477:
355:
310:
1361:
424:
Qaraja's ambition to become an independent ruler manifested after al-Nasir
Muhammad's death in 1341 and the consequent unrest in Egypt. He tried to gain Eretna's trust in order to organize a joint campaign to take over Aleppo. Emir Tashtimur of Aleppo requested assistance from Egypt, but this proved
257:
on their
Anatolian extremity. During his rule, Qaraja grew more ambitious and clashed with various Mamluk governors who were against his expanding influence. Qaraja took advantage of the political turmoil within the Mamluks and declared independence in 1348. However, this led to his imprisonment and
391:
The Sultan finally summoned the governors, Taraqlu, and Qaraja. Tankiz defended Qaraja and recommended to the sultan that Qaraja would be better able to maintain Mamluk authority over the region, insisting that
Taraqlu possessed no more than a thousand horsemen. Al-Nasir Muhammad thus recognized
469:'s revolt against the Mamluk state and defeated Yalbugha. In response, Mamluk governors of Syria and rival Turkoman tribal leaders joined forces, supposedly raising 10 to 25 thousand troops. They ransacked Elbistan as well as the nearby villages, while Qaraja fled to
531:
Qaraja had 6 sons: Khalil, Ibrahim, Isa, Suli, Osman, and Davud. Ghars al-Din Khalil succeeded Qaraja as the second ruler of the
Dulkadirids. Suli was the third ruler of the Dulkadirids. Sarim al-Din Ibrahim became the lord of Harpoot and was appointed by the Mamluks as
441:
briefly came to power amidst the political vacuum and invited
Tashtimur, who supported him, to Cairo for a new appointment, Qaraja escorted him there. But Tashtimur was instead jailed and executed for unknown reasons, while Qaraja swiftly returned north.
387:
and rival of
Altunbogha. Meanwhile, Qaraja faced another threat; Tashgun, another local emir backed by Altunbogha, started raiding and harassing the Dulkadirids, though Tashgun was eventually caught with the intervention of Tankiz.
378:
to lead an offensive against
Taraqlu. Elbistan was captured by the Dulkadirids in 1335 or 1337. Taraqlu's ally, Altunbogha, threatened Qaraja and demanded that he come to Aleppo. Instead, Qaraja allied himself with
437:
on the Mamluk throne. This led to
Tashtimur's rebellion, who now found his situation reversed as he was pursued by the Mamluks and escaped to Eretna in the north with the protection of Qaraja. When
552:) of Damascus as a gesture of goodwill to keep his father, Qaraja, as an ally. Qaraja is known to have had a brother and cousin, both of whom were given land by the Mamluk sultan in 1344 or 1345.
1262:
245:, ruling from 1337 to 1353. Before his ascendance, Qaraja competed with Taraqlu, another local Turkoman warlord, over the administration of the northern frontier of the
1431:
290:, dwelling there who were granted the right to administer part of the region by the Mamluks. Qaraja founded the Dulkadirid principality around the same time the
366:
from the
Eretnids. In order to expand his authority over the region by pledging allegiance to the Mamluks, Taraqlu sent a gift of 100 horses to the emir of
453:, though Qaraja was able to get a pardon from the sultan. He led several incursions into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, looting the region and occupying
1269:
358:
Rough borders of the Mamluk
Sultanate under Al-Nasir Muhammad's rule (1310–1341) and the neighbors of the Mamluks, including the Dulkadirids.
473:. Two of his sons, including his successor Ghars al-Din Khalil Beg, tried to fend off the Mamluk forces but were defeated and captured.
1147:"The Case of a Dulgadir-Mamluk Iqṭāʿ: A Re-Assessment of the Dulgadir Principality and Its Position within the Ottoman-Mamluk Rivalry"
488:, but at the request of the Mamluks he was chained and sent to Aleppo on 22 September 1353, for which Muhammad was paid 500 thousand
1421:
1396:
1406:
332:
after his father died in 1310 or 1311. The first mention of him in sources is thought to be from 1317, when the Mamluk Sultan
1187:
1099:
830:
636:
Based on the erroneous belief by the Ottoman writers Halil Edhem and Ahmed Arifi Pasha that he died 100 years old in 1378–9.
523:, popularly believed that Qaraja continued to resist the Mamluks until he died of old age at around 100 in 1378 or 1379.
