798:, Hasan Kuchak dispatched his army to Anatolia under Suleiman Khan's command. This force included experienced commanders such as Abdul, the son of Bayanjar, Yaqub Shah, and Qoch Hussain. Eretna promptly gathered an army of Mamluk forces, Mongols, and local Turks. The battle took place in the plain of Karanbük (between Sivas and Erzincan) in September–October 1343. Eretna initially faced defeat. While Suleiman Khan's forces were busy with looting and pursuing the remainder of enemy, Eretna hid behind a nearby hill and led a final attack when Suleiman Khan appeared with a small number of troops, with the rest of his forces disorganized. The Chobanid army disintegrated when Suleiman Khan fled the scene. Eretna's victory was unexpected for most actors in the region. This victory resulted in the Eretnid annexation of Erzincan and several cities further east, also marking the beginning of Eretna's independent reign. Fortunately for Eretna, Hasan Kuchak was murdered by his own wife, who feared the discovery of her extramarital affairs with Yaqub Shah, imprisoned by Hasan Kuchak for his alleged flaws at the Battle of Karanbük. This prevented any retaliation for Eretna's earlier victory.
38:
615:
935:
636:
692:
678:
622:
706:
664:
650:
787:. Eretna still insisted on his obedience to Suleiman Khan, although by 1341, he had gained enough power to be able to issue his coins in his own name. He first declared his independence in 1341 as it was when he first used the title sultan in his coins. Though, he did not hesitate to send his ambassadors to Cairo to secure Mamluk protection and his status as a
1008:, "Eretna's coinage reflects the complicated and uncertain position of rulers of medieval Anatolia, who experimented with different forms of legitimacy in a period when established modes, even the much vaunted concept of Chinggisid legitimacy, seem to have broken down." In spite of that, instead of the Mongols, who were numerous in the region from
514:
Similar to other emirs, Eretna's master
Timurtash eventually rebelled against the Ilkhanate in 1323, during which Eretna went into hiding. However, the Ilkhan's weak authority and the influence over the state of Timurtash's father, Chupan, led to the pardoning of Timurtash and the restoration of his
325:
to consolidate his power, although he played a delicate game of alternating his allegiance between the
Mamluks and the Mongols. In 1343, he declared independence as the sultan of his domains. His reign was largely described to be prosperous, with his efforts to maintain order in his realm such that
573:
Eretna was later involved in a plot against the Ilkhan in 1334 but received a pardon and returned to
Anatolia from the Ilkhanid court in Iran. With Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the Ilkhanid period practically came to an end, leaving its place to continuous wars between several warlords from princely
767:
to Qaraja, who was continuing to enlarge his realm at the expense of Eretna. Having been robbed of the wealth he had stored in the latter city, Eretna confronted the Mamluk sultan, who brought up his failure to declare Mamluk sovereignty. In return, Eretna finally minted coins for the
Mamluks in
852:
according to the
Ottoman–Turkish historian Hüseyin Hüsameddin Yasar. Eretna additionally expanded his borders beyond Erzurum. He faced a reduced number of threats to his rule in this period: Despite the intentions of the new Chobanid ruler
995:
in sources) in asserting his rule. He thus highlighted his succession to the Mongol tradition despite his Uyghur origin. When he stopped referring to an overlord after 1341–2 and issued his own coins, he utilized the
604:) gained power in the former Ilkhanid domains in the east. Hasan Kuchak was the son of Timurtash and had effectively become the pretender to his father's legacy. He defeated the Jalayirids near Aladağ and pillaged
1016:(slave-soldiers) and local Turks in administrative positions, fearing the rebirth of Mongol rule. Eretna was still not totally successful in the long run, as his descendants would be evicted from the throne by
1034:
Despite the existence of some texts that described his character and skills, there is a scant number of surviving literary works that were dedicated to his and his descendants' rule. One such text was a short
736:
favored them in this regard so that he was confirmed as a Mamluk governor of
Anatolia. On the contrary, Eretna did very little to uphold Mamluk sovereignty, minting coins on behalf of the new Chobanid puppet
557:
in
December while also planning to come into terms with Abu Sa'id. He was later killed on the orders of the Mamluk sultan. Fearing punishment during Timurtash's absence, Eretna took refuge in the court of
309:
chiefs of the western periphery of the peninsula. This was cut short by
Timurtash's downfall, after which Eretna went into hiding. Upon the dissolution of the Ilkhanate, he aligned himself with the
593:'s attempt to occupy the Ilkhanid throne. Eretna was officially appointed as the governor of Anatolia by Hasan Buzurg following his victory against Ali Padshah. However, shortly after, in 1338,
1147:
The messianic claims of
Timurtash were attested by various contemporary sources, who gave him such titles. He strictly maintained the Islamic laws in the region and oppressed the non-Muslims.
