Yazid I - Knowledge

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Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession. When asked for his oath of allegiance, Husayn responded that giving his allegiance in private would be insufficient and suggested the oath be made in public. Walid agreed, but Marwan insisted that Husayn be detained until he proffered allegiance. Husayn scolded Marwan and left to join his armed retinue, who were waiting nearby in case the authorities attempted to apprehend him. Immediately following Husayn's exit, Marwan admonished Walid, who in turn justified his refusal to harm Husayn by dint of the latter's close relation to Muhammad. Ibn al-Zubayr did not answer the summons and left for Mecca. Walid sent eighty horsemen after him, but he escaped. Husayn too left for Mecca shortly after, without having sworn allegiance to Yazid. Dissatisfied with this failure, Yazid replaced Walid with his distant Umayyad kinsman

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tyrant who was responsible for three major crimes during his caliphate: the death of Husayn and his followers at Karbala, considered a massacre; the aftermath of the Battle of al-Harra, in which Yazid's troops sacked Medina; and the burning of the Ka'ba during the siege of Mecca, which is blamed on Yazid's commander Husayn ibn Numayr. The tradition stresses his habits of drinking, dancing, hunting, and keeping pet animals such as dogs and monkeys, portraying him as impious and unworthy of leading the Muslim community. Extant contemporary Muslim histories describe Yazid as "a sinner in respect of his belly and his private parts", "an arrogant drunken sot", and "motivated by defiance of God, lack of faith in His religion and hostility toward His Messenger".

1513:, is also thought to be from Yazid's first regnal year. Other coins from his reign usually have only the name of the governor of the province where the coin originated. Coins bearing the name of the counter-caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr have also been found from the provinces of Fars and Kirman, dated between 61 and 63 (681–683 CE), although Ibn al-Zubayr did not publicly claim the caliphate until after the death of Yazid. This may show that as well as the challenges to his rule in Arabia and Iraq, Yazid's authority was also challenged in southern Persia from roughly the time of his accession. The coins were probably minted in the name of Ibn al-Zubayr to lend legitimacy to the challengers of the Umayyads by using a suitable Qurayshite name. 4763: 1042: 972:

brother Amr to arrest him. The force was defeated and Amr was taken captive and executed. As well as Ibn al-Zubayr's growing influence in Medina, the city's inhabitants were disillusioned with Umayyad rule and Mu'awiya's agricultural projects, which included the confiscation of their lands to boost government revenue. Yazid invited the notables of Medina to Damascus and tried to win them over with gifts. They were unpersuaded and on their return to Medina narrated tales of Yazid's lavish lifestyle. Accusations included Yazid drinking wine, hunting with hounds, and his love for music. The Medinese, under the leadership of

766:, all sons of prominent companions of Muhammad, who, by virtue of their descent, could also lay claim to the caliphal office. Mu'awiya went to Medina and pressed the four dissenters to accede, but they fled to Mecca. He followed and threatened some of them with death, but to no avail. Nonetheless, he was successful in convincing the people of Mecca that the four had pledged their allegiance, and received the Meccans' allegiance for Yazid. On his way back to Damascus, he secured allegiance from the people of Medina. General recognition of the nomination thus forced Yazid's opponents into silence. The orientalist 1547:

survived his father only by a few months and died without leaving any offspring. Yazid's second son, Khalid, was from Fakhita, and was born circa 668. Marwan married Fakhita after becoming caliph, to foster an alliance with the Sufyanid house and neutralize her son Khalid's claim to the caliphate. He remained quiet about being sidelined from the succession, although a legendary report says that he protested to Marwan, who in turn insulted him. He had friendly relations with Abd al-Malik, whose daughter he married. Several legendary accounts report Khalid being interested in

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Lammens has attributed this to the tendency of the Iraq-based, Abbasid-era chroniclers to portray a caliph, under whom Husayn was killed and the holy cities of Islam were attacked, only as an impious drunkard. In contrast, a Syrian source preserved in the Chronicle of 741 describes the Caliph as "a most pleasant man and deemed highly agreeable by all the peoples subject to his rule. He never, as is the wont of men, sought glory for himself because of his royal rank, but lived as a citizen along with all the common people."

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continued his march towards Kufa. Ibn Ziyad's 4,000-strong army blocked his entry into the city and forced him to camp in the desert of Karbala. Ibn Ziyad would not let Husayn pass without submitting, which Husayn refused to do. Week-long negotiations failed, and in the ensuing hostilities on 10 October 680, Husayn and 72 of his male companions were slain, while his family was taken prisoner. The captives and Husayn's severed head were sent to Yazid. According to the accounts of

851: 617:. Sources give several dates for this between 49 AH (669–70 CE) and 55 AH (674–5 CE). Muslim sources offer few details of his role in the campaigns, possibly downplaying his involvement due to the controversies of his later career. He is portrayed in these sources as having been unwilling to participate in the expedition to the chagrin of Mu'awiya, who then forced him to comply. However, two eighth-century non-Muslim sources from 4553: 709:, which had immigrated there during Mu'awiya's reign, and resented the privileged position of the Kalb in the Umayyad court. By appointing Yazid to lead campaigns against the Byzantines, Mu'awiya may have sought to foster support for Yazid from the northern tribesmen. The policy had limited success as the Qays opposed the nomination of Yazid, at least in the beginning, for he was "the son of a Kalbi woman". In the 697:, the "only precedents available to Mu'āwiya from Islamic history were election and civil war. The former was unworkable; the latter had obvious drawbacks." Mu'awiya passed over his eldest son Abd Allah, who was from his Qurayshite wife, perhaps due to the stronger support Yazid had in Syria because of his Kalbite parentage. The Banu Kalb was dominant in southern Syria and led the larger tribal confederation of 713:(western Arabia, where Medina and Mecca are located and where the old Muslim elite resided), Yazid had support among his Umayyad kinsmen, but there were other members of the Hejazi nobility whose approval was important. By appointing Yazid to lead the hajj rituals there, Mu'awiya may have hoped to enlist support for Yazid's succession and elevate his status as a Muslim leader. According to 1032:) from the provinces to win their support, which would also involve distributing gifts and bribes. The structure of the caliphal administration and military remained decentralised as in Mu'awiya's time. Provinces retained much of their tax revenue and forwarded a small portion to the Caliph. The military units in the provinces were derived from local tribes whose command also fell to the 1432:, Sultan Ezid is a highly revered divine figure. Most modern historians hold that the name Ezid derives from the name of Caliph Yazid. In Yazidi religious lore, there is no trace of any link between Sultan Ezid and the second Umayyad caliph. A pro-Umayyad movement particularly sympathetic towards Yazid existed in the Kurdish mountains before the 12th century, when 511:'s military defences. No new territories were conquered during his reign. Yazid is considered an illegitimate ruler and a tyrant by many Muslims due to his hereditary succession, the death of Husayn, and his attack on Medina. Modern historians take a milder view, and consider him a capable ruler, albeit less successful than his father. 925:, who had been unwilling to take action against pro-Alid activity, with Ibn Ziyad, whom he ordered to execute or imprison Ibn Aqil. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was suppressed and Ibn Aqil was executed. 1399:

than a traditional Middle Eastern despot ... also seems applicable to Yazīd". In the view of Lewis, Yazid was a capable ruler "with much of the ability of his father" but was overly criticized by later Arab historians. Expressing a viewpoint similar to Wellhausen's, Lammens remarked, "a poet himself,

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were abandoned. In contrast to the far-reaching raids against the Byzantine Empire launched under his father, Yazid focused on stabilizing the border with Byzantium. In order to improve Syria's military defences and prevent Byzantine incursions, Yazid established the northern Syrian frontier district

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According to Julius Wellhausen, the attribution to Yazid is likely correct as the staff of office was usually held by monarchs. According to Henri Lammens, the deed was likely performed by Ibn Ziyad but the Iraqi chroniclers, whose sympathies lay with Husayn, were only eager to transfer the scene to

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Yazid had three sons from his wives. His eldest, Mu'awiya II, was between 17 and 23 years old at the time of Yazid's death. The name of Mu'awiya II's mother is unknown, but she was from the Banu Kalb. Ill health prevented him from carrying out the caliphal duties and he rarely left his residence. He

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Despite his reputation in religious circles, academic historians generally portray a more favourable view of Yazid. According to Wellhausen, Yazid was a mild ruler, who resorted to violence only when necessary, and was not the tyrant that the religious tradition portrays him to be. He further notes

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dynasty, during whose rule the histories were written, toward the Umayyads, whom they toppled in 750. Most reports in the traditional Muslim sources focus on the revolts against Yazid, and usually lack detail on his public life in Syria and his activities other than the suppression of the revolts.