1219:
Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam avec 20 tableaux généalogiques hors texte et 5 cartes
1426:
1401:
504:. After being imprisoned for 48 days, he was tortured to death on 11 December 1353. His corpse was left hanging in
496:
leader Jabbar bin Muhanna to attack Aleppo in order to save his father. This was unsuccessful and further angered
438:
1224:
Handbook of genealogy and chronology for the history of Islam: with 20 additional genealogical tables and 5 maps
354:
1027:
1364:
1255:
476:
275:
1416:
1411:
1008:
445:
Qaraja's relations with the Mamluks further deteriorated in 1343, when the Dulkadir Turkomans robbed a
485:
1000:
470:
500:, who demanded Qaraja's transfer to Cairo. Sultan Salih scolded him in person and kept him in the
458:
299:
1217:
325:
1386:
400:
of the lands stretching from Marash to Elbistan in 1337. The next year, Qaraja also captured
980:
1391:
1340:
1315:
1045:
446:
8:
1295:
375:
230:
140:
92:
1310:
1305:
1279:
1166:
430:
1204:
1196:
1128:
1095:
1023:
520:
516:
461:
in 1345. In 1348, gaining confidence from his victories, he declared independence as
450:
425:
to be futile as Cairo was facing internal power struggles. The prominent Mamluk emir
333:
250:
132:
1158:
501:
279:
246:
218:
125:
1192:
1083:
1345:
1123:
1087:
1017:
434:
512:
497:
329:
314:
242:
374:. As a response to this threat to his political presence, Qaraja sent his son
294:
emerged in central and eastern Anatolia, which was a breakaway state from the
1380:
1208:
321:
1162:
1320:
1019:
Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91
454:
254:
1300:
505:
151:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1170:
1146:
567:
561:
413:
234:
69:
1050:
Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences
309:
1094:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 573–574.
362:
Another local ruler, Taraqlu Khalil bin Tarafi, had earlier captured
295:
1247:
1119:
466:
397:
384:
363:
291:
271:
238:
493:
409:
405:
401:
337:
185:
1048:[Relations between Dulkadirli Beylik and the Eretnids].
426:
380:
367:
303:
267:
1005:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
876:
484:
In 1353, Qaraja took refuge in the court of the Eretnid ruler
489:
462:
371:
283:
206:
121:
564:, one of the medieval historians who wrote about Zayn al-Din
818:
342:
985:
The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute
944:
781:
779:
777:
1111:
Eastern Turkey An Architectural and Archaeological Survey
287:
53:
1151:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
910:
908:
906:
893:
891:
1243:(in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Press.
864:
806:
774:
1046:"Dulkadirli Beyliği'nin Eratnalılar ile Münasebetleri"
983:[The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks].
675:
1092:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/6: Drugs–Ebn al-Aṯir
1077:] (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society Press.
956:
920:
903:
888:
854:
852:
796:
794:
762:
511:
Although disproven by medieval Arab historians, late
837:
740:
738:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
692:
690:
981:"Memlûkler Tarafından Katledilen Dulkadir Emirleri"
750:
249:. After gaining recognition from the Mamluk Sultan
1186:
932:
849:
791:
286:in 1298. Qaraja was one of the Turkoman lords, or
735:
714:
702:
687:
266:During the thirteenth century, the region around
1378:
433:and installed Abu Bakr's seven-year-old brother
1432:Prisoners and detainees of the Mamluk Sultanate
313:Pre-Dulkadirid southern Anatolia and northern
1263:
1117:
882:
449:containing Eretna's gifts to the Mamluk emir
480:Mount Düldül is located southwest of Marash.
278:. The region came under the dominion of the
261:
1215:
950:
829:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOberling1995 (
610:
587:
537:
176:Ḏulkadiroglu Zayn-al-Dīn Qarāja at-Turkmānī
1270:
1256:
419:
1108:
1081:
999:
824:
785:
681:
475:
370:, Altunbogha, and visited the sultan in
353:
308:
492:. One of Qaraja's sons agreed with the
1379:
1238:
1184:
1144:
1068:
1015:
962:
926:
897:
870:
843:
812:
756:
729:
1251:
1216:von Zambaur, Eduard Karl Max (1927).
632:
630:
465:al-Qāhir. Qaraja further joined emir
1277:
1043:
978:
938:
914:
858:
800:
768:
744:
708:
696:
645:Historically known by names such as
336:granted a Turkoman lord residing in
570:, neighboring Turkoman principality
324:tribe. He became the leader of the
13:
1075:A history of Muslim-Turkish states
627:
14:
1443:
18:Beg of Dulkadir from 1337 to 1353
1360:
1359:
1195:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
349:
1422:14th-century military personnel
1397:13th-century military personnel
1118:Toursarkisian, Garabed (1897).
1071:Müslüman-Türk devletleri tarihi
972:
229:1279 – 11 December 1353) was a
1407:14th-century Dulkadirid rulers
1203:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1122:[A history of Zeytun (now
1109:Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1987).
639:
604:
581:
320:Qaraja likely belonged to the
258:subsequent execution in 1353.
1:
1226:] (in French). H. Lafaire
1113:. Vol. II. Pindar Press.
668:
226:
106:
1185:Venzke, Margaret L. (2017).
1145:Venzke, Margaret L. (2000).
