Battle of Karbala - Knowledge

3082: 1638:, the sons of Muhammad's prominent companions, all of whom, by virtue of their descent, could also lay claim to the caliphal title. Mu'awiya went to Medina and pressed the four dissenters to accede. He followed and threatened some of them with death, but they still refused to support him. Nonetheless, Mu'awiya convinced the people of Mecca that the four had pledged their allegiance, and received allegiance from them for Yazid. On his return to Damascus, he secured allegiance from the people of Medina as well. There was no further overt protest against the plan for Yazid's succession. According to the historians Fitzpatrick and Walker, Yazid's succession, which was considered as an "anomaly in Islamic history", transformed the government from a "consultative" form to a monarchy. Before his death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad. 1501: 1650:, to secure allegiance from Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr and Abd Allah ibn Umar, with force if necessary. Walid sought the advice of his Umayyad relative Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who suggested that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn should be forced to pledge allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone since he posed no threat. Walid summoned the two, but Ibn al-Zubayr escaped to Mecca. Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. Marwan told Walid to imprison or behead him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid. He arrived in Mecca at the beginning of May 680, and stayed there until the beginning of September. 2045:, a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads. As long as Iraq was in Umayyad hands, the movement remained underground. After the death of Yazid in November 683, the people of Iraq drove out the Umayyad governor Ibn Ziyad; the Tawwabin called on the people to avenge Husayn's death, attracting large-scale support. Lacking any political program, they intended to punish the Umayyads or sacrifice themselves in the struggle. Their slogan was "Revenge for Husayn". Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, another prominent pro-Alid of Kufa, attempted to dissuade the Tawwabin from this endeavor in favor of an organized movement to take control of the city, but Ibn Surad's stature as a companion of Muhammad and an old ally of Ali, prevented most of his followers from accepting Mukhtar's proposal. Although 16,000 men enlisted to fight, only 4,000 3094: 2591: 2376: 2610: 46: 2286:, who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis as being based on a single isolated report and being devoid of critical analysis. Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of the battle despite the numerical disparity between the opposing camps as Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and kill him. 1880:. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate weakness. Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr with orders to ask Husayn for his allegiance once more and to attack, kill and disfigure him if he was to refuse, as "a rebel, a seditious person, a brigand, an oppressor and he was to do no further harm after his death". If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling to carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. He remarked that Husayn would not submit because there was "a proud soul in him". 3067: 1960: 1833:

Medina, but that he was free to travel anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started to move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received orders from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a desolate place without fortifications or water. One of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities. On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at

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sources. Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000. According to the Shi'a sources, however, more troops had joined Ibn Sa'd in preceding days, swelling his army to 30,000 strong. The ditch containing wood was set alight. Husayn then delivered a speech to his opponents reminding them of his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed to leave. He was told that first he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to do. Husayn's speech moved Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi to defect to his side.

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Yazid, and Muharram ritual gatherings became increasingly political in nature. According to Aghaie, the Shah's hostility towards various Muharram rituals, which he considered to be uncivilized, contributed to his fall. The Islamic republic that was established after the revolution has since promoted Muharram rituals. The clerics encourage public participation in elections as a form of "political activism" comparable to that of Husayn. Martyrdom spirit influenced by the death of Husayn was frequently witnessed in Iranian troops during the

2444: 1699: 2017:, who had not taken part in the fighting because of illness, but was prevented by Ibn Sa'd. There are reports of more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then trampled with horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad. The bodies of Husayn's companions were decapitated. There were eighty-eight dead in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. After his departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village of Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies of Husayn's companions. 279: 2346: 1917:

attacked Husayn's force, but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed. This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.

1841: 1419:-based Umayyad caliphs and had a long-standing attachment to the house of Ali. They proposed Husayn overthrow the Umayyads. On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 70 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of 4,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor 451: 2804:, and of numerous other events concerning prophets. Husayn is claimed to have performed various miracles, including quenching his companions' thirst by putting his thumb in their mouths and satisfying their hunger by bringing down food from the heavens, and to have killed several thousand Umayyad attackers. Other accounts claim that when Husayn died, his horse shed tears and killed many Umayyad soldiers; the sky became red and it rained blood; 2319:

argued that Husayn was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moḥammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize.

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according to him, early accounts place the responsibility for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph of Islam could not afford to be seen as publicly responsible and so diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad by hypocritically cursing him. According to Howard, some traditional sources have a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.

2491: 2150:, which occurred in 701, some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmission, usually only one or two intermediaries. The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side; and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. According to 1905: 2461:"O Muhammad!... Here is Husayn in the open, stained with blood and with limbs torn off. O Muhammad! Your daughters are prisoners, your progeny are killed, and the east wind blows dust over them." Shi'a Muslims consider this to be the first instance of wailing and mourning over the death of Husayn. Husayn's son Zayn al-Abideen is reported to have spent the rest of his life weeping for his father. Similarly, Husayn's mother 2198:(Am No. 78) libraries have been attributed to Abu Mikhnaf. Tabari quotes either directly from Abu Mikhnaf or from his student Ibn al-Kalbi, who took most of his material from Abu Mikhnaf. Tabari occasionally takes material from Ammar ibn Mu'awiya, Awana and other primary sources, which, however, adds little to the narrative. Baladhuri uses same sources as Tabari. Information on the battle found in the works of 982: 2154:, most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt. Although as an Iraqi, Abu Mikhnaf had pro-Alid tendencies, his reports generally do not contain much bias on his part. Abu Mikhnaf's original text seems to have been lost and the version extant today has been transmitted through secondary sources such as the 286: 1754: 1706: 1722: 1738: 2013:. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib, and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only surviving son 2096:, the governor of the city and younger brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, to attack Kufa. Facing defeat in open battle, Mukhtar and his remaining supporters took refuge in the palace of Kufa and were besieged by Mus'ab. Four months later, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed while some 6,000–8,000 of his supporters were executed. According to Mohsen Zakeri, Mukhtar's attitude towards 1679:, in his place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed. Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed. 2630:, a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty, promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq. After taking over Iran in 1501, Safavids, who were previously a Sufi order, declared the state religion to be 1884:

night, since their opponents only wanted him. Very few availed themselves of this opportunity. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Husayn and his followers then spent the rest of the night praying.

2282:, Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but a quick massacre that was over in an hour; he suggests that the detailed accounts found in the primary sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero being killed without putting up a fight. This is countered by the historian 2679:. According to these, Shi'ism was an ideology of revolution and political struggle against tyranny and exploitation, and the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn was to be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle; weeping and mourning was to be replaced by political activism to realize the ideals of Husayn. 2266:. Theophilus's history corroborates the death in battle of Husayn and most of his men at Karbala after suffering from thirst. But in contrast to all Muslim sources, which state that Husayn fought Yazid, Theophilus appears to have written that Husayn was killed by Muawiyah as the final engagement of the 2084:, whom he awarded many favors and equal status with Arabs, provoked a rebellion by the dissatisfied Arab aristocracy. After crushing the rebellion, Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands of people fled to Basra. He then sent his general 2653:

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, Shi’ites in countries such as Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon, have interpreted Husayn's martyrdom at Karbala as symbolic of religious and political resistance against oppression in his era. In these countries, Shi’ites view Husayn as a role model in their daily lives,

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Wellhausen has described Husayn's revolt as a premature and ill-prepared campaign by an ambitious person. He writes "He reaches out to the moon like a child. He makes the greatest demands and does not do the slightest; the others should do everything... As soon as he encounters resistance, it is over

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from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab. The women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After a few days, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina.

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has suggested that this is a duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad. Yazid was compassionate towards the women and Ali Zayn al-Abidin, and cursed Ibn Ziyad for murdering Husayn, stating that had he been there, he would have spared him. One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman

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to suppress a local rebellion, but then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. After negotiations with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote to Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return. Ibn Ziyad replied that

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Husayn had considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal capital during the reigns of his father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna, the five-year civil war which had established the Umayyad Caliphate. They were dissatisfied with

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Mourning for Husayn is considered by Shi'as to be a source of salvation in the afterlife, and is undertaken as a remembrance of his suffering. After the death of Husayn, when his family was being taken to Ibn Ziyad, Husayn's sister Zaynab is reported to have cried out after seeing his headless body:

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Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided into two political factions. Nonetheless, a religious sect with distinct theological doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed. Karbala gave this early political party of pro-Alids a distinct religious identity and helped

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He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force. Hurr denied any knowledge of the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to do. Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to

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sent his brother and Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in order to assure him safety in Mecca and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. At a place known as Tan'im, he seized a caravan carrying dyeing plants

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The first political use of the death of Husayn seems to have been during the revolt of Mukhtar, when he seized Kufa under the slogan of "Revenge for Husayn". Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem have had a political program. In order to enhance their legitimacy, Abbasid

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to be a source of divine blessings and rewards. According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali Zayn al-Abidin and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents

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Husayn's death at Karbala is believed by Shi'as to be a sacrifice made to prevent the corruption of Islam by tyrannical rulers and to protect its ideology. He is, as such, believed to have been fully aware of his fate and the outcome of his revolt, which was divinely ordained. He is thus remembered

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proposes that Husayn, although motivated by ideology, did not intend to secure leadership for himself. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic

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Vaglieri, on the other hand, considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends..." Holding a similar view, Madelung has

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Mukhtar was an early settler of Kufa, having arrived in Iraq following its initial conquest by the Muslims. He had participated in the failed rebellion of Muslim ibn Aqil, for which he was imprisoned by Ibn Ziyad, before being released after the intervention of Abd Allah ibn Umar. Mukhtar then went

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Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during the night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either he be allowed to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to a border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim armies. According to Madelung, these reports

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During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. In contrast to pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb and simple lamenting, these processions do not date back to the time of the battle, but arose during tenth century. Their earliest recorded

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The Umayyad soldiers hesitated to attack Husayn directly, but he was struck in the mouth by an arrow as he went to the river to drink. He collected his blood in a cupped hand and cast towards the sky, complaining to God of his suffering. Later, he was surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn

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Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. All except the one which Husayn and his family were using were set on fire. Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered

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After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which several of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of the Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj,

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labelled the Shah as the Yazid of his time. Condemning the Iranian monarchy, Khomeini wrote: "The struggle of al-Husayn at Karbalâ is interpreted in the same way as a struggle against the non-Islamic principle of monarchy." Opposition to the Shah was thus compared with the opposition of Husayn to

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Husayn's family, along with the heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad. He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and intended to kill Ali Zayn al-Abidin, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads and the family were then sent to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth with a

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to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer. Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen; although forty-five horsemen and one hundred foot-soldiers, or a total of a few hundred men have been reported by some

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I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come to us, for we have no imām. God may unite us in the truth through you.' Since this was your view, I have come to you. Therefore, if you give me what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn

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to Yazid. Further on the way, at a place called Tha'labiyya, the small caravan received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil and the indifference of the people of Kufa. Husayn at this point is reported to have considered turning back, but was persuaded to push forward by Ibn Aqil's brothers, who

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and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr advised him not to move to Iraq, or if he was determined, not to take women and children with him. The sincerity of Ibn al-Zubayr's advice has been doubted by many historians, however, as he had his own plans for leadership and was supposedly happy to be rid of Husayn.

