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1071:. According to Count von Kessler, "William II's downright perverse bad taste, I said, was more responsible than anything else. Bad taste in the selection of his friends and advisors; bad taste in art, literature, politics and his style of living; bad taste revealed by every word he uttered... A crowned barbarian who gave the whole German nation a reputation for
312:. This is because a constitutional monarch has plenty of means at his or her disposal of quietly blocking a Chancellor's policy objectives and is one of the only people who can forcibly remove an overly ambitious Chancellor from power. For these reasons, the last Kaiser believed that he had every right to be informed
464:, grandson and heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II, further commented, "Bismarck was certainly our greatest statesman, but he had very bad manners and he became increasingly overbearing with age. Frankly, I don't think his dismissal by my grandfather was a great tragedy. Russia was already on the other side because of the
549:
While "Wilhelmism" is equally applied to the last Kaiser's favored styles in both the visual arts and architecture, such as the ornate
Germania postage stamps, numerous government buildings and the Wilhelmine Ring housing areas of Berlin and many other German cities, the term is also used to describe
1294:
According to Walter H. Sokel, "The lighting apparatus behaves like the mind. It drowns in darkness what it wishes to forget and bathes in light what it wishes to recall. Thus the entire stage becomes a universe of mind, and the individual scenes are not replicas of three-densional physical reality,
371:
In later years, Bismarck created the "Bismarck myth"; the view (which some historians have argued was confirmed by subsequent events) that
Wilhelm II's successful demand for Bismarck's resignation destroyed any chance Imperial Germany ever had of stable government and international peace. According
1290:
was written during the last three months of 1911. According to
Michael Paterson, "The play opens with an ingenious inversion: the Poet and Friend converse in front of a closed curtain, behind which voices can be heard. It appears that we, the audience, are backstage and the voices are those of the
798:
overwhelmingly found the exploit both clever and hysterically funny. Eventually the last Kaiser, who also admired Voigt's cleverness and boldness, pardoned him and ordered his early release from incarceration. Voigt then spent many years giving public lectures about the exploit to paying audiences
367:
After a heated argument at
Bismarck's estate over the latter's alleged disrespect for the Imperial Family, Wilhelm stormed out. Bismarck, forced for the first time in his career into a crisis that he could not twist to his own advantage, wrote a blistering letter of resignation, decrying the
919:, which regards both World War I flying aces as their founding fathers. Furthermore, to many people worldwide who both admire and revere the flying aces of the Great War, Richthofen, in particular, is seen as embodying the best traditions of the officer corps of the last Kaiser's Germany.
307:
is required to meet regularly with the monarch to explain his or her policies and intentions within the
Government. A Chancellor in a constitutional monarchy also cannot afford to make an enemy of the monarch, who represents the only real check and balance against a Chancellor's otherwise
379:
According to
Bismarck apologists, in foreign policy the Iron Chancellor had achieved a fragile balance of interests between Germany, France and Russia. Peace was allegedly at hand and Bismarck tried to keep it that way despite growing popular sentiment against Britain (regarding the
352:, to meet with him and begin the negotiations. The Kaiser, who always had a warm relationship with Baron von Windthorst, whose decades long defence of German Catholics, Poles, Jews, and other minorities against the Iron Chancellor have since attracted high praise and comparisons to
1298:
Tragically and in an added parallel to the many other nations experiencing similar cultural ferment during the same era, many of
Germany's most gifted and innovative poets, writers, artists, and intellectuals were soon to die prematurely upon the battlefields of the Great War.
1334:. First, riots broke out in the Imperial Capital, the last Kaiser announced his intention to divert troops from the battlefield to restore order, and found to his shock that he had lost the support of the Generals, who all demanded his immediate abdication. In response to
1263:
in Berlin. Hulme later wrote, "Very short sentences are used, sometimes so terse and elliptical as to produce a blunt and jerky effect ... It is clear that a definite attempt is being made to use the language in a new way, an attempt to cure it of certain vices."
550:
an essentially-Neo-Baroque and prestige-oriented style of architecture. Similarly to the architecture of other
European Capitols of the era, the Neo-Baroque was calculated to express Germany's ambitions to become and remain a naval, imperial, and colonial power.
1291:
imagined audience out front. It is a simple, but disorienting trick of stagecraft, whose imaginative spatial reversal is self-consciously theatrical. So the audience is alerted to the fact that they are about to see a play and not a 'slice of life.'"
1407:
to be treasonous, routinely targeted political leaders involved with both for assassination. Even when they were caught and prosecuted, Organisation Consul members tended to receive lenient sentences from judges sympathetic to their views.
580:
for 'gutter speech'), which was also a very harsh criticism of the recent birth of German modernist art which the last Kaiser considered degenerate art, at the formal unveiling of the
Siegesallee on 18 December 1901.