420:
sped up the impending fall and civil war in the region. Eretna's life coincided with this political turmoil, which would eventually make him an heir to parts of the
Ilkhanid dominion. Of
537:'s son, Chelebi Abid, as a divine intermediary to subdue and gather the Turkoman commanders of the peripheral regions under the rule of Timurtash, who was proclaimed as a
2215:
1106:
princess. Eretna's successor and youngest son, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I was born to Isfahan Shah Khatun, who was a relative of the Jalayirid ruler Hasan Buzurg.
968:) by his subjects who looked upon him favorably because his rule preserved order in a region that was politically crumbling apart. He promoted and reinforced the
1076:, hospitals, or bridges dated back to Eretna's rule, with the exception of tombs. Eretna passed away in February, March, or August 1352 and was buried in the
305:, Eretna migrated to Anatolia following Timurtash's appointment as the Ilkhanid governor of the region. He took part in Timurtash's campaigns to subdue the
2372:
732:
and its successors, the Mamluks had long aspired to secure their political presence up north in Anatolia. The arrival of Eretna's embassy in
590:
1102:. The oldest son, Sheikh Hasan was the governor of Sivas and died in December 1347 or January 1348 due to sickness shortly after he wed an
728:
Due to constant upheavals in the east, Eretna started seeking the protection of a new and stronger regional power. An old rival to the
864:) to wage a war against him, such an expedition never came to be. The political vacuum in Mamluk Egypt, following the death of Sultan
879:
and tensions with the Mamluk emirs also made an attack from the south unlikely. Eretna further took advantage of the Karamanid ruler
1094:
Eretna's wives included Suli Pasha (died 1339), Togha Khatun and Isfahan Shah Khatun. He was known to have had three sons: Hasan,
2044:
1980:
1952:
1896:
1058:
commissioned by the Eretnid emir of Amasya, Sayf al-Din Shadgeldi (died 1381). Another instance was an astrological almanac (
486:
Taramtaz and Suniktaz, also joined this revolt, possibly because Chupan refused to grant them important positions due to his
2091:
1839:
791:(viceroy) amidst political turmoil within the Mamluks. This elicited a new expedition by Hasan Kuchak in Eretna's lands.
719:
2113:
1934:
1857:
1238:
2222:
984:(Islamic dignitaries). An exception to the praise he received was the accusation put forward by the Egyptian historian
946:-speaker according to Ibn Battuta and was considered a scholar among the scholars of his era. He was famously known as
2428:
2152:
2071:
2015:
1915:
1816:
991:
Eretna benefited from the support of the significant population of Mongol tribes in Central Anatolia (referred to as
2064:
Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and Its Commercial Context
490:
belief that conflicted with the Shiite sect espoused by the brothers. In May–June 1319, the revolt was crushed near
1888:
2413:
614:
2398:
810:
without any backlash, circulated coins in his name once more, and formally declared sovereignty as part of the
2408:
376:
876:
875:), allowed Eretna to take Darende from the Mamluks. The Dulkadirid ruler Qaraja's focus in pillaging the
2433:
2270:
2258:
1808:
589:
Hasan Buzurg left Eretna as his deputy in Anatolia when he departed east to oppose the Oirat chieftain
2423:
2418:
1095:
495:
201:
86:
1800:
788:
2170:
779:
Eretna's attempt to be on good terms with the Chobanids was hindered by Hasan Kuchak's capture of
317:, who eventually left Anatolia for Eretna to govern when he returned east to clash with the rival
515:
position as the governor of Anatolia. He later led an extensive series of campaigns against the
2100:
272:
2393:
559:
2136:
8:
2320:
2282:
997:
516:
306:
51:
904:
474:
general, who Eretna was likely serving at the time, prompted various commanders such as
2403:
2304:
1933:
Melville, Charles (12 March 2009). "Anatolia under the Mongols". In Fleet, Kate (ed.).