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The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious. The event has had an emotional impact on Sunnis, who remember the event as a tragic incident and those killed in the company of Husayn as martyrs. The

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complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the kunya of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. They were, however, still unwilling to kill him and each of them wanted to leave this to somebody

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The army advanced toward Husayn's camp on the evening of 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of

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states that commemoration of the Battle of Karbala by the Shi'a is not only the retelling of the story, but also presents them with "life models and norms of behavior" which are applicable to all aspects of life, which he calls the Karbala Paradigm. According to Olmo Gölz, the Karbala Paradigm

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Shemr advanced with a group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to fight as few people were left on his side. A young boy from Husayn's camp escaped from the tents, ran to him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke and had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents, and

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According to Wellhausen, the compassion that Yazid showed to the family of Husayn, and his cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty. Madelung holds a similar view;

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refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was killed along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was the start of the

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in Kufa informing him that they were tired of the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, and that they had no rightful leader. They asked him to lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them. Husayn wrote back

2634:. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity. Riza Yildirim has claimed that the impetus of the Safvid revolution was the revenge of the death of Husayn. The founder of the dynasty, 3176:(clan of Muhammad). According to Vaglieri, conditions other than financial benefits are suspect and were probably invented later in order to mitigate criticism of Hasan for having abdicated. Jafri, on the other hand, considers the terms in addition to financial compensation reliable. 2415:

going to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. They are reported to have lamented and beaten their chests and to have spent a night by the tomb. Thereafter this tradition was limited to the Shi'a imams for several decades, before gaining momentum under the sixth Shi'a imam

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of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he be allowed to leave, so that all parties could allow the fluid political situation to clarify. Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted but then persuaded otherwise by

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on Husayn were written. Most of these mix history with legend and have elaborate details on Husayn's miraculous birth, which is stated to be on 10 Muharram, coinciding with his date of death. The universe as well as humanity are described as having been created on the day of

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of 1979. In contrast to the traditional view of Shi'ism as a religion of suffering, mourning and political quietism, Shi'a Islam and Karbala were given a new interpretation in the period preceding the revolution by rationalist intellectuals and religious revisionists like

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transform it into a distinct religious sect. Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. The death of the third imam and his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding cosmos of Shi'ism and brought it into motion."

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else. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named

3093: 1459:. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and death became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The 3048:

scenes. The "cartoon style" paintings usually depict multiple battle scenes on a single canvas as well as scenes from the hereafter showing Husayn and his supporters enjoying in the paradise and their enemies burning in hell. They are often used to decorate

2392:, it is seen by Shi'as the climax of suffering and oppression, revenge for which came to be one of the primary goals of many Shi'a uprisings. This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam 2569:

provide Shi'as with heroic norms and a martyr ethos, and represents an embodiment of the battle between good and evil, justice and injustice. Rituals involving self-flagellation have been criticized by many Shi'a scholars as they are considered to be

2072:, who had established himself in Mecca in opposition to Yazid. After Yazid's death, he returned to Kufa where he advocated revenge against Husayn's killers and the establishment of an Alid caliphate in the name of Husayn's half-brother 2336:

sides with Jafri, citing the reports that Husayn was warned about the collapse of the Shia revolt in Kufa. Instead of changing his course, however, he pressed on toward Kufa, urging his supporters to leave him and save their lives.

2076:, and declared himself his representative. The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in his hands. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters, a significant of number of whom consisted of local converts ( 1812:(western Arabia) to Kufa to announce his arrival. He informed his followers of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of the people who had joined him on the way left, while his companions from Mecca decided to stay with him. 1968:

Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his attacker. He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated.

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to avoid further bloodshed. In the treaty, Hasan was to hand over power to Mu'awiya on the condition that Mu'awiya be a just ruler and that he would not establish a dynasty. After the death of Hasan in 670, his younger brother

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the Umayyad advance for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken part in the fighting so far, joined the battle. Husayn's son

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Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary, and decided to go ahead with his plan.

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Several conflicting terms of the treaty have been reported. Most of the accounts mention various financial rewards to Hasan. Other conditions, different in different sources, include selection of new caliph through

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to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies. He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God, and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love. Turkish Sufi

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A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him to revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as the Tawwabin, under

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that Abbas went to the river together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and killed. At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died.

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was one of the reasons behind his failure, as Kufa was not ready for such "revolutionary measures". Mukhtar's supporters survived the collapse of his revolution and evolved into a sect known as the

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Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories, these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature, in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly

2564:, the rituals of Muharram have an "important" effect in the "invoking the memory of Karbala", as these help consolidate the collective identity and memory of the Shi'a community. Anthropologist 2857:, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids." Various Persian authors wrote texts retelling romanticized and synthesized versions of the battle and events from it, including Sa'id al-Din's 3066: 1861:

river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route leading to the river. Husayn and his companions remained without water for three days before a group of fifty men led by his half-brother

1626:, then the governor of Medina, where Husayn and several other influential Muslims resided, to announce the decision. Marwan faced resistance to this announcement, especially from Husayn, 2535:, representing Husayn's battle horse, is also led riderless through the streets. In Iran, the battle scenes of Karbala are performed on stage in front of an audience in a ritual called 1395:) had nominated his son Yazid as his successor. Yazid's nomination was contested by the sons of a few prominent companions of Muhammad, including Husayn, son of the fourth caliph 1804:

wanted to avenge his death; according to Madelung and I. K. A. Howard, these reports are doubtful. Later, at Zubala, Husayn learned of the capture and execution of his messenger

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holds that Husayn considered the Umayyad rule oppressive and misguided, and revolted to reorient the Islamic community in the right direction. A similar view is held by

2396:, whose return is awaited. With his return, Husayn and his seventy-two companions are expected to be resurrected along with their killers, who will then be punished. 2130:. Other early monographs on the death of Husayn, which have not survived, were written by al-Asbagh al-Nubata, Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Ammar ibn Mu'awiya al-Duhni, 2049:. In November 684, the Tawwabin left to confront the Umayyads, after mourning for a day at Husayn's grave in Karbala. The armies met in January 685 at the three-day 1618:

as breach of the Hasan–Muawiya treaty. With no precedence in Islamic history, hereditary succession aroused opposition from several quarters. Mu'awiya summoned a

1667:

to assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and informed Husayn of the situation, suggesting that he join them there. Yazid removed

3005:

describes Husayn's suffering at Karbala as a means to achieve union with the divine, and hence considers it to be a matter of jubilation rather than grief.

2626:

rulers claimed to have avenged the death of Husayn by dethroning the Umayyads. During the early years of their rule, they also encouraged Muharram rituals.

2299:

with him; he wants to go back when it is too late." Lammens has agreed to this view and he sees in Husayn a person who disturbs public peace. According to

3164:(consultation) after Mu'awiya's death, transfer of the caliphate to Hasan after Mu'awiya's death, general amnesty to Hasan's followers, rule according to 1815:

Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men led by

2146:; of these al-Nubta's monograph was perhaps the earliest. Although Abu Mikhnaf's date of birth is unknown, he was an adult by the time of the revolt of 1622:, or consultative assembly, in Damascus and persuaded representatives from many provinces to agree to his plan by diplomacy and bribes. He then ordered 329: 2812:

and wild animals wept; that light emanated from Husayn's severed head and that it recited the Qur'an; and that all of his killers met calamitous end.

3036:

passion plays in Iran facilitated public acceptance of such representations in the form of paintings depicting battle scenes. The paintings, called

7282: 2561: 3185:

According to other accounts, the person was Husayn's foster brother Abd Allah ibn Yaqtur whom he had sent after learning of Ibn Aqil's execution.

2465:

is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows. Special gatherings (

2303:, this was a struggle for political leadership between the second generation of Muslims, in which the poorly equipped pretender ended up losing. 2080:), overthrew Ibn al-Zubayr's governor and seized Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran. His attitude towards 1093: 7050: 2240:. Most of these sources took material from Abu Mikhnaf, in addition to some from the primary works of Awana, al-Mada'ini and Nasr ibn Muzahim. 6818:

A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry: A Guide to the Reading & Understanding of Persian Poetry from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century

2869:(Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi. Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of 2388:). The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as. According to 1828:

testimonies, I will come to your town. If you will not and are averse to my coming, I will leave you for the place from which I came to you.

1500: 1407:. Upon Mu'awiya's death in 680, Yazid demanded allegiance from Husayn and other dissidents. Husayn did not give allegiance and traveled to 2088:

to fight an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the

2654:

drawing inspiration for their religious and political resistance against perceived anti-Shia forces, whether domestic or international.

2092:

in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Meanwhile, Mukhtar's relations with Ibn al-Zubayr worsened and Kufan refugees in Basra persuaded

2278:

Based on an official report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle very briefly, stating that it lasted for no longer than a

7277: 6044:

Gölz, Olmo (2019). "Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran:The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War".

3044:, originated in the Qajar era and were not intended as professional works of high art, but rather as popular representations for the 1857:

Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force, and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the

85: 6113: 1463:

during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of Muharram by Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the

6968:

Yildirim, Riza (2015). "In the Name of Hosayn's Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution".

2053:

in present-day northern Syria; most of the Tawwabin, including Ibn Surad, were killed. A few escaped to Kufa and joined Mukhtar.

6229: 6179: 6730: 3172:

of Muhammad, discontinuation of cursing of Ali from the pulpit, financial rewards to Husayn, and preferential treatment of the

3032:

Although the Islamic clergy has been disapproving of pictorial representation of early figures of Islam, the popularity of the

1470:. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organize religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases 322: 7002: 6802: 6794: 6738: 6708: 6684: 6521: 6454: 6378: 6353: 6328: 6260: 6218: 6144: 6034: 5953: 5885: 5857: 5647: 5622: 5045: 3024:

labels Husayn, along with his brother Hasan, as the "fountain head of the martyrs" and "Kings of the Paradise" in his songs.

2718:, asserting that Hezbollah operatives who died in martyrdom operations against them died glorious and heroic martyrs’ death. 2513:

and the participants parade barefoot through the streets, wailing and beating their chests and heads before returning to the

1698: 7287: 1800: 1098: 1010: 1607:

gave him their allegiance, he would abide to the peace treaty between Hasan and Mu'awiya as long as the latter was alive.

2975:, but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice. 2919:

is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. South Indian rulers of

6905: 6861: 6246: 6204: 6130: 2714:

compared Husayn's fight against those who tried to kill him and his family to Hezbollah’s conflicts with Israel and the

7043: 6826: 6757: 6659: 6651: 6632: 6588: 6406: 6307: 6288: 6009: 5981: 5906: 5877: 5833: 5740: 5668: 2912:; the Battle of Karbala is described in detail and Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn. 20: 1564:, refused to recognize Ali. They called for revenge against Uthman's killers and the election of a new caliph through 6545: 6430: 6168: 6102: 6001: 5696: 2552:

Most of these rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, reaching a climax on the tenth day, although

1631: 315: 2590: 1647: 1298: 617: 475: 2375: 45: 1820: 1769: 278: 2250:

The Battle of Karbala was also reported by an early Christian source. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar

6298:

Howard, I. K. A. (1986). "Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources".