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to elect a new caliph, in secret Ibn al-Zubayr let his partisans pay allegiance to him. At first, Yazid attempted to placate him by sending gifts and delegations in an attempt to reach a settlement. After Ibn al-Zubayr's refusal to recognize him, Yazid sent a force led by Ibn al-Zubayr's estranged

1330:

Yazid was the first person in the history of the Caliphate to be nominated as heir based on a blood relationship, and this became a tradition afterwards. As such, his accession is considered by the Muslim historical tradition as the corruption of the caliphate into a kingship. He is depicted as a

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Walid sought the advice of Marwan, who suggested that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn be forced to pay allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone as he posed no threat. Husayn answered Walid's summon, meeting Walid and Marwan in a semi-private meeting where he was informed of

1203:) were controlled by allies of Ibn al-Zubayr. Mu'awiya II died after a few months from an unknown illness. Several early sources state that he abdicated before his death. Following his death, Yazid's maternal Kalbite tribesmen, seeking to maintain their privileges, sought to install Yazid's son 928:

Encouraged by Ibn Aqil's letter, Husayn left for Kufa, ignoring warnings from Ibn Umar and Ibn Abbas. The latter reminded him, to no avail, of the Kufans' previous abandonment of his father Ali and his brother Hasan. On the way to the city, he received news of Ibn Aqil's death. Nonetheless, he

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for Yazid, instructing him on matters of governing the Caliphate. He was advised to beware Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, for they could challenge his rule, and instructed to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the

693:—and according to Islamic principles, the position of ruler was not the private property of a ruler to award to his descendants. It was also unacceptable by Arab custom, according to which the rulership should not pass from father to son but within the wider clan. According to the orientalist 629:, both of which likely drew their material from an earlier Arabic work, report that Yazid besieged Constantinople with a 100,000-strong army. Unable to conquer the city, the army captured adjacent towns, acquired considerable loot, and retreated after two years. Yazid also led the 1082:

Toward the end of his reign, Mu'awiya reached a thirty-year peace agreement with the Byzantines, obliging the Caliphate to pay an annual tribute of 3,000 gold coins, 50 horses, and 50 slaves, and to withdraw Muslim troops from the forward bases they had occupied on the island of

1358:) usually applied to the caliphs. Nevertheless, some historians have argued that there is a tendency in early Muslim sources to exonerate Yazid of blame for Husayn's death, and put the blame squarely on Ibn Ziyad. According to the historian James Lindsay, the Syrian historian 1386:, despite the disasters of Karbala and al-Harra, Yazid's rule was "not devoid of achievement". His reputation might have improved had he lived longer, but his early death played a part in sticking of the stigma of "the shocks of the early part of his reign". According to the 1264:

Yazid is considered an evil figure by many Muslims to the present day, not only by the Shia, who hold that the ruling position rightly belonged to Husayn's father Ali and his descendants, including Husayn, whom Yazid killed to strip him of his right, but also by many

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The killing of Muhammad's grandson Husayn caused widespread outcry among Muslims and the image of Yazid suffered greatly. It also helped crystallize opposition to Yazid into an anti-Umayyad movement based on Alid aspirations, and contributed to the development of

797:), Mu'awiya demanded allegiance for Yazid on the occasion of the hajj. All, except the four prominent Muslims mentioned above, complied. No force was used against them. In any case, Mu'awiya arranged a general recognition for Yazid's succession before his death. 688:

Mu'awiya was determined to install Yazid as his successor. The idea was scandalous to Muslims, as hereditary succession had no precedent in Islamic history—earlier caliphs had been elected either by popular support in Medina or by the consultation of the senior

487:, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, held other grievances toward the Umayyads. After failing to gain the allegiance of Ibn al-Zubayr and the people of the Hejaz through diplomacy, Yazid sent an army to suppress their rebellion. The army defeated the Medinese in the 770:

doubted the story, holding that the reports of the nomination's rejection by prominent Medinese were a back-projection of the events that followed Mu'awiya's death. A similar opinion is held by the historian Andrew Marsham. According to the account of

1188:(d. 823) do not give any details about his death. This lack of information seems to have inspired fabrication of accounts by authors with anti-Umayyad leanings, which detail several causes of death, including a horse fall, excessive drinking, 1393:, Yazid tried to continue the diplomatic policies of his father but, unlike Mu'awiya, he was not successful in winning over the opposition with gifts and bribes. In Hawting's summation, "the image of Muʿāwiya as operating more like a tribal 1382:

that Yazid lacked interest in public affairs as a prince, but as a caliph "he seems to have pulled himself together, although he did not give up his old predilections,—wine, music, the chase and other sport". In the view of the historian

992:(d. 764) only the ringleaders of the rebellion were executed. Having forced the rebels to renew their allegiance, Yazid's army headed for Mecca to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr. Ibn Uqba died on the way to Mecca and command passed to 825:, Yazid was away on a summertime expedition against the Byzantines when he received the news of Mu'awiya's final illness. Based on this and the fact that Yazid arrived in Damascus only after Mu'awiya's death, the historian 1440:

of Umayyad descent venerated by Yazidis to this day, settled there and attracted a following among the adherents of the movement. The name Yazidi seems to have been applied to the group because of his Umayyad origins.

701:. The Quda'a were established in Syria long before Islam and had acquired significant military experience and familiarity with hierarchical order under the Byzantines, as opposed to the more free-spirited tribesmen of 506:

Yazid continued Mu'awiya's decentralized model of governance, relying on his provincial governors and the tribal nobility. He abandoned Mu'awiya's ambitious raids against the Byzantine Empire and strengthened

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Yazid died on 11 November 683 in the central Syrian desert town of Huwwarin, his favourite residence, aged between 35 and 43, and was buried there. Early annalists like Abu Ma'shar al-Madani (d. 778) and

980:, and the Umayyads residing in the city. Yazid dispatched a 12,000-strong army under the command of Muslim ibn Uqba to reconquer the Hejaz. After failed negotiations, the Medinese were defeated in the 746:(consultative assembly) of influential men from all of the provinces to his capital, Damascus, in 676 and won their support through flattery, bribes, and threats. He then ordered his Umayyad kinsman 1535:

Yazid married three women and had several concubines. The names of two of his wives are known: Umm Khalid Fakhita bint Abi Hisham and Umm Kulthum, a daughter of the veteran commander and statesman

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drew the ire of the Muslim settlers of the conquered lands as a consequence of his controversial policies, which were seen by many as nepotistic and interfering in provincial affairs. In 656

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Demichelis, Marco (2015). "Kharijites and Qarmatians: Islamic Pre-Democratic Thought, a Political-Theological Analysis". In Mattson, Ingrid; Nesbitt-Larking, Paul; Tahir, Nawaz (eds.).

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Seize Husayn, Abdullah ibn Umar, and Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr to give the oath of allegiance. Act so fiercely that they have no chance to do anything before giving the oath of allegiance.

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with Hasan. The terms of the treaty stipulated that Mu'awiya would not nominate a successor. Although the treaty brought a temporary peace, no framework of succession was established.

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for several weeks until the army withdrew as a result of Yazid's death in November 683. The Caliphate fell into a nearly decade-long civil war, ending with the establishment of the

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Langer, Robert (2010). "Yezidism between Scholarly Literature and Actual Practice: From 'Heterodox' Islam and 'Syncretism' to the Formation of a Transnational Yezidi 'Orthodoxy'".

1369:) attempted to stress Yazid's positive qualities, while accepting the allegations that are generally made against him. Ibn Asakir thus emphasised that Yazid was a transmitter of 1207:

on the throne, but he was considered too young for the post by the non-Kalbites in the pro-Umayyad coalition. Consequently, Marwan ibn al-Hakam was acknowledged as caliph in a

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and killed. Ibn Aqil informed Husayn of the large-scale support he found in Kufa, signalling that the latter should enter the city. Informed by some Kufan tribal chiefs (

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both prefer this date. Another report puts his birth in 25 AH, which corresponds to 645–646. The age of 35 years would put his birth year at 29 AH, corresponding to 649.

1069:, which had been granted to them by previous caliphs as a reward for their aid to the Muslim conquerors. He improved the irrigation system of the fertile lands of the 870:, informing him of Mu'awiya's death and instructing him to secure allegiance from Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, and Ibn Umar. The instructions contained in the letter were: 1026:, a native Syrian Christian, who had served as the head of the fiscal administration under Mu'awiya. Like Mu'awiya, Yazid received delegations of tribal notables ( 1192:, and burning. According to the verses by a contemporary poet Ibn Arada, who at the time resided in Khurasan, Yazid died in his bed with a wine cup by his side. 1016:

The style of Yazid's governance was, by and large, a continuation of the model developed by Mu'awiya. He continued to rely on the governors of the provinces and

1373:(the sayings and traditions attributed to Muhammad), a virtuous man "by reason of his connection to the age of the Prophet", and worthy of the ruling position. 4980: 1505:

surrounded by attendants. The margins, however, contain the inscription that it was minted during the first year of Yazid's reign. An anonymous coin from the

1127:. He was unable to establish permanent control in these territories. On his return to Ifriqiya, he was ambushed and killed by a Berber–Byzantine force at the 965:

Following Husayn's death, Yazid faced increased opposition to his rule from Ibn al-Zubayr who declared him deposed. Although publicly he called for a

1022:, as Mu'awiya had, instead of relatives. He retained several of Mu'awiya's officials, including Ibn Ziyad, who was Mu'awiya's governor of Basra, and 4452: 1248:

identity, whereby the party of Alid partisans was transformed into a religious sect with distinct rituals and memory. After the Battle of Karbala,

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and four pellets in margin. Reverse: fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames; date to left, mint name to right.