7:
555:
276:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
10:
1448:
1009:Edinburgh University Press
326:Bozok tribal confederation
253:, he became the head of a
233:chieftain who founded the
1354:
1286:
1082:Oberling, Pierre (1995).
1001:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
657:, and in modern times as
526:
486:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
262:Early life and background
237:principality in southern
202:
194:
184:
175:
170:
166:
131:
115:
102:
98:
88:
78:
68:
60:
52:
28:
23:
1069:Merçil, Erdoğan (1991).
987:(in Turkish) (43): 83–94
574:
1427:Violent deaths in Egypt
1402:14th-century executions
1163:10.1163/156852000511349
1044:Kaya, Abdullah (2014).
1239:Yinanç, Refet (1988).
1201:Encyclopaedia of Islam
481:
420:Downfall and execution
359:
317:
222:
215:Zayn al-Din Qaraja Beg
1120:"Histoire de Zeïtoun"
1016:Har-El, Shai (1995).
479:
394:Emir of the Turkomans
357:
312:
1341:Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt
979:Alıç, Samet (2020).
223:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
145:Sarim al-Din Ibrahim
82:Position established
1311:Nasir al-Din Mehmed
1296:Ghars al-Din Khalil
1132:(in French): 25–175
827:, pp. 573–574.
620:The Victorious King
416:from the Eretnids.
141:Ghars al-Din Khalil
93:Ghars al-Din Khalil
1291:Zayn al-Din Qaraja
1191:. In Fleet, Kate;
883:Toursarkisian 1897
482:
431:Al-Mansur Abu Bakr
383:, the governor of
360:
318:
1417:Founding monarchs
1412:Executed monarchs
1374:
1373:
1129:Mercure de France
1101:978-1-56859-024-0
917:, pp. 85–86.
885:, pp. 29–30.
815:, pp. 11–12.
771:, pp. 86–88.
597:The Apparent King
521:Ahmed Arifi Pasha
515:sources, such as
334:Al-Nasir Muhammad
274:was ruled by the
251:Al-Nasir Muhammad
212:
211:
180:
179:
42:al-Malik al-Qāhir
37:al-Malik al-Zāhir
1439:
1363:
1362:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:Dulkadir Beyliği
1235:
1233:
1231:
1212:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1114:
1105:
1088:Yarshater, Ehsan
1078:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1012:
996:
994:
992:
966:
960:
954:
951:von Zambaur 1927
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
901:
895:
886:
880:
874:
873:, p. 12–13.
868:
862:
856:
847:
841:
835:
834:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
789:
783:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
733:
727:
712:
706:
700:
694:
685:
679:
662:
643:
637:
634:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
551:
548:
547:amir of the band
545:
542:
539:
502:Citadel of Cairo
280:Mamluk Sultanate
228:
168:
167:
126:Mamluk Sultanate
119:11 December 1353
111:
108:
21:
20:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1350:
1282:
1276:
1229:
1227:
1197:Rowson, Everett
1175:
1173:
1135:
1133:
1102:
1059:
1057:
1034:
1032:
1030:
990:
988:
975:
970:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
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921:
913:
904:
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865:
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838:
828:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
792:
784:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
736:
728:
715:
707:
703:
695:
688:
680:
676:
671:
666:
665:
644:
640:
635:
628:
622:
619:
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609:
605:
599:
596:
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586:
582:
577:
558:
549:
546:
543:
540:
529:
435:Al-Ashraf Kujuk
422:
352:
264:
162:
120:
109:
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
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1399:
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1303:
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1287:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1213:
1193:Krämer, Gudrun
1182:
1157:(3): 399–474.
1142:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1079:
1066:
1052:(in Turkish).
1041:
1028:
1022:. E.J. Brill.
1013:
997:
974:
971:
968:
967:
965:, p. 412.
955:
953:, p. 159.
943:
931:
929:, p. 313.
919:
902:
900:, p. 291.
887:
875:
863:
848:
836:
817:
805:
790:
788:, p. 518.
773:
761:
749:
734:
713:
701:
686:
684:, p. 238.
673:
672:
670:
667:
664:
663:
638:
626:
603:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
557:
554:
534:amīr ṭablkhāna
528:
525:
439:An-Nasir Ahmad
421:
418:
392:Qaraja as the
351:
348:
263:
260:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
188:
182:
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137:
135:
129:
128:
117:
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100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
50:
49:
45:
44:
39:
31:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1444:
1433:
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1428:
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1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
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1390:
1388:
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1382:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
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1324:
1322:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
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1304:
1302:
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1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
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1156:
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1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
977:
976:
964:
959:
952:
947:
941:, p. 86.
940:
935:
928:
923:
916:
911:
909:
907:
899:
894:
892:
884:
879:
872:
867:
861:, p. 87.
860:
855:
853:
846:, p. 40.
