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924:, an enthusiastic supporter of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, who deserves most of the credit for shaping how people understood and applied Maxwell's work for decades to come; he was responsible for considerable progress in electrical telegraphy, telephony, and the study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Independent of Gibbs, Heaviside assembled a set of mathematical tools known as
874:(1873), Maxwell reduced them to eight. Maxwell used his equations to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light. In other words, light is but one kind of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's theory predicted there ought to be other types, with different frequencies. After some ingenious experiments, Maxwell's prediction was confirmed by
1176:(in French) Alexis Clairaut, "Du systeme du monde, dans les principes de la gravitation universelle", in "Histoires (& Memoires) de l'Academie Royale des Sciences" for 1745 (published 1749), at p. 329 (according to a note on p. 329, Clairaut's paper was read at a session of November 1747).
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and is one of the most important mathematical treatises ever. It has been translated to numerous languages and remains continuously in print since the beginning of printing. Before the invention of the printing press, it was manually copied and widely circulated. When scholars recognized its
1166:
of N. Guicciardini's "Reading the
Principia: The Debate on Newton's Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736" (Cambridge UP, 1999), a book which also states (summary before title page) that the "Principia" "is considered one of the masterpieces in the history of
98:, meaning "to handle," "to manage," or "to deal with". The Latin roots suggest a connotation of engaging with or discussing a subject in depth, which aligns with the modern understanding of a treatise as a formal and systematic written discourse on a specific topic.
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consists of thirteen books dealing with geometry (including the geometry of three-dimensional objects such as polyhedra), number theory, and the theory of proportions. It was essentially a compilation of all mathematics known to the Greeks up until Euclid's time.
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and were able to solve many open problems at the time of Euclid. It is a prime example of how to write a text in pure mathematics, featuring simple and logical axioms, precise definitions, clearly stated theorems, and logical deductive proofs. The
886:
for the reflection and transmission of light in different media from
Maxwell's equations. He also showed that Maxwell's theory succeeded in illuminating the phenomenon of light dispersion where other models failed.
911:
adapted Hertz's equipment for this purpose in the 1890s. He achieved the first international wireless transmission between
England and France in 1900 and by the following year, he succeeded in sending messages in
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then proved that the optical equations derived from
Maxwell's theory are the only self-consistent description of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light consistent with experimental results.
907:
Hertz's experimental work in electromagnetism stimulated interest in the possibility of wireless communication, which did not require long and expensive cables and was faster than even the telegraph.
825:, made their own editions, with alterations, comments, and new theorems or lemmas. Many mathematicians were influenced and inspired by Euclid's masterpiece. For example,
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878:. In the process, Hertz generated and detected what are now called radio waves and built crude radio antennas and the predecessors of satellite dishes.
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The works presented here have been identified as influential by scholars on the development of human civilization.
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became extremely popular in the twentieth century and remains in common use in the early twenty-first. But it was
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on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions. A
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excellence, they removed inferior works from circulation in its favor. Many subsequent authors, such as
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The word "treatise" has its origins in the early 14th century, derived from the Anglo-French term
932:, which were in vogue at the time but which Heaviside dismissed as "antiphysical and unnatural."
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across the
Atlantic. Seeing its value, the shipping industry adopted this technology at once.
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The etymological lineage can be traced further back to the Latin word
1231:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 9: The
Science of Electromagnetism".
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87:, which means "to deal with" or "to set forth in speech or writing".
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1043:." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed September 12, 2020.
1030:." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed September 12, 2020.
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has appeared in more editions than any other books except the
19:
This article is about the literary form. For other uses, see
1259:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 10: Electromagnetic Waves".
1187:"Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
870:. Originally, there were 20 equations in total. In his
16:
Formal and systematic written discourse on some subject
862:(later Lord Kelvin) and the mathematical analysis of
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1102:"Treatise Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary"
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1261:
Electricity and
Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
1233:
Electricity and
Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
1127:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: treatise"
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1078:"treatise | Etymology of treatise by etymonline"
1054:"treatise | Etymology of treatise by etymonline"
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1263:. United States of America: Greenwood Press.
1235:. United States of America: Greenwood Press.
882:derived, using suitable boundary conditions,
44:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
527:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
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210:
1205:A History of Mathematics – An Introduction
1203:Katz, Victor (2009). "Chapter 3: Euclid".
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1193:(Winter 2008 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.).
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884:Fresnel's equations
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780:A Treatise on Money
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389:Niccolò Machiavelli
357:De re aedificatoria
245:Claudius Ptolemaeus
1207:. Addison-Wesley.
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555:Christiaan Huygens
408:Treatise on Relics
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