Isaac Newton - Knowledge

2865: 1168: 52: 17088: 2784: 3287:") calendar in Roman Catholic Europe. At Newton's birth, Gregorian dates were ten days ahead of Julian dates; thus, his birth is recorded as taking place on 25 December 1642 Old Style, but it can be converted to a New Style (modern) date of 4 January 1643. By the time of his death, the difference between the calendars had increased to eleven days. Moreover, he died in the period after the start of the New Style year on 1 January but before that of the Old Style new year on 25 March. His death occurred on 20 March 1726, according to the Old Style calendar, but the year is usually adjusted to 1727. A full conversion to New Style gives the date 31 March 1727. 2583: 2848:

ground," thought he to him self: occasion'd by the fall of an apple, as he sat in a comtemplative mood: "why should it not go sideways, or upwards? but constantly to the earths centre? assuredly, the reason is, that the earth draws it. there must be a drawing power in matter. & the sum of the drawing power in the matter of the earth must be in the earths center, not in any side of the earth. therefore dos this apple fall perpendicularly, or toward the center. if matter thus draws matter; it must be in proportion of its quantity. therefore the apple draws the earth, as well as the earth draws the apple."

1276: 2069: 2773: 1615: 2381:"I had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for the belief of a Deity". He saw evidence of design in the system of the world: "Such a wonderful uniformity in the planetary system must be allowed the effect of choice". But Newton insisted that divine intervention would eventually be required to reform the system, due to the slow growth of instabilities. For this, Leibniz lampooned him: "God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time: otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual motion." 17076: 9828: 9814: 17100: 1371: 1422: 2563:, is the most substantial written statement he is known to have made about the plague, according to Bonhams. As far as the therapy is concerned, Newton writes that "the best is a toad suspended by the legs in a chimney for three days, which at last vomited up earth with various insects in it, on to a dish of yellow wax, and shortly after died. Combining powdered toad with the excretions and serum made into lozenges and worn about the affected area drove away the contagion and drew out the poison". 672: 1485: 2314: 1561:, in which he expounded his corpuscular theory of light. He considered light to be made up of extremely subtle corpuscles, that ordinary matter was made of grosser corpuscles and speculated that through a kind of alchemical transmutation "Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one another, ... and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the Particles of Light which enter their Composition?" Newton also constructed a primitive form of a frictional 9885: 15633: 14746: 12940: 11919: 2914: 17198: 17215: 17181: 1635: 1964: 2645:

imagined, the properties of the colours thus produced. Diligent, sagacious and faithful, in his expositions of nature, antiquity and the holy Scriptures, he vindicated by his philosophy the majesty of God mighty and good, and expressed the simplicity of the Gospel in his manners. Mortals rejoice that there has existed such and so great an ornament of the human race! He was born on 25th December 1642, and died on 20th March 1726.

9757: 17232: 2795: 9904: 17136: 17164: 17112: 1837: 2198:." Two writers think that the sentence, written at a time when Newton and Hooke were in dispute over optical discoveries, was an oblique attack on Hooke (said to have been short and hunchbacked), rather than—or in addition to—a statement of modesty. On the other hand, the widely known proverb about standing on the shoulders of giants, published among others by seventeenth-century poet 15621: 14757: 17124: 2877:

extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it "universal gravitation".

1607:, could not shake the Newtonian foundation but "one hole Goethe did find in Newton's armour, ... Newton had committed himself to the doctrine that refraction without colour was impossible. He, therefore, thought that the object-glasses of telescopes must forever remain imperfect, achromatism and refraction being incompatible. This inference was proved by 2522:. Many of Newton's writings on alchemy are copies of other manuscripts, with his own annotations. Alchemical texts mix artisanal knowledge with philosophical speculation, often hidden behind layers of wordplay, allegory, and imagery to protect craft secrets. Some of the content contained in Newton's papers could have been considered heretical by the church. 2657:, both the Royal Society members and the public deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contributions. In 1999, an opinion poll of 100 of the day's leading physicists voted Einstein the "greatest physicist ever," with Newton the runner-up, while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists by the site PhysicsWeb gave the top spot to Newton. 2152:, who was in London at the time of Newton's funeral, said that he "was never sensible to any passion, was not subject to the common frailties of mankind, nor had any commerce with women—a circumstance which was assured me by the physician and surgeon who attended him in his last moments.” There exists a widespread belief that Newton died a 2936:. The monument features a figure of Newton reclining on top of a sarcophagus, his right elbow resting on several of his great books and his left hand pointing to a scroll with a mathematical design. Above him is a pyramid and a celestial globe showing the signs of the Zodiac and the path of the comet of 1680. A relief panel depicts 1764:"the common centre of gravity of the Earth, the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem'd the Centre of the World", and this centre of gravity "either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line". (Newton adopted the "at rest" alternative in view of common consent that the centre, wherever it was, was at rest.) 3308:, who in the late eighteenth century collected oral traditions about earlier scientists, declared that there "do not appear to be any sufficient reason for his never marrying, if he had an inclination so to do. It is much more likely that he had a constitutional indifference to the state, and even to the sex in general." 2634:

