218:
492:
480:
668:
969:, which would be used to impress a small emblem on the reverse of the impression. In some cases the seal and counter-seal would be kept by two different individuals, in order to provide an element of double-checking to the process of authentication. Sometimes, a large official seal, which might be in the custody of chancery officials, would need to be counter-sealed by the individual in whose name it had been applied (the monarch, or the mayor of a town): such a counter-seal might be carried on the person (perhaps secured by a chain or cord), or later, take the form of a signet ring, and so would be necessarily smaller. Other pendent seals were double-sided, with elaborate and equally-sized
1134:
725:
862:
38:
1263:
843:, but not detached. The object in all cases is to help ensure authenticity by maintaining the integrity of the relationship between document and seal, and to prevent the seal's reuse. If a forger tries to remove an applied seal from its document, it will almost certainly break. A pendent seal is easily detached by cutting the cords or strips of parchment, but the forger would then have great difficulty in attaching it to another document (not least because the cords or parchment are normally knotted inside the seal), and would again almost certainly break it.
253:
3976:
896:
780:) it is now unusual in most countries in the west for private citizens to use seals. In Central and Eastern Europe, however, as in East Asia, a signature alone is considered insufficient to authenticate a document of any kind in business, and all managers, as well as many book-keepers and other employees, have personal seals, normally just containing text, with their name and their position. These are applied to all letters, invoices issued, and similar documents. In Europe these are today plastic self-inking stamps.
4008:
912:
989:
4342:
54:
1252:
741:, Norfolk, and dated to the late 7th century; the next oldest is a mid-9th-century matrix of a Bishop Ethilwald (probably Æthelwold, Bishop of East Anglia). The practice of sealing in wax gradually moved down the social hierarchy from monarchs and bishops to great magnates, to petty knights by the end of the 12th century, and to ordinary freemen by the middle of the 13th century. They also came to be used by a variety of corporate bodies, including
2725:
1630:
328:
749:
531:
1398:
796:
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119:(raised above the surface). The design on the impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design, as it very often is. This will not be the case if paper is embossed from behind, where the matrix and impression read the same way, and both matrix and impression are in relief. However
854:(i.e. open letters) conferring rights or privileges, which were intended to be available for all to view. In the case of important transactions or agreements, the seals of all parties to the arrangement as well as of witnesses might be attached to the document, and so once executed it would carry several seals. Most governments still attach pendent seals to
874:(letters intended only for the recipient) and parcels to indicate whether or not the item had been opened or tampered with since it had left the sender, as well as providing evidence that the item was actually from the sender and not a forgery. In the post-medieval period, seals came to be commonly used in this way for
85:, and is also the impression thus made. The original purpose was to authenticate a document, or to prevent interference with a package or envelope by applying a seal which had to be broken to open the container (hence the modern English verb "to seal", which implies secure closing without an actual wax seal).
878:. A letter writer would fold the completed letter, pour wax over the joint formed by the top of the page, and then impress a ring or other seal matrix. Governments sometimes sent letters to citizens under the governmental seal for their eyes only, known as letters secret. Wax seals might also be used with
627:
in East Asia. Like ink-brush calligraphy, there are several styles of engraving. Some engraving styles emulate calligraphy styles, but many styles are so highly stylized that the characters represented on the seal are difficult for untrained readers to identify. Seal engravers are considered artists,
1214:
The practice is less widely attested in the case of medieval laypeople, but certainly occurred on occasion, particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries. Silver seal matrices have been found in the graves of some of the 12th-century queens of France. These were probably deliberately buried as a means
1356:
The less noble classes began wearing and using signet rings as early as the 13th century. In the 17th century, signet rings fell out of favor in the upper levels of society, replaced by other means for mounting and carrying the signet. In the 18th century, though, signet rings again became popular,
631:
Because seals are commissioned by individuals and carved by artists, every seal is unique, and engravers often personalize the seals that they create. The materials of seals and the styles of the engraving are typically matched to the personalities of the owners. Seals can be traditional or modern,
614:
official documents or financial transactions. Both individuals and organizations have official seals, and they often have multiple seals in different sizes and styles for different situations. East Asian seals usually bear the names of the people or organizations represented, but they can also bear
961:
was naturally yellowish or pale brownish in tone, but could also be artificially colored red or green (with many intermediary variations). In some medieval royal chanceries, different colours of wax were customarily used for different functions or departments of state, or to distinguish grants and
286:
in stone or other materials were used. These could be rolled along to create an impression on clay (which could be repeated indefinitely), and used as labels on consignments of trade goods, or for other purposes. They are normally hollow and it is presumed that they were worn on a string or chain
1129:
In some jurisdictions, especially in Canada, it is a legal requirement for a professional engineer to seal documents in accordance with the
Engineering Profession Act and Regulations. Professional engineers may also be legally entitled to seal any document they prepare. The seal identifies work
1125:
for the project, these seals may be embossed and signed, stamped and signed, or in certain situations a computer generated facsimile of the original seal validated by a digital certificate owned by the professional may be attached to a security protected computer file. The identities on the
615:
poems or personal mottoes. Sometimes both types of seals, or large seals that bear both names and mottoes, are used to authenticate official documents. Seals are so important in East Asia that foreigners who frequently conduct business there also commission the engraving of personal seals.
1388:
labels are available which are destroyed if the protected container or equipment is opened, functionally equivalent to a wax seal. They are used to protect things which must not be tampered with such as pharmaceuticals, equipment whose opening voids a manufacturer's warranty, etc.
786:
also still use seals on a daily basis. At least in
Britain, each registered notary has an individual personal seal, registered with the authorities, which includes his or her name and a pictorial emblem, often an animal—the same combination found in many seals from ancient Greece.
514:
618:
East Asian seals are carved from a variety of hard materials, including wood, soapstone, sea glass and jade. East Asian seals are traditionally used with a red oil-based paste consisting of finely ground cinnabar, which contrasts with the black ink traditionally used for the
652:, and the rest of East Asia are watercolor paintings on silk, paper, or some other surface to which the red ink from seals can adhere. East Asian paintings often bear multiple seals, including one or two seals from the artist, and the seals from the owners of the paintings.