5614: 2993:) and suffering in the path of God are paramount principles, Husayn is seen as a model Sufi. Persian Sufi poet 1668: 1428:, during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the death of Husayn; the first one by the 2865:(The Site of the Murder of the Light of the Imams). These influenced the composition of the more popular text 1782:

Husayn left Mecca with some fifty men and his family on 9 September 680 (8 Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH), a day before

7036: 6970: 6473:

The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples

3108: 2609: 2156: 2014: 2006: 1045: 2676: 2258:

between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by

811: 380: 7230: 1816: 1805: 627: 495: 490: 186: 1654:

Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. While in Mecca, Husayn received letters from pro-

7267: 5732: 2073: 1635: 1478:

likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as

1267: 830: 632: 405: 294: 7023: 7019: 2556:

can also occur throughout the year. Occasionally, especially in the past, some Sunni participation in

2221: 7272: 6302:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 124–142. 6237: 6195: 6121: 5917: 5706:

Borrut, Antoine (2015). "Remembering Karbalāʾ: the construction of an early Islamic site of memory".

2956: 731: 500: 388: 6022:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]

6752:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 29–39. 6320:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64

5945: 3010: 2889: 2263: 2233: 1591: 1579: 1236: 1003: 958: 550: 485: 6790:

Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt

6748:

Schimmel, Annemarie (1986). "Karbalā' and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature".

5828:. Vol. 12. London: The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. pp. 3–12. 2210:, although they occasionally provide some extra notes and verses. Other secondary sources include 1869:

are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. A

6446:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

6370: 6345: 2932: 2734: 2093: 2069: 1922: 1791: 1627: 1525: 1400: 928: 5751: 1892:

After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed

6471:. In Houtsma, M. Th.; Wesinck, A. J.; Arnold, T. W.; Heffening, W.; Lévi-Provençal, E. (eds.). 6341:

Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century

2574: 2050: 1933:

and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' death is not given in the primary sources,

1491: 1325: 1133: 893: 507: 480: 365: 6892: 6848: 6468: 5720: 2830:

When Shi'ism became the official religion of Iran in the 16th century, Safavid rulers such as

2005:

Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of

1137: 537: 7097: 6836: 6388: 6323:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 5991: 5684:

Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism

2707: 2687: 2565: 2328: 2283: 2085: 1672: 1545: 1420: 721: 622: 612: 605: 582: 174: 2997:

describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while

2638:, considered himself to be the Mahdi (the twelfth Shi'a Imam) or his forerunner. Similarly, 1603:

clan to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad also belonged. Though his father's supporters in

716: 7297: 7092: 7059: 2971:

argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in

2405: 2251: 1959: 1682:

Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart.

1575: 1460: 1291: 1103: 908: 765: 652: 587: 517: 415: 400: 1614:. In 676, Mu'awiya nominated his son Yazid as successor, a move labelled by the historian 8: 7292: 7112: 6694: 6600: 2389: 2216: 2199: 2139: 1930: 1683: 1623: 1549: 1404: 996: 943: 923: 860: 532: 512: 433: 6950: 5772: 7133: 6928: 6772: 6718: 6676: 6556: 6280: 6199: 6091: 5809: 2928: 2920: 2715: 2663: 2631: 2506: 2434: 2411: 2350: 2259: 2131: 2062: 2042: 1942: 1926: 1456: 1433: 1143: 1124: 470: 395: 5792:

Chelkowski, Peter (1989). "Narrative Painting and Painting Recitation in Qajar Iran".

3057:

subsequently gave rise to murals when scenes started to be painted directly on walls.

7246: 6998: 6956: 6946: 6934: 6915: 6871: 6822: 6812: 6798: 6753: 6734: 6723: 6704: 6680: 6655: 6644: 6628: 6584: 6541: 6517: 6495: 6476: 6450: 6426: 6402: 6374: 6349: 6324: 6303: 6284: 6256: 6214: 6164: 6140: 6098: 6030: 6005: 5977: 5949: 5923: 5902: 5881: 5853: 5829: 5736: 5692: 5688: 5664: 5643: 5618: 5041: 2998: 2909: 2854: 2818:

later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature, and inspired the development of

2801: 2696: 2691: 2393: 2151: 2147: 2105: 2046: 2035: 1897: 1849: 1471: 1448: 1429: 1348: 1148: 986: 953: 918: 850: 677: 218: 178: 159: 123: 6598:

Nakash, Yitzhak (1993). "An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā".

6057: 2897: 7117: 7102: 6979: 6609: 6531: 6187: 6074: 6053: 5821: 5801: 5678: 5639: 2948: 2750: 2683: 2668: 2324: 2195: 2117: 2089: 1993: 1795: 1615: 1509: 1344: 1231: 1114: 1083: 963: 938: 855: 410: 375: 234: 222: 210: 206: 198: 2443: 2315:

see Husayn's revolt as an attempt to regain what his brother Hasan had renounced.

2104:. The Hashimiyya, a splinter group of the Kaysanites, was later taken over by the 1610:

The Battle of Karbala occurred within the crisis resulting from the succession of

7107: 6992: 6816: 6788: 6698: 6670: 6622: 6535: 6511: 6444: 6440: 6420: 6416: 6392: 6364: 6339: 6318: 6274: 6270: 6183: 6158: 6020: 5995: 5967: 5939: 5896: 5871: 5847: 5682: 5658: 5633: 5608: 3112: 3006: 2968: 2924: 2312: 2255: 2170: 1998: 1973: 1947: 1909: 1893: 1664: 1316: 1284: 903: 748: 657: 230: 55: 2521:. Sometimes, chains and knives are used to inflict wounds and physical pain. In 670: 7086: 6900: 6896: 6856: 6852: 6241: 6233: 6191: 6125: 6117: 5843: 5724: 3015: 3001:

considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God.

2730: 2143: 2122:

The primary source of the Karbala narrative is the work of the Kufan historian

1787: 1774: 1596: 1415:, an Iraqi garrison town and the center of Ali's caliphate, were averse to the 1362: 1208: 1193: 1031: 968: 870: 806: 738: 194: 133: 6983: 6767:

Sindawi, Khalid (2002). "The image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature".

6480: 5805: 5727:; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.). 1516:

mint, dated AH 61 (AD 680/1), the year in which the Battle of Karbala occurred

7261: 7195: 7154: 6994:

Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa

6960: 6938: 6919: 6888: 6875: 6844: 6507: 6499: 6464: 6154: 5927: 2639: 2627: 2308: 2211: 2022: 1862: 1848:

On the following day, a 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under the command of

1587: 1557: 1416: 1385: 1173: 1109: 865: 726: 711: 100: 87: 6646:

Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World

6613: 6078: 2549:

refers to the coffins and replicas of Husayn's tomb carried in processions.

2479:. In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies ( 1837:, a desert plain 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Kufa, and set up camp. 7225: 7175: 6784: 6576: 6489: 5963: 5867: 3073: 2944: 2753:, a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity. 2672: 2333: 2320: 1663:

and promised to lead them with the right guidance. Then he sent his cousin

1475: 1425: 1272: 1213: 913: 743: 642: 339: 141: 37: 6422:

The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State

3072:

Battle of Karbala, Iranian painting, oil on canvas, 19th century from the

2345: 1925:

was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas, and the sons of

1659:

affirmatively that a rightful leader is the one who acts according to the

7159: 5973: 5935: 3173: 2905: 2885: 2726: 2505:

instance was in Baghdad in 963 during the reign of the first Buyid ruler

2440:). The soil of Karbala is considered to have miraculous healing effects. 2416: 2355: 2304: 2267: 2244: 2123: 1982: 1600: 1571: 1495: 1129: 1055: 1050: 843: 758: 753: 704: 637: 592: 577: 572: 562: 527: 6955:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 6776: 2841:(poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related 7220: 7200: 7138: 7028: 6086: 5813: 3104: 3100: 3021: 2837:, patronized poets who wrote about the Battle of Karbala. The genre of 2772:

on the deaths of Ali, Uthman and various others have been written, the

2597: 2570: 2537: 2526: 2522: 2475: 2453: 2427:

also encouraged this practice. Special visits are paid on 10 Muharram (

2300: 2203: 2101: 1865:

was able to access the river. They could only fill twenty water-skins.

1553: 1455:

history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in

1452: 1340: 1198: 1178: 1153: 898: 441: 371: 3415: 3165: 2964: 2952: 2834: 2711: 2175: 2165: 2135: 1938: 1934: 1858: 1840: 1660: 1561: 933: 818: 692: 450: 6097:. Translated by Allison Brown. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. 6750:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

6300:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

6065:

Günther, Sebastian (1994). "Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam".

6026: 5826:

Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984

2635: 2531: 2496: 2490: 2424: 2293: 1583: 1537: 1366: 1336: 823: 796: 782: 522: 5572: 4332: 1904: 7190: 6398: 5919:

The Shi'ite Religion : A History of Islam in Persia and Irak

4627: 2797: 2738: 2737:

and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of

2462: 1834: 1760: 1611: 1505: 1370: 1351: 1168: 1158: 699: 687: 682: 78: 5873:

The Charismatic Community : Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

5635:

The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism

5610:

The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran

3555: 3545: 3543: 2650:, to improve the relationship between the state and the public. 7210: 7205: 7180: 4416: 3169: 2984: 2805: 2746: 2429: 2420: 2279: 2191: 2187: 1712: 1541: 1529: 1521: 1479: 1464: 1254: 1203: 1183: 1119: 1065: 948: 888: 791: 772: 567: 557: 465: 307: 5466: 5464: 4344: 4201: 4054: 4052: 3742: 3740: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2943:

afterwards became popular throughout India. Famous Urdu poets

981: 7215: 5584: 4615: 3579: 3540: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3160: 2994: 2809: 2742: 2662:

Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the

2183: 1877: 1871: 1809: 1728: 1676: 1655: 1566: 1513: 1440: 1408: 1374: 1188: 801: 777: 182: 6160:

The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750

5369: 5162: 5002: 4918: 4702: 4700: 4551: 4549: 4071: 4069: 4067: 1439:

The Battle of Karbala galvanized the development of the pro-

7185: 6930:

Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam

5461: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5386: 5384: 4882: 4656: 4457: 4368: 4049: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3866: 3864: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3737: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3620: 3618: 3403: 3002: 2989: 2831: 2756: 2473:) are arranged in places reserved for this purpose, called 2433:

Pilgrimage) and 40 days after the anniversary of Husayn's (

1853: 1783: 1744: 1604: 1412: 1378: 1163: 352: 6537:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

5852:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5560: 5536: 5500: 5437: 5222: 5198: 5186: 5040:. Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books. pp. 11–12, 175–176. 4605: 4603: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3379: 3240: 3203: 3201: 2896:. It influenced similar works in Albanian on the subject. 1447:) into a distinct religious sect with its own rituals and 5898:

The Umayyad Caliphate, 65–86/684–705: (a Political Study)

5512: 5476: 5345: 5321: 5299: 5297: 4775: 4697: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4578: 4576: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4392: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4288: 4189: 4064: 4013: 3837: 3767: 3516: 3367: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3139:

The Shi'a sources assert that the army was 30,000 strong.