erat, pervestigavit. / Naturae, Antiquitatis, S. Scripturae, / Sedulus, sagax, fidus Interpres / Dei O. M. Majestatem Philosophiâ asseruit, / Evangelij Simplicitatem Moribus expressit. / Sibi gratulentur Mortales, / Tale tantumque exstitisse / HUMANI GENERIS DECUS. / NAT. XXV DEC. A.D. MDCXLII. OBIIT. XX. MAR. MDCCXXVI,

1552:, who acquired many of Newton's writings on alchemy, stated that "Newton was not the first of the age of reason: He was the last of the magicians." Newton's contributions to science cannot be isolated from his interest in alchemy. This was at a time when there was no clear distinction between alchemy and science. 1783:, writing that it was enough that the phenomena implied a gravitational attraction, as they did; but they did not so far indicate its cause, and it was both unnecessary and improper to frame hypotheses of things that were not implied by the phenomena. (Here Newton used what became his famous expression 2542:

Newton's fundamental contributions to science include the quantification of gravitational attraction, the discovery that white light is actually a mixture of immutable spectral colors, and the formulation of the calculus. Yet there is another, more mysterious side to Newton that is imperfectly known,

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of the optics for his telescopes. In late 1668, he was able to produce this first reflecting telescope. It was about eight inches long and it gave a clearer and larger image. In 1671, the Royal Society asked for a demonstration of his reflecting telescope. Their interest encouraged him to publish his

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Varenius attempted to create a theoretical foundation linking scientific principles to classical concepts in geography, and considered geography to be a mix between science and pure mathematics applied to quantifying features of the Earth. While it is unclear if Newton ever lectured in geography, the

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H. S. E. ISAACUS NEWTON Eques Auratus, / Qui, animi vi prope divinâ, / Planetarum Motus, Figuras, / Cometarum semitas, Oceanique Aestus. Suâ Mathesi facem praeferente / Primus demonstravit: / Radiorum Lucis dissimilitudines, / Colorumque inde nascentium proprietates, / Quas nemo antea vel suspicatus

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criticised some of Newton's ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. Newton and Hooke had brief exchanges in 1679–80, when Hooke, appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence, opened up a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society

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He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting

1255:. However, it is established that Newton came to develop calculus much earlier than Leibniz. Leibniz's notation and "differential Method", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians. 1763:

view of the Solar System—developed in a somewhat modern way because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the "deviation of the Sun" from the centre of gravity of the Solar System. For Newton, it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest, but rather

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mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough (née Blythe). Newton disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him,

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It is known from his notebooks that Newton was grappling in the late 1660s with the idea that terrestrial gravity extends, in an inverse-square proportion, to the Moon; however, it took him two decades to develop the full-fledged theory. The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it

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In the year 1666 he retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought an apple from a tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from earth, but that this power

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Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians, the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind which looked out on the visible and intellectual world with the same eyes as those who began to build our intellectual inheritance rather less than 10,000

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Although the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton's best-known discoveries, he warned against using them to view the Universe as a mere machine, as if akin to a great clock. He said, "So then gravity may put the planets into motion, but without the Divine Power it could never put

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was sufficient. He made the commitment that "I will either set Theology as the object of my studies and will take holy orders when the time prescribed by these statutes arrives, or I will resign from the college." Up until this point he had not thought much about religion and had twice signed his

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of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Hooke, who had been appointed Secretary of the Royal Society, and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions. Newton's reawakening interest in

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we went into the garden, & drank thea under the shade of some appletrees, only he, & myself. amidst other discourse, he told me, he was just in the same situation, as when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind. "why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the