1017:
1001:
749:
2208:
2182:
2148:
2147:(in Turkish). Ankara: Institute of Seljuk History and Civilization (published 1970).
2123:
2077:
2067:
2050:
2040:
2021:
2011:
1986:
1976:
1948:
1921:
1911:
1892:
1867:
1822:
1812:
865:
185:
928:
582:. Back west, Eretna came under the suzerainty of the Jalayirid viceroy of Anatolia,
2367:
2339:
2264:
2003:
1940:
1880:
1099:
1083:
1036:
1005:
880:
554:
534:
322:
196:
156:
37:
1944:
1156:
Bayanjar was a Mongol emir loyal to the seventh Ilkhan, Ghazan. He was related to
1004:, to underline the Mongol heritage he sought to represent. According to historian
883:'s death in 1350, capturing Konya. Overall, Eretna's realm extended from Konya to
784:
586:
but had already established his supremacy in the region to a considerable degree.
459:) meaning 'jewel'. This name was common among the Uyghurs following the spread of
2231:
2034:
1970:
943:
1031:
descent but also depended on the military support of some of the Mongol tribes.
2299:
2108:
2104:
1852:
1848:
1028:
931:, and Darende, with the capital initially situated in Sivas and later Kayseri.
827:
2081:
2025:
380:
2387:
2276:
2186:
2127:
2096:
1990:
1925:
1871:
1844:
1065:
992:
738:
729:
528:
2054:
1826:
1297:
506:
as the Ilkhanid governor of the region by Abu Sa'id and his father, Chupan.
1834:
1073:
854:
594:
583:
491:
406:
314:
118:
2007:
1055:
835:
768:
1339–40. Despite the loss of Darende, Eretna was able to gain control of
753:
546:
487:
365:
215:
748:) in 1339. Thus, the Mamluks started viewing the rising Turkoman leader
2331:
985:
916:
579:
563:
498:
for joining the rebellion of Qurumushi and Irinjin. Eretna migrated to
429:
417:
310:
99:
1009:
2344:
575:
520:
503:
502:
following his brothers' deaths and the appointment of his new master
475:
361:
357:
318:
302:
294:
806:
After the battle and Hasan Kuchak's death, Eretna assumed the title
494:
River. The same year, Taramtaz and Suniktaz were executed by Ilkhan
2325:
1103:
1047:
972:
law in his domains and showed an effort to respect and sustain the
605:
499:
460:
444:
290:
286:
94:
68:
47:
934:
920:
896:
1157:
1069:
924:
831:
813:
780:
764:
550:
538:
531:
479:
471:
421:
391:
231:
144:
1203:
1201:
519:
emirates in Anatolia. Timurtash sent Eretna to seize control of
1078:
1041:
1013:
981:
977:
969:
900:
888:
884:
807:
795:
567:
467:
425:
395:
298:
282:
64:
43:
1805:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
545:) by himself and his supporters. Upon the news of his brother
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1198:
973:
912:
892:
840:
821:
773:
769:
733:
542:
524:
321:
and other Mongol lords. Eretna later sought recognition from
260:
2036:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey
2200:
1939:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–101.
988:(1364–1442) that he allowed the state to later fall apart.
908:
483:
416:) was capable of maintaining the empire, his conversion to
1770:
1610:
1431:
2173:[State of Eretna in Sivas - Kayseri and Around].