2776:

genre has focused mainly on the story of Husayn's death.

2010: 1646:

On his succession, Yazid charged the governor of Medina,

1533: 1396: 6700:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

6449:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 5524: 5408: 5381: 5333: 5138: 4990: 4978: 4954: 4819: 4817: 4741: 4739: 4493: 4445: 4404: 4380: 4225: 4213: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3861: 3818: 3713: 3654: 3652: 3630: 3615: 3391: 3148:

Political supporters of Ali and his descendants (Alids).

5729:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

5548: 5488: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5234: 5114: 4930: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4787: 4685: 4600: 4242: 4240: 4037: 3876: 3779: 3757: 3755: 3664: 3475: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3198: 2768:) works narrate the story of someone's death. Although 2690:, which were opposed by the Iranian clergy and others, 2573:

damaging reputation of Shi'ism. Iranian supreme leader

1671:

as governor of Kufa due to his inaction, and installed

5425: 5357: 5309: 5294: 5054: 4894: 4841: 4829: 4804: 4802: 4751: 4724: 4712: 4668: 4639: 4588: 4573: 4529: 4505: 4356: 4315: 4153: 4025: 4001: 3977: 3567: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3451: 3439: 3321: 3319: 3213: 2642:

also patronized Muharram rituals such as processions,

16:

Battle in 680 between Umar ibn Sa'd and Husayn ibn Ali

6494:(in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth. 5246: 5174: 5102: 5078: 5014: 4966: 4942: 4853: 4814: 4763: 4736: 4561: 4517: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4305: 4303: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4177: 4165: 4141: 4129: 4105: 4093: 3989: 3965: 3953: 3915: 3903: 3849: 3701: 3649: 3603: 3591: 3528: 3487: 6557:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli I. Life and Significance in Shiʿism" 5449: 5210: 5150: 5126: 5090: 5066: 4865: 4469: 4237: 3806: 3752: 3725: 3689: 3463: 3427: 3348: 3331: 1330: 6835: 5941:

Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam

4906: 4799: 4481: 4117: 4081: 3499: 3421: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 6722: 6643: 6090: 4428: 4300: 2888:wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in 6672:Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India 6475:. Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 274. 6366:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory 6276:The Near East In History : A 5000 Year Story 6018: 3561: 1536:, a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet 7259: 6933:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 6163:(2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 5038:Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon 3299: 3115:and other prisoners being taken to Yazid's court 2800:'s and Muhammad's birth and of the ascension of 2560:and processions has been observed. According to 2294:Modern historical views on motivations of Husayn 6337: 4350: 4338: 2056: 1844:A shrine built at the location of Husayn's camp 1773:Husayn traveled from Mecca to Kufa through the 1094:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid 6703:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 6563:. Vol. 7. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 5779:. Vol. 7. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 5758:. Vol. 1. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 2873:, a ritual recounting of the battle events in 2796:is also asserted to have been the day of both 2111: 2108:and eventually overthrew the Umayyads in 750. 1570:(consultation). These events precipitated the 138:Many of Husayn's family members taken prisoner 7044: 2935:) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu 2068:to Mecca and had a short-lived alliance with 1292: 1004: 323: 6394:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam 6019:Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam H. (2014). 5849:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 5660:Sociology of Shiʿite Islam: Collected Essays 2733:sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to 2577:has banned the practice in Iran since 1994. 2363:impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper. 2270:between the Umayyads and Ali's supporters. 7051: 7037: 6945: 6926: 6906:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6862:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6247:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6205:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6131:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5997:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 5824:(1986). "Rūmī's view of the Imam Ḥusayn". 5791: 5590: 5578: 5566: 4410: 4386: 4374: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4058: 3947: 3831: 3746: 3643: 3624: 3585: 3549: 3522: 3207: 2861:(The Garden of Islam) and Al-Khawarazmi's 1954: 1786:. He took the northerly route through the 1528:in 656, the rebels and the townspeople of 1299: 1285: 1011: 997: 330: 316: 44: 6914:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–615. 6870:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 240–243. 6811: 6693: 6540:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6255:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 610–612. 6139:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 608–609. 5915: 5390: 4633: 4621: 3385: 2749:compares Husayn's suffering with that of 1089:Casualties of Husayn's caravan in Karbala 285: 7058: 6967: 6882: 6747: 6717: 6554: 6530: 6093:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution 5820: 5656: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5375: 5339: 5240: 5168: 5144: 5035: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4960: 4463: 4043: 3897: 3800: 3683: 3481: 3409: 3281: 3234: 2757:Maqtal literature and legendary accounts 2721: 2489: 2483:) are recited by professional reciters ( 2442: 2374: 2344: 1992: 1958: 1903: 1896:to command the right flank of his army, 1839: 1499: 7283:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate 6766: 6668: 6624:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East 6487: 6463: 6439: 6415: 6227: 6177: 6153: 6111: 6064: 5990: 5842: 5773:"Ḥosayn b. ʿAli II. In Popular Shiʿism" 5770: 5749: 5718: 5631: 5470: 5402: 5363: 5351: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5120: 4936: 4924: 4835: 4793: 4662: 4609: 4540: 4451: 4422: 4362: 4326: 4183: 4147: 4111: 4099: 4031: 4007: 3983: 3870: 3658: 3573: 3534: 3493: 3457: 3445: 3361: 3027: 1690: 1485: 1384:Prior to his death, the Umayyad caliph 7260: 6990: 6783: 6731:The University of North Carolina Press 6641: 6620: 6597: 6316: 6297: 5934: 5866: 5705: 5606: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5228: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5108: 5084: 5060: 5031: 5029: 5020: 4972: 4888: 4859: 4757: 4745: 4730: 4718: 4691: 4679: 4650: 4594: 4582: 4523: 4475: 4398: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4195: 4171: 4135: 4075: 4019: 3995: 3971: 3959: 3924: 3909: 3855: 3843: 3773: 3731: 3707: 3695: 3609: 3597: 3373: 3342: 3325: 2410:Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to 2273: 2178:. Nevertheless, four manuscripts of a 1365:, the grandson of the Islamic prophet 7032: 6575: 6506: 6387: 6362: 6269: 5962: 5894: 5708:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 5677: 5482: 5455: 5252: 4948: 4876: 4823: 4781: 4769: 4706: 4567: 4555: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4246: 4159: 4123: 4087: 3812: 3761: 3719: 3510: 3469: 3433: 3397: 3293: 3135: 3133: 2825: 2657: 311: 69:10 October 680 CE (10 Muharram 61 AH) 6085: 6046:Behemoth – A Journal on Civilisation 6043: 5969:Albanian Literature: A Short History 5216: 5156: 5132: 5096: 5072: 4912: 4900: 4847: 4808: 4439: 4309: 3310: 2399: 2029: 1963:Shrine to those killed at the battle 1852:. He had been appointed governor of 1799:and clothes sent by the governor of 1099:Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus 6516:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5026: 1941:, but a prominent Shi'a theologian 1790:. On persuasion of Husayn's cousin 1574:(First Muslim Civil War). When Ali 1335:) was fought on 10 October 680 (10 1320: 13: 6885:"(Al)-Ḥusayn b. 'Alï b. Abï Ṭālib" 6652:University of South Carolina Press 6425:. London and New York: Routledge. 5878:State University of New York Press 3130: 2987:, where annihilation of the self ( 2254:, who was chief astrologer in the 21:Battle of Karbala (disambiguation) 14: 7309: 7013: 6841:"(Al)-Ḥasan b. 'Alï b. Abï Ṭālib" 6002:The University of Wisconsin Press 1482:by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. 1347:) between the army of the second 7278:Iraq under the Umayyad Caliphate 6997:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 6114:"Marthiya in Persian literature" 3099:Tilework inside Mu'awin ul-Mulk 3092: 3080: 3065: 2853:), according to Persian scholar 2608: 2589: 1752: 1736: 1720: 1704: 1697: 1648:al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan 1590:succeeded him but soon signed a 980: 449: 337: 284: 277: 164:Husayn ibn Ali and his partisans 6469:"Al-Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abï Ṭālib" 6338:Howard-Johnston, James (2010). 6058:10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005 5895:Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. (1971). 5599: 3179: 3151: 3142: 2509:. The processions start from a 2206:is also based on Abu Mikhnaf's 1753: 1390: 1356: 6581:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 6317:Howard, I. K. A., ed. (1990). 5615:University of Washington Press 2978: 2541:(passion play), also known as 2366: 2332:nature of the Umayyad regime. 1705: 1: 6971:Journal of Persianate Studies 6952:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 6821:. Bethesda: IBEX Publishers. 6230:"Marthiya in Urdu literature" 5916:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 5752:"ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī b. Abū Ṭāleb" 3562:Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014 3192: 2939:recitation in Muharram. Urdu 2904:is the earliest, and longest 2157:History of Prophets and Kings 1721: 1540:, caliph. Some of Muhammad's 6883:Vaglieri, L. Veccia (1971). 6725:Mystical Dimensions of Islam 6067:Journal of Arabic Literature 2702: 2686:reforms of the Iranian Shah 2677:Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi 2262:and the Byzantine historian 2176:Ahmad ibn Yaḥya al-Baladhuri 2166:Muḥammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 2057:Revolt of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 1988: 1808:, whom he had sent from the 1737: 1451:. It has a central place in 812:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 7288:Military history of Karbala 7231:Hosseini infancy conference 6927:Wellhausen, Julius (1901). 6178:Hawting, Gerald R. (2002). 6112:Hanaway, W. L. Jr. (1991). 2580: 2112:Primary and classic sources 1817:al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi 1806:Qays ibn Musahir al-Saydawi 1669:Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari 1331: 187:Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi 10: 7314: 6555:Madelung, Wilferd (2004). 6363:Hyder, Syed Akbar (2006). 5733:Princeton University Press 5657:Arjomand, Saïd A. (2016). 5607:Aghaie, Kamran S. (2004). 2403: 2384:as the prince of martyrs ( 2190:(Sprenger, Nos. 159–160), 2115: 2060: 2033: 1641: 1636:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr 1592:peace treaty with Mu'awiya 1489: 1361:) and a small army led by 1268:Category:Prophecy in Islam 18: 7239: 7168: 7147: 7126: 7078: 7066: 6984:10.1163/18747167-12341289 6627:. Yale University Press. 6583:. Yale University Press. 6397:. London & New York: 5972:. London & New York: 5806:10.1163/22118993-90000238 3013:devoted a section in his 2957:Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer 2779:As well as Abu Mikhnaf's 2500:in a Muaharram procession 2340: 2074:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1945:states in his account in 1887: 1586:, in 661, his eldest son 347: 272: 257: 244: 168: 153: 61: 43: 35: 30: 5946:Harvard University Press 5723:. In Bowering, Gerhard; 5719:Brunner, Rainer (2013). 5613:. Seattle & London: 4425:, pp. 162, 165–166. 3422:Vaglieri, L. Veccia 1971 3123: 3011:Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai 2264:Theophanes the Confessor 2234:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 2142:, Nasr ibn Muzahim, and 1794:, the governor of Mecca 1580:Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam 1560:), and Muhammad's widow 1237:The Fourteen Infallibles 959:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim 183:Shimr ibn Dhi al-Jawshan 7024:Encyclopædia Britannica 6991:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). 6769:Quaderni di Studi Arabi 6695:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. 6669:Pinault, David (2001). 6614:10.1163/157006093X00063 6491:Le Califat de Yazid Ier 6488:Lammens, Henri (1921). 6371:Oxford University Press 6346:Oxford University Press 6281:D. Van Nostrand Company 6228:Haywood, J. A. (1991). 6213:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 6180:"Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya" 6079:10.1163/157006494X00103 5663:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 5581:, pp. 98, 101–102. 4636:, pp. 62, 165–166. 2933:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah 2908:so far, written in the 2884:, the Azerbaijani poet 2863:Maqtal nur 'al-'a'emmah 2379:Ritual of chest beating 2070:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 1955:Death of Husayn ibn Ali 1823:. Husayn said to them: 1628:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 1599:became the head of the 1554:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 1526:assassination by rebels 1520:After the third caliph 1401:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 6642:Norris, H. T. (1993). 6621:Munson, Henry (1988). 5992:Fischer, Michael M. J. 5771:Calmard, Jean (2004). 5750:Calmard, Jean (1982). 5632:Anthony, Sean (2011). 5036:Armajani, Jon (2020). 