849 A Case Study of Shaikhly Statecraft in the Nineteenth Century Gulf
1480:
389:. He had four sons: Saud, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah and Umar. Of them Saud was born through Abdulaziz's marriage to the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar.
1660:
1500:
Emine Ö. Evered (2012). "Rereading Ottoman Accounts of Wahhabism as Alternative Narratives: Ahmed Cevdet Paşa's Historical Survey of the Movement".
206:
Abdulaziz was born in 1720 and was the eldest son of Muhammad bin Saud. He was educated by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and became a Wahhabi scholar.
1685:
1226:
312:. Abdulaziz bin Muhammad recaptured it in addition to Qatar and appointed there a governor, Abdullah bin Ufaysan, there. The rulers of Bahrain,
1705:
1680:
531:
1655:
337:
509:
The relationship between the ulama and the government in the contemporary Saudi Arabian Kingdom: an interdependent relationship?
1546:
1474:
1206:
816:
602:
479:
1434:
Dilemmas of Late Formation. International System and State Survival in the Middle East. Case Studies: Saudi Arabia and Iraq
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1596:
1700:
1337:
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1137:
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866:
766:
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Abdulaziz married to the daughter of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab and the daughter of Uthman bin Mu'ammar, the ruler of
214:. It was the first military attack of the Emirate outside the Nejd. These attacks were followed by those against the
1637:
75:
1119:
194:. Abdulaziz ruled the Emirate from 1765 until 1803. He was nicknamed by his people as the savior of his time (
1665:
313:
243:
1329:
Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics
1191:
1404:
850:
222:
tribes who did not join the religious movement of Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. Next Abdulaziz raided the
471:
The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
278:
191:
447:
and the avoidance of grave-worshiping and other such related matters, his epistles being praised by
1438:
1091:
996:
909:
808:
331:
403:
Shortly after his capture of Mecca Abdulaziz returned to Diriyah where he was assassinated by a
1690:
1358:
Aidan Parkes (Spring–Summer 2019). "Power Shifts in the Saudi–Iranian Strategic Competition".
469:
1552:
1327:
1258:
1069:
822:
772:
608:
285:
began in 1792. From 1797 the relations between Abdulaziz and the Ottoman authorities both in
230:. In the latter attack the forces of Abdulaziz were defeated losing nearly one thousand men.
443:
A student of his father-in-law, Abdul Wahab, Abdulaziz followed his footsteps in writing on
1675:
1670:
959:
594:
State-Building in Central Arabia: Empires and Regional Actors at the Crossroads of al Qasim
8:
888:
Diriyah Narrated by Its Built Environment: The Story of the First Saudi State (1744-1818)
274:
270:
254:
people. As early as 1790 Abdulaziz's forces started their attacks in the region near the
211:
1517:
1385:
1047:
971:
933:
350:
183:
46:
1405:"You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia"
804:
The Social and Political History of the Western Coast of the Gulf, 1207-1256/1793-1840
305:
people. Zubayr and other settlements in the region witnessed similar violence, too.
1627:
1619:
1592:
1542:
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1470:
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1333:
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1202:
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1133:
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937:
862:
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762:
598:
537:
513:
475:
358:
263:
187:
102:
64:
238:
The reign of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad began in 1765 when his father died. Abdulaziz's
1509:
1442:
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1125:
1097:
923:
892:
854:
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were dominant. Abdulaziz's attacks against Hasa which had been under the rule of
227:
172:
1571:
1556:
1262:
1073:
910:
Abdullah Hazaa Othman; Oleg Evgenievich Grishin; Bakil Hasan Nasser Ali (2020).
776:
700:
988:
397:
372:
Francis Warden, a British military official, about the attack are as follows:
1004:
886:
802:
654:
592:
567:
A Critical Analysis of the Religio-Political Conditions of Modern Saudi Arabia
1649:
1536:
1513:
1254:
Ottoman Penetration of the Eastern Region of the Arabian Peninsula, 1814-1841
1252:
1041:
756:
223:
152:
672:
1160:
1065:
627:
417:
362:
858:
574:
1019:
928:
911:
896:
448:
282:
138:
Abdulaziz bin Muhammad bin Saud bin Muhammad bin Muqrin Al Maridi Al Adui
22:
1371:
1290:
975:
844:
737:
720:
1380:
1332:. Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 74.
1164:
1101:
1043:
A political history of the Shammar Jarba tribe of al-Jazīrah, 1800-1958
800:
629:
John Philby and his political roles in the Arabian Peninsula, 1917-1953
386:
369:
318:
1591:. Saudi Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance. p. 155.