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efforts to elevate the status of Ibn Abbas, the ancestor of the Abbasid dynasty, and equate him with other prominent leaders of the resistance.

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was recognized as his successor. In August, Mu'awiya, who had already been recognized as caliph by his partisans in Syria, led his army toward

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whom Mu'awiya had deposed, as governor of Ifriqiya. In 681, Uqba launched a large-scale expedition into western North Africa. Defeating the

750:, the governor of Medina, to inform its people of his decision. Marwan faced resistance, especially from Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson 94: 3703: 1483:-style silver coin bearing the mint date as "Year I of Yazid" has been reported. The obverse side shows the portrait of the Sasanian king 1764:

The names of Yazid's sons from his slave women were Abd Allah al-Asghar, Umar, Abu Bakr, Utba, Harb, Abd al-Rahman, al-Rabi and Muhammad.

3532: 1199:, whom he had nominated, became caliph. His control was limited to parts of Syria as most of the Syrian districts (Hims, Qinnasrin, and 1305:

school maintain that no judgment should be passed on Yazid, rather tyrants in general should be cursed. However, the Hanbali scholar

1669:. The earliest report of his birth is 22 AH, which corresponds to 642–643, and comes closest to the age of 43 years. The historians 829:

has rejected the reports of Yazid being in Huwwarin. Mu'awiya entrusted supervision of the government to his most loyal associates,

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Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd

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of pro-Umayyad tribes in June 684. Shortly after, Marwan and the Kalb routed the pro-Zubayrid forces in Syria led by Dahhak at the

951:, although others ascribe this action to Ibn Ziyad. Yazid treated the captives well and sent them back to Medina after a few days. 46:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

4284:"The religious landscape of Northwest Arabia as reflected in the Nabataean, Nabataeo-Arabic, and pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions" 1603:. Rajab of the year 60 AH started on 7 April 680. The precise date of death varies depending on the source: 7 April according to 4920: 4896: 1722:

Some later Muslim sources assert that the Syrians caused the fire. It is more likely that the defenders caused it accidentally.

4371: 4326: 4272: 4211: 4096: 4000: 3879: 3855: 3831: 3808: 3787: 3763: 3742: 3621: 3576: 3552: 3507: 3459: 3381: 3360: 3333: 3189: 1690:'s earlier rejection of Yazid's nomination by Mu'awiya are doubted by modern historians who suspect the reports to have been 610: 444: 3314:""May God be Mindful of Yazīd the King": Further Reflections on the Yazīd Inscription and the Development of Arabic Scripts" 4970: 657:, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was recognized as caliph by the Medinese people and the rebels. In the consequent 3424: 4975: 4473: 3986: 3728: 3445: 1269:, to whom he was an affront to Islamic values. For the Shia, Yazid is an epitome of evil. He is annually reviled in the 1008:, caught fire. Yazid's sudden death in November 683 ended the campaign and Ibn Numayr retreated to Syria with his army. 4642: 4347: 3950: 3921: 3900: 3668: 3600: 1449: 977: 1273:

processions and passion plays, and rulers considered tyrannical and oppressive are often equated with him. Before the

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to assess the situation in the city. He also sent letters to Basra, but his messenger was handed over to the governor

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and having ordered the translation of Greek works on alchemy, astronomy, and medicine into Arabic. Yazid's daughter

424:) was the first hereditary succession to the caliphate in Islamic history. His caliphate was marked by the death of 4667: 867: 4762: 1755:

descent was considered a prerequisite for the caliphal office by the majority of Muslims in early Islamic history.

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Ibn al-Zubayr subsequently declared himself caliph and Iraq and Egypt came under his rule. In Syria, Yazid's son

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in Iraq to lead a revolt against Yazid, he was killed with his small band of supporters by Yazid's forces in the

594:, like most of her tribe. Yazid grew up with his maternal Kalbite kin, spending the springs of his youth in the 4662: 4264:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVIII: Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Muʿāwiyah, 661–680 A.D./A.H. 40–60

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Making the Great Book of Songs: Compilation and the Author's Craft in Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī's Kitāb al-Aghānī

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The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples

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His year of birth is uncertain. His age at the time of his death is reported to have been between 35 and 43

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grandson of Muhammad. Ibn al-Zubayr, on the other hand, was to be treated harshly, unless he came to terms.

4126:

Lindsay, James E. (1997). "Caliphal and Moral Exemplar? 'Alī Ibn 'Asākir's Portrait of Yazīd b. Mu'āwiya".

1176: 496: 4033: 782:), Mu'awiya announced the nomination in 676 and only received delegations from the Iraqi garrison town of 1327:), cursing Yazid is prohibited, for he was a Muslim and his role in the killing of Husayn is unverified. 1253: 993: 681:, the capital of Hasan and Ali in Iraq, and gained control over the rest of the Caliphate by securing a 4113:(in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. 3391:

Asatrian, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (2016). "On the Shi'a Constituent in the Yezidi Religious Lore".

1214: 763: 40: 4914: 1737:(Treatise on the legality of cursing Yazid), and another refuting those who prohibited such practice: 1235:. By 692 Abd al-Malik had defeated Ibn al-Zubayr and restored Umayyad authority across the Caliphate. 4717: 4456: 3977: 3719: 3432: 1401: 1228: 1168: 960: 690: 99: 4851: 3755:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64

3420: 1249: 1151:, but without gaining a permanent foothold in any of them. Yazid's death in 683 and the subsequent 985: 834: 830: 714: 682: 239: 35: 4926: 4806: 4801: 4363:

Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt

4882: 4732: 4707: 4036:. In Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J.; Gibb, H. A. R.; Heffening, W.; Lévi-Provençal, E. (eds.). 3847:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

3826:. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320. 1224: 1131:, resulting in the loss of the conquered territories. In 681 Yazid appointed Ibn Ziyad's brother 755: 724:), Mu'awiya had also employed poets to influence public opinion in favour of Yazid's succession. 464: 4826: 1407:

The characterization of Yazid in the Muslim sources has been attributed to the hostility of the

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was the favourite wife of Abd al-Malik. They had several children, including the future Caliph

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Kufans, inviting him to lead them in revolt against Yazid. Husayn subsequently sent his cousin

384: 4811: 4786: 4318:

Marriage in the Tribe of Muhammad: A Statistical Study of Early Arabic Genealogical Literature

4903: 4889: 4866: 4856: 4267:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3758:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3586: 1462: 1278: 1152: 973: 910: 591: 4771: 3313: 887:, who had also previously denounced Mu'awiya's nomination of Yazid, paid allegiance to him. 4747: 4722: 4283: 4106: 3517: 1703:

Pro-Alids or Alid partisans were political supporters of Ali, and later of his descendants.

1674: 1062: 997: 492: 813:, at the time of his father's death. According to verses of Yazid preserved in Isfahani's 705:

and Iraq. Northern Syria, on the other hand, was dominated by the tribal confederation of

8: 4965: 4960: 3522: 1687: 1567: 1349: 884: 747: 270: 4518: 4382: 1231:, named after Mu'awiya I's father Abu Sufyan, was replaced by the Marwanid house of the 4496: 4439: 4431: 4246: 4238: 4180: 4143: 4070: 4062: 3981: 3723: 3636: 3436: 3408: 1570:, from Umm Kulthum, was a famed archer and horseman. Yazid had several other sons from 1536: 1282: 1274: 989: 981: 838: 575: 488: 467:. The two men refused to recognize Yazid following his accession and took sanctuary in 413:, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683. His appointment by his father 353: 26: 4836: 4816: 4677: 4628: 4524: 4514: 4502: 4483: 4443: 4402: 4367: 4343: 4322: 4303: 4268: 4258: 4250: 4207: 4165: 4147: 4114: 4092: 4074: 4020: 3996: 3946: 3927: 3917: 3896: 3875: 3851: 3827: 3804: 3783: 3773: 3759: 3738: 3688: 3664: 3643: 3617: 3596: 3572: 3548: 3503: 3479: 3455: 3377: 3356: 3329: 3177: 1691: 1648: 1552: 1524: 1454: 1425: 1290: 1172: 1128: 1023: 896: 767: 476: 410: 275: 252: 147: 110: 866:

from the governors of the provinces. He wrote to the governor of Medina, his cousin

4938: 4876: 4796: 4423: 4394: 4381:

al-Shdaifat, Younis; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; al-Salameen, Zeyad; Harahsheh, Rafe (2017).