3074:Tropenmuseum Amsterdam 2575:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei 2501: 2457: 2380: 2359: 2128:Kitab Maqtal Al-Husayn 2051:Battle of Ayn al-Warda 2002: 1964: 1913: 1845: 1830: 1517: 1492:Succession to Muhammad 1461:battle is commemorated 894:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 481:Succession to Muhammad 389:Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt 169:Commanders and leaders 7098:Ali Asghar ibn Husayn 6813:Thackston, Wheeler M. 6561:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6025:. Santa Barbara, CA: 5777:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5756:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3087:The Battle of Karbala 2729:philosopher and poet 2722:In literature and art 2688:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2493: 2446: 2378: 2348: 2284:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 2238:Maqatil al-Talibiyyin 2162:The History of Tabari 2086:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar 2021:stick. The historian 1997:The place from which 1996: 1962: 1907: 1843: 1825: 1819:, south of Kufa near 1673:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1546:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 1503: 1432:and the other one by 1421:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 1377:(modern-day southern 987:Shia Islam portal 613:Verse of purification 460:Beliefs and practices 258:Casualties and losses 175:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad 101:32.61528°N 44.03139°E 7093:Ali Akbar ibn Husayn 7060:Mourning of Muharram 5822:Chittick, William C. 4927:, pp. 257, 260. 4891:, pp. 165, 181. 4351:Howard-Johnston 2010 4339:Howard-Johnston 2010 4210:, pp. vii–viii. 3028:Paintings and murals 2902:Kopshti i te Mirevet 2571:innovative practices 2545:. In India however, 2406:Mourning of Muharram 2252:Theophilus of Edessa 2228:, Shaykh al-Mufid's 2094:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr 1878:Shemr ibn Ziljawshan 1792:Abd Allah ibn Ja'far 1770:class=notpageimage| 1691:Journey towards Kufa 1486:Political background 1436:and his supporters. 1321:مَعْرَكَة كَرْبَلَاء 1104:Mourning of Muharram 909:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 588:Mourning of Muharram 518:Mourning of Muharram 298:Location within Iraq 295:class=notpageimage| 19:For other uses, see 7113:Sukayna bint Husayn 6837:Vaglieri, L. Veccia 6719:Schimmel, Annemarie 6601:Die Welt des Islams 5485:, pp. 167–168. 5473:, pp. 610–611. 5446:, pp. 180–181. 5405:, pp. 608–609. 5378:, pp. 612–613. 5231:, pp. 156–157. 5207:, pp. 135–136. 5195:, pp. 155–156. 5171:, pp. 403–404. 5011:, pp. 128–129. 4784:, pp. 154–155. 4709:, pp. 143–144. 4665:, pp. 498–502. 4624:, pp. 157–158. 4558:, pp. 134–135. 4502:, pp. 201–202. 4466:, pp. 614–615. 4401:, pp. 131–133. 4341:, pp. 195–198. 4297:, pp. 139–142. 4198:, pp. 124–125. 4078:, pp. 104–105. 4022:, pp. 171–172. 3846:, pp. 138–139. 3776:, pp. 112–114. 3722:, pp. 105–106. 3588:, pp. 145–146. 3552:, pp. 141–145. 3424:, pp. 241–242. 3412:, pp. 322–323. 3400:, pp. 149–151. 3376:, pp. 157–160. 3284:, pp. 493–498. 2959:have also composed 2419:and his followers. 2390:Abdulaziz Sachedina 2274:Historical analysis 2140:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 1931:Jafar ibn Abi Talib 1684:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 1675:, then governor of 1624:Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1550:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1405:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1026:Part of a series on 924:Ruqayya bint Husayn 831:Extinct Shi'a sects 551:Days of remembrance 538:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage 533:The Four Companions 381:Madhar & Harura 97: / 7134:Imam Husayn Shrine 7020:Battle of Karbalāʾ 6947:Wellhausen, Julius 6155:Hawting, Gerald R. 5593:, pp. 103 ff. 3109:Ali Zayn al-Abidin 3107:, Iran, depicting 2999:Farid ud-Din Attar 2929:Golkonda Sultanate 2826:Marthiya and rawda 2716:South Lebanon Army 2664:Iranian Revolution 2658:Iranian revolution 2502: 2458: 2381: 2360: 2351:Imam Husayn Shrine 2260:Michael the Syrian 2132:Awana ibn al-Hakam 2063:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 2043:Sulayman ibn Surad 2015:Ali Zayn al-Abidin 2003: 1965: 1927:Aqil ibn Abi Talib 1914: 1846: 1632:Abd Allah ibn Umar 1556:(then governor of 1518: 1434:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 1144:Imam Husayn Shrine 1125:Azadari in Lucknow 744:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 671:Branches and sects 618:Two weighty things 106:32.61528; 44.03139 50:Abbas Al-Musavi's 7268:Battle of Karbala 7255: 7254: 7072:Battle of Karbala 7004:978-3-447-03652-8 6804:978-965-223-501-5 6771:. 20–21: 79–104. 6740:978-0-8078-1271-6 6710:978-0-87395-442-6 6686:978-1-349-61982-5 6532:Madelung, Wilferd 6523:978-0-19-164716-1 6456:978-0-367-36690-2 6380:978-0-19-537302-8 6355:978-0-19-920859-3 6330:978-0-7914-0040-1 6262:978-90-04-08112-3 6220:978-90-04-12756-2 6146:978-90-04-08112-3 6036:978-1-61069-178-9 5955:978-0-674-05097-6 5944:. Cambridge, MA: 5922:. London: Luzac. 5901:. London: Luzac. 5887:978-0-7914-7033-6 5859:978-0-521-61636-2 5689:Mouton Publishers 5649:978-90-04-21606-8 5624:978-0-295-98455-1 5545:, pp. 33–34. 5509:, pp. 30–31. 5422:, pp. 12–13. 5354:, pp. 95–98. 5330:, pp. 82–83. 5047:978-1-7936-2136-8 4903:, pp. 39–40. 4850:, pp. 61–62. 4514:, pp. 31–32. 4454:, pp. 49–50. 4377:, pp. 67–68. 4162:, pp. 73–75. 4061:, pp. 71–74. 3873:, pp. 77–79. 3749:, pp. 65–66. 3388:, pp. 70–71. 3003:Jalal ud-Din Rumi 2910:Albanian language 2894:Hadiqat al-Su'ada 2882:Rawdat al-Shuhada 2867:Rawdat al-Shuhada 2855:Wheeler Thackston 2692:Ruhollah Khomeini 2400:Shi'a observances 2394:Muhammad al-Mahdi 2386:Sayyed al-Shuhada 2152:Julius Wellhausen 2036:Tawwabin uprising 2030:Tawwabin uprising 2001:viewed the battle 1981:stabbed and then 1898:Habib ibn Muzahir 1449:collective memory 1329: 1313:Battle of Karbala 1309: 1308: 1149:Ziyarat of Ashura 1061:Battle of Karbala 1021: 1020: 954:Fatimah bint Asad 919:Fatima bint Hasan 648:Battle of Karbala 424: 423: 306: 305: 219:Habib ibn Muzahir 160:Umayyad Caliphate 149: 148: 124:Umayyad Caliphate 52:Battle of Karbala 31:Battle of Karbala 7305: 7273:Conflicts in 680 7118:Muslim ibn Aqeel 7103:al-Abbas ibn Ali 7053: 7046: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7008: 6987: 6964: 6942: 6923: 6879: 6832: 6808: 6780: 6763: 6744: 6728: 6714: 6690: 6665: 6649: 6638: 6617: 6594: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6551: 6527: 6513:Arabs in History 6503: 6484: 6460: 6436: 6412: 6384: 6359: 6334: 6313: 6294: 6271:Hitti, Philip K. 6266: 6224: 6200:Heinrichs, W. P. 6174: 6150: 6108: 6096: 6082: 6061: 6040: 6015: 5987: 5959: 5931: 5912: 5891: 5868:Dakake, Maria M. 5863: 5839: 5817: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5746: 5715: 5702: 5674: 5653: 5628: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5521:, pp. 9–10. 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4695: 4694:, pp. 9–10. 4689: 4683: 4677: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4313: 4307: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3346: 3340: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3238: 3232: 3211: 3205: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3096: 3084: 3069: 2949:Mirza Rafi Sauda 2751:Mansur al-Hallaj 2708:Lebanese Shi'ite 2684:White Revolution 2669:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad 2612: 2593: 2451:being held in a 2196:Saint Petersburg 2160:, also known as 2118:Maqtal al-Husayn 2090:Battle of Khazir 2009:, the father of 1972:Husayn's sister 1756: 1755: 1740: 1739: 1724: 1723: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1616:Wilferd Madelung 1576:was assassinated 1512:, struck at the 1457:Shi'a literature 1411:. The people of 1394: 1392: 1360: 1358: 1345:Islamic calendar 1334: 1332:maʿraka Karbalāʾ 1324: 1322: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1249:Related articles 1232:The Twelve Imams 1084:Maqtal al-Husayn 1023: 1022: 1013: 1006: 999: 985: 984: 964:Ruqayya bint Ali 939:Fatima bint Musa 453: 444: 438: 437: 427: 426: 342: 332: 325: 318: 309: 308: 288: 287: 281: 239: 227: 215: 207:Al-Abbas ibn Ali 203: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 63: 62: 48: 28: 27: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7240:Related portals 7235: 7164: 7143: 7122: 7108:Zaynab bint Ali 7074: 7062: 7057: 7016: 7011: 7005: 6829: 6805: 6760: 6741: 6729:. Chapel Hill: 6711: 6687: 6662: 6635: 6591: 6566: 6564: 6548: 6524: 6457: 6433: 6409: 6381: 6356: 6331: 6310: 6291: 6263: 6234:Bosworth, C. E. 6221: 6192:Bosworth, C. E. 6171: 6147: 6118:Bosworth, C. E. 6105: 6037: 6012: 5984: 5956: 5936:Donner, Fred M. 5909: 5888: 5860: 5844:Daftary, Farhad 5836: 5782: 5780: 5761: 5759: 5743: 5735:. p. 293. 5725:Crone, Patricia 5699: 5671: 5650: 5625: 5602: 5597: 5591:Chelkowski 1989 5589: 5585: 5579:Chelkowski 1989 5577: 5573: 5567:Chelkowski 1989 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4411:Wellhausen 1901 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4387:Wellhausen 1901 4385: 4381: 4375:Wellhausen 1901 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4316: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4232:Wellhausen 1927 4230: 4226: 4220:Wellhausen 1901 4218: 4214: 4208:Wellhausen 1927 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4065: 4059:Wellhausen 1901 4057: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3948:Wellhausen 1901 3946: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3832:Wellhausen 1901 3830: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3747:Wellhausen 1901 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3665: 3657: 3650: 3644:Wellhausen 1901 3642: 3631: 3625:Wellhausen 1901 3623: 3616: 3612:, pp. 5–7. 3608: 3604: 3600:, pp. 2–3. 3596: 3592: 3586:Wellhausen 1927 3584: 3580: 3576:, pp. 5–6. 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3550:Wellhausen 1927 3548: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3523:Wellhausen 1927 3521: 3517: 3509: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3241: 3233: 3214: 3208:Wellhausen 1901 3206: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3097: 3088: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3030: 2981: 2969:Josh Malihabadi 2890:Ottoman Turkish 2859:Rawdat al-Islam 2828: 2802:Jesus to heaven 2792:(10 Muharram). 2783:, other Arabic 2759: 2735:that of Ishmael 2724: 2705: 2660: 2632:Twelver Shi'ism 2623: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2583: 2566:Michael Fischer 2507:Mu'izz al-Dawla 2408: 2402: 2369: 2343: 2313:Hugh N. Kennedy 2296: 2276: 2230:Kitab al-Irshad 2217:Muruj al-Dhahab 2194:(No. 792), and 2171:Ansab al-Ashraf 2120: 2114: 2065: 2059: 2038: 2032: 1999:Zaynab bint Ali 1991: 1957: 1948:Kitab al-Irshad 1943:Shaykh Al-Mufid 1910:al-Abbas Mosque 1894:Zuhayr ibn Qayn 1890: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1693: 1665:Muslim ibn Aqil 1644: 1510:Sasanian motifs 1504:Coin issued by 1498: 1488: 1472:self-flagellate 1389: 1355: 1339:in the year 61 1305: 1260: 1259: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1079: 1071: 1070: 1041: 1017: 979: 974: 973: 904:Zaynab bint Ali 884: 876: 875: 846: 836: 835: 749:Sulaymani Bohra 673: 663: 662: 633:Fatimah's house 608: 598: 597: 553: 543: 542: 461: 440: 439: 431: 430: 425: 420: 343: 338: 336: 302: 301: 300: 299: 297: 291: 290: 289: 235: 231:Zuhayr ibn Qayn 229: 223: 217: 211: 205: 199: 185: 181: 177: 129: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 82: 56:Brooklyn Museum 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7087:Husayn ibn Ali 7082: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7015: 7014:External links 7012: 7010: 7009: 7003: 6988: 6978:(2): 127–154. 6965: 6943: 6924: 6880: 6833: 6828:978-0936347509 6827: 6809: 6803: 6781: 6764: 6759:978-0710302076 6758: 6745: 6739: 6715: 6709: 6691: 6685: 6666: 6661:978-0872499775 6660: 6639: 6634:978-0300046045 6633: 6618: 6608:(2): 161–181. 6595: 6590:978-0300035315 6589: 6573: 6552: 6546: 6528: 6522: 6508:Lewis, Bernard 6504: 6485: 6465:Lammens, Henri 6461: 6455: 6437: 6431: 6413: 6408:978-0582780804 6407: 6385: 6379: 6360: 6354: 6335: 6329: 6314: 6309:978-0710302076 6308: 6295: 6290:978-1258452452 6289: 6267: 6261: 6238:van Donzel, E. 6225: 6219: 6196:van Donzel, E. 6184:Bearman, P. J. 6175: 6169: 6151: 6145: 6122:van Donzel, E. 6109: 6103: 6083: 6073:(3): 192–212. 