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Here is buried Isaac Newton, Knight, who by a strength of mind almost divine, and mathematical principles peculiarly his own, explored the course and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, the tides of the sea, the dissimilarities in rays of light, and, what no other scholar has previously

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accused Leibniz of plagiarism. The dispute then broke out in full force in 1711 when the Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud; it was later found that Newton wrote the study's concluding remarks on Leibniz. Thus began the

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and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics. He was removed from school by his mother and returned to Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth by October 1659. His mother, widowed for the second time, attempted to make him a farmer, an occupation he hated. Henry Stokes, master at The King's

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By 1672, he had started to record his theological researches in notebooks which he showed to no one and which have only been available for public examination since 1972. Over half of what Newton wrote concerned theology and alchemy, and most has never been printed. His writings demonstrate an

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In a later memoir, Newton wrote, "I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all

7034:, IV 329–330, Oxford University Press, 1961. The author's final comment on this episode is:"The mechanization of the world picture led with irresistible coherence to the conception of God as a sort of 'retired engineer', and from here to God's complete elimination it took just one more step". 2021:

As a result of a report written by Newton on 21 September 1717 to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury, the bimetallic relationship between gold coins and silver coins was changed by royal proclamation on 22 December 1717, forbidding the exchange of gold guineas for more than

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transactions, which had the effect of stimulating Newton to work out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector. But the two men remained generally on poor terms until Hooke's death.

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In 1888, after spending sixteen years cataloguing Newton's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth. In 1936, a descendant offered the papers for sale at Sotheby's. The collection was broken up and sold for a total of about £9,000.

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a realm of activity that spanned some thirty years of his life, although he kept it largely hidden from his contemporaries and colleagues. We refer to Newton's involvement in the discipline of alchemy, or as it was often called in seventeenth-century England, "chymistry."

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is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles. This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light – a point which had, until then, been a matter of debate.

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has been called "a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus" in modern times and in Newton's time "nearly all of it is of this calculus." His use of methods involving "one or more orders of the infinitesimally small" is present in his

8392:"Although it was just one of the many factors in the Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth century" by John Gribbin, 1262:

itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of "the method of first and last ratios" and explained why he put his expositions in this form, remarking also that "hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles." Because of this, the

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Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied". His work on the subject, usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers. His work

2422:, who compiled his manuscripts, interpreted Newton as questioning the veracity of some passages used to support the Trinity, but never denying the doctrine of the Trinity as such. In the twentieth century, encrypted manuscripts written by Newton and bought by 2274:

Newton tried unsuccessfully to obtain one of the two fellowships that exempted the holder from the ordination requirement. At the last moment in 1675 he received a dispensation from the government that excused him and all future holders of the Lucasian chair.

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dispute this, and claim that a tree present in their gardens is the one described by Newton. A descendant of the original tree can be seen growing outside the main gate of Trinity College, Cambridge, below the room Newton lived in when he studied there. The

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must extend much further than was usually thought. Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself & if so, that must influence her motion & perhaps retain her in her orbit, whereupon he fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition.

2298:. But ... he never made a public declaration of his private faith—which the orthodox would have deemed extremely radical. He hid his faith so well that scholars are still unraveling his personal beliefs." Snobelen concludes that Newton was at least a 1731:) of the speed of sound in air, inferred the oblateness of Earth's spheroidal figure, accounted for the precession of the equinoxes as a result of the Moon's gravitational attraction on the Earth's oblateness, initiated the gravitational study of the 2402:

had a natural explanation for why the planet orbits do not require periodic divine intervention. The contrast between Laplace's mechanistic worldview and Newton's one is the most strident considering the famous answer which the French scientist gave

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called Newton "the supreme genius and most enigmatic character in the history of science". Newton has been called the "most influential figure in the history of Western science". Einstein kept a picture of Newton on his study wall alongside ones of

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as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: "Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them." Newton's mother had three children (Mary, Benjamin, and Hannah) from her second marriage.

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reported that the complexity of applying his theory of gravity to the motion of the moon was so great it affected Newton's health: "e was deprived of his appetite and sleep" during his work on the problem in 1692–93, and told the astronomer

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was one of about three dozen bidders who obtained part of the collection at auction. Keynes went on to reassemble an estimated half of Newton's collection of papers on alchemy before donating his collection to Cambridge University in 1946.