955:(pointed oval) shape. The central emblem was often a standing figure of the owner, or (in the case of ecclesiastical seals) of a saint. Medieval townspeople used a wide variety of different emblems but some had seals that included an image relating to their work.
1130:
performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed professional engineer, and assures the document's recipient that the work meets the standards expected of experienced professionals who take personal responsibility for their judgments and decisions.
1380:
to show lower chargeable readings, they may be sealed with a lead or plastic seal with a government marking, typically fixed to a wire that passes through part of the meter housing. The meter cannot be opened without cutting the wire or damaging the seal.
736:
by about the end of the 10th century. In
England, few wax seals have survived of earlier date than the Norman Conquest, although some earlier matrices are known, recovered from archaeological contexts: the earliest is a gold double-sided matrix found near
688:
There is a direct line of descent from the seals used in the ancient world, to those used in medieval and post-medieval Europe, and so to those used in legal contexts in the western world to the present day. Seals were historically most often impressed in
980:
On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice was a factor in the emergence of hereditary
869:
Applied seals, by contrast, were originally used to seal a document closed: that is to say, the document would be folded and the seal applied in such a way that the item could not be opened without the seal being broken. Applied seals were used on
1363:
Rings have been used since antiquity as spy identification and in espionage. During World War II, US Air Force personnel would privately purchase signet rings with a hidden compartment that would hold a small compass or hidden message.
460:, who deposited it in a temple in Rome. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. Pliny also explained the significance of the signet ring, and how over time this ring was worn on the little finger.
923:
Historically, the majority of seals were circular in design, although ovals, triangles, shield-shapes and other patterns are also known. The design generally comprised a graphic emblem (sometimes, but not always, incorporating
1195:, the papal signet, and to see that it is broken up. A similar practice prevailed in the Middle Ages and it is often alluded to by historians, as it seems to have been a matter of some ceremony. For example, on the death of
1126:
professional seals determine legal responsibility for any errors or omissions, and in some cases financial responsibility for their correction as well as the territory of their responsibility, e.g.: "State of
Minnesota".
628:
and, in the past, several famous calligraphers also became famous as engravers. Some seals, carved by famous engravers, or owned by famous artists or political leaders, have become valuable as historical works of art.
1234:
before his flight to France in order to ensure that the machinery of government would cease to function. It is unclear how much truth there is to this story, but certainly the seal was recovered: James's successors,
142:, running through them. These "pendent" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way).
1186:
The importance of the seal as a means of authentication necessitated that when authority passed into new hands the old seal should be destroyed and a new one made. When the pope dies it is the first duty of the
2755:- Harvard's Ben Edelman says "Suppose users have seen a seal on dozens of sites that turn out to be legitimate. Dubious sites can present that same seal to encourage more users to buy, register, or download."
882:
techniques to ensure that only the intended recipient would read the message. In general, seals are no longer used in these ways except for ceremonial purposes. However, applied seals also came to be used on
760:
Traditional wax seals continue to be used on certain high-status and ceremonial documents, but in the 20th century they were gradually superseded in many other contexts by inked or dry embossed seals and by
639:
Although it is a utilitarian instrument of daily business in East Asia, westerners and other non-Asians seldom see Asian seals except on Asian paintings and calligraphic art. All traditional paintings in
865:
Hand-folded letter sealed with wax and stamped with capital letter "A". If a letter is folded and sealed correctly, a wax seal can eliminate the need for an envelope as demonstrated in the above picture.
839:) to provide extra strength. Alternatively, the seal may be attached to a narrow strip of the material of the document (again, in this case, usually parchment), sliced and folded down, as a tail or
196:
may well feature in such contexts as well as on seals, the seal design in its entirety rarely appears as a graphical emblem and is used mainly as originally intended: as an impression on documents.
134:
Most seals have always given a single impression on an essentially flat surface, but in medieval Europe two-sided seals with two matrices were often used by institutions or rulers (such as towns,
1995:
1360:
Since at least the 16th century there have also been pseudo-signet rings where the engraving is not reversed (mirror image), as it should be if the impression is to read correctly.
1028:
977:. Certain medieval seals were more complex still, involving two levels of impression on each side of the wax which would be used to create a scene of three-dimensional depth.
2708:
1428:
The expression "seal of approval" refers to a formal approval, regardless whether it involves a seal or other external marking, by an authoritative person or institute.
728:
During the early
Byzantine period these rings were used for sealing personal documents and validating wills and testaments. 6th century, silver. The Walters Art Museum.
1941:
104:). If the impression is made purely as a relief resulting from the greater pressure on the paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a
1830:
Markus Späth, "Memorialising the glorious past: thirteenth-century seals from
English cathedral priories and their artistic contexts", in Schofield 2015, p. 166.
2250:
424:
From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Middle Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. In the
1082:" (contrary to custom), sent their letters to him unsealed. The custom of bishops possessing seals may from this date be assumed to have been pretty general.
1349:
or crest of the school). One may also have their initials engraved as a sign of their personal stature. Traditionally, signet rings were worn either on the
973:
and reverses. The impression would be formed by pressing a "sandwich" of matrices and wax firmly together by means of rollers or, later, a lever-press or a
2139:
349:
342:
1754:
1024:-shaped. The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era, but high functionaries of the Church adopted the habit.
701:, but in the post-medieval period the resin (and other ingredients) came to dominate. During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly "
1278:
A signet ring is a ring bearing on its flat top surface the equivalent of a seal. A typical signet ring has a design, often a family or personal
606:
was normally used. Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial
English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten
212:
1328:
Because it is used to attest to the authority of its bearer, the ring has also been seen as a symbol of power, which is why it is included in the
1313:
The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning "sign" or "mark") dates back to ancient Egypt: the seal of a pharaoh is mentioned in the
2568:
2444:
2063:
Dąbrowska, Elżbieta (2011). "Les sceaux et les matrices de sceaux trouvés dans le tombes médiévales". In Gil, Marc; Chassel, Jean-Luc (eds.).
1979:
1243:
used the same Great Seal matrix, fairly crudely adapted – possibly quite deliberately, in order to demonstrate the continuity of government.