4295: 4230: 4155: 4135: 4054: 3969: 3711: 3400: 3376:. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. 3321: 1480: 1204: 728: 666: 662: 626: 622: 606: 579: 440: 265: 3373:

The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies

1636:). Yazid acceded to the caliphate a few days after Mu'awiya's death; according to 1293:

for his ban on pilgrimages to the holy sites of Shia Islam. Among the Sunnis, the

805:

Mu'awiya died in April 680. According to al-Tabari, Yazid was at his residence in

479:. Husayn's death caused resentment in the Hejaz, where Ibn al-Zubayr called for a 4909: 4781: 4651: 4598: 4567: 4361: 4337: 4316: 4262: 4201: 4159: 4086: 4058: 3965: 3940: 3911: 3890: 3869: 3865: 3845: 3841: 3798: 3777: 3753: 3707: 3682: 3658: 3611: 3590: 3566: 3542: 3497: 3473: 3371: 3350: 1387: 1383: 1232: 1005: 948: 906: 816: 646: 375: 333: 4203:

Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: Accession and Succession in the First Muslim Empire

976:, renounced their allegiance to Yazid and expelled the governor, Yazid's cousin 4697: 4612: 4602: 4468: 4464: 4139: 3973: 3715: 3493: 3469: 3440: 3428: 1626: 1540: 1495: 1286: 1196: 1132: 1097: 1092: 1050: 751: 614: 448: 429: 260: 175: 133: 4234: 3871:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

3404: 3325: 4954: 4871: 4687: 4591: 4528: 4506: 4487: 4460: 4406: 4307: 4118: 4082: 4024: 4010: 3678: 3660:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

3527: 1670: 1390: 1200: 1163: 1116: 1108: 1046: 883:. Unlike Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, Ibn Umar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, and 826: 822: 787: 694: 674: 595: 543:. His year of birth is uncertain, placed between 642 and 649. His father was 540: 524: 519: 508: 414: 343: 203: 165: 3931: 786:, which pledged allegiance to Yazid in Damascus in 679 or 680. According to 4357: 4299: 4221:

Mochiri, Malek Iradj (1982). "A Sasanian-Style Coin of Yazīd B. Mu'āwiya".

4014: 3188:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFal‐ShdaifatAl‐Jalladal‐SalameenHarahsheh2017 (

1604: 1517: 1332: 1306: 1041: 433: 3536:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–54. 1223:

stipulated that Khalid would succeed Marwan, the latter nominated his son

4841: 4737: 3562: 1637: 1499: 1140: 930: 658: 559: 4523:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 4380: 4242: 4066: 3547:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 101–127. 3412: 3183: 4791: 4712: 3779:

In God's Path: the Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire

3631: 1666: 1600: 1520: 1510: 1502: 1484: 1466: 1359: 1317: 1302: 1066: 1000:

in September 683. The siege lasted for several weeks, during which the

618: 605:

During his father's caliphate, Yazid led several campaigns against the

456: 452: 439:

During his father's caliphate, Yazid led several campaigns against the

197: 122: 106: 4435: 4398: 4861: 4846: 4752: 4742: 1830: 1828: 1615: 1571: 1185: 1144: 1124: 1101: 880: 863: 772: 698: 670: 602:

and native Syrian courtiers of his father, who became caliph in 661.

587: 544: 532: 3642:. Translated by Allison Brown. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. 4727: 4702: 4547: 4543: 4427: 3819: 1556: 1506: 1465:. Date: 60 AH (679–680 CE). Obverse: Sasanian style bust imitating 1421: 1189: 1148: 1136: 1112: 1088: 1061:

upon their request, but abolished the special tax exemption of the

855: 850: 806: 571: 500: 425: 321: 225: 116: 4620: 2949: 2947: 2945: 1825: 1743:(Reply to the stubborn fanatic who forbids condemnation of Yazid). 4223:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

3075: 1840: 1752: 1548: 1408: 1298: 1120: 1119:

and the Byzantines, Uqba reached the Atlantic coast and captured

810: 665:

from his stronghold in Syria, fighting him to a stalemate at the

583: 563: 528: 328: 316: 4383:"An early Christian Arabic graffito mentioning 'Yazīd the king'" 3521: 3352:

The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran

2416: 2414: 2237: 2235: 4342:(in German). Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. 2942: 2196: 1437: 1429: 1370: 1294: 1270: 1084: 1070: 916: 702: 650: 642: 609:, which the Caliphate had been trying to conquer, including an 599: 548: 484: 406: 143: 102: 3824:

Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century

3092: 3090: 2375: 633:(the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) on several occasions. 459:) by Mu'awiya was opposed by several Muslim grandees from the 105:

of Yazid I, struck at the Basra mint, dated AH 61 (680/1

3208: 2698: 2696: 2651: 2649: 2474: 2438: 2411: 2232: 2172: 2160: 2124: 2045: 1905: 1903: 1596: 1458: 1266: 1001: 783: 741: 710: 673:(a faction opposed to Ali and Mu'awiya), after which his son 598:; for the remainder of the year he was in the company of the 567: 480: 468: 460: 363: 4040:. Vol. IV: S–Z. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 1162–1163. 3684:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

2666: 2664: 2510: 2508: 1888: 1876: 527:, where Yazid spent his childhood springs with his maternal 4498:

Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam

3240: 3238: 3102: 3087: 3063: 3036: 2387: 2365: 2363: 1245: 988:(d. 1533), the city was sacked, whereas per the account of 902: 706: 678: 630: 472: 4161:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

3942:

In Praise of the Few. Studies in Shiʿi Thought and History

3262: 3165: 3119: 3117: 3024: 2693: 2646: 2622: 2610: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 1900: 1509:

mint bearing the mint date 60, which is assumed to be the

4416:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

3291: 3289: 3225: 3223: 3053: 3051: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2708: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2661: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2505: 2450: 2136: 2114: 2112: 2009: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1813: 1281:

was called the "Yazid of his time" by the Iranian cleric

1011: 921:) of the goings-on, Yazid replaced the governor of Kufa, 654: 4187:. Vol. 7. New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 3850:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 3355:. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press. 3250: 3235: 3141: 2744: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2271: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 1980: 1978: 1852: 1789: 574:

and all the preceding caliphs belonged. Yazid's mother,

3114: 3012: 3000: 2882: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2486: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2283: 1963: 1740:

Al-radd ali al-muta'sib al-'anid al-mani fi dhamm Yazid

1135:

as the governor of the northeastern border province of

1111:, the conqueror of the central North African region of 3571:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3286: 3220: 3048: 2988: 2971: 2959: 2930: 2819: 2773: 2771: 2676: 2634: 2598: 2567: 2543: 2520: 2399: 2220: 2208: 2109: 2021: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1073:

near Damascus by digging a canal that became known as

401: – 11 November 683), commonly known as 4414:

Sprengling, Martin (1939). "From Persian to Arabic".

4019:(in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth. 3610:

Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2019).

3609: 3475:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

3274: 3153: 3129: 2870: 2795: 2756: 2732: 2720: 2579: 2462: 2426: 2345: 2307: 2295: 2259: 2247: 2184: 2148: 2088: 2069: 2033: 1975: 1951: 1834: 1801: 1516:

Yazid is thought to be mentioned in a short, undated

4181:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli I. Life and Significance in Shiʿism" 2894: 2831: 2324: 1777: 1738: 1732: 1470: 1394: 1353: 1343: 1218: 1208: 1074: 1049:, Yazid established the northern border district of 1033: 1027: 1017: 966: 954: 914: 814: 739: 389: 3568:

Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam

2918: 2906: 2807: 2768: 2555: 2057: 1990: 1864: 1527:. It reads "May God be mindful of Yazid the king". 1342:) described him as the "commander of the sinners" ( 4339:Die Umayyaden und der zweite Bürgerkrieg (680–692) 3635: 3196: 2858: 2783: 491:in August 683 and the city was sacked. Afterward, 451:. Yazid's nomination as heir apparent in 676 3800:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory 3390: 3081: 862:Upon his accession, Yazid requested and received 669:in 657. In January 661 Ali was assassinated by a 4952: 4501:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 3687:(2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 3663:. New York: State University of New York Press. 3544:Religion and Representation: Islam and Democracy 1004:, the sacred Muslim shrine at the center of the 4422:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 175–224. 1539:. Fakhita and Umm Kulthum both hailed from the 984:. According to the accounts of Abu Mikhnaf and 558:). Mu'awiya and Uthman belonged to the wealthy 3595:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 4636: 3874:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. 653:, then capital of the Caliphate, after which 297:Abū Khālid Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʾAbī Sufyān 3499:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3318:Late Antique Responses to the Arab Conquests 1297:school allows cursing of Yazid, whereas the 300: 3959: 3096: 3069: 1091:coast. Under Yazid, Muslim bases along the 115:The obverse side shows the portrait of the 4643: 4629: 4513: 4494: 4474:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4413: 3987:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3909: 3729:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3592:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 3540: 3446:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3268: 3171: 3030: 2714: 2670: 2480: 2444: 2420: 2393: 2369: 2241: 2202: 2178: 2166: 2142: 2130: 2051: 2015: 1858: 1846: 1795: 1731:He wrote a treatise on the subject titled 1259: 1057:Yazid approved a decrease in taxes on the 901:In Mecca Husayn received letters from pro- 157:April 680 – 11 November 683 93: 4981:Umayyad people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 4482:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 929–930. 4206:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4164:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4047:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 3995:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 313–316. 3817: 3737:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 309–311. 3502:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3478:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3454:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 268–269. 3311: 3214: 1894: 1882: 1647:), his accession was on 7 April, whereas 1444: 1252:from Husayn's line adopted the policy of 1167:Genealogical tree of Yazid's family, the 432:and the start of the crisis known as the 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 4314: 4178: 4154: 3938: 3820:"The First Arab Siege of Constantinople" 3656: 3638:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution 3516: 3419: 3256: 3244: 2936: 2825: 2339: 1969: 1807: 1448: 1376: 1175:from 661 until their replacement by the 1162: 1040: 849: 518: 4450: 4220: 4199: 4125: 4031: 4009: 3888: 3864: 3840: 3772: 3701: 3677: 3585: 3492: 3123: 3108: 3042: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2965: 2953: 2876: 2840: 2801: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2702: 2687: 2655: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2537: 2499: 2468: 2405: 2354: 2318: 2277: 2226: 2214: 2154: 2118: 2103: 2082: 2039: 2027: 1909: 1819: 1316:) encouraged the cursing. According to 1158: 636: 4953: 4356: 4335: 4257: 4044: 3751: 3561: 3348: 3295: 3229: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3057: 2900: 2852: 2762: 2514: 2456: 2432: 2381: 2301: 2289: 2265: 2253: 2190: 1984: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1783: 1012:Domestic affairs and foreign campaigns 947:), Yazid poked Husayn's head with his 845: 547:, then governor of Syria under Caliph 4624: 4607:680 – 11 November 683 4281: 4105: 4081: 3796: 3782:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3468: 3369: 3280: 3202: 2924: 2888: 2813: 2777: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2063: 2003: 1870: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1530: 1457:at the time of Yazid. Mint location: 1424:, practiced by the mainly Iraq-based 483:to elect a new caliph. The people of 3630: 3613:A Concise History of the Middle East 3312:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2 December 2021), 2912: 2864: 2789: 890: 302:أبو خالد يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان 20: 4650: 4091:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3803:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1543:, the parent clan of the Umayyads. 570:clans to which the Islamic prophet 379: 301: 13: 3822:. In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). 1654: 1584: 978:Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan 854:An early 19th-century painting of 837:, until Yazid's return. He left a 391:Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʾAbī Sufyān 14: 4992: 4537: 4387:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 3892:Caliphate: The History of an Idea 1835:Goldschmidt & Al-Marashi 2019 1734:Risala fi jawaz al-la'n ala Yazid 955:Revolt of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 372:Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 4761: 4551: 1758: 1746: 1139:. Salm led several campaigns in 25: 3960:Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2002). 1725: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1680: 1561: 1489: 809:, located between Damascus and 611:attack on the Byzantine capital 553: 445:attack on the Byzantine capital 419: 127: 3752:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). 1595:Mu'awiya died in the month of 1059:Arab Christian tribe of Najran 582:, a chieftain of the powerful 16:Umayyad caliph from 680 to 683 1: 4904:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 4890:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 4520:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 4453:"Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya" 4321:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 3082:Asatrian & Arakelova 2016 1625:), and 29 April according to 1428:ethno-religious community of 1289:by the Iraqi Shia during the 1285:, as was the Iraqi president 1100:from what had been a part of 868:Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 514: 463:region, including Husayn and 395: 214: 189: 4059:10.1080/13530194.2010.524441 1771: 1642: 1631: 1620: 1609: 1498:. The reverse has the usual 1400:and fond of music, he was a 1364: 1337: 1322: 1311: 942: 935: 792: 777: 733: 727:According to the account of 719: 649:by the provincial rebels in 7: 4971:7th-century Umayyad caliphs 4550:(public domain audiobooks) 4495:Wellhausen, Julius (1901). 3910:Kilpatrick, Hilary (2003). 3702:Hawting, Gerald R. (2002). 3320:, Brill, pp. 195–211, 1739: 1733: 1471: 1415: 1395: 1354: 1348:), as opposed to the title 1344: 1219: 1217:. Although the pro-Umayyad 1209: 1075: 1034: 1028: 1018: 994:Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni 967: 923:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 915: 815: 740: 390: 380:يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان 10: 4997: 4976:People of the Second Fitna 4179:Madelung, Wilferd (2004). 4140:10.1515/islm.1997.74.2.250 3797:Hyder, Syed Akbar (2006). 3349:Aghaie, Kamran S. (2004). 3304: 1143:(Central Asia) and raided 958: 894: 764:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr 244:Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah 4935: 4825: 4770: 4759: 4676: 4658: 4609: 4596: 4588: 4561: 4451:Ullmann, Manfred (1978). 4315:Robinson, Majied (2020). 4235:10.1017/S0035869X00159180 3895:. New York: Basic Books. 3818:Jankowiak, Marek (2013). 3405:10.1163/1573384X-20160308 3326:10.1163/9789004500648_009 1614:), 21 April according to 1350:commander of the faithful 1238: 359: 349: 339: 327: 315: 293: 288: 284: 251: 232: 209: 185: 181: 171: 161: 153: 141: 109:), the year in which the 92: 78: 4921:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 4897:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 4200:Marsham, Andrew (2009). 2956:, pp. 487–488, 492. 2384:, pp. xiv, 81, 165. 1849:, pp. 182, 193–194. 1577: 835:Muslim ibn Uqba al-Murri 831:Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri 800: 715:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 222:(14 Rabi al-Awwal 64 AH) 4883:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 4336:Rotter, Gernot (1982). 4032:Lammens, Henri (1934). 4016:Le Califat de Yazid Ier 3945:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 3939:Kohlberg, Etan (2020). 3704:"Yazīd (I) b. Mu'āwiya" 3657:Hathaway, Jane (2003). 3616:. New York: Routledge. 