1672:. After the exchanges with Hooke, Newton worked out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector. Newton communicated his results to 5327: 6558: 5918:"The Queen's 'great Assistance' to Newton's election was his knighting, an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705." 1499:

Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, which were refracted by accelerating into a denser medium. He verged on soundlike waves to explain the repeated pattern of reflection and transmission by thin films

1960:, which he must have been amending at the time. Then he conducted more than 100 cross-examinations of witnesses, informers, and suspects between June 1698 and Christmas 1699. Newton successfully prosecuted 28 coiners. 4321:

Keighren, Innes M. (2006). "Circulating Seditious Knowledge: The "Daring Absurdities, Studied Misrepresentations, and Abominable Falsehoods" of William Macintosh". In Jöns, Heike; Meusburger, Peter; Heffernan, Michael (eds.).

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Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree. The story is believed to have passed into popular knowledge after being related by

7051:, an Arian, who first argued that "Sir Isaac Newton was so hearty for the Baptists, as well as for the Eusebians or Arians, that he sometimes suspected these two were the two witnesses in the Revelations," while others like 17507: 4202: 1602:

wave theory to show that colour is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength. Science also slowly came to realise the difference between perception of colour and mathematisable optics. The German poet and scientist,

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Bk. II, Props. 12), but still retained his theory of 'fits' that disposed corpuscles to be reflected or transmitted (Props.13). However, later physicists favoured a purely wavelike explanation of light to account for the

2839:, whose manuscript account of 1752 has been made available by the Royal Society) do in fact confirm the incident, though not the apocryphal version that the apple actually hit Newton's head. Stukeley recorded in his 8965:

The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural

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which soon followed and were not improved upon for more than 200 years. Many of these advances continue to be the underpinnings of non-relativistic technologies in the modern world. He used the Latin word

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in 1689 and 1701, but according to some accounts his only comments were to complain about a cold draught in the chamber and request that the window be closed. He was, however, noted by Cambridge diarist

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School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student, distinguishing himself mainly by building

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and started the Enlightenment. It was Newton's conception of the universe based upon natural and rationally understandable laws that became one of the seeds for Enlightenment ideology. Locke and

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21 silver shillings. This inadvertently resulted in a silver shortage as silver coins were used to pay for imports, while exports were paid for in gold, effectively moving Britain from the

9747: 7834: 1684:, a tract written on about nine sheets which was copied into the Royal Society's Register Book in December 1684. This tract contained the nucleus that Newton developed and expanded to form the 8447: 10666: 6554: 5141:

See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol. 2, 1676–1687' ed. H.W. Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at p. 297, document No. 235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.

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family, by his thirties Newton held a Christian faith that, had it been made public, would not have been considered orthodox by mainstream Christianity, with one historian labelling him a

5734: 2208:(1651), had as its main point that "a dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees farther of the two", and so its effect as an analogy would place Newton himself rather than Hooke as the 'dwarf'. 1114:

Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the next two years saw the development of his theories on calculus,

8509: 8034:) se laissa aller à une méditation profonde sur la cause qui entraine ainsi tous les corps dans une ligne, qui, si elle était prolongée, passerait à peu près par le centre de la terre." 2175:, whom he met in London around 1689—some of their correspondence has survived. Their relationship came to an abrupt and unexplained end in 1693, and at the same time Newton suffered a 16272: 4454: 7260: 6407: 4180: 2267:. Newton "recognized Christ as a divine mediator between God and man, who was subordinate to the Father who created him." He was especially interested in prophecy, but for him, "the 9745: 3014:

philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors—Galileo, Boyle, and Newton principally—as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of

2885: 2030:. It is a matter of debate as to whether he intended to do this or not. It has been argued that Newton conceived of his work at the Mint as a continuation of his alchemical work. 17221: 8682: 2951:(the last £1 notes to be issued by the Bank of England). Newton was shown on the reverse of the notes holding a book and accompanied by a telescope, a prism and a map of the 16830: 14621: 13501: 13487: 11603: 10081: 3198: 2344: 1294:, and corresponded with Leibniz. In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton deteriorated and the book was never completed. Starting in 1699, other members of the 6105: 2377:. The ordered and dynamically informed Universe could be understood, and must be understood, by an active reason. In his correspondence, Newton claimed that in writing the 12976: 2504:

years ago. Isaac Newton, a posthumous child born with no father on Christmas Day, 1642, was the last wonderchild to whom the Magi could do sincere and appropriate homage.