833:) of parchment, threaded through holes or slots cut in the lower edge of the document: the document is often folded double at this point (a
503:
Joseon-era Korean royal seal with knob in the form of a turtle, late 16th-17th century, cast bronze with gilding, 6.98 x 15.24 x 15.24 cm,
2737:
217:
2682:
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import. There are two main ways in which a seal may be attached to a document. It may be applied directly to the face of the paper or
1406:
932:) running around the perimeter. The legend most often consisted merely of the words "The seal of ", either in Latin or in the local
675:
1332:
of certain monarchies. After the death of a Pope, the destruction of his signet ring is a prescribed act clearing the way for the
1166:
seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. Hence, in
3032:
1055:'s letters (217 to Victorinus) indicates that he used a seal. The practice spread, and it seems to be taken for granted by King
3374:
392:
243:) and probably earlier. The oldest stamp seals were button-shaped objects with primitive ornamental forms chiseled onto them.
2634:
2591:
2534:
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2281:
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of the seal design (in monochrome or color), which may be used in a variety of contexts including architectural settings, on
491:
479:
364:
3338:
1643:
1094:
127:
in this context, giving a "counter-relief" or intaglio impression when used as seals. The process is essentially that of a
1727:
1967:
Kansas State Board of
Technical Professions. Typical sample of requirements for a professional seal in the United States.
1934:
1188:
623:. Red chemical inks are more commonly used in modern times for sealing documents. Seal engraving is considered a form of
1922:
1074:
when for some reason they lawfully quit their own proper diocese. Such a ruling was enacted at Chalon-sur-Saône in 813.
138:
and kings) to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a "tag", a piece of ribbon or strip of
2804:
1435:
371:
1572:
2653:
2613:
2461:
2419:
2391:
2353:
2334:
2300:
2177:
1870:
411:
1960:
1794:
John A. McEwan, "Does size matter? Seals in
England and Wales, ca. 1200–1500", in Whatley 2019, pp. 103–26 (116–18).
1441:
504:
432:
age a new set for seal forms, motifs and materials appear. Hard stone requires new rotary carving techniques. The
4374:
1376:
In modern use, seals are used to tamper-proof equipment. For example, to prevent gas and electricity meters from
378:
173:
2775:
Photographic reproductions of medieval seals in the
Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden searchable via the
2147:
1986:
U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulations, Subpart 36.6 Architect-Engineer Services, Article 36.609 Contract Clauses.
3090:
2372:
887:
applied directly to the face of the document, so that there was no need to break them, and this use continues.
693:(often simply described as "wax"): in the Middle Ages, this generally comprised a compound of about two-thirds
287:
round the neck. Many have only images, often very finely carved, with no writing, while others have both. From
2573:
4351:
1976:
1203:
reports: "After his burial, his seal was publicly broken up in the presence of all by Master Robert Avenel."
1133:
1122:
177:
17:
2747:
1377:
705:" (from the Latin), were in common use both in East and West, but with the notable exception of documents ("
360:
3612:
3607:
1040:
710:
2774:
2293:
Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: case studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia
2526:
667:
3477:
4384:
733:
4379:
2044:
Paul Brand, "Seals and the law in the thirteenth century", in Schofield 2015, pp. 111–19 (at p. 115).
1385:
108:; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper.
1368:
purchased a number of signet rings from Regent Street jewelers that were used to conceal compasses.
724:
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on the tops of the seals. Seals are also sometimes carved with images or calligraphy on the sides.
624:
449:
185:
181:
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1227:
951:
In the Middle Ages it became customary for the seals of women and of ecclesiastics to be given a
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338:
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2478:. Public Record Handbooks. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1667:
1520:
1262:
1236:
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is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued into the
428:
age these were formed of soft stone and ivory and show particular characteristic forms. By the
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1648:
1633: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1196:
1192:
835:
385:
31:
1258:
signet ring bearing the arms of the Baronnet family; goldsmith: Jean-Pierre Gautheron, Paris
295:, including some with the names of kings, have been found; these tend to show only names in
4194:
2981:
2947:
2839:
2231:
1474:
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1283:
1200:
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37:
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1325:'s hand; he arrayed him in garments of fine linen, and put a gold chain around his neck."
8:
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3622:
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2232:"Publication of specifications related to physical sealing of electricity and gas meters"
1223:
1219:
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Seals are used primarily to authenticate documents, specifically those which carry some
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2579:
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2291:
Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer, eds. (2018).
2095:
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884:
742:
714:
236:
128:
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Seals and Society: medieval Wales, the Welsh marches and their English border region
1958:"Rule and Regulation Change Allowing the Construction and use of Computerized Seals"
1270:: 'Perfect God, Lord of the Two Lands' ('Ntr-Nfr, Neb-taui'; right to left columns)—
1085:
In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of
314:(Yitsḥaq bar Ḥanina) engraved in reverse so as to read correctly in the impression.
270:
Seals were used in the earliest civilizations and are of considerable importance in
149:
or specified signature-accompanying words such as "seal" or "L.S." (abbreviation of
115:(cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in
3975:
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3447:
3394:
3389:
3323:
3308:
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2993:
2959:
2887:
2703:
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1639:
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1207:
gives a similar description of the breaking of the seal of William of Trumpington,
1090:
900:
895:
875:
847:
846:
In the Middle Ages, the majority of seals were pendent. They were attached both to
807:
769:
641:
551:
535:
469:
457:
2113:
590:, seals have been used in East Asia as a form of written identification since the
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3943:
3788:
3773:
3768:
3703:
3384:
3348:
3275:
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3175:
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2487:. London Record Society Extra Series. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
2206:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1314:
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1036:
745:, municipalities, monasteries etc., to validate the acts executed in their name.
671:
649:
453:
433:
124:
82:
58:
4007:
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825:). A pendent seal may be attached to cords or ribbons (sometimes in the owner's
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4229:
3783:
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2386:. British Museum Research Publication. Vol. 213. London: British Museum.
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235:
was a common seal die, frequently carved from stone, known at least since the
4368:
4318:
4224:
3884:
3808:
3740:
2829:
2698:
2648:. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
1821:
John Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, pp. 130–131.
1732:
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Pourquois les sceaux? La sigillographie, nouvel enjeu de l'histoire de l'art
1353:
of the least dominant hand, with the most common usage being on the little.