1089:
682:
1446:
412:
354:
255:
239:
421:
dated 12 March 1804 reported the following about the assassination:
1409:
404:
1432:
1192:"Wahhabism and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Evolving Symbiosis"
1169:. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press. pp. 10, 12.
957:
507:
427:
408:
341:
286:
259:
219:
147:
31:
26:
674:
The Fate of Saudi Arabia: Regime Evolution in the Saudi Monarchy
336:
In 1802 Abdulaziz bin Muhammad's forces led by his heir and son
16:
18th and 19th-century ruler of the First Saudi State (1720–1803)
444:
309:
215:
1589:
The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab
1502:
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
345:
297:
290:
1228:
The State as an Identity Racketeer: The Case of Saudi Arabia
962:(March 1968). "A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia".
301:
251:
1534:
1312:
Abdul Aziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946
1124:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 9–11.
1250:
1039:
536:(2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 16.
505:
308:
In 1802 Bahrain was invaded and captured by the ruler of
1278:
989:
Turki bin Khalid bin Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2015).
1538:
Beyond Muslim space: Jeddah, Muscat, Aden and Port Said
1121:
The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years
1017:
649:(MA thesis). Charles University in Prague. p. 36.
573:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. Archived from
258:
in southern Iraq. The region was the settlement of the
1285:(MA thesis). The University of Arizona. pp. 2–3.
1257:(PhD thesis). Indiana University. pp. 17–18, 24.
1201:. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Pentagon Press. p. 92.
625:
1586:
1090:
Abdulaziz Mohamed Hasan Ali Al Khalifa (April 2013).
846:
Wahhābism: The History of a Militant Islamic Movement
642:
563:
246:, unsuccessfully challenged the rule of Abdulaziz.
884:
708:(PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 27.
677:(MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. p. 16.
632:(PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 383.
1569:
912:"The Conflict Wings in the Saudi Political System"
761:(PhD thesis). Harvard University. pp. 18–19.
754:
758:Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982)
698:
435:Abdulaziz was succeeded by his eldest son, Saud.
426:Abdulaziz while he was at prayers, and plunged a
1647:
1308:
1096:(PhD thesis). University of Exeter. p. 73.
670:
590:
1499:
1459:
1402:
1282:Diplomatic history of Saudi Arabia, 1903-1960's
1224:
597:(PhD thesis). New York University. p. 83.
1469:. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 120.
1166:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security
1117:
1024:(PhD thesis). University of Leeds. p. 33.
842:
718:
529:
322:Abdulaziz managed to establish his authority.
467:
1430:
1357:
1325:
1231:(PhD thesis). Monash University. p. 81.
1189:
1159:
646:Saudi Women's Role in Development of Society
269:The expansion continued with the capture of
198:in Arabic) due to his fearless activities.
1573:H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine
380:
317:reduce his forces there which allowed the
1379:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
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1153:
1151:
1149:
927:
838:
836:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
736:
182:; 1720–1803) was the second ruler of the
1661:18th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1360:Global Security and Intelligence Studies
1353:
1351:
1349:
1035:
1033:
1031:
880:
878:
801:Saeed 'Amr M. Al-'Amr Al-Beeshi (1994).
750:
748:
721:"Origins of Wahhabism from Hanbali Fiqh"
97:12 November 1803 (aged 82–83)
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1493:
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1113:
1111:
953:
951:
949:
947:
725:Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law
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692:
626:Khalid Abdullah Krairi (October 2016).
1686:Assassinated Saudi Arabian politicians
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1272:
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833:
783:
666:
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491:
1706:Politicians assassinated in the 1800s
1346:
1028:
992:Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013
875:
745:
533:Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia
1570:Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981).
1490:
1315:(PhD thesis). King's College London.
1297:
1108:
1018:Muhammad S.M. El Shaafy (May 1967).
944:
689:
525:
523:
1681:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire
1535:Mohamed Mohamed El Amrousi (2001).
1269:
1215:
661:
550:
488:
180:ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin Muḥammad Āl Suʿūd
176:
13:
1576:(MA thesis). University of Kansas.
1251:Abdul Wahap Saleh Babeair (1985).
1040:John Frederick Williamson (1974).
671:Charles F. Balka (December 2008).
506:Alejandra Galindo Marines (2001).
325:
14:
1717:
1609:
1403:Alastair Crooke (30 March 2017).
1279:Mohamed Zayyan Aljazairi (1968).
1225:Ben L.T.V. Rich (November 2015).
520:
474:. Westport, CT; London: Praeger.
1541:(PhD thesis). UCLA. p. 24.