263:
among intellectuals, in response to recent medical and scientific advances and the enormous prosperity of the heavily-industrialized German Empire, but which was at polar odds with the last Kaiser's belief in both
833:
to impress them at an early age with the Navy's aura and prestige as the gentlemen's branch of the service. For this reason, the
Imperial German Navy's most successful combat commanders of the Great War, such as
279:
The final break between the Iron Chancellor and the last Kaiser came when Bismarck initiated discussions with the opposition to form a new parliamentary majority without consulting with the monarch first. The
770:. Voigt then "confiscated" more that 4,000 marks from the city treasury, changed back into civilian clothing, and disappeared. Following a police and military investigation, Voigt was arrested, convicted of
1476:
style favored and used by the Dutch, Belgian, and Scandinavian royal families. Praising how vehicles carrying the King or Queen would stop and wait at traffic lights, Louis Ferdinand stated that if the
1185:
poet in death the literary recognition that always eluded him in life. Norbert von Hellingrath is why Hölderlin is now widely considered one of the greatest poets ever to write in the German language.
288:
that Bismarck had been able to maintain since 1867, had finally lost its majority of seats in the Reichstag due to the Anti-Socialist Laws fiasco. The remaining powers in the Reichstag were the
1221:
Adler has also written that August Stramm's "essential innovation (still too little recognized in Germany) was to create a new, non-representational kind of poetry," which is, "comparable," to
750:, it should not be pretended that the German people or their government were incapable of laughing at their own military or their own actions towards it. On 16 October 1906, former convict
1039:, who shot both real and suspected Ringverein members en masse and sent many others to concentration camps without requiring the niceties of evidence, broke the Sporting Clubs' power.
1052:
2159:
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Among many other examples of the power and influence the George-Kreis wielded over Germany cultural and literary life, the scholarly and editorial skills of one member,
468:
of 1878. Had Bismarck stayed he would not have helped. He already wanted to abolish all the reforms that had been introduced. He was aspiring to establish a kind of
570:, 'The Boulevard of Dolls' and as an alley where, "even the bird-shit is made of marble", the neo-Baroque statues received Royal Assent in Kaiser Wilhelm's
299:, the head of government depends upon the confidence of the parliamentary majority and has the right to form coalitions to maintain a majority of supporters. In a
2219:
1944:
Goeschel, Christian. "The Criminal Underworld in Weimar and Nazi Berlin." In History Workshop Journal, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 58-80. Oxford University Press, 2013.
228:
Wilhelminism also characterizes the social, literary, artistic, and cultural climate of Wilhelm II's reign, which on the one hand was dominated by the rigidly-
1935:
Hartmann, Arthur, and Klaus von Lampe. "The German underworld and the Ringvereine from the 1890s through the 1950s." Global Crime 9, no. 1-2 (2008): 108-135.
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of the Great War and which ends with the 1918 Revolution shown to be imminent, represents a more critical exploration of the German Empire. Similarly to
384:) and especially against Russia. With Bismarck's dismissal, the Russians allegedly expected a reversal of policy in Berlin, so they quickly negotiated a
969:-style gunfight on 30 November 1900 made him very popular, long after his capture, trial, and execution for their murders in 1902. According to German
1082:, the Wilhelmian era also seethed with radical innovation, literary, artistic, and cultural ferment inside the literary coffee houses, theatres, and
758:
Captain's uniform, the elements of which he had purchased from different second hand shops. In an Oscar-worthy performance, Voigt bluffed a group of
717:
2017:
2000:
1605:, followed by multiple prosecutions. While it is known that meetings took place in which Prince Heinrich XIII sought the covert assistance of the
276:
were not renewed and the Iron Chancellor's efforts to renew them were the catalyst for his forced resignation at the last Kaiser's insistence.
1573:"Patriotic Union" organization. The Patriotic Union, whose members included doctors, police officers, at least one judge, and many active duty
1430:
1589:
upon the throne as the new Kaiser of a Fourth Reich. The Patriotic Union intended, however, the Fourth Reich to be a restoration of the
900:
was once similarly regarded, until his heroic image was first tarnished and then destroyed completely by his role in later chapters of
1385:, openly sought to restore the Monarchy but instead found itself manipulated, outmaneuvered, sidelined, and then banned outright by
1598:
961:. Policemen were assigned from other regions of Bavaria and often could not speak or understand the local dialect. What was worse,
213:. Rather, it relates to the image presented by Wilhelm II and his demeanour, as manifested by the public presentation of grandiose
1457:, the prince indicated that he might accept the presidency but would not relinquish his claim to the Imperial or Prussian crowns.
2275:
Wilhelminism and Its Legacies. German Modernities and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930. Essays for Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann.