448:. These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King
4331:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
4308:
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or conservative or expressive. Seals are sometimes carved with the owners'
599:
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189:
146:
3720:
3437:
3416:
2194:
Evasion and Escape Devices: Produced by MI9, MIS-X and SOE in World War II
2193:
2078:
Jenkinson, Hilary (1943). "What happened to the Great Seal of James II?".
1923:"How Building Officials Interact With Registered Architects And Engineers"
1310:
were probably originally worn as signet rings, or as seals on a necklace.
732:
Wax seals were being used on a fairly regular basis by most western royal
111:
In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in
4313:
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1957:
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Signet rings are also used as a souvenir or membership attribute, e.g.,
1078:
in the same century complained that the bishops of Dôle and Reims had, "
911:
713:
these leaden authentications fell out of favour in western Christendom.
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The matrices for pendent seals were sometimes accompanied by a smaller
933:
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232:
226:
169:
53:
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It is also part of the formal name of certain quality marks, such as:
4214:
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3798:
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3587:
3404:
3109:
2067:. Lille: Centre de Gestion de l'Édition Scientifique. pp. 31–43.
1525:. (2020). California Secretary of State, Notary Public Section. p. 7.
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3333:
2738:
God's Regents on Earth: A Thousand Years of Byzantine Imperial Seals
2276:. British Museum Research Publications 168. London: British Museum.
327:
42:
4303:
3845:
3730:
3657:
3637:
3582:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3085:
2813:
2697: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2365:
Medieval Europe 1992: pre-printed papers: vol. 7: Art and Symbolism
2053:
Cherry, "Medieval and post-medieval seals", in Collon 1997, p. 134.
1303:
1167:
1100:
1056:
1013:
996:
982:
925:
738:
603:
4064:
4016:
2724:
1027:
748:
3955:
3713:
3647:
3617:
3597:
3592:
3577:
3557:
3411:
3399:
3369:
3328:
3292:
3225:
3180:
2976:
2937:
1329:
1318:
916:
820:
753:
694:
587:
530:
311:
264:
160:
In the United States, the word "seal" is sometimes assigned to a
1847:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–15.
1728:"Before Envelopes, People Protected Messages With Letterlocking"
1290:) impression of the design when the ring is pressed onto liquid
513:
4291:
4265:
4040:
3872:
3662:
3552:
3535:
3505:
3285:
3240:
3230:
2971:
2854:
2382:
Cherry, John; Berenbeim, Jessica; Beer, Lloyd de, eds. (2018).
1397:
1350:
1287:
1071:
1067:
1044:
1017:
783:
135:
116:
795:
3907:
3562:
3235:
3114:
3097:
1295:
945:
698:
575:
567:
78:
2555:
Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige, von 751 bis 1913
2346:
Sceaux et usages de sceaux: images de la Champagne médiévale
1306:
which tend not to bind with the wax. Most smaller classical
4011:
3220:
2782:
2709:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1925:
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (US).
1066:
Later ecclesiastical synods require that letters under the
773:
165:
74:
1540:
1317:. Genesis 41:42: "Removing his signet ring from his hand,
962:
decrees made in perpetuity from more ephemeral documents.
2290:
2272:
Adams, Noël; Cherry, John; Robinson, James, eds. (2007).
1365:
2274:
Good Impressions: Image and Authority in Medieval Seals
1357:
and by the 19th century, men of all classes wore them.
88:
The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal
2403:
The History of Marks from Antiquity to the Middle Ages
153:, "place of the seal") to be the legal equivalent of,
27:
Device for making an impression in wax or other medium
1937:
Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service
1552:
1266:
Golden ring, with cartouche and hieroglyphic name of
717:
sometimes issued documents with gold seals, known as
2456:. London: British Library and Public Record Office.
2381:
2271:
2025:. Surtees Society. Vol. 9. London. p. 63.
1178:, which was perhaps stamped as though with a seal.
534:
A demonstration of the use of a standardized seal (
2311:
2170:Finger Rings From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day
176:, among other uses, appears on the reverse of the
2167:
1537:. Vermont Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
1121:who supervised the development. Depending on the
4366:
2485:Seals in Medieval London, 1050–1300: A Catalogue
2451:
1913:National Society of Professional Engineers (US).
1638:
1477:used to validate documents approved by the order
1101:Architects, surveyors and professional engineers
213:Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices
2525:. Archives and the User. Vol. 11. London:
2428:
2326:Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art
2251:"Tamper evident labels market growth continues"
263:and the impression made by it—worship of
157:, an equally effective substitute for, a seal.
2712:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
2681:. Belgrade: The Institute for History: 23–29.
2367:. York: Medieval Europe 1992. pp. 23–27.
2363:Cherry, John (1992). "The breaking of seals".
2140:"The ultimate guide to signet rings / Journal"
1570:
944:. Occasionally, the legend took the form of a
2798:
2767:(database of Byzantine Seal impressions from
2452:Harvey, P. D. A.; McGuinness, Andrew (1996).
1857:
1585:
1226:of 1688/9, he is supposed to have thrown the
2769:Prosopography of the Byzantine World project
2600:
2323:Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013).
2322:
1546:
1199:, Bishop of Durham, in 1283, the chronicler
598:were impressed in a soft clay, but from the
2753:Not All Online Authority Seals are Credible
2429:Grisar, Josef; De Lasala, Fernando (1997).
2168:Taylor, Gerald; Scarisbrick, Diana (1978).
903:in Scotland, late 13th century, now in the
772:formerly required seals for validity (e.g.
2805:
2791:
2584:Seals and their Context in the Middle Ages
2567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2543:
2476:Guide to Seals in the Public Record Office
2443:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1998:, History of Science and Technology. p.243
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
317:
2646:Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology
2578:
2470:
2295:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2114:"What Is A Signet Ring And Why Wear One?"
2077:
2062:
1865:. London: Frederick Warne. pp. 6–7.
1371:
1117:drawings, to certify the identity of the
999:-shaped seal of the cathedral chapter of
655:East Asian seals are the predecessors to
542:) (red colour) for organizations in China
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
310:age. One example shows a name written in
2758:Signet ring article - Berganza, London:
2702:
2662:
2400:
2309:
2161:
2011:. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
1970:
1558:
1396:
1261:
1250:
1137:Professional engineer's seal (in fact a
1132:
1026:
987:
910:
894:
860:
794:
747:
723:
666:
529:
512:
251:
216:
69:is a device for making an impression in
52:
36:
2626:A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages
2622:
2343:
1939:. Appendix A: "Submission Requirements"
1845:Heralds and Heraldry in the Middle Ages
1603:
1338:and subsequent election of a new Pope.