845:
840:
832:
826:
825:Oberling 1995
821:
814:
809:
803:, p. 88.
802:
797:
795:
787:
786:Sinclair 1987
782:
780:
778:
770:
765:
758:
753:
747:, p. 84.
746:
741:
739:
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
711:, p. 83.
710:
705:
699:, p. 85.
698:
693:
691:
683:
682:Bosworth 1996
678:
674:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
633:
631:
607:
584:
580:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
553:
535:
524:
522:
518:
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491:
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417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
386:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
350:Rise to power
347:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
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281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:and northern
240:
236:
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224:
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208:
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174:
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105:
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67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
43:
40:
38:
35:
34:
33:
30:
27:
22:
16:
1387:1270s births
1358:
1321:Malik Arslan
1290:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1218:
1200:
1174:. Retrieved
1154:
1150:
1134:. Retrieved
1127:
1110:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1049:
1033:. Retrieved
1018:
1004:
989:. Retrieved
984:
973:Bibliography
958:
946:
934:
922:
878:
866:
839:
820:
808:
764:
759:, p. 9.
752:
704:
677:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
606:
583:
533:
530:
510:
508:for 3 days.
498:Sultan Salih
483:
471:Mount Düldül
444:
423:
393:
390:
361:
341:
328:in northern
319:
300:Turco-Mongol
270:in southern
265:
255:client state
214:
213:
83:
47:
41:
36:
32:
29:
15:
1392:1353 deaths
1301:Shaban Suli
1084:"Ḏu'l-Qadr"
1056:(25): 81–97
963:Venzke 2000
927:Merçil 1991
898:Merçil 1991
871:Yinanç 1988
844:Har-El 1995
813:Yinanç 1988
757:Yinanç 1988
730:Venzke 2017
517:Halil Edhem
506:Bab Zuweila
298:led by the
152:Shaban Suli
110: 1279
79:Predecessor
56:of Dulkadir
1381:Categories
1336:Shah Budak
1331:Shah Suwar
1326:Shah Budak
1188:"Dulkadir"
1124:Süleymanlı
1029:9004101802
669:References
568:Ramadanids
562:al-Maqrizi
429:overthrew
340:the title
235:Dulkadirid
70:Coronation
24:Qaraja Beg
1209:1873-9830
939:Alıç 2020
915:Alıç 2020
859:Kaya 2014
801:Kaya 2014
769:Kaya 2014
745:Alıç 2020
709:Kaya 2014
697:Alıç 2020
296:Ilkhanids
89:Successor
64:1337–1353
1365:Category
1316:Suleiman
1280:Dulkadir
1278:Begs of
1230:20 March
1199:(eds.).
1176:22 March
1136:20 March
1126:)].
1060:20 March
1035:19 March
1003:(1996).
991:19 March
556:See also
467:Baybugha
451:Yalbugha
396:and the
385:Damascus
364:Elbistan
302:officer
292:Eretnids
272:Anatolia
239:Anatolia
231:Turkoman
203:Religion
198:Dulkadir
190:Dulkadir
1171:3632448
1090:(ed.).
659:Birecik
614:
591:
541:
513:Ottoman
494:Bedouin
455:Androun
447:caravan
410:Gemerek
406:Darende
402:Harpoot
247:Mamluks
219:Turkish
1306:Sadaqa
1207:
1169:
1098:
1026:
653:, and
651:Birtha
527:Family
490:dinars
427:Qawsun
412:, and
381:Tankiz
376:Khalil
368:Aleppo
304:Eretna
268:Marash
195:Father
1222:[
1167:JSTOR
1086:. In
1073:[
655:Birah
575:Notes
463:Malik
459:Kapan
414:Gürün
398:na'ib
372:Cairo
338:Birga
330:Syria
322:Bayat
315:Syria
284:Egypt
243:Syria
207:Islam
186:House
171:Names
159:Davud
156:Osman
133:Issue
122:Cairo
61:Reign
1232:2023
1205:ISSN
1178:2023
1138:2023
1096:ISBN
1062:2023
1037:2023
1024:ISBN
993:2023
831:help
647:Bile
611:lit.
588:lit.
538:lit.
519:and
457:and
343:emir
288:begs
116:Died
103:Born
74:1337
1346:Ali
1159:doi
282:of
148:Isa
54:Beg
1383::
1165:.
1155:43
1153:.
1149:.
1054:11
1007:.
905:^
890:^
851:^
793:^
776:^
737:^
716:^
689:^
649:,
629:^
408:,
404:,
346:.
306:.
227:c.
225:;
221::
124:,
107:c.
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1234:.
1211:.
1180:.
1161::
1140:.
1104:.
1064:.
1039:.
1011:.
995:.
833:)
732:.
661:.
623:'
617:'
600:'
594:'
550:'
544:'
536:(
217:(
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