345:, Bismarck decided to start coalition talks with the all-Catholic Centre Party. He invited that party's leader in the Reichstag,
935:
as law-abiding and subservient to the authority of the police and the courts, this stereotype does not fit the Wilhelmian era.
1718:
plays the exiled Kaiser, is also an example of subtle nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era. Throughout the film, the values of the
1481:
were ever restored to the German throne during his lifetime, this same informality was a quality he fully intended to emulate.
209:) is not meant as a conception of society associated with the name Wilhelm and traceable to an intellectual initiative of the
2433:
2365:
2313:
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still have the extended forefinger placed in front of the forehead, indicating the spiked helmet, as the sign for "German".)
1206:
to its bare essentials." Citing Stramm's fondness for "fashioning new words out of old," Adler has also written that, "what
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2186:
364:, was furious to hear about Bismarck's plans for coalition talks with the Centre Party only after they had already begun.
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in the 1880s with the highly successful and often repeated refrain, "The Reich is in danger." Therefore, in order to
1523:
and the ideology of the German Empire. Both buildings, however, are now being rebuilt, almost exactly as they were.
564:
Even though the Siegesallee was widely ridiculed by the infamously irreverent and sarcastic Berliners of the era as
1763:
1609:'s diplomats and intelligence services, the Russian Government has repeatedly denied involvement in the coup plot.
1438:
149:
1027:, but their power and political influence only reached its height after the November Revolution of 1918. Only the
368:
Monarchy's involvement in both foreign and domestic policy. The letter was published only after Bismarck's death.
1681:, by always wearing period clothing with a white wig, and constantly lecturing a group of disciples, in a savage
2400:
1202:, who began publishing his poetry in early 1914, treated, "language like a physical material" and, "honed down
496:
1646:
of Governments at war chooses which warriors to exploit as national heroes. Other themes explored include the
557:, a boulevard of what were intended to be heroic-looking marble statues of the last Kaiser's ancestors in the
487:
continued to implement legislation at the last Kaiser's insistence that favored industrial worker's rights to
217:
and self-aggrandisement on his part. The latter tendency had already been noticed by his grandfather, Emperor
1308:
222:
2055:
Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
2042:
Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
2029:
Tim Cross, "The Lost Voices of World War I: An International Anthology of Writers, Poets, and Playwrights,"
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in 1916, collected and published the collected works of Hölderlin in 1913 and succeeded in gaining for the
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49:
19:"Wilhelmine" redirects here. For the broader period of German history marked by rulers named Wilhelm, see
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The gravesites of Oswald Boelcke and Manfred von Richthofen, on the other hand, remain sites of secular
646:. Meanwhile, European diplomatic relations deteriorated. In 1890, Germany refused to prolong the secret
1134:
In addition to witnessing the birth of modern art, the same era also witnessed the introduction of the
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had existed previously and not only in the German Empire, but it now symbolises Wilhelmian era and the
434:
328:
137:
79:
53:
896:, were regarded as national heroes and, if they fell, as martyrs. Their fellow World War I flying ace
2381:
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in Great Britain, by an increasing loyalty of the party leadership towards both the Monarchy and the
511:. Despite the party's stronger influence, internal developments were characterised, similarly to the
504:
218:
255:. Ironically, Germany during the Wilhelmian era was, on the other hand, distinguished by escalating
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of Berlin. As early as 1895, the Ringvereine were having their first "business" dealings with the
376:
going dangerously off course, leading directly to the carnage of the First and Second World Wars.
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1719:
1425:
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Despite Count von Kessler's later contempt for the cultural life during the final decades of the
655:
544:
361:
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535:. These developments, however, were closely mirrored by other Leftist parties in other nations.
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bombing raids has often involved the reconstruction of demolished historic buildings from the
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as it existed prior to the November Revolution of 1918, rather than as a continuation of the
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1520:
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policy of agreeing to support the war effort during the patriotic euphoria later dubbed the
484:
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1111:
819:
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pokes fun at nostalgia for the Wilhelmine era by depicting a narcissistic writer in 1970s
8:
2489:
2073:
1897:
1880:
1715:
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would not protect the last Kaiser if he faced a similar death to that of his late cousin
1335:
1323:
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835:
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159:, art, literature, and architecture of Germany. It also roughly coincided with the late
2370:
online review by Lothar Machtan, Institut fĂĽr Geschichtswissenschaft, Bremen University
2092:
2056:
2043:
2030:
1953:
1606:
1468:, Prince Louis Ferdinand further expressed a deep sense of admiration for the informal
1267:
The same era also witnessed the iconoclastic invention of modern theatrical staging by
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1056:
1020:
970:
947:
815:
779:
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for the German Empire and a desire for its restoration continued to exist. During the
1259:
heard the kind of poetry that Stramm had created and inspired being read aloud at the
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figure and was, in reality, "just a man who went astray with no way of getting back."