985:in western Europe in the 12th century.
940:was frequently abbreviated to a simple
452:the first major collector according to
14:
4367:
2608:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2501:
2482:
2409:
2362:
2248:
1839:
526:, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù
348:Please improve this section by adding
302:Recently, seals have come to light in
2786:
2552:
2504:Matrix: A Collection of British Seals
2020:
1951:
1948:U.S. General Services Administration.
1916:
1401:Representation of a seal of approval.
829:), or to the two ends of a strip (or
81:, or some other medium, including an
2643:
2023:Historia Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres
1904:
1725:
1652:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1095:St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury
1012:Ecclesiastical seals are frequently
662:
321:
206:
123:were often carved in relief, called
2520:
1928:
818:); or it may hang loose from it (a
678:, earl of Gloucester and Hertford,
24:
2384:Seals and Status: power of objects
2318:. New York: New York, H.N. Abrams.
1588:The invention of printing in China
1573:"Pliny The Elder, Natural History"
1438:of the Good Housekeeping Institute
1436:Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval
1392:
1294:. The design is often made out of
1170:, there was an officer called the
1007:
456:. His collection fell as booty to
444:periods, in the form of pictorial
25:
4396:
2717:
2454:A Guide to British Medieval Seals
2249:Corbin, Tony (15 November 2018).
1646:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1051:An incidental allusion in one of
4340:
4006:
3974:
2777:verteillte Bildarchiv prometheus
2723:
2692:
2688:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2414:. London: British Museum Press.
2172:. Ashmolean Museum. p. 71.
1726:Cain, Abigal (9 November 2018).
1628:
1442:Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval
1286:so that it will leave a raised (
1174:. It may have given its name to
1149:
505:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
490:
478:
326:
221:A stamp seal and its impression.
96:; the imprint it creates as the
2410:Collon, Dominique, ed. (1997).
2265:
2242:
2224:
2199:
2186:
2132:
2106:
2071:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2014:
2001:
1989:
1891:
1879:
1851:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1656:
1246:
1016:-shaped, as in the shape of an
915:The Great Seal of the State of
199:The study of seals is known as
174:Great Seal of the United States
1594:
1579:
1564:
1535:Vermont Statutes Title 1 § 134
1528:
1514:
1505:
1181:
522:
13:
1:
2748:UK National Archives on seals
2668:"The Golden Seal of Stroimir"
1886:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1498:
1123:authority having jurisdiction
1059:at the very beginning of the
1031:A series of crosses from the
928:), surrounded by a text (the
899:Two-sided pendent seals from
697:to one-third of some kind of
679:
350:secondary or tertiary sources
4097:(metal in the United States)
2812:
2623:Whatley, Laura, ed. (2019).
2401:Di Palma, Salvatore (2015).
2146:. 2017-06-20. Archived from
1899:Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
1590:. Columbia University Press.
1191:to obtain possession of the
790:
594:(221 BC–). The seals of the
463:
145:Some jurisdictions consider
57:Present-day impression of a
7:
2760:Signets: Sealed with a Ring
2604:; New, E. A., eds. (2016).
2544:Pastoureau, Michel (1981).
2527:British Records Association
2523:Seals and Sealing Practices
2431:Aspetti della sigillografia
2314:Greek Gems and Finger Rings
1755:"British Museum Collection"
1447:
1417:
1113:construction documents, or
1070:'s seal should be given to
799:Pendent seals on the Swiss
184:appear on their respective
10:
4401:
2344:Chassel, Jean-Luc (2003).
2021:Raine, James, ed. (1839).
1716:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 18–19.
1698:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 14–18.
1421:
1345:(which typically bear the
1105:Seals are also affixed on
890:
467:
245:
224:
210:
29:
4327:
4279:
4207:
4180:
4104:
4073:
4027:
3965:
3894:
3859:
3831:
3739:
3676:
3491:
3425:
3362:
3301:
3156:
3123:
3046:
2930:
2875:
2820:
2092:10.1017/s0003581500042189
2009:Oxford English Dictionary
1803:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 8–10.
1575:. Loeb Classical Library.
1471:, the first seal in Japan
1351:little or the ring finger
936:language: the Latin word
555:
539:
517:
172:. Thus, for example, the
2706:, ed. (1728). "Cocket".
2574:Accessible on Wikisource
2405:. Société des écrivains.
1901:, nos. 2789, 2806, 2823.
1689:Jenkinson 1968, pp. 6-7.
1547:Brown & Feldman 2013
1407:Seal of the Confessional
450:Mithridates VI of Pontus
182:seals of the U.S. states
4335:List of oldest heraldry
2557:. Vol. 5. Dresden.
2521:New, Elizabeth (2010).
2310:Boardman, John (1972).
1571:Harris Rackham (1938).
1228:Great Seal of the Realm
801:Federal Charter of 1291
318:Ancient Greece and Rome
4375:Authentication methods
2580:Schofield, Phillipp R.
2502:Morris, David (2012).
2196:. 2015. Pages 296-297.
1776:Jenkinson 1968, p. 13.
1668:The Walters Art Museum
1600:Jenkinson 1968, p. 12.
1586:Thomas Carter (1925).
1522:Notary Public Handbook
1402:
1372:Modern tamper-proofing
1275:
1259:
1146:
1048:
1004:
920:
908:
866:
803:
757:
729:
685:
543:
527:
361:"seals" antiquity
337:relies excessively on
267:
222:
188:. In Europe, although
100:(or, more rarely, the
62:
50:
41:Town seal (matrix) of
2483:McEwan, John (2016).
2329:. Walter de Gruyter.
1649:Catholic Encyclopedia
1400:
1378:being interfered with
1265:
1254:
1222:was dethroned in the
1197:Robert of Holy Island
1193:Ring of the Fisherman
1141:) in the Province of
1136:
1119:licensed professional
1030:
991:
914:
898:
864:
798:
751:
727:
670:
533:
516:
291:seals in the form of
255:
220:
180:; and several of the
56:
40:
32:Seal (disambiguation)
2553:Posse, Otto (1913).