6062: 6041: 6035: 6016: 6011:978-0299184735 6010: 5988: 5983:978-1845110314 5982: 5960: 5954: 5932: 5913: 5908:978-0718901493 5907: 5892: 5886: 5864: 5858: 5840: 5835:978-0710302076 5834: 5818: 5789: 5768: 5747: 5742:978-0691134840 5741: 5731:. New Jersey: 5716: 5703: 5697: 5679:Ayoub, Mahmoud 5675: 5670:978-9004326279 5669: 5654: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5569:, p. 101. 5559: 5547: 5535: 5533:, p. 391. 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5434:, p. 179. 5424: 5407: 5395: 5391:Thackston 1994 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5342:, p. 613. 5332: 5320: 5308: 5293: 5291:, p. 204. 5281: 5279:, p. 195. 5269: 5267:, p. 193. 5257: 5255:, p. 122. 5245: 5233: 5221: 5219:, p. 150. 5209: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5159:, p. 143. 5149: 5147:, p. 404. 5137: 5135:, p. 140. 5125: 5123:, p. 213. 5113: 5111:, pp. 94. 5101: 5099:, p. 134. 5089: 5077: 5075:, p. 132. 5065: 5063:, p. 131. 5053: 5046: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4999:, p. 306. 4989: 4987:, p. 127. 4977: 4965: 4963:, p. 122. 4953: 4951:, p. 153. 4941: 4939:, p. 124. 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4828: 4826:, p. 155. 4813: 4798: 4796:, p. 113. 4786: 4774: 4772:, p. 154. 4762: 4760:, p. 169. 4750: 4735: 4733:, p. 164. 4723: 4721:, p. 164. 4711: 4696: 4684: 4682:, p. 163. 4667: 4655: 4653:, p. 167. 4638: 4634:Sachedina 1981 4626: 4622:Sachedina 1981 4614: 4612:, p. 293. 4599: 4597:, p. 162. 4587: 4585:, p. 161. 4572: 4570:, p. 108. 4560: 4545: 4528: 4526:, p. 179. 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 169. 4355: 4353:, p. 386. 4343: 4331: 4329:, p. 208. 4314: 4299: 4287: 4285:, p. 125. 4275: 4273:, p. 132. 4263: 4261:, p. 126. 4251: 4249:, p. 215. 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4174:, p. 208. 4164: 4152: 4140: 4138:, p. 185. 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4063: 4048: 4046:, p. 612. 4036: 4034:, p. 173. 4024: 4012: 4010:, p. 172. 4000: 3998:, p. 169. 3988: 3986:, p. 171. 3976: 3974:, p. 167. 3964: 3962:, p. 163. 3952: 3929: 3927:, p. 160. 3914: 3912:, p. 153. 3902: 3900:, p. 611. 3875: 3860: 3858:, p. 139. 3848: 3836: 3817: 3815:, p. 105. 3805: 3803:, p. 610. 3778: 3766: 3764:, p. 111. 3751: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3710:, p. 128. 3700: 3688: 3686:, p. 608. 3663: 3648: 3629: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3564:, p. 657. 3554: 3539: 3527: 3525:, p. 145. 3515: 3498: 3486: 3484:, p. 322. 3474: 3472:, p. 221. 3462: 3460:, p. 310. 3450: 3448:, p. 274. 3438: 3436:, p. 151. 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3386:Donaldson 1933 3378: 3366: 3347: 3345:, p. 178. 3330: 3315: 3298: 3296:, p. 109. 3286: 3239: 3237:, p. 609. 3212: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3174:Hashemite clan 3150: 3141: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3029: 3026: 3016:Shah Jo Risalo 2980: 2977: 2898:Dalip Frashëri 2827: 2824: 2758: 2755: 2731:Muhammad Iqbal 2723: 2720: 2704: 2701: 2659: 2656: 2614: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2562:Yitzhak Nakash 2525:, an ornately 2404:Main article: 2401: 2398: 2368: 2365: 2342: 2339: 2295: 2292: 2275: 2272: 2245:hagiographical 2226:Kitab al-Futuh 2148:Ibn al-Ash'ath 2113: 2110: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 1990: 1987: 1979:Sinan ibn Anas 1956: 1953: 1889: 1886: 1788:Arabian Desert 1775:Arabian desert 1768: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1643: 1640: 1487: 1484: 1393: 661–680 1363:Husayn ibn Ali 1359: 680–683 1349:Umayyad caliph 1307: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1209:Hussaini Dalan 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194:Chehel Minbari 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1106:(Majlis-e-Aza) 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1001: 993: 990: 989: 976: 975: 972: 971: 969:Sayyida Nafisa 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 944:Hakimah Khātūn 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 885: 882: 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L. 6890: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6849:Ménage, V. L. 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6793:. Jerusalem: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6785:Sharon, Moshe 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6547:0-521-64696-0 6543: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6441:Kennedy, Hugh 6438: 6434: 6432:0-415-25093-5 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6417:Kennedy, Hugh 6414: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6279:. Princeton: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6188:Bianquis, Th. 6185: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6170:0-415-24072-7 6166: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6104:1-55876-134-9 6100: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5964:Elsie, Robert 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5698:90-279-7943-X 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5557:, p. 32. 5556: 5555:Schimmel 1986 5551: 5544: 5543:Schimmel 1986 5539: 5532: 5531:Schimmel 1975 5527: 5520: 5519:Chittick 1986 5515: 5508: 5507:Schimmel 1986 5503: 5497:, p. 30. 5496: 5495:Schimmel 1986 5491: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5458:, p. 42. 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5404: 5399: 5393:, p. 79. 5392: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5376:Vaglieri 1971 5372: 5366:, p. 89. 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5340:Vaglieri 1971 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 81. 5317: 5312: 5306:, p. 79. 5305: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5243:, p. 37. 5242: 5241:Schimmel 1986 5237: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5183:, p. 87. 5182: 5177: 5170: 5169:Arjomand 2016 5165: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5145:Arjomand 2016 5141: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5087:, p. 93. 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5023:, p. 16. 5022: 5017: 5010: 5009:Yildirim 2015 5005: 4998: 4997:Arjomand 2016 4993: 4986: 4985:Yildirim 2015 4981: 4975:, p. 11. 4974: 4969: 4962: 4961:Arjomand 2016 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4915:, p. 41. 4914: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4879:, p. 21. 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4862:, p. 14. 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4838:, p. 18. 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4811:, p. 63. 4810: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4748:, p. 10. 4747: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4543:, p. 50. 4542: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4501: 4496: 4490:, p. 93. 4489: 4484: 4478:, p. 82. 4477: 4472: 4465: 4464:Vaglieri 1971 4460: 4453: 4448: 4442:, p. 16. 4441: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4413:, p. 71. 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4389:, p. 70. 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4312:, p. 15. 4311: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4234:, p. ix. 4233: 4228: 4222:, p. 68. 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4186:, p. 51. 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 53. 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4126:, p. 45. 4125: 4120: 4114:, p. 52. 4113: 4108: 4102:, p. 95. 4101: 4096: 4090:, p. 37. 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4044:Vaglieri 1971 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3950:, p. 67. 3949: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3898:Vaglieri 1971 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3834:, p. 66. 3833: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3801:Vaglieri 1971 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3734:, p. 93. 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3698:, p. 69. 3697: 3692: 3685: 3684:Vaglieri 1971 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3661:, p. 47. 3660: 3655: 3653: 3646:, p. 64. 3645: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3627:, p. 61. 3626: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3537:, p. 46. 3536: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3513:, p. 67. 3512: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3496:, p. 88. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3482:Madelung 1997 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3410:Madelung 1997 3406: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3364:, p. 89. 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3328:, p. 23. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3282:Madelung 2004 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3236: 3235:Vaglieri 1971 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3210:, p. 65. 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2967:with Husayn, 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Ali Adil Shah 2922: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710:organization 2709: 2700: 2698: 2697:Iran–Iraq war 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2617: 2611: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2529:horse called 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2412:Husayn's tomb 2407: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325:Mahmoud Ayoub 2322: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309:G. R. Hawting 2306: 2302: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Abbasid court 2253: 2248: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2027: 2024: 2023:Henri Lammens 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1850:Umar ibn Sa'd 1842: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1796:Amr ibn Sa'id 1793: 1789: 1785: 1776: 1771: 1762: 1746: 1730: 1714: 1700: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476:Sunni Muslims 1473: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1115:Day of Tasu'a 1113: 1111: 1110:Day of Ashura 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 995: 994: 992: 991: 988: 983: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 845: 840: 839: 832: 829: 825: 822: 820: 817: 813: 810: 809: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 733: 730: 729: 728: 727:Dawoodi Bohra 725: 724: 723: 720: 719: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 706: 703: 702: 701: 698: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 679: 676: 675: 672: 667: 666: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 607: 602: 601: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 583:Eid al-Ghadir 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 452: 448: 447: 443: 435: 429: 428: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 382: 379: 377: 373: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 354: 350: 349: 346: 341: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 313: 310: 296: 280: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 256: 252: 249: 248: 243: 240: 238: 232: 228: 226: 220: 216: 214: 208: 204: 202: 196: 193: 191: 188: 184: 180: 179:Umar ibn Sa'd 176: 173: 172: 167: 163: 161: 158: 157: 152: 143: 140: 137: 135: 132:Martyrdom of 131: 130: 125: 122: 121: 119: 116: 115: 110: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 7226:Rawda Khwani 7176:Majlis-e-Aza 7085: 7071: 6993: 6975: 6969: 6951: 6929: 6911: 6904: 6867: 6860: 6817: 6789: 6768: 6749: 6724: 6699: 6675:. New York: 6671: 6650:. Columbia: 6645: 6623: 6605: 6599: 6580: 6565:. Retrieved 6560: 6536: 6512: 6490: 6472: 6445: 6421: 6393: 6389:Jafri, S. M. 6365: 6340: 6319: 6299: 6275: 6252: 6245: 6210: 6203: 6159: 6136: 6129: 6092: 6070: 6066: 6052:(1): 35–51. 