1695:
1693:
1525:
1523:
1496:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1275:
1273:
405:), marked the height of the state, and while his brother
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1583:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1188:
1186:
1885:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11 (Elbi̇stan – Eymi̇r)
1760:
1758:
1756:
1600:
1598:
1571:
1690:
1520:
1508:
1484:
1443:
1402:
1373:
1371:
1334:
1332:
1270:
830:, which is attested in his coins and his contemporary
1717:
1705:
1671:
1419:
1383:
1183:
2089:
Spuler, Bertold & Ettinghausen, Richard (1971).
1753:
1741:
1729:
1634:
1622:
1595:
1559:
1535:
1472:
1317:
1059:
1039:
819:
811:
549:'s death on 24 August 1327, Timurtash retreated to
463:, and Eretna may have come from Buddhist parentage.
289:, reigning between 1343–1352 in central and eastern
1998:Peacock, Andrew Charles Spencer (17 October 2019).
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1547:
1460:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
566:. Timurtash was replaced by Emir Muhammad from the
443:is popularly explained to have originated from the
2090:
2088:
1838:
1285:
1207:
1169:Ibn Battuta wrote about having met her in Kayseri.
428:, a trusted follower of the second Ilkhanid ruler
390:). After half a century, the death of the seventh
18:Founding Sultan of the Eretnids from 1343 to 1352
2385:
2181:(126). Turkish Historical Association: 161–190.
2171:"Sivas - Kayseri ve Dolaylarında Eretna Devleti"
2000:Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia
1891:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 295–296.
1646:
1213:
1068:in 1371–2. There are also no surviving mosques,
553:, and following his father's death, he fled to
523:in August 1327. Eretna further manipulated the
482:to conspire a revolt. Eretna's elder brothers,
1905:
1248:
454:
448:
2216:
947:
327:
293:. Initially an officer in the service of the
276:
1906:Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor (2010).
351:
2169:Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (20 April 1968).
2168:
1783:
1616:
953:
333:
281:; died February–August 1352) was the first
277:
2223:
2209:
2114:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1858:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
36:
887:and Erzurum, also incorporating Kayseri,
763:) more favorably. In 1338–9, Eretna lost
424:stock, Eretna was born to Jafar or Taiju
2061:
2032:
1932:
1799:
1699:
1577:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1454:
1413:
1303:
1279:
1244:
933:
570:tribe, who was the uncle of Abu Sa'id.
46:minted in the name of Eretna in 1351 in
1997:
1968:
1723:
1711:
1684:
1437:
1425:
1396:
1323:
1307:
1264:
1252:
1192:
2386:
848:in his son Sheikh Hasan's epitaph and
2204:
2134:
1833:
1764:
1747:
1735:
1640:
1628:
1604:
1589:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1478:
1466:
1377:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1311:
1291:
1260:
1256:
1232:
1064:) created for the last Eretnid ruler
2062:Sinclair, Thomas (6 December 2019).
2033:Sinclair, T. A. (31 December 1989).
1878:
1665:
50:. It includes an inscription in the
1082:(dome) located in the courtyard of
723:The locations of towns in Anatolia.
13:
1908:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
439:), and his wife Tükälti. His name
14:
2445:
844:, but he was also referred to as
1027:), who highlighted his maternal
938:Rough extent of Eretna's domains
704:
690:
676:
662:
648:
635:
634:
620:
613:
509:
1936:The Cambridge History of Turkey
1793:
1163:
1150:
1141:
1022:
870:
859:
772:from the Karamanids as well as
758:
743:
691:
677:
621:
599:
434:
411:
400:
385:
370:
2139:[Mongols in Anatolia]
2039:. Vol. II. Pindar Press.
2002:. Cambridge University Press.