843:
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that had concluded by Bismarck in 1887, and Germany had to witness the forming of the
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that the former Kaiser still represents are repeatedly contrasted with those of both
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Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18
2160:"Prinz Reuß von den "Reichsbürgern" bedient antisemitische Verschwörungserzählungen"
1437:, the only one of twelve candidates who was not a politician, won with 39.8% before
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established as an instrument of national prestige, were still reflected in everyday
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1473:
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1412:
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1211:
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to criticize what they saw as the excessive militarism of the Second Reich and the
473:
409:
214:
1586:
1488:
in 1990, nostalgia continues. For example, the rebuilding of cities in the former
965:
was considered so common in the region that KneiĂźl's slaying of two cops during a
2462:
2423:
2133:
1669:
1647:
1504:
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1215:
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995:(Sporting Clubs"). The Ringvereine often carried romantic sounding names such as
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Foreign policy was founded on Kaiser Wilhelm's support for both his Government's
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465:
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to this view, what Wilhelm termed "The New Course" is characterised as Germany's
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A statue of Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick at Köpenick city hall (by
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and hoped to treat our family in the same way the Japanese shoguns treated the
252:
210:
192:
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96:
69:
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2198:
1740:
1702:
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A less benign form of nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era was on display in the
1538:
on the anniversary of the last Kaiser's death, which are organized by German
1497:
1442:
1380:
1272:
1222:
1199:
1173:, who had died unrecognized following decades of incarceration in a tower at
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1079:
1064:
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on 29 March 1890, two weeks after Bismarck's forced resignation as Chancellor
373:
248:
176:
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44:
20:
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1924:
Muskel-Adolf & Co. Die Ringvereine und organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin
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witnessed the local Bavarian peasantry overwhelmingly cheering him on as a
851:
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following a mental breakdown in 1806. Hellingrath, who later fell at the
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243:, and of the German industrialists, which closely mirrored those of the
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and was shared by a large number of German citizens and intellectuals.
172:
2220:"Germany foils far-right plot to install Prince Heinrich XIII in coup"
2187:"Heinrich XIII, Germany's 'Putsch Prince,' lamented monarchy's demise"
622:). The desire for a "place in the sun" as coined by Foreign Secretary
1690:
1655:
1526:
Moreover, the last Kaiser's home in exile and ultimate burial place,
1358:
1165:, were singlehandedly responsible for the revival of interest in the
1110:
was one of two groups of iconoclastic German painters fundamental to
1048:
1036:
966:
958:
955:
553:
This neo-Baroque style was particularly exemplified by the grandiose
426:
309:
57:
829:
Until the mid-20th century, young German boys were still dressed in
155:
It represented an era of creative ferment in the society, politics,
2467:
2292:
The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany.
1651:
1192:
862:, became widely revered national icons and, if they fell, martyrs.
346:
2463:
Warum der Wilhelminismus als politischer Kampfbegriff nichts taugt
1650:
being a major turning point for both sides in both the decline of
782:, and incarcerated. The case was cited by British writers such as
1543:
1516:
1249:
1090:
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urban quarters of Berlin, Munich, and many other German cities.
1059:
was asked for the reasons why, despite being a descendant of the
771:
746:
While men in uniform were still treated with enormous respect in
492:
438:
148:
until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's abdication during the
1958:
Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937)
1894:
Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes
1877:
Murderous Methods: Using Forensic Science to Solve Lethal Crimes
1429:
magazine about who would be the most honorable person to become
1158:, the circle of younger poets and writers that surrounded him.
638:
and became the third largest colonial empire after those of the
425:. According to Eksteins, the Iron Chancellor, in his need for a
1682:
1674:
1453:, readers chose Louis Ferdinand by 55.6%. In an interview with
1203:
1182:
1032:
983:
In 1891, the Imperial Capital of Berlin witnessed the birth of
865:
A very similar national iconization also took place within the
597:
469:
449:
even more divided in 1890 than they had ever been before 1871.
134:
1825:
Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age
802:
Meanwhile, relations with Britain were badly strained by the
477:
392:, beginning a process that by 1914 largely isolated Germany.
869:
following the advent of aerial warfare. The most successful
16:
Period between 1890 and 1918 in the history of German Empire
2306:
Kaiser, Hof und Staat. Wilhelm II. und die deutsche Politik
2299:
Wilhelm II : The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900
1781:
1597:. The coup was prevented only by nationwide arrests by the
1448:
100:
2280:
R. J. Evans (ed.) and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (ed.):
814:, which led him to give his full support to Grand Admiral
2134:"Germans Pay Honour at the Grave of Their Beloved Kaiser"
319:
In a deeply ironic moment, a mere decade after expelling
2388:(1961), Droste 2000 (reprint of special edition, 1967),
1805:
1403:, which considered both the November Revolution and the
739:
Uniform worn by Wilhelm Voigt as the Captain of Köpenick
1793:
911:
for both officers and enlisted men of the 21st century
1554:, whose members often attend wearing period costumes.