8044:) told me, he entered into a deep meditation on the cause that draws all bodies in a line, which, if it were extended, would pass very near to the center of the Earth.) 17527: 3477: 8651: 8420: 7517: 6471: 7939: 7876: 4914: 1243:

in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins that August as the work "of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things". Newton later

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Although it has been said that the apple story is a myth and that he did not arrive at his theory of gravity at any single moment, acquaintances of Newton (such as

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over priority in the development of calculus. Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different

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In the same work, Newton presented a calculus-like method of geometrical analysis using 'first and last ratios', gave the first analytical determination (based on

1453:, involved solving the problem of a suitable mirror material and shaping technique. Newton ground his own mirrors out of a custom composition of highly reflective 4989: 14561: 8358: 8306: 7237: 5581: 6580: 5986: 3866: 1572:, Newton was the first to show a diagram using a prism as a beam expander, and also the use of multiple-prism arrays. Some 278 years after Newton's discussion, 16265: 10016: 7442: 7001: 3086: 1231: 9867: 8595:

Opticks or, a Treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light. Also two treatises of the species and magnitude of curvilinear figures

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This is the one dated 23 February 1669, in which Newton described his first reflecting telescope, constructed (it seems) near the close of the previous year.

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who ever lived, and once added that Newton was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish." English poet

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An Essay upon the Civil Wars of France, extracted from curious Manuscripts and also upon the Epick Poetry of the European Nations, from Homer down to Milton

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Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with the

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be active in the church – presumably to leave more time for science. Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and King

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of bars and taverns, he gathered much of that evidence himself. For all the barriers placed to prosecution, and separating the branches of government,

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1733 Dugdale and Shaw English translation of the book stated Newton published the book to be read by students while he lectured on the subject. The

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to every physical and social field of the day. In this respect, the lessons of history and the social structures built upon it could be discarded.

2014:, rather than any recognition of Newton's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint. Newton was the second scientist to be knighted, after 1703:. Together, these laws describe the relationship between any object, the forces acting upon it and the resulting motion, laying the foundation for 1125:

In April 1667, Newton returned to the University of Cambridge, and in October he was elected as a fellow of Trinity. Fellows were required to take

8336: 14794: 13433: 9600: 2832:(1727), "Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a tree." 5725: 17462: 16500: 13638: 12489: 10983: 10721: 8455: 8179: 3508: 2884:

claims that the tree was purchased by the school, uprooted and transported to the headmaster's garden some years later. The staff of the (now)

11094: 9984: 8517: 3115: 3026: 1914:, but Newton took them seriously. He retired from his Cambridge duties in 1701, and exercised his authority to reform the currency and punish 1694: 1640: 1057:. His uncle the Reverend William Ayscough, who had studied at Cambridge, recommended him to the university. At Cambridge, Newton started as a 727: 195: 17362: 17347: 13176: 2350: 1809:

In 1710, Newton found 72 of the 78 "species" of cubic curves and categorised them into four types. In 1717, and probably with Newton's help,

1164:, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument; thus, a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted. 9855: 8990:

Newton, I. (1952). Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light. New York: Dover Publications.

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Haakonssen, Knud (1996). "The Enlightenment, politics and providence: some Scottish and English comparisons". In Martin Fitzpatrick (ed.).

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Schuchard, Margret (2008). "Notes On Geographia Generalis And Its Introduction To England And North America". In Schuchard, Margret (ed.).

4172: 8149: 1146:, the basis of Church of England doctrine. By 1675 the issue could not be avoided, and by then his unconventional views stood in the way. 17562: 17497: 12962: 8561: 8546: 8074: 8011: 7968: 5479: 5423: 4596: 2959: 2918: 9288:

Snobelen, Stephen D. (2001). "'God of Gods, and Lord of Lords': The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia".