2548:. Turnhout: Brepols.
2207:"Gas meter stamping"
1767:McEwan 2016, no.764.
1707:New 2010, pp. 19–23.
1475:Knights Templar Seal
1469:King of Na gold seal
1215:of cancelling them.
1087:William de St-Calais
602:a red ink made from
30:For other uses, see
4347:Heraldry portal
3774:Hastings/Hungerford
3061:Crowns and coronets
3033:National traditions
2644:Yule, Paul (1981).
2412:7000 Years of Seals
2080:Antiquaries Journal
1859:Brooke-Little, John
1224:Glorious Revolution
1220:James II of England
1189:Cardinal Camerlengo
1172:clerk of the cocket
1061:Merovingian dynasty
282:carved or engraved
83:embossment on paper
3731:Waterlily/Seeblatt
2955:Ancient and modern
2348:. Paris: Somogny.
2236:Measurement Canada
2144:Rebus Signet Rings
1982:2010-12-01 at the
1963:2009-10-11 at the
1944:2009-09-29 at the
1863:Boutell's Heraldry
1459:Keeper of the seal
1424:Certification mark
1403:
1276:
1260:
1209:Abbot of St Albans
1147:
1049:
1005:
921:
909:
867:
804:
758:
743:cathedral chapters
730:
715:Byzantine Emperors
686:
544:
528:
268:
223:
63:
51:
4385:Rings (jewellery)
4362:
4361:
4203:
4202:
4141:(color in Canada)
3827:
3826:
2728:Works related to
2704:Chambers, Ephraim
2675:Historical Review
2636:978-90-04-38064-6
2629:. Leiden: Brill.
2593:978-1-78297-817-6
2586:. Oxford: Oxbow.
2536:978-0-900222-15-3
2513:978-0-9570102-0-8
2494:978-0-900952-56-2
2472:Jenkinson, Hilary
2283:978-0-86159-168-8
2238:. 18 August 2008.
1201:Robert Greystones
1093:(1081–96) and of
1037:Beatrice of Bar's
885:legal instruments
848:legal instruments
709:") issued by the
663:Western tradition
422:
421:
414:
396:
237:6th millennium BC
207:Ancient Near East
203:or sphragistics.
168:, or on official
16:(Redirected from
4392:
4380:Seals (insignia)
4345:
4344:
4343:
4183:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4107:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4063:
4060:
4051:
4048:
4039:
4036:
4010:
3978:
3954:
3951:
3942:
3939:
3930:
3927:
3918:
3915:
3906:
3903:
3883:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3841:Rule of tincture
3558:Griffin/Keythong
3154:
3153:
2845:Officers of arms
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2727:
2713:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2602:Schofield, P. R.
2597:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2517:
2498:
2479:
2467:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2406:
2397:
2378:
2359:
2340:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2287:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:New 2010, p. 13.
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1785:New 2010, p. 41.
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1640:Herbert Thurston
1632:
1631:
1626:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1493:Signet ring cell
1091:Bishop of Durham
1020:, also known as
926:heraldic devices
901:Inchaffray Abbey
752:The wax seal of
684:
683: 1218–1230
681:
676:Gilbert de Clare
557:
541:
524:
519:
494:
482:
470:Seal (East Asia)
458:Pompey the Great
440:, Classical and
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
395:
354:
330:
322:
21:
4400:
4399:
4395:
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4364:
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4275:
4199:
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4176:
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4144:
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4113:
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4100:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4058:
4049:
4046:
4037:
4034:
4023:
3961:
3952:
3949:
3940:
3937:
3928:
3925:
3916:
3913:
3904:
3901:
3890:
3881:
3878:
3869:
3866:
3855:
3823:
3789:Hungerford knot
3759:Cavendish/Savoy
3735:
3672:
3487:
3421:
3358:
3297:
3152:
3119:
3042:
2926:
2871:
2816:
2811:
2720:
2693:
2685:
2670:
2664:Živković, Tibor
2656:
2637:
2616:
2594:
2560:
2559:
2537:
2514:
2495:
2464:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2337:
2303:
2284:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1984:Wayback Machine
1975:
1971:
1965:Wayback Machine
1956:
1952:
1946:Wayback Machine
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:Philipp Jaffé,
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1856:
1852:
1841:Wagner, Anthony
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:New 2010, p. 3.
1679:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1629:
1627:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1515:
1511:New 2010, p. 7.
1510:
1506:
1501:
1450:
1426:
1420:
1395:
1393:Figurative uses
1384:Specially-made
1374:
1315:Book of Genesis
1272:Musée du Louvre
1249:
1184:
1152:
1103:
1076:Pope Nicholas I
1033:sigillum cereum
1010:
1008:Ecclesiasticism
893:
876:private letters
793:
682:
672:Equestrian seal
665:
511:
510:
509:
508:
500:
499:
498:
495:
487:
486:
483:
472:
466:
454:Pliny the Elder
434:Late Bronze Age
418:
407:
401:
398:
355:
353:
347:
343:primary sources
331:
320:
306:datable to the
250:
229:
215:
209:
194:heraldic badges
178:one-dollar bill
98:seal impression
59:Late Bronze Age
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4360:
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4271:Trophy of arms
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4230:banner of arms
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2900:Ecclesiastical
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2765:Search Results
2762:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2742:Dumbarton Oaks
2734:
2733:
2719:
2718:External links
2716:
2715:
2714:
2690:
2660:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2598:
2592:
2582:, ed. (2015).
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2255:Packaging News
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2118:He Spoke Style
2105:
2070:
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2037:
2028:
2013:
2000:
1988:
1969:
1950:
1927:
1915:
1911:"What is a PE"
1903:
1890:
1888:, Leg., II, 2.
1878:
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1412:Record sealing
1409:
1394:
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1386:tamper-evident
1373:
1370:
1248:
1245:
1183:
1180:
1151:
1148:
1102:
1099:
1009:
1006:
905:British Museum
892:
889:
856:letters patent
852:letters patent
792:
789:
711:Papal Chancery
664:
661:
657:block printing
634:zodiac animals
502:
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477:
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284:cylinder seals
246:Main article:
225:Main article:
211:Main article:
208:
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47:Czech Republic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4397:
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4319:Sigillography
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3993:
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3689:Laurel wreath
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2830:Grant of arms
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2732:at Wikisource
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2699:public domain
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2655:3-8053-0490-0
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2615:9781783168712
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2506:. Whyteleaf.