1519:, sites which were closely associated with the former
1415:, nostalgia for the Wilhelmian era continued. In 1968
612:
ambitions and their efforts to establish Germany as a
523:" by its opponents, but ultimately culminated in the
1368:
1346:, Wilhelm II took Hindenburg's advice and requested
1248:
inspired by Stramm's poetry, "the German variety of
499:
continued to expand its base and became the largest
480:. My grandfather had no choice but to dismiss him."
316:
Bismarck began coalition talks with the Opposition.
1960:. New York: Grove Press. Saturday 5 December 1931.
1892:Mark Benecke, translated by Karin Heusch, (2005),
942:, a peasant outlaw, copkiller, and poacher in the
826:long after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918.
634:expanded in Africa, China, New Guinea, and in the
421:has argued that Bismarck's dismissal was actually
976:, however, Mathias KneiĂźl never saw himself as a
2476:
2343:Der Aufbau der Persönlichen Monarchie, 1888–1900
1569:, 'Citizens of the Reich' and allegedly
1309:Cinema of Germany § 1895–1918 German Empire
1011:("Apache Bloods") and completely dominated both
491:and collective bargaining, while still opposing
2179:
1534:in 1956. It remains an annual site of secular
1423:reported that in a survey of their readers by
133:between 1890 and 1918, embracing the reign of
2450:Zeitreise – exhibition in Nordrhein-Westfalen
1577:personnel, sought to violently overthrow the
1067:and opposed the post-1918 restoration of the
678:The distinctive spiked helmet, the so-called
584:
2131:
1754:
1745:
1677:who tries to become the Wilhelmian-era poet
1562:
1547:
1446:
1431:President of the Federal Republic of Germany
1416:
1378:
1255:Shortly before the outbreak of war in 1914,
1115:
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679:
670:
630:achieved a short-lived high point after the
617:
571:
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524:
204:
2125:
2090:
2086:
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1530:in the Netherlands, opened its doors as a
127:Wilhelminische Zeit, Wilhelminische Epoche
43:
2456:Preußen – Chronik eines deutschen Staates
2399:
2277:Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford, 2003
2250:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900
2157:
1787:
1600:
2374:http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/
1322:, which had very close parallels to the
1275:, under the influence of Stefan George,
799:and abandoned his former life of crime.
664:
588:
394:
2079:
2014:The German Poets of the First World War
1997:The German Poets of the First World War
1909:Anthony Read and David Fischer (1994),
1849:
1507:had ordered the demolition of both the
1433:, the last Kaiser's grandson and heir,
1242:The German Poets of the First World War
1042:
938:For example, the 1900-1902 manhunt for
766:and city treasurer of under arrest for
762:enlisted men into placing the Mayor of
339:, "traitors to the Empire") during the
2477:
2459:(ARD series during “Preußenjahr“ 2001)
2421:
2308:. C. H. Beck, Munich Âł1988 (TB 2002),
2217:
1811:
1142:and the creation of the modern German
922:
2247:
2211:
2158:Thorwarth, Katja (10 December 2022).
1852:"Order makes Germans' world go round"
1799:
1612:
1445:. In a similar survey by the tabloid
754:secretly dressed himself in an elite
658:, which presenting a new threat of a
2422:Taylor, Alan John Percivale (1967).
1843:
1214:, Stramm achieved more modestly for
327:, and demonizing all members of the
2425:Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman
2301:. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
2218:Murray, Miranda (7 December 2022).
1850:Zudeick, Peter (19 November 2012).
1295:but visualizes stages of thought."
1114:, the other being the Munich-based
1047:In a December 1931 conversation in
221:, while Wilhelm II's father, later
144:from the resignation of Chancellor
13:
2282:The Coming of the First World War.
2254:University of North Carolina Press
2122:, Crown Publishers. Pages 384-393.
1911:Berlin Rising: Biography of a City
1302:
519:. This attitude was condemned as "
14:
2516:
2443:
2358:Der Weg in den Abgrund, 1900–1941
2328:Die Jugend des Kaisers, 1859–1888
2294:Cambridge University Press, 1966.
2273:(ed.) and James Retallack (ed.):
2091:Otto Köhler (November 18, 1968).
1769:Index of Germany-related articles
1730:, and depicted as far preferable.