1208:Spuler & Ettinghausen 1971
1116:
873: 1293–94, 1299–1309
705:
1:
1972:The Ottomans: Empire of Faith
1945:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004
1176:
663:
649:
377:division of the Mongol Empire
2230:
7:
1060:
1040:
1012:to Sivas, Eretna appointed
877:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
820:
812:
10:
2450:
1889:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
1809:Edinburgh University Press
1249:Masters & Ágoston 2010
1000:, which was also used for
2360:
2313:
2292:
2245:
2238:
2145:Journal of Seljuk Studies
1801:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
1089:
466:The growing influence of
455:
352:Early life and background
256:
248:
240:
230:
221:
214:
210:
202:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
184:
164:
151:
138:
134:
124:
114:
106:
92:
87:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
82:
74:
63:
35:
28:
23:
2429:People of Uyghur descent
2066:. Taylor & Francis.
1887:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
1109:
801:
2122:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1969:Nicolle, David (2008).
1866:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2414:Arabic-speaking people
948:
939:
818:(sermon). He took the
449:
328:
244:Taiju Bakhshi or Jafar
174:Suli Pasha (died 1339)
2399:Mongol Empire Muslims
2137:"Anadolu'da Moğollar"
2135:Sümer, Faruk (1969).
2008:10.1017/9781108582124
1052:al-As'ila wa'l-Ajwiba
963:the beardless prophet
937:
826:(honorific nickname)
343:the beardless prophet
273:Old Anatolian Turkish
129:Declared independence
2409:14th-century Mongols
1879:Göde, Kemal (1995).
942:Eretna was a fluent
794:Choosing to stay in
776:at an unknown date.
720:class=notpageimage|
142:February–August 1352
2321:Emirate of Erzincan
2283:Muhammad II Chelebi
1592:, pp. 104–105.
1440:, pp. 249–250.
574:houses, namely the
326:he became known as
171:Isfahan Shah Khatun
2347:(1359–61, 1361–81)
2305:Kadi Burhan al-Din
1018:Kadi Burhan al-Din
940:
750:Zayn al-Din Qaraja
379:that started with
2434:Founding monarchs
2381:
2380:
2356:
2355:
2340:Emirate of Amasya
2253:Ala al-Din Eretna
2046:978-0-907132-33-2
1982:978-1-902886-11-4
1954:978-1-139-05596-3
1898:978-975-389-438-8
866:Al-Nasir Muhammad
375:) as part of the
269:Ala al-Din Eretna
266:
265:
226:
225:
222:Ala al-Din Eretna
2441:
2424:Deaths in Turkey
2419:Eretnid monarchs
2265:Izz al-Din Jafar
2243:
2242:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2142:
2131:
2094:
2085:
2058:
2029:
1994:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1929:
1902:
1881:"Eretnaoğulları"
1875:
1842:
1830:
1787:
1784:Uzunçarşılı 1968
1781:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1617:Uzunçarşılı 1968
1614:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:, p. 94–95.
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1120:
1063:
1045:
1026:
1024:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
874:
872:
863:
861:
825:
817:
762:
760:
747:
745:
708:
707:
694:
693:
680:
679:
666:
665:
652:
651:
638:
637:
624:
623:
617:
603:
601:
535:Ulu Arif Chelebi
458:
457:
452:
438:
436:
415:
414: 1304–1316
413:
404:
403: 1295–1304
402:
389:
387:
374:
372:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
331:
280:
279:
212:
211:
197:Izz al-Din Jafar
40:
21:
20:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2352:
2309:
2288:
2234:
2229:
2191:
2189:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2074:
2047:
2018:
1983:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1918:
1899:
1819:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1672:
1664:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1306:, p. 234;
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1247:, p. 234;
1243:
1239:
1231:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1092:
1021:
965:
962:
959:
956:
949:Köse Peyghamber
869:
858:
804:
757:
742:
726:
725:
724:
722:
716:
715:
714:
713:
709:
701:
700:
699:
695:
687:
686:
685:
681:
673:
672:
671:
667:
659:
658:
657:
653:
645:
644:
643:
639:
631:
630:
629:
625:
598:
560:Badr al-Din Beg
512:
433:
410:
399:
384:
369:
354:
345:
342:
339:
336:
329:Köse Peyghamber
206:
180:
160:
143:
102:
59:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:Khoja Ali Shah
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2277:Ala al-Din Ali
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2239:Administration
2236:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2177:(in Turkish).