2505:
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2463:0-7123-0410-X
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2421:0-7141-1143-0
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2393:9780861592135
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2355:2-85056-643-8
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2336:9781614510352
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2308:
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2302:9781107194588
2298:
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2256:
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2211:UK Government
2208:
2202:
2195:
2192:Froom, Phil.
2189:
2181:
2179:0-900090-54-5
2175:
2171:
2164:
2150:on 2019-04-01
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2120:. 31 May 2017
2119:
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2086:(1–2): 1–13.
2085:
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2024:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1992:
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1978:
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1966:
1962:
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1954:
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1931:
1924:
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1872:0-7232-1708-4
1868:
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1733:Atlas Obscura
1729:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1664:"Signet Ring"
1659:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1635:public domain
1625:
1623:
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1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
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1597:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1561:, p. 21.
1560:
1559:Di Palma 2015
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1309:
1308:engraved gems
1305:
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1297:
1293:
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1285:
1282:, created in
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1205:Matthew Paris
1202:
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1150:Custom houses
1144:
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1127:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:architectural
1098:
1097:(1093–1109).
1096:
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1053:St. Augustine
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872:letters close
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828:
827:livery colors
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797:
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766:
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763:rubber stamps
755:
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589:
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581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Greater China
553:
549:
537:
532:
525:
523:Xú Yǒngyù yìn
515:
506:
493:
481:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:engraved gems
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Middle Minoan
427:
416:
413:
405:
402:November 2021
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363: –
362:
358:
357:Find sources:
351:
345:
344:
340:
335:This section
333:
329:
324:
323:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
297:hieroglyphics
294:
290:
289:ancient Egypt
285:
281:
278:. In ancient
277:
273:
266:
262:
261:cylinder seal
258:
254:
249:
248:Cylinder seal
244:
242:
241:Halaf culture
238:
234:
228:
219:
214:
204:
202:
201:sigillography
197:
195:
191:
190:coats of arms
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
151:locus sigilli
148:
147:rubber stamps
143:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:engraved gems
118:
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72:
68:
60:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Seal (device)
4309:Phaleristics
4253:
4242:Roll of arms
4208:Applications
4120:Bleu celeste
4106:Rare colours
3799:Ormonde/Wake
3684:Fleur-de-lis
3246:Inescutcheon
3211:Crozier head
3056:Coat of arms
2943:Augmentation
2850:King of Arms
2776:
2768:
2707:
2678:
2674:
2645:
2625:
2605:
2583:
2554:
2545:
2522:
2503:
2484:
2475:
2453:
2430:
2411:
2402:
2383:
2364:
2345:
2325:
2313:
2292:
2273:
2266:Bibliography
2254:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2201:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2143:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2035:Cherry 1992.
2031:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1991:
1972:
1953:
1936:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
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1844:
1835:
1826:
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1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1731:
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1658:
1647:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1482:Manu propria
1480:
1454:Company seal
1430:
1427:
1383:
1375:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1347:coat of arms
1340:
1335:sede vacante
1334:
1327:
1312:
1277:
1247:Signet rings
1232:River Thames
1217:
1213:
1185:
1176:cocket bread
1171:
1164:custom house
1159:
1153:
1143:Saskatchewan
1139:rubber stamp
1128:
1104:
1084:
1080:contra morem
1079:
1065:
1050:
1032:
1011:
979:
967:counter-seal
966:
964:
957:
950:
941:
937:
929:
922:
868:
845:
840:
834:
830:
819:
816:applied seal
815:
805:
782:
767:
759:
731:
719:Golden Bulls
687:
654:
638:
630:
617:
612:authenticate
600:Tang dynasty
583:
579:
571:
563:
547:
545:
521:
426:Early Minoan
423:
408:
399:
389:
382:
375:
368:
356:
336:
304:South Arabia
301:
293:signet rings
269:
257:Mesopotamian
230:
198:
159:
154:
150:
144:
133:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
66:
64:
45:(now in the
4314:Vexillology
4075:Rare metals
4055:(blood red)
3653:Winged lion
3633:Sea-griffin
3568:Hippocampus
3501:Allocamelus
3143:Fimbriation
3071:Compartment
3048:Achievement
3016:Marshalling
2982:distinction
2840:Law of arms
2825:Authorities
2740:, from the
1343:class rings
1292:sealing wax
1268:Tutankhamun
1237:William III
1211:, in 1235.
1182:Destruction
1156:English law
1115:land survey
1111:engineering
975:screw press
959:Sealing wax
770:instruments
768:While many
691:sealing wax
625:calligraphy
596:Han dynasty
592:Qin dynasty
497:Inscription
442:Hellenistic
280:Mesopotamia
276:art history
272:archaeology
186:state flags
170:letterheads
49:) from 1570
4369:Categories
4259:equestrian
4043:(mulberry)
3769:Harrington
3699:Quatrefoil
3628:Salamander
3573:Hippogriff
3531:Cockatrice
3511:Amphiptere
3483:Wolfsangel
3463:Portcullis
3375:Black swan
3329:Camelopard
3158:Ordinaries
3076:Escutcheon
3026:impalement
3021:quartering
3004:variations
2922:Attributed
2860:pursuivant
2744:Collection
2546:Les sceaux
2374:0952002361
2154:2018-09-16
2124:23 October
2007:"Cocket".