1313:
810:. Wilhelm's fascination with the
790:and subservience to authority in
462:Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia
2323:, C. H. Beck, Munich 1993–2008:
1764:National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument
1638:, the film critiques the deeply
1624:, which is set among the German
1599:German Federal Criminal Police (
1367:German National People's Party (
1318:The Wilhelmian era ended in the
1244:, Patrick Bridgwater dubbed the
1233:'s revolution in the writing of
860:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière
732:
709:
600:soldier holding the flag of the
99:
2151:
2112:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2006:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1916:
991:for former convicts called the
538:
445:, Bismarck ultimately left the
272:. Even so, Otto von Bismarck's
1984:The Lost Voices of World War I
1971:The Lost Voices of World War I
1903:
1886:
1866:
1830:
1817:
698:in general. (In fact, various
497:German Social Democratic Party
1:
1840:, Crown Publishers. Page 391.
1774:
1492:which remained devastated by
1063:, he embraced the concept of
90:
23:. For the feminine name, see
2093:"Unverzichtbare Kaiserkrone"
1559:2022 German coup d'Ă©tat plot
867:Imperial German Flying Corps
808:Anglo-German naval arms race
292:and the Conservative Party.
239:, those associated with the
7:
2428:. New York: Vintage Books.
2407:. Oxford University Press.
2046:Press, 1989. Pages 144-145.
2012:Patrick Bridgwater (1985),
1995:Patrick Bridgwater (1985),
1913:, W.W. Norton. pp. 175-178.
1734:
1579:Federal Republic of Germany
1338:'s implied threat that the
1320:November Revolution of 1918
917:Federal Republic of Germany
198:
25:Wilhelmina (disambiguation)
10:
2521:
2241:
1306:
1007:("Northern Pirates"), and
987:in the form of oath bound
985:organized crime in Germany
806:and, even more so, by the
585:Colonialism and militarism
542:
329:Catholic Church in Germany
129:) comprises the period of
54:Wilhelm II, German Emperor
18:
2500:Historiography of Germany
1396:During the same era, the
1210:did on a grand scale for
933:traditionally stereotyped
495:ideas. Nevertheless, the
203:The term "Wilhelminism" (
95:
93:
85:
75:
65:
42:
37:
32:
2118:C.L. Sulzberger (1977),
2068:Walter H. Sokel (1959),
1836:C.L. Sulzberger (1977),
1823:Modris Eksteins (1989),
1662:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
776:impersonating an officer
1720:constitutional monarchy
1542:organisations, such as
1330:from the throne of the
1163:Norbert von Hellingrath
818:'s ambition to see the
656:Franco-Russian Alliance
545:Architecture of Germany
509:1912 national elections
417:In contrast, historian
362:Charles Stewart Parnell
301:constitutional monarchy
2330:. Munich 1993, ²2001,
2284:Clarendon Press, 1990.
2070:The Writer in Extremis
2059:Press, 1989. Page 145.
2033:Press, 1989. Page 144.
1755:
1746:
1563:
1548:
1521:German Imperial Family
1509:Berlin Imperial Palace
1447:
1435:Prince Louis Ferdinand
1417:
1379:
1326:which had toppled the
1116:
1095:
1093:-based artist's group
886:Manfred von Richthofen
680:
675:
671:
632:German colonial empire
618:
605:
602:German colonial empire
572:
566:
525:
517:German colonial empire
483:Subsequent Chancellor
414:
382:German colonial empire
336:
259:and growing belief in
241:German Agrarian League
205:
126:
2248:Cecil, Lamar (1989),
2165:Frankfurter Rundschau
1922:Peter Feraru (1995),
1900:Press. Pages 217-218.
1532:historic house museum
1479:House of Hohenzollern
1069:House of Hohenzollern
668:
644:Third French Republic
592:
398:
390:Third French Republic
350:Ludwig von Windthorst
297:parliamentary systems
290:Catholic Centre Party
185:Third French Republic
1706:, set in and around
1635:Flags of Our Fathers
1561:, by members of the
1503:East German Premier
1486:German Reunification
1340:Imperial German Army
1043:Culture and the arts
1003:("Firm as a Rock"),
820:Imperial German Navy
768:political corruption
760:Imperial German Army
688:Imperial German Army
286:coalition government
247:during the parallel
225:, was Crown Prince.
2401:Steinberg, Jonathan
2074:Stanford University
1954:Kessler, Harry Graf
1898:Columbia University
1881:Columbia University
1814:, pp. 238–239.
1802:, pp. 147–170.
1790:, pp. 445–447.
1716:Christopher Plummer
1714:and in which actor
1583:Prince Henrich XIII
1575:German armed forces
1550:Tradition und Leben
1460:In interviews with
1401:Organisation Consul
1336:Paul von Hindenburg
1324:February Revolution
1277:Friedrich Nietzsche
1171:Friedrich Hölderlin
923:Criminal underworld
836:Maximilian von Spee
804:Scramble for Africa
794:. In contrast, the
452:In interviews with
274:Anti-Socialist Laws
270:social conservatism
245:British upper class
150:November Revolution
2132:Piet den Blanken.