2166:
2153:
2132:
2086:
2072:
2059:
2045:
2030:
2016:
1995:
1981:
1966:
1953:
1930:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1876:
1831:
1817:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:, p. 175.
1769:
1767:, p. 121.
1752:
1750:, p. 114.
1740:
1738:, p. 115.
1728:
1716:
1704:
1689:
1670:
1645:
1643:, p. 113.
1633:
1631:, p. 111.
1621:
1619:, p. 164.
1609:
1607:, p. 110.
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 286.
1570:
1568:, p. 105.
1558:
1546:
1544:, p. 104.
1534:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1481:, p. 101.
1471:
1459:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1401:
1382:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1328:
1316:
1310:, p. 48;
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 234.
1269:
1263:, p. 22;
1255:, p. 48;
1251:, p. 41;
1237:
1212:
1197:
1195:, p. 182.
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1149:
1140:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1091:
1088:
1066:Ala al-Din Ali
1025: 1381–98
1006:Andrew Peacock
929:Şebinkarahisar
862: 1343–57
803:
800:
761: 1337–53
746: 1339–43
718:
717:
711:
710:
703:
702:
697:
696:
689:
688:
683:
682:
675:
674:
669:
668:
661:
660:
655:
654:
647:
646:
641:
640:
633:
632:
627:
626:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
602: 1338–43
511:
508:
437: 1265–82
388: 1251–59
373: 1256–65
353:
350:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:
218:
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
194:
190:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
175:
172:
168:
166:
162:
161:
155:
153:
149:
148:
140:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
61:
60:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2446:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2373:Güdük Minaret
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2154:9789751753601
2150:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:Ménage, V. L.
2098:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:9781000752670
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:9781108499361
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1917:9781438110257
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:Cahen, Claude
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:9780231107143
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1726:, p. 61.
1725:
1720:
1714:, p. 51.
1713:
1708:
1702:, p. 96.
1701:
1700:Melville 2009
1696:
1694:
1687:, p. 62.
1686:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1578:Sinclair 1989
1574:
1567:
1562:
1556:, p. 67.
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1532:, p. 89.
1531:
1530:Sinclair 2019
1526:
1524:
1517:, p. 95.
1516:
1515:Melville 2009
1511:
1504:
1503:Melville 2009
1499:
1493:, p. 94.
1492:
1491:Melville 2009
1487:
1480:
1475:
1469:, p. 92.
1468:
1463:
1457:, p. 92.
1456:
1455:Melville 2009
1451:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1428:, p. 92.
1427:
1422:
1416:, p. 91.
1415:
1414:Melville 2009
1410:
1408:
1406:
1399:, p. 50.
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1380:, p. 93.
1379:
1374:
1372:
1365:, p. 23.
1364:
1359:
1353:, p. 85.
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 84.
1340:
1335:
1333:
1326:, p. 48.
1325:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Bosworth 1996
1300:
1294:, p. 22.
1293:
1288:
1281:
1280:Bosworth 1996
1276:
1274:
1267:, p. 51.
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Bosworth 1996
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:Also spelled
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:caravanserais
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Uyghur script
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
950:
945:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
856:
851:
850:Rashid al-Din
847:
843:
842:
837:
833:
829:
824:
823:
816:
815:
809:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
783:and siege of
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
755:
751:
740:
739:Suleiman Khan
735:
731:
730:Mongol Empire
721:
616:
609:
607:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:Rise to power
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
451:
446:
442:
431:
427:
423:
419:
408:
397:
393:
382:
378:
367:
363:
359:
349:
330:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
270:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
229:
220:
217:
213:
209:
203:
200:
198:
195:
192:
191:
189:
187:
183:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
52:Uyghur script
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:
27:
22:
16:
2361:Architecture
2252:
2190:. Retrieved
2178:
2174:
2158:. Retrieved
2144:
2119:
2112:
2063:
2035:
1999:
1975:. Thalamus.
1971:
1958:. Retrieved
1935:
1910:. Infobase.