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A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary Containing ... Memoirs of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Authors, Volume 2

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Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism. He was close to the Swiss mathematician

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astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1680–1681, on which he corresponded with

1107:. Soon after Newton obtained his BA degree at Cambridge in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the 1065:

duties until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, which covered his university costs for four more years until the completion of his

17317: 17282: 15911: 15697: 15413: 13572: 12524: 8674: 7631: 2489:, were given their foundation with Boyle's mechanical conception of the universe. Newton gave Boyle's ideas their completion through 1415: 5678: 1898:. He took charge of England's great recoining, trod on the toes of Lord Lucas, Governor of the Tower, and secured the job of deputy 1258:

His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishingly small quantities: in the

17547: 17322: 15943: 14850: 13578: 11736: 10196: 9843: 7423:, Editor Hieronymo Christian Paullo (Frankfurt am Main) Publisher Sumptibus Hieronimi Christiani Pauli, typis Matthiæ Andreæ, 1707. 6245: 2864: 1721: 770: 9069:

The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge

6728: 6285: 5830: 3691: 3332: 2855:, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton's life: 2098:

may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died

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It is held by European philosophers of the Enlightenment and by historians of the Enlightenment that Newton's publication of the

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in 1672 (the first one he made in 1668 was loaned to an instrument maker but there is no further record of what happened to it).

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As Warden, and afterwards as Master, of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during the

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Voltaire (1786) heard the story of Newton and the apple tree from Newton's niece, Catherine Conduit (née Barton) (1679–1740):

1208:, and Newton's involvement in the subsequent editions is thought to be a large part of the reason for this enduring legacy. 937:, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and personally tied to the 17457: 17372: 17337: 17312: 17297: 17277: 16995: 15935: 15250: 14591: 13759: 13674: 13632: 13374: 13353: 9713: 9588: 9503: 9480: 9424: 9388: 9161: 9019: 8930: 8908: 8887: 8868: 8844: 8813: 8779: 8722: 8645: 8401: 8253: 8143: 8068: 7933: 7870: 7694: 7392: 7299: 7140: 7115: 7090: 6944: 6646: 6538: 6346: 6316: 6218: 5966: 5882: 5417: 5350: 5178: 5069: 4908: 4851: 4765: 4720: 4466: 4425: 4393: 4331: 4102: 3652: 3608: 3473: 3003:

through being his birthplace and "where he discovered gravity and developed his theories regarding the refraction of light".

2739:

through being his birthplace and "where he discovered gravity and developed his theories regarding the refraction of light".

2187:. His note to the latter included the charge that Locke had endeavoured to "embroil" him with "woemen & by other means". 1303: 845: 489: 8819: 7601: 7509: 6652: 3614: 15769: 15753: 14691: 14611: 13566: 13380: 13267: 10233: 7923: 7398: 7359: 3771: 3213: 3071:

resisted elements of Newton's work, but eventually rationalised it to conform with their strong religious views of nature.

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and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to

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In 1816, a tooth said to have belonged to Newton was sold for £730 in London to an aristocrat who had it set in a ring.

2397: 882:. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician, he contributed to the study of power series, generalised the 17517: 17437: 17432: 15927: 15828: 14822: 13308: 12920: 12726: 10714: 10245: 7804: 7225: 5656: 4982: 2090:

31 March 1727). He was given a ceremonial funeral, attended by nobles, scientists, and philosophers, and was buried in

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The World of Mathematics: A Small Library of the Literature of Mathematics from Aʻh-mosé the Scribe to Albert Einstein

4383: 3862: 17447: 17367: 16880: 16213: 16106: 15745: 15655: 15433: 15428: 15381: 15062: 13662: 13644: 13626: 13608: 13596: 13560: 13483: 13405: 13169: 12985: 11956: 11741: 10035: 9823: 9664: 9624: 9406: 8760: 8741: 8435: 7326: 5981: 5521: 3845: 2928:, at the north of the entrance to the choir against the choir screen, near his tomb. It was executed by the sculptor 1802:, Newton became internationally recognised. He acquired a circle of admirers, including the Swiss-born mathematician 1150: 1090: 906: 596: 7989:

walking in his Garden had the first Thought of his System of Gravitation, upon seeing an apple falling from a Tree.'

7434: 7009: 17537: 17452: 17307: 17272: 12861: 12510: 11270: 10631: 10456: 9864: 9439: 8510:"Museum of London exhibit including facsimile of title page from John Flamsteed's copy of 1687 edition of Newton's 8469: 7711: 6926: 5983:

On the Value of Gold and Silver in European Currencies and the Consequences on the Worldwide Gold- and Silver-Trade

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proved that every cubic was one of these four types. Newton also claimed that the four types could be obtained by

1655:

Newton had been developing his theory of gravitation as far back as 1665. In 1679, Newton returned to his work on

829:, and others, convincing most European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems. 17557: 17427: 16987: 16205: 15761: 15443: 14541: 12476: 11814: 11139: 10651: 10553: 10451: 10272: 4712:

Queers in history : the comprehensive encyclopedia of historical gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders

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See Curtis Wilson, "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", pp. 233–274 in R Taton & C Wilson (eds) (1989)

4841: 4793:

Błaszczyk, P.; et al. (March 2013). "Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking".