3533:Encyclopædia Britannica 3370:Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). 3184:al‐Shdaifat et al. 2017 1404:of poets and artists". 1301:school and many in the 1260:Traditional Muslim view 756:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 738:), Mu'awiya summoned a 659:first Islamic civil war 545:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 471:. When Husayn left for 465:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 240:Fakhita bint Abi Hisham 34:Some of this article's 4300:10.1484/J.SEC.5.122984 3889:Kennedy, Hugh (2016). 3587:Fischer, Michael M. J. 1651:placed it on 21 April. 1523:graffito known as the 1494:) and his name in the 1476: 1445:Coins and inscriptions 1227:as his heir. Thus the 1180: 1054: 961:Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt 940:) and Ammar al-Duhni ( 876: 859: 691:companions of Muhammad 578:, was the daughter of 536: 503:and his descendants). 213:11 November 683 (aged 132:) and his name in the 4282:Nehmé, Laïla (2020). 4185:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4107:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 3916:. London: Routledge. 3518:de Goeje, Michael Jan 3393:Iran and the Caucasus 1463:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1452: 1377:Modern scholarly view 1166: 1155:ended the campaigns. 1104:, and garrisoned it. 1044: 974:Abd Allah ibn Hanzala 911:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 872: 853: 621:(Islamic Spain), the 566:tribe, a grouping of 522: 481:consultative assembly 4872:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti 4288:Semitica et Classica 2205:, p. 390 n. 54. 1675:Michael Jan de Goeje 1215:Battle of Marj Rahit 1159:Death and succession 663:Mu'awiya opposed Ali 637:Nomination as caliph 499:(the Umayyad caliph 4678:Caliphs of Damascus 4366:. Jerusalem: JSAI. 4034:"Yazīd b. Mu'āwiya" 3217:, pp. 195–211. 3111:, pp. 137–139. 3045:, pp. 317–318. 2705:, pp. 117–118. 2658:, pp. 475–476. 2631:, pp. 237–238. 2619:, pp. 212–215. 2517:, pp. 181–182. 2483:, pp. 165–166. 2459:, pp. 180–181. 2447:, pp. 152–156. 2423:, pp. 148–150. 2244:, pp. 145–146. 2181:, pp. 143–144. 2169:, pp. 141–145. 2133:, pp. 141–142. 2054:, pp. 131–132. 1948:, pp. 166–167. 1936:, pp. 160–161. 1924:, pp. 156–157. 1912:, pp. 309–311. 1897:, pp. 292–294. 1885:, pp. 290–291. 1822:, pp. 477–478. 1688:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 885:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 864:oaths of allegiance 846:Oaths of allegiance 748:Marwan ibn al-Hakam 4827:Caliphs of Córdoba 4515:Wellhausen, Julius 4259:Morony, Michael G. 3774:Hoyland, Robert G. 3679:Hawting, Gerald R. 2891:, pp. 69, 91. 1537:Abd Allah ibn Amir 1531:Wives and children 1477: 1283:Rouhollah Khomeini 1275:Iranian Revolution 1254:political quietism 1181: 1107:Yazid reappointed 1055: 982:Battle of al-Harra 860: 821:, a collection of 760:Abd Allah ibn Umar 539:Yazid was born in 537: 493:Mecca was besieged 489:Battle of al-Harra 354:Maysun bint Bahdal 4946: 4945: 4837:Abd al-Rahman III 4817:Abd al-Rahman III 4619: 4618: 4610:Succeeded by 4399:10.1111/aae.12105 4373:978-965-223-501-5 4328:978-3-11-062416-8 4274:978-0-87395-933-9 4213:978-0-7486-3077-6 4156:Madelung, Wilferd 4098:978-0-19-164716-1 4002:978-90-04-12756-2 3881:978-0-306-81740-3 3857:978-0-367-36690-2 3833:978-2-916716-45-9 3810:978-0-19-537302-8 3789:978-0-19-991637-5 3765:978-0-7914-0040-1 3744:978-90-04-12756-2 3623:978-1-138-62397-2 3578:978-0-674-05097-6 3554:978-1-4438-7059-7 3523:"Caliphate" 3509:978-0-521-37019-6 3461:978-90-04-09419-2 3383:978-1-900934-13-8 3362:978-0-295-98455-1 3335:978-90-04-50064-8 3150:, pp. 85–86. 2855:, pp. xi, 9. 2753:, pp. 48–49. 2576:, pp. 81–82. 2552:, pp. 30–33. 2292:, pp. 82–83. 2280:, pp. 91–92. 1649:Elijah of Nisibis 1525:Yazid inscription 1455:Umayyad Caliphate 1173:Umayyad Caliphate 1153:chaos in the east 1129:Battle of Vescera 1024:Sarjun ibn Mansur 897:Battle of Karbala 891:Battle of Karbala 858:, Yazid's capital 768:Julius Wellhausen 641:The third caliph 477:Battle of Karbala 411:Umayyad Caliphate 405:, was the second 388: 369: 368: 311: 310: 148:Umayyad Caliphate 111:Battle of Karbala 72: 71: 64: 4988: 4877:Abd al-Rahman IV 4797:Abd ar-Rahman II 4772:Emirs of Córdoba 4765: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4589:Preceded by 4584: 4577: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4544:Works by Yazid I 4532: 4510: 4491: 4447: 4410: 4377: 4353: 4332: 4311: 4278: 4254: 4217: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4175: 4151: 4122: 4102: 4088:Arabs in History 4078: 4041: 4028: 4006: 3982:Heinrichs, W. P. 3956: 3935: 3906: 3885: 3861: 3837: 3814: 3793: 3769: 3748: 3724:Heinrichs, W. P. 3698: 3674: 3653: 3641: 3627: 3606: 3582: 3558: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3489: 3465: 3437:Heinrichs, W. P. 3416: 3399:(3–4): 385–395. 3387: 3366: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3299: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3233: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3097:Kreyenbroek 2002 3094: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3070:Kreyenbroek 2002 3067: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2396:, p. 67 n.. 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2107: 2101: 2086: 2080: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1684: 1678: 1663: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1593: 1565: 1563: 1493: 1491: 1474: 1426:Kurdish-speaking 1398: 1368: 1366: 1357: 1355:amir al-mu'minin 1347: 1341: 1339: 1326: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1222: 1212: 1171:, who ruled the 1078: 1037: 1031: 1021: 970: 946: 944: 939: 937: 920: 820: 796: 794: 781: 779: 745: 737: 735: 723: 721: 667:Battle of Siffin 627:Chronicle of 754 623:Chronicle of 741 607:Byzantine Empire 580:Bahdal ibn Unayf 557: 555: 497:Marwanid dynasty 441:Byzantine Empire 423: 421: 400: 397: 393: 383: 381: 304: 303: 286: 285: 223: 219: 216: 201: 194: 191: 131: 129: 97: 76: 75: 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 29: 21: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4931: 4910:Abd al-Rahman V 4829: 4821: 4782:Abd al-Rahman I 4774: 4766: 4757: 4680: 4672: 4654: 4652:Umayyad dynasty 4649: 4615: 4606: 4601: 4599:Caliph of Islam 4594: 4583:11 November 683 4578: 4572: 4571: 4568:Umayyad Dynasty 4564: 4552: 4540: 4535: 4469:Bosworth, C. E. 4374: 4350: 4329: 4275: 4214: 4190: 4188: 4172: 4099: 4003: 3974:Bosworth, C. E. 3953: 3924: 3903: 3882: 3858: 3834: 3811: 3790: 3766: 3745: 3716:Bosworth, C. E. 3695: 3671: 3650: 3624: 3603: 3579: 3563:Donner, Fred M. 3555: 3510: 3494:Daftary, Farhad 3486: 3470:Crone, Patricia 3462: 3429:Bosworth, C. E. 3421:Bosworth, C. E. 3384: 3363: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3269:Wellhausen 1927 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3172:Demichelis 2015 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3031:Wellhausen 1927 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2715:Wellhausen 1927 2713: 2709: 2701: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2671:Wellhausen 1927 2669: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2502:, p. 1162. 2498: 2487: 2481:Wellhausen 1927 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2445:Wellhausen 1927 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2421:Wellhausen 1927 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2394:Wellhausen 1901 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2370:Wellhausen 1901 2368: 2361: 2353: 2346: 2338: 2325: 2317: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2268:, pp. 3–7. 2264: 2260: 2256:, pp. 2–3. 2252: 2248: 2242:Wellhausen 1927 2240: 2233: 2229:, pp. 5–6. 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2203:Kilpatrick 2003 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2179:Wellhausen 1927 2177: 2173: 2167:Wellhausen 1927 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2143:Wellhausen 1927 2141: 2137: 2131:Wellhausen 1927 2129: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2089: 2081: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2052:Wellhausen 1927 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2016:Wellhausen 1927 2014: 2010: 2002: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1859:Sprengling 1939 1857: 1853: 1847:Sprengling 1939 1845: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1796:Wellhausen 1927 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1686:The reports of 1685: 1681: 1664: 1655: 1641: 1630: 1619: 1608: 1594: 1585: 1580: 1566:). Yazid's son 1560: 1533: 1488: 1447: 1422:Yazidi religion 1418: 1384:Hugh N. Kennedy 1379: 1363: 1345:amir al-fasiqin 1336: 1321: 1310: 1262: 1241: 1233:Umayyad dynasty 1161: 1063:ethno-religious 1014: 963: 957: 941: 934: 907:Muslim ibn Aqil 899: 893: 848: 817:Kitab al-Aghani 803: 791: 776: 732: 718: 639: 552: 517: 443:, including an 418: 398: 307: 280: 247: 224: 221: 217: 202: 195: 192: 137: 126: 114: 88: 68: 57: 51: 48: 45: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4994: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4603:Umayyad Caliph 4595: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4539: 4538:External links 4536: 4534: 4533: 4511: 4492: 4457:van Donzel, E. 4448: 4428:10.1086/370538 4411: 4393:(2): 315–324. 