1130:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1
1580:
1563:
1528:
1463:A Brief History of Saudi Arabia
1453:
1424:
1396:
1319:
1183:
1083:
1011:
982:
903:
712:
76:Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad
1656:19th-century murdered monarchs
1587:Jamal al-Din Zarabozo (2003).
702:Saudi Arabia under King Faisal
643:Sabra Naji Alshahrani (2015).
636:
619:
584:
564:Parvaiz Ahmad Khanday (2009).
461:
169:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
41:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
1:
1078:The source calls him Ibn Saud
454:
201:
226:who were the natives of the
7:
916:Journal of Politics and Law
755:Gary Samuel Samore (1984).
438:
411:when Abdulaziz was leading
186:. He was the eldest son of
56:1765 – 1803
10:
1722:
885:Nawaf bin Ayyaf Almogren.
851:Princeton University Press
699:Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997).
329:
177:عبد العزيز بن محمد آل سعود
20:
1696:People of the Wahhabi War
1634:
1624:
1616:
1309:Hassan S. Abedin (2002).
1197:. In Sanjay Singh (ed.).
849:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford:
591:Peter C. Valenti (2015).
192:Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
158:
146:
137:
132:
128:
101:
93:
85:
81:
71:
60:
52:
45:
40:
1701:Saudi Arabian Wahhabists
1514:10.1215/1089201X-1891615
1460:James Wynbrandt (2010).
1439:University of St Andrews
809:University of Manchester
233:
47:Emir and Imam of Diriyah
1199:West Asia in Transition
1118:Jacob Goldberg (1986).
843:Cole M. Bunzel (2023).
719:Cameron Zargar (2017).
530:J. E. Peterson (2003).
381:Personal life and death
332:Wahhabi sack of Karbala
958:Muinuddin Ahmad Khan;
468:Martin Sicker (2001).
433:
378:
351:shrine of Imam Hussain
210:under the rule of the
190:and the son-in-law of
1431:Adham Saouli (2009).
1326:Sayed Khatab (2011).
1190:Adil Rasheed (2018).
997:King's College London
859:10.1515/9780691241609
423:
374:
1666:1803 murders in Asia
929:10.5539/jpl.v13n3p64
853:. pp. 208–209.
368:The observations of
264:southern Mesopotamia
1372:10.18278/gsis.4.1.3
738:10.5070/N4161038736
580:on 2 November 2018.
212:Bani Khalid Emirate
1638:Saud bin Abdulaziz
1050:. pp. 30–31.
1048:Indiana University
891:(MS thesis). MIT.
811:. pp. 50–54.
655:20.500.11956/75139
184:Emirate of Diriyah
1644:
1643:
1635:Succeeded by
1628:First Saudi State
1620:Muhammad bin Saud
1548:978-0-493-48568-3
1476:978-0-8160-7876-9
1208:978-93-86618-17-7
818:978-1-392-10160-5
604:978-1-321-62492-2
514:Durham University
481:978-0-275-96891-5
359:Sunni-Shia divide
188:Muhammad bin Saud
166:
165:
162:Muhammad bin Saud
142:
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65:Muhammad bin Saud
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1617:Preceded by
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1577:
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1485:
1479:. Archived from
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1498:
1491:
1486:on 26 May 2021.
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1441:. p. 126.
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1598:978-9960295008
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1508:(3): 622–632.
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1437:(PhD thesis).
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398:Ottoman rulers
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357:nuance to the
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277:in 1795 where
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283:Banu Khalid
224:Ajman tribe
61:Predecessor
23:Arabic name
1650:Categories
1632:1765–1803
1005:1085141810
827:2217103618
731:(1): 100.
683:10945/3805
613:1666383783
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370:Lieutenant
319:Al Khalifa
202:Early life
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355:sectarian
340:attacked
300:, namely
256:Euphrates
119:Abdullah
72:Successor
67:(as Emir)
1626:Imam of
1553:ProQuest
1410:HuffPost
1259:ProQuest
1163:(2018).
1070:ProQuest
976:20832903
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773:ProQuest
609:ProQuest
439:Writings
314:Abdullah
296:In 1802
244:Abdullah
21:In this
1416:7 March
1066:4481937
428:cangiar
409:darwish
405:Persian
361:in the
342:Karbala
289:and in
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25:, the
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1467:(PDF)
1386:S2CID
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346:Najaf
298:Hejaz
291:Mecca
271:Qatif
252:Najdi
234:Reign
148:House
133:Names
115:Saud
103:Issue
53:Reign
1593:ISBN
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302:Taif
275:Hasa
218:and
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110:List
94:Died
89:1720
86:Born
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