1907:
1884:
1863:
1856:
1804:
1794:Bibliography
1743:
1731:
1724:Peacock 2019
1719:
1712:Peacock 2019
1707:
1685:Peacock 2019
1636:
1624:
1612:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1438:Peacock 2019
1433:
1426:Peacock 2019
1421:
1397:Peacock 2019
1358:
1346:
1324:Nicolle 2008
1319:
1308:Nicolle 2008
1299:
1287:
1265:Peacock 2019
1253:Nicolle 2008
1240:
1193:Peacock 2019
1165:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1093:
1086:in Kayseri.
1077:
1051:
1033:
990:
941:
927:, Erzincan,
855:Malek Ashraf
849:
845:
839:
805:
793:
778:
727:
595:Hasan Kuchak
588:
584:Hasan Buzurg
572:
555:Mamluk Egypt
513:
465:
440:
355:
323:Mamluk Egypt
315:Hasan Buzurg
301:and his son
268:
267:
193:Sheikh Hasan
177:Togha Khatun
128:
119:Hasan Buzurg
55:
29:
15:
2394:1352 deaths
2368:Köşkmedrese
2118:Volume III:
2109:Schacht, J.
2105:Pellat, Ch.
2092:"Īlk̲h̲āns"
1853:Schacht, J.
1849:Pellat, Ch.
1084:Köşkmedrese
993:Qara Tatars
846:Sayf al-Din
836:Ibn Battuta
591:Ali Padshah
547:Demasq Kaja
381:Möngke Khan
366:Hulagu Khan
360:emerged in
216:Regnal name
157:Köşkmedrese
115:Predecessor
93:Viceroy of
56:sultan adil
54:that reads
2388:Categories
2332:Pir Husayn
2271:Muhammad I
2259:Muhammad I
2192:28 October
2160:19 October
2082:1119073048
2026:1124923987
1960:22 October
1862:Volume II:
1765:Sümer 1969
1748:Sümer 1969
1736:Sümer 1969
1641:Sümer 1969
1629:Sümer 1969
1605:Sümer 1969
1590:Sümer 1969
1566:Sümer 1969
1554:Sümer 1969
1542:Sümer 1969
1479:Sümer 1969
1467:Sümer 1969
1378:Sümer 1969
1363:Sümer 1969
1351:Sümer 1969
1339:Sümer 1969
1312:Cahen 1965
1292:Sümer 1969
1261:Sümer 1969
1257:Cahen 1965
1233:Cahen 1965
1177:References
986:al-Maqrizi
834:traveller
828:Ala al-Din
580:Jalayirids
430:Abaqa Khan
383:'s reign (
147:, Eretnids
100:Jalayirids
2404:Ilkhanate
2345:Shadgeldi
2334:(1362–79)
2328:(1348–62)
2285:(1380–81)
2279:(1366–80)
2273:(1355–65)
2267:(1354–55)
2261:(1352–54)
2255:(1343–52)
2187:2791-6472
2128:495469525
2097:Lewis, B.
1991:455106992
1926:227205977
1872:495469475
1845:Lewis, B.
1666:Göde 1995
1002:Mongolian
905:Karahisar
868:in 1341 (
576:Chobanids
521:Karahisar
504:Timurtash
496:Abu Sa'id
476:Qurumushi
362:West Asia
358:Ilkhanate
319:Chobanids
311:Jalayirid
303:Timurtash
295:Ilkhanate
278:ارتــنــا
159:, Kayseri
125:Successor
110:1336–1343
83:Successor
78:1343–1352
2326:Ahi Ayna
2232:Eretnids
2175:Belleten
2111:(eds.).
2055:16887803
1855:(eds.).
1840:"Eretna"
1837:(1965).
1827:35029627
1803:(1996).