2120:The Fall of Eagles
2057:University of Iowa
2044:University of Iowa
2031:University of Iowa
1982:Tim Cross (1988),
1969:Tim Cross (1988),
1926:, Argon. pp. 9-75.
1838:The Fall of Eagles
1700:The 2016 spy film
1654:and the advent of
1613:In popular culture
1607:Russian Federation
1466:The Fall of Eagles
1240:In his 1985 book,
1136:Symbolist movement
1057:Harry Graf Kessler
1019:, and the illegal
999:("Forever True"),
971:forensic scientist
948:Kingdom of Bavaria
848:Hellmuth von MĂĽcke
816:Alfred von Tirpitz
780:false imprisonment
676:
648:Reinsurance Treaty
624:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
606:
485:Bernhard von BĂĽlow
458:The Fall of Eagles
437:in the 1870s, and
431:Classical Liberals
415:
401:Dropping the Pilot
2435:978-0-394-70387-9
2366:978-3-406-57779-6
2319:John C. G. Röhl:
2314:978-3-406-49405-5
2304:John C. G. Röhl:
2297:John C. G. Röhl:
2263:978-0-8078-1828-2
1757:Königliche Hoheit
1500:or even earlier.
1405:Versailles Treaty
1246:literary movement
1231:Arnold Schoenberg
1191:has written that
1144:literary language
1140:German literature
963:police corruption
840:Felix von Luckner
474:Japanese emperors
386:military alliance
354:Irish nationalist
146:Otto von Bismarck
115:Wilhelmine period
111:
110:
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106:
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2405:Bismarck: A Life
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1693:ideology of the
1642:reasons why the
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1474:crowned republic
1470:bicycle monarchy
1452:
1422:
1413:Second World War
1384:
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1348:political asylum
1344:Tsar Nicholas II
1328:House of Romanov
1179:Battle of Verdun
1146:by passionately
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:Der Blaue Reiter
1109:
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1051:with journalist
989:secret societies
927:Even though the
894:Karl Allmenröder
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429:, had demonized
358:Daniel O'Connell
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321:religious orders
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215:military parades
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2471:, February 1999
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2360:. Munich 2008,
2345:. Munich 2001,
2288:John C. G. Röhl
2264:
2252:, Chapel Hill:
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1505:Walter Ulbricht
1462:C.L. Sulzberger
1411:Even after the
1363:Weimar Republic
1350:in the neutral
1316:
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1303:Motion pictures
1235:Classical music
1225:'s creation of
1167:German romantic
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1089:Meanwhile, the
1061:German nobility
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944:Dachau District
925:
844:Karl von MĂĽller
788:blind obedience
784:G.K. Chesterton
756:Prussian Guards
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729:
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718:Spartak Babajan
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567:die Puppenallee
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541:
503:elected to the
501:political party
489:organized labor
466:Berlin Congress
454:C.L. Sulzberger
443:divide and rule
435:Roman Catholics
419:Modris Eksteins
407:, published in
303:, however, the
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234:Prussian Junker
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1883:. pp. 217-224.
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1618:The 1966 film
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1357:Nevertheless,
1332:Russian Empire
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1314:End and legacy
1312:
1307:Main article:
1304:
1301:
1281:Richard Dehmel
1269:Reinhard Sorge
1126:The Blue Rider
1053:Heinrich Simon
1044:
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1025:American Mafia
952:John Dillinger
940:Mathias KneiĂźl
924:
921:
902:German history
898:Hermann Göring
882:Oswald Boelcke
824:German culture
792:German culture
748:German culture
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652:Russian Empire
640:United Kingdom
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543:Main article:
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533:Spirit of 1914
433:in the 1860s,
310:absolute power
257:secularization
253:British Empire
211:German Emperor
206:Wilhelminismus
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21:German Empire
2505:Belle Époque
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2249:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
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2202:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2170:. Retrieved
2163:
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2141:. Retrieved
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2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2096:
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2013:
2008:
1996:
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1983:
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1893:
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1873:Mark Benecke
1868:
1858:16 September
1856:. Retrieved
1845:
1837:
1832:
1827:, pp. 66–67.