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was published on 5 July 1687 with encouragement and financial help from Halley. In this work, Newton stated the

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But this was not allowed to be inscribed in Newton's monument at Westminster. The epitaph added is as follows:

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to bypass that problem. Building the design, the first known functional reflecting telescope, today known as a

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Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them

4644: 4511: 2559:. Newton's analysis of this book, which he made in Cambridge while protecting himself from London's 1665–1666 17512: 17025: 16904: 16658: 15777: 15721: 14397: 14307: 14282: 14193: 13692: 13584: 13412: 13394: 12911: 12906: 12793: 12447: 11922: 11351: 10998: 10707: 10536: 4977:, "Newton's Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry", in Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann, eds., 3284: 3268: 2389: 2087: 2083: 2011: 1343: 988: 826: 520: 102: 73: 20: 11260: 9865:

The Newton Manuscripts at the National Library of Israel – the collection of all his religious writings

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in 1699, a position Newton held for the last 30 years of his life. These appointments were intended as

17502: 17487: 15303: 15296: 14726: 13832: 13548: 13162: 12392: 11789: 11746: 10446: 7124: 2762: 1573: 1445:). As a proof of the concept, he constructed a telescope using reflective mirrors instead of lenses as the 1351: 1240: 950: 8194: 7468: 2679: 2148:

Although it was claimed that he was once engaged, Newton never married. The French writer and philosopher

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This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of

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in London; he was her "very loving Uncle", according to his letter to her when she was recovering from

1983: 1915: 1826: 1700: 1649: 1604: 1489: 1299:

bitter controversy which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716.

1181:

The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge position included the responsibility of instructing

1086: 1050: 1007:, Newton was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a 978: 902: 859: 766: 206: 179: 137: 11199: 11149: 9819: 8265: 6051:"Sir Isaac Newton's Unpublished Manuscripts Explain Connections He Made Between Alchemy and Economics" 4667:

Whiteside, D.T., ed. (1970). "The Mathematical principles underlying Newton's Principia Mathematica".

4416:

Mayhew, Robert J. (2011). "Geography's Genealogies". In Agnew, John A.; Livingstone, David N. (eds.).

1735:, provided a theory for the determination of the orbits of comets, and much more. Newton's biographer 17492: 17377: 17352: 17104: 16669: 16082: 16066: 15328: 15308: 15216: 15212: 15135: 14827: 14442: 14277: 13897: 13752: 13132: 12623: 12616: 12387: 12281: 12211: 11306: 11013: 10934: 10406: 10322: 9976: 9781: 5018: 3107: 2894: 2783: 2370: 2172: 1863:—and its fidelity to the original manuscripts of the New Testament, remained unpublished until 1785. 1803: 1679: 1522: 1383: 1287: 1248: 749: 9333:

Snobelen, Stephen D. (December 1999). "Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite".

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Snobelen, Stephen D. (December 1999). "Isaac Newton, heretic: the strategies of a Nicodemite".

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All of Newton's known writings on alchemy are currently being put online in a project undertaken by

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The Background to Newton's Principia. A Study of Newton's Dynamical Researches in the Years 1664–84

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withdrew to the country, and seeing the fruits of a tree fall, according to what his niece (Madame

6498: 2653:(formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or 1591: 1414:

with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as

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that when pressed to complete his analysis Newton "always replied that it made his head ache, and

1003:

in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before.

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ow'd the Invention of Musik to the noise of the Hammer of a Blacksmith. And thus in our Days Sir

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Feingold, Mordechai (1993). "Newton, Leibniz, and Barrow Too: An Attempt at a Reinterpretation".