1977:FAR 36.609
1499:References
1488:Privy seal
1464:Great seal
1422:See also:
1321:put it on
1256:Armigerous
1218:When King
934:vernacular
734:chanceries
608:signatures
468:See also:
372:newspapers
339:references
259:limestone
233:stamp seal
227:Stamp seal
4352:resources
4297:socialist
4220:Hatchment
4215:Bookplate
4195:Carnation
4182:Realistic
3995:Erminites
3833:Tinctures
3784:Hinckaert
3749:Bourchier
3603:Ouroboros
3588:Manticore
3493:Legendary
3468:Reremouse
3405:Przepaska
3334:Hind/stag
3324:Dog/hound
3133:Attitudes
3110:Supporter
3038:Societies
2999:divisions
2948:abatement
2563:cite book
2439:cite book
2100:162188010
1935:GSA P100
1642:(1913). "
1300:carnelian
1230:into the
1039:grant to
812:parchment
791:Practices
778:covenants
756:from 1839
621:ink brush
584:ấn chương
546:Known as
464:East Asia
308:Himyarite
162:facsimile
140:parchment
4304:Logotype
4247:Illyrian
4129:Brunâtre
4053:Sanguine
3990:Erminois
3958:(purple)
3851:Hatching
3846:Tricking
3809:Stafford
3709:Shamrock
3658:Woodwose
3638:Sea-lion
3608:Pantheon
3583:Lindworm
3526:Chollima
3521:Biscione
3516:Basilisk
3438:Crapaudy
3339:Kangaroo
3201:Componée
3195:Łękawica
3091:pavilion
3086:Mantling
2965:courtesy
2960:Alliance
2888:dominion
2883:National
2814:Heraldry
2683:Archived
2666:(2007).
2474:(1968).
2216:7 August
1980:Archived
1961:Archived
1942:Archived
1861:(1973).
1843:(1956).
1739:12 March
1448:See also
1418:Approval
1304:sardonyx
1284:intaglio
1168:Scotland
1145:, Canada
1057:Clovis I
1041:San Zeno
1014:mandorla
1003:(France)
997:Mandorla
983:heraldry
971:obverses
938:Sigillum
784:Notaries
739:Postwick
604:cinnabar
580:ấn triện
548:yinzhang
113:intaglio
106:dry seal
4280:Related
4148:Cendrée
4131:(brown)
3985:Ermines
3956:Purpure
3946:(green)
3922:(black)
3895:Colours
3875:(white)
3779:Heneage
3721:Thistle
3714:Trefoil
3648:Unicorn
3623:Phoenix
3618:Pegasus
3613:Panther
3598:Musimon
3593:Mermaid
3578:Lampago
3548:Enfield
3541:Chinese
3478:Serpent
3473:Scallop
3443:Dolphin
3417:Pelican
3412:Martlet
3400:Szaszor
3370:Alerion
3344:Leopard
3319:Bull/ox
3293:Saltire
3281:Roundel
3256:Lozenge
3226:Flaunch
3191:Chevron
3181:Bordure
3166:Annulet
3138:Erasure
3125:Charges
2989:Canting
2977:Cadency
2938:Armiger
2912:Burgher
2865:private
2835:History
2701::
2433:. Rome.
1637::
1330:regalia
1319:Pharaoh
1154:In old
1072:priests
1001:Moulins
917:Montana
891:Designs
850:and to
821:pendent
754:Tampere
695:beeswax
588:Vietnam
552:Chinese
536:Chinese
438:Archaic
386:scholar
312:Aramaic
265:Shamash
136:bishops
102:sealing
4292:Emblem
4266:Tabard
4190:Proper
4169:
4164:Orange
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4117:
4114:
4093:
4091:
4086:Copper
4083:
4062:
4059:
4050:
4047:
4041:Murrey
4038:
4035:
4028:Stains
4017:Potent
3980:Ermine
3953:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3934:(blue)
3929:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3905:
3902:
3887:(gold)
3882:
3879:
3873:Argent
3870:
3867:
3860:Metals
3726:Turnip
3677:Plants
3663:Wyvern
3553:Garuda
3536:Dragon
3506:Alphyn
3302:Beasts
3286:Bezant
3241:Hamade
3231:Goutte
3186:Canton
3103:slogan
3081:Helmet
2972:Blazon
2931:Topics
2855:herald
2652:
2633:
2612:
2590:
2533:
2510:
2491:
2460:
2418:
2390:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2299:
2280:
2176:
2098:
1996:Cocket
1869:
1323:Joseph
1288:relief
1162:was a
1160:cocket
1068:bishop
1047:(1073)
1045:Verona
1022:vesica
1018:almond
993:Vesica
953:vesica
930:legend
841:tongue
703:bullae
564:injang
554::
538::
388:
381:
374:
367:
359:
117:relief
90:matrix
43:Náchod
4237:Badge
4156:Ochre
4065:Tenné
3932:Azure
3920:Sable
3910:(red)
3908:Gules
3804:Savoy
3764:Dacre
3754:Bowen
3741:Knots
3643:Tyger
3563:Harpy
3448:Emmet
3426:Other
3395:Eagle
3363:Birds
3251:Label
3236:Gyron
3216:Chief
3206:Cross
3148:Lines
3115:Torse
3098:Motto
3066:Crest
3011:Fraud
2994:Field
2917:Women
2905:papal
2893:civic
2876:Types
2771:(PBW)
2730:Seals
2686:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
2096:S2CID
1302:, or
1296:agate
1280:crest
946:motto
836:plica
808:legal
774:deeds
707:bulls
699:resin
650:Korea
646:Japan
642:China
586:) in
576:Japan
572:inshō
568:Korea
558:) in
485:Front
393:JSTOR
379:books
166:flags
129:mould
125:cameo
79:paper
4254:Seal
4225:Flag
4172:Rose
4139:Buff
4095:Buff
4012:Vair
4000:Pean
3967:Furs
3944:Vert
3819:Wake
3794:Lacy
3704:Rose
3668:Yale
3458:Lucy
3390:Dove
3385:Crow
3380:Cock
3354:Wolf
3349:Lion
3314:Boar
3309:Bear
3276:Pile
3271:Pall
3266:Pale
3261:Orle
3221:Fess
3176:Bend
2650:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2569:link
2531:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2445:link
2416:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2218:2021
2174:ISBN
2126:2017
1867:ISBN
1741:2019
1644:Seal
1241:Mary
1239:and
1158:, a
919:(US)
823:seal
814:(an
582:(or
518:徐永裕印
507:(US)
365:news
274:and
231:The
192:and
155:i.e.
75:clay
67:seal
61:seal
4287:Mon
3694:Oak
3453:Ged
3433:Bee
3171:Bar
2088:doi
1366:MI9
1109:or
1035:of
831:tag
776:or
674:of
610:to
574:in
566:in
341:to
94:die
92:or
71:wax
4371::
3885:Or
2679:55
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570:,
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556:印章
540:公章
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