4378: 4372: 4354: 4349:978-3515029131 4348: 4333: 4327: 4312: 4279: 4273: 4261:, ed. (1987). 4255: 4229:(1): 137–141. 4218: 4212: 4197: 4176: 4170: 4152: 4134:(2): 250–278. 4123: 4103: 4097: 4083:Lewis, Bernard 4079: 4053:(3): 393–403. 4042: 4029: 4011:Lammens, Henri 4007: 4001: 3978:van Donzel, E. 3966:Bearman, P. J. 3957: 3952:978-9004406971 3951: 3936: 3923:978-0700717019 3922: 3907: 3902:978-0465094394 3901: 3886: 3880: 3862: 3856: 3838: 3832: 3815: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3770: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3720:van Donzel, E. 3708:Bearman, P. J. 3699: 3693: 3675: 3670:978-0791486108 3669: 3654: 3648: 3628: 3622: 3607: 3602:978-0299184735 3601: 3583: 3577: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3528:Chisholm, Hugh 3514: 3508: 3490: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3433:van Donzel, E. 3417: 3388: 3382: 3367: 3361: 3346: 3334: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3298:, p. 227. 3285: 3283:, p. 118. 3273: 3271:, p. 222. 3261: 3259:, p. 143. 3249: 3247:, p. 268. 3234: 3232:, p. 226. 3219: 3215:Al-Jallad 2021 3207: 3195: 3176: 3174:, p. 108. 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3126:, p. 139. 3113: 3101: 3099:, p. 314. 3086: 3084:, p. 386. 3074: 3072:, p. 313. 3062: 3060:, p. 394. 3047: 3035: 3033:, p. 168. 3023: 3021:, p. 254. 3011: 3009:, p. 253. 2999: 2997:, p. 321. 2987: 2985:, p. 233. 2970: 2968:, p. 490. 2958: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2915:, p. 140. 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2767: 2765:, p. 179. 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2717:, p. 182. 2707: 2692: 2690:, p. 929. 2675: 2673:, p. 169. 2660: 2645: 2643:, p. 478. 2633: 2621: 2609: 2607:, p. 327. 2597: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 310. 2519: 2504: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2435:, p. 180. 2425: 2410: 2408:, p. 171. 2398: 2386: 2374: 2359: 2344: 2323: 2306: 2304:, p. 178. 2294: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2231: 2219: 2217:, p. 108. 2207: 2195: 2193:, p. 214. 2183: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2145:, p. 145. 2135: 2123: 2121:, p. 104. 2108: 2087: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2030:, p. 309. 2020: 2018:, p. 140. 2008: 1989: 1987:, p. 177. 1974: 1972:, p. 322. 1962: 1960:, p. 183. 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1899: 1895:Jankowiak 2013 1887: 1883:Jankowiak 2013 1875: 1863: 1861:, p. 194. 1851: 1839: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1798:, p. 139. 1788: 1786:, p. 210. 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1757: 1745: 1724: 1715: 1705: 1696: 1679: 1653: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1564: 720–724 1532: 1529: 1496:Pahlavi script 1492: 590–628 1446: 1443: 1417: 1414: 1378: 1375: 1287:Saddam Hussein 1261: 1258: 1240: 1237: 1229:Sufyanid house 1160: 1157: 1133:Salm ibn Ziyad 1093:Sea of Marmara 1013: 1010: 998:besieged Mecca 959:Main article: 956: 953: 945: 750–751 895:Main article: 892: 889: 847: 844: 802: 799: 638: 635: 615:Constantinople 556: 644–656 516: 513: 449:Constantinople 430:Husayn ibn Ali 422: 661–680 367: 366: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 341: 337: 336: 331: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 309: 308: 306: 305: 298: 294: 291: 290: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 255: 249: 248: 246: 245: 242: 236: 234: 230: 229: 211: 207: 206: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 169: 168: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 139: 138: 134:Pahlavi script 130: 590–628 98: 90: 89: 87: 86: 85:يزيد بن معاوية 83: 79: 70: 69: 52:September 2024 36:listed sources 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4993: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4949: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4560: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4358:Sharon, Moshe 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4171:0-521-64696-0 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970:Bianquis, Th. 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3866:Kennedy, Hugh 3863: 3859: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3842:Kennedy, Hugh 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Bianquis, Th. 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3694:0-415-24072-7 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3649:1-55876-134-9 3645: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3485:0-521-52940-9 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425:"Muʿāwiya II" 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3257:Robinson 2020 3253: 3246: 3245:Bosworth 1993 3241: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 86. 3161: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3138:, p. 85. 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2939:, p. 74. 2938: 2937:Kohlberg 2020 2933: 2927:, p. 69. 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2903:, p. 73. 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2879:, p. 40. 2878: 2873: 2867:, p. 56. 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2828:, p. 47. 2827: 2826:Hathaway 2003 2822: 2816:, p. 77. 2815: 2810: 2804:, p. 19. 2803: 2798: 2792:, p. 16. 2791: 2786: 2780:, p. 68. 2779: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2741:, p. 47. 2740: 2735: 2729:, p. 91. 2728: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2595:, p. 90. 2594: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2564:, p. 31. 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2471:, p. 48. 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2372:, p. 67. 2371: 2366: 2364: 2357:, p. 50. 2356: 2351: 2349: 2341: 2340:Madelung 2004 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2321:, p. 89. 2320: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2157:, p. 46. 2156: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2106:, p. 39. 2105: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2085:, p. 91. 2084: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2066:, p. 34. 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2042:, p. 90. 2041: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2006:, p. 67. 2005: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1970:Madelung 1997 1966: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1884: 1879: 1873:, p. 64. 1872: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1837:, p. 53. 1836: 1831: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1810:, p. 30. 1809: 1808:de Goeje 1911 1804: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1719: 1709: 1700: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1672: 1671:Henri Lammens 1668: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1639: 1628: 1617: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1514: 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R. Hawting 1389: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1334: 1328: 1319: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:Iran–Iraq War 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Uqba ibn Nafi 1105: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1065:community of 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 962: 952: 950: 932: 926: 924: 919: 918: 912: 908: 904: 898: 888: 886: 882: 881:Amr ibn Sa'id 875: 871: 869: 865: 857: 852: 843: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827:Henri Lammens 824: 823:Arabic poetry 819: 818: 812: 808: 798: 789: 785: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 743: 730: 725: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:Bernard Lewis 692: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:he was killed 644: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 596:Syrian Desert 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 550: 546: 542: 534: 531:kin from the 530: 526: 525:Syrian Desert 521: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 416: 412: 408: 404: 392: 386: 377: 373: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 342: 338: 335: 332: 330: 326: 323: 320: 318: 314: 299: 296: 295: 292: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 254: 250: 243: 241: 238: 237: 235: 231: 227: 212: 208: 205: 199: 188: 184: 180: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 145: 140: 135: 124: 121: 118: 112: 108: 104: 101: 100:Arab-Sasanian 96: 91: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 66: 63: 55: 43: 42: 37: 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 4948: 4919: 4915:Muhammad III 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4708:Abd al-Malik 4692: 4597: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4519: 4497: 4479: 4472: 4419: 4415: 4390: 4386: 4362: 4338: 4317: 4291: 4287: 4263: 4226: 4222: 4202: 4189:. Retrieved 4184: 4160: 4131: 4127: 4110: 4087: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4015: 3992: 3985: 3941: 3912: 3891: 3870: 3846: 3823: 3799: 3778: 3754: 3734: 3727: 3683: 3659: 3637: 3612: 3591: 3567: 3543: 3531: 3498: 3474: 3451: 3444: 3396: 3392: 3372: 3351: 3339:, retrieved 3317: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3210: 3198: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3124:Mochiri 1982 3109:Mochiri 1982 3104: 3077: 3065: 3043:Lammens 1921 3038: 3026: 3019:Lindsay 1997 3014: 3007:Lindsay 1997 3002: 2995:Lammens 1921 2990: 2983:Hoyland 2015 2966:Lammens 1921 2961: 2954:Lammens 1921 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2877:Kennedy 2016 2872: 2860: 2848: 2843:, p. 7. 