1824:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1748:Der Untertan
1728:Nazi Germany
1724:Adolf Hitler
1712:World War II
1701:
1689:, about the
1687:George-Kreis
1670:Satan's Brew
1668:
1633:
1621:The Blue Max
1619:
1591:Second Reich
1571:anti-Semitic
1565:ReichsbĂĽrger
1556:
1525:
1502:
1494:World War II
1490:East Germany
1483:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1439:Carlo Schmid
1424:
1410:
1395:
1387:Adolf Hitler
1375:paramilitary
1356:
1317:
1297:
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1260:
1254:
1241:
1239:
1227:abstract art
1220:
1189:Jeremy Adler
1187:
1160:
1156:George-Kreis
1133:
1088:
1077:
1046:
1035:and postwar
1017:prostitution
1013:racketeering
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
982:
974:Mark Benecke
937:
926:
906:
864:
852:Otto Hersing
831:sailor suits
828:
801:
745:
677:
672:Pickelhauben
607:
595:East African
563:
552:
548:
539:Architecture
513:Labour Party
482:
476:isolated in
457:
451:
423:long overdue
422:
416:
408:
405:John Tenniel
378:
370:
366:
340:
337:Reichsfeinde
318:
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281:
278:
230:conservative
227:
202:
181:Belle Époque
154:
118:
114:
112:
86:
52:painting of
33:Wilhelminism
2321:Wilhelm II.
2168:(in German)
2098:Der Spiegel
1986:, page 125.
1973:, page 124.
1812:Taylor 1967
1691:Nietzschean
1666:comedy film
1626:flying aces
1595:Third Reich
1484:Even after
1419:Der Spiegel
1398:death squad
1352:Netherlands
1261:Cabaret Gnu
1208:James Joyce
1148:Francophile
1009:Apachenblut
1005:Nordpiraten
993:Ringvereine
890:Werner Voss
874:flying aces
871:World War I
721: [
682:Pickelhaube
614:world power
610:colonialist
561:of Berlin.
555:Siegesallee
527:Burgfrieden
521:revisionism
507:during the
342:Kulturkampf
266:Lutheranism
237:aristocracy
70:GrĂĽnderzeit
50:Neo-Baroque
2490:Wilhelm II
2479:Categories
2356:Volume 3:
2341:Volume 2:
2326:Volume 1:
2271:Geoff Eley
2229:9 December
2204:2022-12-11
2172:2022-12-10
2020:. Page 38.
2003:. Page 39.
1800:Cecil 1989
1775:References
1708:Huis Doorn
1644:propaganda
1581:and place
1540:monarchist
1536:pilgrimage
1528:Huis Doorn
1391:Nazi Party
1288:The Beggar
1257:T.E. Hulme
1197:playwright
1105:The Bridge
1097:Die BrĂĽcke
1031:forces of
1021:drug trade
1001:Felsenfest
978:Robin Hood
909:pilgrimage
812:Royal Navy
696:militarism
694:-inspired
636:South Seas
559:Tiergarten
439:Socialists
356:statesmen
323:, banning
305:Chancellor
189:Silver Age
187:, and the
173:Gilded Age
138:Wilhelm II
87:Chronology
80:Wilhelm II
76:Monarch(s)
2199:0190-8286
2143:9 January
2138:Great War
1656:total war
1373:and it's
1359:nostalgia
1073:barbarity
1049:Frankfurt
1037:Stalinism
997:Immertreu
967:Wild West
959:anti-hero
913:Air Force
669:Prussian
650:with the
619:Weltmacht
505:Reichstag
470:Shogunate
427:scapegoat
388:with the
219:Wilhelm I
161:Victorian
66:Including
58:Max Koner
38:1890–1918
2468:Die Zeit
2403:(2011).
2104:July 15,
1956:(1990).
1875:(2005),
1854:. dw.com
1735:See also
1695:superman
1664:'s 1976
1652:chivalry
1511:and the
1389:and the
1286:Sorge's
1193:war poet
1175:TĂĽbingen
1154:and the
1131:group.
1084:bohemian
876:such as
764:Köpenick
642:and the
295:In most
261:progress
199:Overview
2242:Sources
2224:Reuters
1710:during
1685:of the
1585:of the
1546:-based
1544:Cologne
1517:Potsdam
1250:Imagism
1229:and to
1212:English
1183:Swabian
1091:Dresden
954:-style
915:of the
772:forgery
493:Marxist
282:Kartell
251:in the
191:in the
183:in the
175:in the
167:in the
157:culture
140:in the
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2411:
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2364:
2349:
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2260:
2197:
2076:Press.
1683:parody
1675:Munich
1365:, the
1279:, and
1216:German
1204:syntax
1033:Nazism
892:, and
858:, and
778:, and
598:Askari
578:German
333:German
314:before
179:, the
171:, the
135:Kaiser
123:German
60:, 1891
1455:Quick
1426:Quick
1377:wing
1169:poet
1150:poet
1138:into
725:]
478:Kyoto
410:Punch
403:" by
347:Baron
2430:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2231:2022
2195:ISSN
2145:2022
2106:2020
1860:2016
1726:and
1472:and
1449:Bild
1441:and
1369:DNVP
1271:and
1195:and
1075:."
956:folk
931:are
690:and
360:and
331:as (
268:and
163:and
113:The
2372:on
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1601:BKA
1515:in
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