6049: 6045: 6021: 5996: 5968: 5940: 5918: 5897: 5872: 5848: 5825: 5797: 5793: 5781:. Retrieved 5776: 5760:. Retrieved 5755: 5728: 5711: 5707: 5683: 5659: 5634: 5609: 5600:Bibliography 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5471:Haywood 1991 5451: 5439: 5427: 5403:Hanaway 1991 5398: 5371: 5364:Sindawi 2002 5359: 5352:Sindawi 2002 5347: 5335: 5328:Sindawi 2002 5323: 5316:Sindawi 2002 5311: 5304:Sindawi 2002 5289:Günther 1994 5284: 5277:Günther 1994 5272: 5265:Günther 1994 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5121:Fischer 2003 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5037: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4937:Kennedy 2004 4932: 4925:Anthony 2011 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4855: 4843: 4836:Pinault 2001 4831: 4794:Pinault 2001 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4726: 4714: 4687: 4663:Calmard 2004 4658: 4629: 4617: 4610:Brunner 2013 4590: 4563: 4541:Hawting 2000 4519: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4471: 4459: 4452:Hawting 2000 4447: 4423:Lammens 1921 4418: 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4363:Lammens 1921 4358: 4346: 4334: 4327:Günther 1994 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4184:Hawting 2000 4179: 4167: 4155: 4148:Hawting 2000 4143: 4131: 4119: 4112:Daftary 1990 4107: 4100:Kennedy 2004 4095: 4083: 4039: 4032:Lammens 1921 4027: 4015: 4008:Lammens 1921 4003: 3991: 3984:Lammens 1921 3979: 3967: 3955: 3905: 3871:Calmard 1982 3851: 3839: 3808: 3769: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3659:Daftary 1990 3605: 3593: 3581: 3574:Lammens 1921 3569: 3557: 3535:Hawting 2000 3530: 3518: 3494:Kennedy 2004 3489: 3477: 3465: 3458:Hawting 2002 3453: 3446:Lammens 1927 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3362:Kennedy 2004 3313:, p. 9. 3289: 3181: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3014: 2988: 2982: 2972: 2963:. Comparing 2960: 2945:Mir Taqi Mir 2940: 2936: 2916: 2914: 2901: 2893: 2892:in his work 2881: 2880:Inspired by 2879: 2874: 2871:rawda khwani 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2745:. Urdu poet 2725: 2706: 2681: 2673:Ali Shariati 2661: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2624: 2615: 2596: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2435: 2428: 2409: 2385: 2382: 2370: 2361: 2354: 2321:Maria Dakake 2317: 2297: 2288: 2277: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2207: 2186:(No. 1836), 2179: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2127: 2121: 2097: 2081: 2077: 2066: 2039: 2019: 2004: 1970: 1966: 1946: 1919: 1915: 1891: 1882: 1870: 1867: 1847: 1831: 1826: 1814: 1781: 1681: 1652: 1645: 1619: 1609: 1565: 1519: 1466: 1444: 1438: 1426:Second Fitna 1383: 1312: 1310: 1273:Islam portal 1226:Perspectives 1214:Rawda Khwani 1060: 914:Umm al-Banin 647: 643:Second Fitna 523:Intercession 513:Judgment Day 366:Ayn al-Warda 360: 340:Second Fitna 267:more than 72 236: 224: 212: 200: 189: 154:Belligerents 142:Second Fitna 51: 38:Second Fitna 36:Part of the 25: 7298:Last stands 6910:Volume III: 6901:Schacht, J. 6897:Pellat, Ch. 6866:Volume III: 6857:Schacht, J. 6853:Pellat, Ch. 6242:Pellat, Ch. 6126:Pellat, Ch. 6087:Halm, Heinz 6000:. Madison: 5974:I.B. Tauris 5640:E. J. Brill 5444:Norris 1993 5432:Norris 1993 5420:Aghaie 2004 5229:Aghaie 2004 5205:Aghaie 2004 5193:Aghaie 2004 5181:Aghaie 2004 5109:Aghaie 2004 5085:Aghaie 2004 5061:Aghaie 2004 5021:Aghaie 2004 4973:Aghaie 2004 4889:Nakash 1993 4860:Aghaie 2004 4758:Nakash 1993 4746:Aghaie 2004 4731:Nakash 1993 4719:Howard 1990 4692:Aghaie 2004 4680:Nakash 1993 4651:Nakash 1993 4595:Nakash 1993 4583:Nakash 1993 4524:Donner 2010 4476:Dakake 2007 4399:Howard 1986 4295:Howard 1986 4283:Howard 1986 4271:Howard 1986 4259:Howard 1986 4196:Howard 1986 4172:Zakeri 1995 4136:Donner 2010 4076:Sharon 1983 4020:Howard 1990 3996:Howard 1990 3972:Howard 1990 3960:Howard 1990 3925:Howard 1990 3910:Howard 1990 3856:Howard 1990 3844:Howard 1990 3774:Howard 1990 3732:Howard 1990 3708:Howard 1986 3696:Howard 1990 3610:Howard 1990 3598:Howard 1990 3374:Donner 2010 3343:Donner 2010 3326:Munson 1988 3051:husayniyyas 2995:Hakim Sanai 2979:Sufi poetry 2727:South Asian 2636:Shah Ismail 2485:rawda khwan 2417:Jafar Sadiq 2367:Shi'a Islam 2329:S. M. Jafri 2305:Fred Donner 2268:First Fitna 2247:in nature. 2182:located at 2144:al-Mada'ini 2124:Abu Mikhnaf 1983:decapitated 1601:Banu Hashim 1572:First Fitna 1496:First Fitna 1078:Remembrance 1056:Ahl al-Kisa 1051:Ahl al-Bayt 1046:Family tree 844:Ahl al-Kisa 759:Qutbi Bohra 754:Alavi Bohra 732:Progressive 658:Persecution 638:First Fitna 593:Omar Koshan 578:Eid al-Adha 573:Eid al-Fitr 476:Prophethood 250:4,000–5,000 104: / 7293:Shia Islam 7262:Categories 7247:Shia Islam 7221:Chup Tazia 7139:Hussainiya 6481:1008303874 6369:. Oxford: 6344:. Oxford: 6251:Volume VI: 6209:Volume XI: 6135:Volume VI: 5876:. Albany: 5800:: 98–111. 5714:: 249–282. 5638:. Leiden: 5483:Hyder 2006 5456:Elsie 2005 5253:Hyder 2006 4949:Ayoub 1978 4877:Hyder 2006 4824:Ayoub 1978 4782:Ayoub 1978 4770:Ayoub 1978 4707:Ayoub 1978 4568:Ayoub 1978 4556:Ayoub 1978 4512:Momen 1985 4500:Jafri 1979 4488:Ayoub 1978 4247:Jafri 1979 4160:Dixon 1971 4124:Dixon 1971 4088:Dixon 1971 3813:Ayoub 1978 3762:Ayoub 1978 3720:Ayoub 1978 3511:Lewis 2002 3470:Hitti 1961 3434:Jafri 1979 3398:Jafri 1979 3294:Ayoub 1978 3193:References 3105:Kermanshah 3101:husayniyya 3022:Yunus Emre 3009:Sufi poet 2682:After the 2523:South Asia 2515:husayniyya 2511:husayniyya 2476:husayniyya 2454:husayniyya 2438:Pilgrimage 2301:Heinz Halm 2222:Ibn Ath'am 2212:al-Mas'udi 2116:See also: 2102:Kaysanites 1912:in Karbala 1544:including 1542:companions 1508:following 1490:See also: 1445:Shi'at Ali 1386:Mu'awiya I 1199:Chup Tazia 1154:Hussainiya 1138:Pilgrimage 899:Umm Salama 883:Holy women 471:Holy Books 466:Monotheism 442:Shia Islam 406:Marj Rahit 372:al-Mukhtar 370:Revolt of 190:(defected) 92:44°01′53″E 89:32°36′55″N 6961:752790641 6939:453206240 6920:495469525 6889:Lewis, B. 6876:495469525 6845:Lewis, B. 6577:Momen, M. 6567:11 August 6500:474534621 5928:459263076 5783:11 August 5762:11 August 5721:"Karbala" 5687:. Hague: 5217:Halm 1997 5157:Halm 1997 5133:Halm 1997 5097:Halm 1997 5073:Halm 1997 4913:Gölz 2019 4901:Gölz 2019 4848:Halm 1997 4809:Halm 1997 4440:Halm 1997 4310:Halm 1997 3311:Halm 1997 2965:Karl Marx 2953:Mir Anees 2835:Tahmasp I 2712:Hezbollah 2703:Hezbollah 2136:al-Waqidi 2007:Abu Talib 1989:Aftermath 1939:Baladhuri 1935:al-Tabari 1923:Ali Akbar 1859:Euphrates 1821:Qadisiyya 1584:Kharijite 1532:declared 1403:, son of 1326:romanized 934:Shahrbanu 819:Qizilbash 416:2nd Mecca 401:1st Mecca 7160:Arba'een 7148:Holidays 6949:(1927). 6903:(eds.). 6859:(eds.). 6839:(1971). 6815:(1994). 6787:(1983). 6777:25802958 6721:(1975). 6697:(1981). 6677:Palgrave 6579:(1985). 6534:(1997). 6510:(2002). 6467:(1927). 6443:(2023). 6419:(2001). 6391:(1979). 6273:(1961). 6253:Mahk–Mid 6244:(eds.). 6202:(eds.). 6157:(2000). 6137:Mahk–Mid 6128:(eds.). 6089:(1997). 6027:ABC-CLIO 5994:(2003). 5966:(2005). 5938:(2010). 5870:(2007). 5846:(2007). 5794:Muqarnas 5681:(1978). 3168:and the 3055:shamayel 3038:shamayel 2961:marthiya 2941:marthiya 2937:marthiya 2917:marthiya 2843:marthiya 2839:marthiya 2618:in India 2581:Politics 2532:zuljanah 2497:zuljanah 2469:; sing. 2436:Arba'een 2425:Safavids 2356:Arba'een 2334:M. Momen 2200:Dinawari 2106:Abbasids 2047:mustered 1538:Muhammad 1430:Tawwabin 1367:Muhammad 1337:Muharram 1130:Arba'een 851:Muhammad 807:Bektashi 783:Satpanth 717:Musta'li 712:Isma'ili 623:Mubahala 563:Arba'een 434:a series 432:Part of 396:Al-Harra 245:Strength 74:Location 7201:Ta'zieh 7191:Maddahi 7169:Customs 7079:Figures 6399:Longman 5814:1602284 2973:majalis 2927:), and 2921:Bijapur 2875:majalis 2798:Abraham 2785:Maqatil 2770:Maqatil 2766:Maqatil 2739:Pharaoh 2648:majalis 2601:in Iran 2558:majalis 2554:majalis 2467:majalis 2353:during 2204:Ya'qubi 2126:titled 1835:Karbala 1761:Karbala 1642:Prelude 1612:Yazid I 1506:Yazid I 1480:martyrs 1465:Day of 1443:party ( 1371:Karbala 1352:Yazid I 1343:of the 1328:: 1179:Ta'zieh 1169:Maddahi 1159:Marsiya 1134:Ziyarat 722:Tayyibi 693:Shaykhi 683:Akhbari 678:Ja'fari 606:History 496:Twelver 491:Ismaili 486:Imamate 361:Karbala 355:risings 237:† 225:† 213:† 201:† 126:victory 79:Karbala 7211:Tabuik 7206:Tatbir 7181:Marsia 7127:Places 7067:Events 7001: 6959: 6937: 6918: 6912:H–Iram 6899:& 6874: 6868:H–Iram 6855:& 6825: 6801: 6775: 6756: 6737: 6707: 6683: 6658: 6631: 6587: 6544: 6520: 6498: 6479: 6453: 6429: 6405: 6377: 6352: 6327: 6306: 6287: 6259: 6240:& 6217: 6198:& 6167: 6143: 6124:& 6101: 6033: 6008: 5980: 5952: 5926: 5905: 5884: 5856: 5832: 5812: 5739: 5695: 5667: 5646: 5621: 5044: 3166:Qur'an 3113:Zaynab 3053:. The 3046:taziya 3034:taziya 3007:Sindhi 2985:Sufism 2955:, and 2886:Fuzûlî 2845:being 2816:Maqtal 2806:angels 2794:Ashura 2790:Ashura 2781:Maqtal 2774:Maqtal 2762:Maqtal 2747:Ghalib 2644:taziya 2640:Qajars 2628:Buyids 2616:Taziya 2598:Taziya 2547:taziya 2543:shabih 2538:taziya 2527:tacked 2519:majlis 2517:for a 2471:majlis 2463:Fatima 2449:majlis 2430:Ashura 2421:Buyids 2341:Impact 2311:, and 2280:siesta 2232:, and 2208:Maqtal 2192:Leiden 2188:Berlin 2180:Maqtal 2168:; and 2098:mawali 2082:mawali 2078:mawali 1974:Zaynab 1888:Battle 1713:Medina 1661:Qur'an 1597:Husayn 1562:A'isha 1530:Medina 1522:Uthman 1467:Ashura 1399:, and 1317:Arabic 1255:Ashura 1204:Tatbir 1184:Tabuik 1120:Lohoof 1066:Sayyid 1032:Husayn 949:Narjis 889:Fatima 871:Husayn 861:Fatima 824:Ishiki 792:Ghulat 773:Nizari 766:Hafizi 705:Houthi 653:Origin 568:Mawlid 558:Ashura 528:Clergy 508:Angels 411:Maskin 376:Khazir 253:70–145 233: 221: 209: 197: 117:Result 81:, Iraq 7216:Hosay 6887:. In 6843:. In 6773:JSTOR 6232:. In 6182:. In 6116:. In 5810:JSTOR 3170:Sunna 3161:shura 3124:Notes 3042:parda 2915:Urdu 2851:nawha 2847:rawda 2820:rawda 2810:jinns 2764:(pl. 2743:Moses 2481:rawda 2184:Gotha 2164:, by 1985:him. 1872:mawla 1863:Abbas 1810:Hejaz 1801:Yemen 1729:Mecca 1677:Basra 1656:Alids 1620:shura 1588:Hasan 1567:shura 1558:Syria 1514:Basra 1453:Shi'a 1417:Syria 1409:Mecca 1375:Sawad 1369:, at 1189:Hosay 929:Rubab 866:Hasan 802:Alevi 797:Alawi 778:Khoja 700:Zaydi 688:Usuli 628:Khumm 501:Zaydi 7196:Soaz 7186:Noha 6999:ISBN 6957:OCLC 6935:OCLC 6916:OCLC 6872:OCLC 6823:ISBN 6799:ISBN 6795:JSAI 6754:ISBN 6735:ISBN 6705:ISBN 6681:ISBN 6656:ISBN 6629:ISBN 6585:ISBN 6569:2019 6542:ISBN 6518:ISBN 6496:OCLC 6477:OCLC 6451:ISBN 6427:ISBN 6403:ISBN 6375:ISBN 6350:ISBN 6325:ISBN 6304:ISBN 6285:ISBN 6257:ISBN 6215:ISBN 6165:ISBN 6141:ISBN 6099:ISBN 6031:ISBN 6006:ISBN 5978:ISBN 5950:ISBN 5924:OCLC 5903:ISBN 5882:ISBN 5854:ISBN 5830:ISBN 5785:2019 5764:2019 5737:ISBN 5693:ISBN 5665:ISBN 5644:ISBN 5619:ISBN 5042:ISBN 2990:nafs 2906:epic 2849:and 2832:Shah 2675:and 2646:and 2423:and 2349:The 2202:and 1937:and 1908:The 1854:Rayy 1784:Hajj 1745:Kufa 1634:and 1605:Kufa 1582:, a 1552:and 1494:and 1441:Alid 1413:Kufa 1379:Iraq 1311:The 1174:Soaz 1164:Noha 1040:Life 353:Alid 351:Pro- 66:Date 6980:doi 6610:doi 6211:W–Z 6075:doi 6054:doi 5802:doi 3040:or 2983:In 2900:'s 2741:to 2487:). 2236:'s 2224:'s 2214:'s 2174:by 2011:Ali 1578:by 1534:Ali 1524:'s 1397:Ali 1381:). 856:Ali 7264:: 7022:, 6974:. 6908:. 6895:; 6891:; 6864:. 6851:; 6847:; 6797:. 6733:. 6679:. 6654:. 6606:33 6604:. 6559:. 6401:. 6373:. 6348:. 6283:. 6249:. 6236:; 6207:. 6194:; 6190:; 6186:; 6133:. 6120:; 6071:25 6069:. 6050:12 6048:. 6029:. 6004:. 5976:. 5948:. 5880:. 5808:. 5796:. 5775:. 5754:. 5712:42 5710:. 5691:. 5642:. 5617:. 5463:^ 5410:^ 5383:^ 5296:^ 5028:^ 4867:^ 4816:^ 4801:^ 4738:^ 4699:^ 4670:^ 4641:^ 4602:^ 4575:^ 4548:^ 4531:^ 4430:^ 4317:^ 4302:^ 4239:^ 4066:^ 4051:^ 3932:^ 3917:^ 3878:^ 3863:^ 3820:^ 3781:^ 3754:^ 3739:^ 3666:^ 3651:^ 3632:^ 3617:^ 3542:^ 3501:^ 3350:^ 3333:^ 3318:^ 3301:^ 3242:^ 3215:^ 3200:^ 3132:^ 3111:, 3103:, 2951:, 2947:, 2877:. 2822:. 2808:, 2699:. 2671:, 2494:A 2447:A 2327:. 2307:, 2220:, 2138:, 2134:, 1929:, 1630:, 1548:, 1474:. 1391:r. 1373:, 1357:r. 1341:AH 1323:, 1319:: 436:on 263:88 54:, 7052:e 7045:t 7038:v 7007:. 6986:. 6982:: 6976:8 6963:. 6941:. 6922:. 6878:. 6831:. 6807:. 6779:. 6762:. 6743:. 6713:. 6689:. 6664:. 6637:. 6616:. 6612:: 6593:. 6571:. 6550:. 6526:. 6502:. 6483:. 6459:. 6435:. 6411:. 6383:. 6358:. 6333:. 6312:. 6293:. 6265:. 6223:. 6173:. 6149:. 6107:. 6081:. 6077:: 6060:. 6056:: 6039:. 6014:. 5986:. 5958:. 5930:. 5911:. 5890:. 5862:. 5838:. 5816:. 5804:: 5798:6 5787:. 5766:. 5745:. 5701:. 5673:. 5652:. 5627:. 5050:. 2931:( 2923:( 1777:. 1388:( 1354:( 1315:( 1300:e 1293:t 1286:v 1140:) 1136:, 1132:( 1012:e 1005:t 998:v 383:) 374:( 331:e 324:t 317:v 23:.

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