2841:Fischer 2003 2821: 2809: 2802:Fischer 2003 2797: 2785: 2758: 2751:Hawting 2000 2746: 2739:Hawting 2000 2734: 2727:Kennedy 2004 2722: 2710: 2703:Marsham 2009 2688:Ullmann 1978 2656:Lammens 1921 2641:Lammens 1921 2636: 2629:Kennedy 2007 2624: 2617:Kennedy 2007 2612: 2605:Lammens 1921 2600: 2593:Kennedy 2004 2569: 2557: 2545: 2538:Hawting 2002 2500:Lammens 1934 2476: 2469:Hawting 2000 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2406:Lammens 1921 2401: 2389: 2377: 2355:Daftary 1990 2319:Kennedy 2004 2297: 2285: 2278:Marsham 2009 2273: 2261: 2249: 2227:Lammens 1921 2222: 2215:Lammens 1921 2210: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2155:Hawting 2000 2150: 2138: 2126: 2119:Lammens 1921 2104:Kennedy 2016 2083:Marsham 2009 2059: 2047: 2040:Marsham 2009 2035: 2028:Hawting 2002 2023: 2011: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1910:Hawting 2002 1890: 1878: 1866: 1854: 1842: 1820:Lammens 1921 1815: 1803: 1791: 1779: 1760: 1748: 1727: 1718: 1708: 1699: 1682: 1605:Ibn al-Kalbi 1545: 1534: 1518:Paleo-Arabic 1515: 1478: 1461:. Governor: 1453:Coin of the 1419: 1406: 1380: 1333:Al-Baladhuri 1329: 1307:Ibn al-Jawzi 1279:Shah of Iran 1263: 1242: 1225:Abd al-Malik 1194: 1182: 1106: 1081: 1056: 1015: 1006:Mecca Mosque 964: 927: 900: 877: 873: 861: 804: 726: 687: 683:peace treaty 640: 604: 590:. She was a 562:clan of the 538: 505: 438: 434:Second Fitna 428:'s grandson 402: 371: 370: 119: 73: 58: 49: 38: 18: 4852:Muhammad II 4842:Al-Hakam II 4738:Al-Walid II 4698:Mu'awiya II 4663:Family tree 4613:Mu'awiya II 4465:Pellat, Ch. 4294:: 127–154. 3632:Halm, Heinz 3450:Volume VII: 3441:Pellat, Ch. 3341:21 February 3296:Howard 1990 3230:Howard 1990 3160:Rotter 1982 3148:Rotter 1982 3136:Rotter 1982 3058:Langer 2010 2901:Aghaie 2004 2853:Aghaie 2004 2763:Donner 2010 2515:Donner 2010 2457:Donner 2010 2433:Donner 2010 2382:Howard 1990 2302:Donner 2010 2290:Sharon 1983 2266:Howard 1990 2254:Howard 1990 2191:Morony 1987 1985:Donner 2010 1958:Morony 1987 1946:Donner 2010 1934:Donner 2010 1922:Donner 2010 1784:Morony 1987 1667:lunar years 1638:Abu Mikhnaf 1627:al-Mada'ini 1572:slave women 1500:Zoroastrian 1367: 1176 1325: 1111 1314: 1201 1197:Mu'awiya II 1141:Transoxiana 931:Abu Mikhnaf 736: 1233 661:(656–661), 261:Mu'awiya II 176:Mu'awiya II 162:Predecessor 39:may not be 4966:683 deaths 4961:646 births 4955:Categories 4937:indicates 4927:Hisham III 4830:(929–1031) 4807:al-Mundhir 4802:Muhammad I 4792:Al-Hakam I 4713:Al-Walid I 4688:Mu'awiya I 4592:Mu'awiya I 4478:Volume IV: 4191:24 January 3991:Volume XI: 3733:Volume XI: 3281:Ahmed 2010 3203:Nehmé 2020 2925:Hyder 2006 2889:Hyder 2006 2814:Hyder 2006 2778:Lewis 2002 2574:Lilie 1976 2562:Crone 1980 2550:Crone 1980 2064:Crone 1980 2004:Lewis 2002 1871:Lewis 2002 1753:Qurayshite 1645: 774 1634: 843 1623: 823 1612: 819 1511:Hijri year 1503:fire altar 1485:Khosrow II 1467:Khosrow II 1434:Shaykh Adi 1396:s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ 1388:Islamicist 1360:Ibn Asakir 1340: 892 1318:al-Ghazali 1250:Shia imams 1076:Nahr Yazid 1067:Samaritans 986:al-Samhudi 938: 774 795: 898 788:al-Ya'qubi 780: 923 722: 967 619:al-Andalus 515:Early life 415:Mu'awiya I 399: 646 344:Mu'awiya I 193: 646 166:Mu'awiya I 123:Khosrow II 4862:Hisham II 4847:Hisham II 4775:(756–929) 4753:Marwan II 4743:Yazid III 4681:(661–750) 4529:752790641 4507:453206240 4488:758278456 4461:Lewis, B. 4444:170486943 4407:0905-7196 4308:2031-5937 4251:162940912 4148:163851803 4128:Der Islam 4119:797598069 4075:145061694 4025:474534621 2913:Halm 1997 2865:Halm 1997 2790:Halm 1997 1772:Citations 1713:Damascus. 1616:al-Waqidi 1568:Abd Allah 1541:Abd Shams 1521:Christian 1472:bismillah 1201:Palestine 1186:al-Waqidi 1177:Marwanids 1169:Sufyanids 1145:Samarqand 1125:Volubilis 1098:Qinnasrin 1089:Anatolian 1051:Qinnasrin 773:al-Tabari 729:Ibn Athir 671:Kharijite 592:Christian 588:Banu Kalb 586:tribe of 533:Banu Kalb 385:romanized 271:Abd Allah 218: 37 172:Successor 113:occurred. 4941:usurpers 4939:Hammudid 4867:Sulayman 4857:Sulayman 4812:Abdullah 4787:Hisham I 4728:Yazid II 4718:Sulayman 4703:Marwan I 4563:Yazid I 4548:LibriVox 4517:(1927). 4480:Iran–Kha 4471:(eds.). 4360:(1983). 4243:25211312 4158:(1997). 4109:(1976). 4085:(2002). 4067:23077034 4013:(1921). 3984:(eds.). 3962:"Yazīdī" 3932:50810677 3868:(2007). 3844:(2023). 3776:(2015). 3726:(eds.). 3681:(2000). 3634:(1997). 3589:(2003). 3565:(2010). 3520:(1911). 3496:(1990). 3472:(1980). 3443:(eds.). 3423:(1993). 3413:44631094 1557:Yazid II 1507:Nishapur 1481:Sasanian 1416:Yazidism 1402:Maecenas 1190:pleurisy 1149:Khwarazm 1137:Khurasan 1113:Ifriqiya 1087:and the 856:Damascus 807:Huwwarin 625:and the 572:Muhammad 501:Marwan I 426:Muhammad 360:Religion 322:Sufyanid 226:Huwwarin 117:Sasanian 41:reliable 4748:Ibrahim 4693:Yazid I 3530:(ed.). 3452:Mif–Naz 3305:Sources 1692:Abbasid 1549:alchemy 1430:Yazidis 1420:In the 1409:Abbasid 1303:Shafi'i 1299:Hanbali 1121:Tangier 1117:Berbers 811:Palmyra 584:Bedouin 564:Quraysh 560:Umayyad 529:Bedouin 409:of the 403:Yazid I 387:: 334:Umayyad 329:Dynasty 228:, Syria 146:of the 82:Yazid I 4733:Hisham 4579: 4527: 4505: 4486: 4467:& 4442: 4436:528934 4434: 4405: 4370: 4346: 4325: 4306: 4271: 4249: 4241: 4210: 4168: 4146: 4117: 4095: 4073: 4065: 4023: 3999: 3980:& 3949: 3930: 3920: 3899: 3878: 3854: 3830: 3807: 3786: 3762: 3741: 3722:& 3691: 3667: 3646: 3620: 3599: 3575: 3551: 3506: 3482: 3458: 3439:& 3411: 3380: 3359: 3332: 1371:hadith 1295:Hanafi 1277:, the 1271:Ashura 1267:Sunnis 1239:Legacy 1205:Khalid 1179:in 684 1085:Rhodes 1071:Ghouta 1035:ashraf 1019:ashraf 996:, who 917:ashraf 762:, and 754:, and 752:Husayn 703:Arabia 699:Quda'a 651:Medina 643:Uthman 576:Maysun 568:Meccan 549:Uthman 485:Medina 407:caliph 376:Arabic 350:Mother 340:Father 266:Khalid 233:Spouse 144:Caliph 103:dirham 4668:Media 4581:Died: 4574:Born: 4455:. In 4440:S2CID 4432:JSTOR 4247:S2CID 4239:JSTOR 4144:S2CID 4071:S2CID 4063:JSTOR 3964:. In 3706:. In 3526:. In 3427:. In 3409:JSTOR 1597:Rajab 1578:Notes 1553:Atika 1459:Basra 1220:shura 1210:shura 1047:Syria 1029:wufud 1002:Ka'ba 990:Awana 968:shura 949:staff 801:Reign 784:Basra 742:shura 711:Hejaz 675:Hasan 600:Greek 541:Syria 535:tribe 509:Syria 469:Mecca 461:Hejaz 364:Islam 317:House 289:Names 276:Atika 253:Issue 204:Syria 154:Reign 4723:Umar 4576:646 4525:OCLC 4503:OCLC 4484:OCLC 4403:ISSN 4368:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4304:ISSN 4269:ISBN 4208:ISBN 4193:2021 4166:ISBN 4115:OCLC 4093:ISBN 4021:OCLC 3997:ISBN 3947:ISBN 3928:OCLC 3918:ISBN 3897:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3852:ISBN 3828:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3784:ISBN 3760:ISBN 3739:ISBN 3689:ISBN 3665:ISBN 3644:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3597:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3549:ISBN 3504:ISBN 3480:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3357:ISBN 3343:2024 3330:ISBN 3190:help 1673:and 1438:Sufi 1436:, a 1246:Shia 1147:and 1123:and 1102:Hims 903:Alid 839:will 833:and 707:Qays 679:Kufa 631:hajj 523:The 473:Kufa 455:(56 210:Died 196:(25 186:Born 142:2nd 120:shah 4546:at 4424:doi 4395:doi 4296:doi 4231:doi 4227:114 4136:doi 4055:doi 3993:W–Z 3735:W–Z 3401:doi 3322:doi 1599:60 1096:of 1045:In 655:Ali 4957:: 4476:. 4463:; 4459:; 4438:. 4430:. 4420:56 4418:. 4401:. 4391:28 4389:. 4385:. 4302:. 4292:13 4290:. 4286:. 4245:. 4237:. 4225:. 4183:. 4142:. 4132:74 4130:. 4069:. 4061:. 4051:37 4049:. 3989:. 3976:; 3972:; 3968:; 3926:. 3731:. 3718:; 3714:; 3710:; 3448:. 3435:; 3431:; 3407:. 3397:20 3395:. 3328:, 3316:, 3288:^ 3237:^ 3222:^ 3116:^ 3089:^ 3050:^ 2973:^ 2944:^ 2833:^ 2770:^ 2695:^ 2678:^ 2663:^ 2648:^ 2581:^ 2522:^ 2507:^ 2488:^ 2413:^ 2362:^ 2347:^ 2326:^ 2309:^ 2234:^ 2111:^ 2090:^ 2071:^ 1992:^ 1977:^ 1902:^ 1827:^ 1656:^ 1643:d. 1632:d. 1621:d. 1610:d. 1601:AH 1586:^ 1574:. 1562:r. 1490:r. 1479:A 1469:; 1365:d. 1338:d. 1323:d. 1312:d. 1256:. 1079:. 1038:. 943:d. 936:d. 793:d. 778:d. 758:, 734:d. 720:d. 613:, 554:r. 457:AH 453:CE 447:, 436:. 420:r. 396:c. 394:; 382:, 378:: 220:) 215:c. 198:AH 190:c. 128:r. 107:CE 4644:e 4637:t 4630:v 4531:. 4509:. 4490:. 4446:. 4426:: 4409:. 4397:: 4376:. 4352:. 4331:. 4310:. 4298:: 4277:. 4253:. 4233:: 4216:. 4195:. 4174:. 4150:. 4138:: 4121:. 4101:. 4077:. 4057:: 4027:. 4005:. 3955:. 3934:. 3905:. 3884:. 3860:. 3836:. 3813:. 3792:. 3768:. 3747:. 3697:. 3673:. 3652:. 3626:. 3605:. 3581:. 3557:. 3512:. 3488:. 3464:. 3415:. 3403:: 3386:. 3365:. 3324:: 3205:. 3192:) 3186:. 2342:. 1640:( 1629:( 1618:( 1607:( 1559:( 1487:( 1362:( 1352:( 1335:( 1320:( 1309:( 1053:. 933:( 790:( 775:( 731:( 717:( 551:( 417:( 374:( 200:) 136:. 125:( 65:) 59:( 54:) 50:( 44:.

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