1096:Muhammad
1070:madrasas
1056:Aqsara'i
1048:exegesis
832:Maghrebi
754:Dulkadir
642:Erzincan
606:Erzincan
578:and the
517:Turkoman
500:Anatolia
461:Buddhism
445:Sanskrit
307:Turkoman
297:officer
291:Anatolia
287:Eretnids
257:Religion
95:Anatolia
69:Eretnids
48:Erzincan
2314:Vassals
2293:Viziers
2246:Sultans
1158:Subutai
1104:Artuqid
1037:Persian
1014:mamluks
1010:Kütahya
982:sheikhs
978:sayyids
957:
925:Aksaray
814:khutbah
781:Erzurum
765:Darende
698:Darende
684:Kayseri
628:Erzurum
564:Karaman
551:Kayseri
539:messiah
532:dervish
529:Mevlevi
527:-based
480:Irinjin
426:Bakhshi
407:Öljaitü
337:
313:leader
285:of the
252:Tükälti
236:Eretnid
165:Consort
145:Kayseri
67:of the
42:Silver
2185:
2151:
2126:
2120:H–Iram
2107:&
2080:
2070:
2053:
2043:
2024:
2014:
1989:
1979:
1951:
1924:
1914:
1895:
1870:
1851:&
1825:
1815:
1136:Ärdäni
1132:Ärätnä
1128:Artanā
1124:Eretne
1098:, and
1090:Family
1079:kumbet
1061:taqwīm
1042:tafsir
1029:Seljuk
980:, and
970:sharia
944:Arabic
901:Develi
889:Amasya
885:Ankara
808:sultan
796:Tabriz
712:Amasya
492:Zanjan
472:Mongol
468:Chupan
441:Eretna
422:Uyghur
418:Shiism
396:Ghazan
392:Ilkhan
364:under
299:Chupan
283:sultan
249:Mother
241:Father
152:Burial
107:Tenure
98:under
65:Sultan
44:dirham
30:Sultan
24:Eretna
2141:(PDF)
2095:. In
1843:. In
1134:, or
1110:Notes
1100:Jafar
1050:) in
974:ulama
921:Niğde
917:Ürgüp
913:Canik
897:Çorum
893:Tokat
881:Ahmed
841:Rihla
822:laqab
802:Reign
789:na'ib
785:Avnik
774:Sivas
770:Konya
734:Cairo
670:Konya
656:Sivas
568:Oirat
543:mahdi
525:Konya
488:Sunni
450:ratna
447:word
261:Islam
232:House
186:Issue
75:Reign
2194:2023
2183:ISSN
2162:2023
2149:ISBN
2124:OCLC
2078:OCLC
2068:ISBN
2051:OCLC
2041:ISBN
2022:OCLC
2012:ISBN
1987:OCLC
1977:ISBN
1962:2023
1949:ISBN
1922:OCLC
1912:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1868:OCLC
1823:OCLC
1813:ISBN
954:lit.
909:Zile
541:(or
484:Emir
478:and
470:, a
456:रत्न
356:The
334:lit.
139:Died
2004:doi
1941:doi
1864:C–G
1054:by
838:'s
752:of
562:of
348:).
2390::
2179:32
2143:.
2116:.
2103:;
2099:;
2076:.
2049:.
2020:.
2010:.
1985:.
1947:.
1920:.
1883:.
1860:.
1847:;
1821:.
1811:.
1807:.
1772:^
1755:^
1692:^
1673:^
1648:^
1597:^
1522:^
1445:^
1404:^
1385:^
1370:^
1331:^
1272:^
1259:;
1215:^
1200:^
1185:^
1130:,
1126:,
1072:,
1023:r.
976:,
923:,
919:,
915:,
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
871:r.
860:r.
759:r.
744:r.
608:.
600:r.
435:r.
412:r.
401:r.
394:,
386:r.
371:r.
275::
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
2196:.
2164:.
2130:.
2084:.
2057:.
2028:.
2006::
1993:.
1964:.
1943::
1928:.
1901:.
1874:.
1829:.
1668:.
1314:.
1235:.
1210:.
1160:.
1138:.
1046:(
1020:(
966:'
960:'
952:(
857:(
756:(
741:(
597:(
453:(
432:(
409:(
398:(
368:(
346:'
340:'
332:(
271:(
58:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)