3365: 3276: 3145: 2548: 2426:(among others) were deciphered and it became known that Newton did indeed reject Trinitarianism. 1922: 1562: 1054: 934: 910: 822: 454: 340: 8635: 8030:

retiré à la campagne, et voyant tomber des fruits d'un arbre, à ce que m'a conté sa nièce, (Mme

7594:"Opinion poll. Einstein voted 'greatest physicist ever' by leading physicists; Newton runner-up" 6948:, v. 1, pp. 382–402. after narrowing the years to 30 or 33, provisionally judges 30 most likely. 6494: 6465: 6207:

Dobre and Nyden suggest that there is no clear evidence that Voltaire was present; see p. 89 of

4981:(Geneva: Droz, 2010), pp. 283–307. A free access online version of this article can be found at 4648: 3716: 2749:

classified it as the most valuable tooth in the world, which would value approximately £25,000 (

1185:. In 1672, and again in 1681, Newton published a revised, corrected, and amended edition of the 17204: 16810: 15887: 15844: 15526: 15516: 14934: 14860: 14817: 14453: 14347: 14327: 14204: 14132: 14077: 14000: 13782: 13462: 13455: 13401: 12881: 12201: 11859: 11761: 11718: 11577: 11458: 10865: 10810: 10626: 10616: 10381: 10344: 10317: 10211: 9437:(2002). Focuses on philosophical issues only; excerpt and text search; complete edition online 8918: 8127: 5874: 5868: 4898: 4795: 3777: 3733: 2744: 2560: 1887: 1851:

dealing with the literal and symbolic interpretation of the Bible. A manuscript Newton sent to

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Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men

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From Newton to Hawking: A History of Cambridge University's Lucasian Professors of Mathematics

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From 1978 until 1988, an image of Newton designed by Harry Ecclestone appeared on Series D £1

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Trabue, J. "Ann and Arthur Storer of Calvert County, Maryland, Friends of Sir Isaac Newton,"

9134: – Preface by Albert Einstein. Reprinted by Johnson Reprint Corporation, New York (1972) 8573: 8490: 7082: 6867: 5692: 4569: 4545: 3640: 3032: 2598: 2591: 2518:

Of an estimated ten million words of writing in Newton's papers, about one million deal with

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with confidence and to revert power series. Newton's work on infinite series was inspired by

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Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World

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Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist

8284: 7684: 6275: 5995:"By The King, A Proclamation Declaring the Rates at which Gold shall be current in Payments" 5500: 2454:, and was accepted hesitantly by orthodox preachers as well as dissident preachers like the 17267: 17262: 16549: 16484: 16394: 16250: 15975: 15967: 15356: 15351: 15226: 15110: 15015: 14988: 14870: 14749: 14686: 14147: 14122: 14047: 13745: 13656: 13614: 13198: 12135: 12033: 12028: 11909: 11769: 11731: 11682: 11326: 11296: 11124: 10839: 10730: 10587: 10307: 10064: 9777: 9680: 9522: 9297: 8010:] (in French). Vol. 31. Basel, Switzerland: Jean-Jacques Tourneisen. p. 175. 7925:

Reading Natural Philosophy: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science and Mathematics

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to have rebuked students who were frightening locals by claiming that a house was haunted.

1787: 1537: 1462: 1442: 1434: 1398:

of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured image produced by a prism, which he named a

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that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until it was superseded by the

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sympathiser (he owned and had thoroughly read at least eight Socinian books), possibly an

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that "his head never ached but when he was studying the subject". According to Brewster,

1704: 1656: 1614: 1549: 1533: 1450: 1438: 1331: 1192: 833: 814: 737: 164: 14247: 13154: 12418: 11209: 11184: 9840: 9684: 9526: 9301: 8985: 8538:

Published anonymously as "Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa." in

7758: 6237: 6188: 5994: 5670: 5286: 3808: 3383: 1956:. A draft letter regarding the matter is included in Newton's personal first edition of 1902:

of the temporary Chester branch for Edmond Halley. Newton became perhaps the best-known

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Katz, David S. (1992). "Englishness and Medieval Anglo-Jewry". In Kushner, Tony (ed.).

8711: 8291: 7593: 7491:

citing: Delambre, M. "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le comte J.L. Lagrange",

6782: 6774: 6718: 6714: 6276: 6193: 6127: 6032: 5891: 5826: 5328:

s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 17/July 1880/Goethe's Farbenlehre: Theory of Colors II

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could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an

745: 713: 564: 539: 299: 201: 16790: 11634: 10803: 7539: 5187: 3773:

The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

3039:

applied concepts of natural law to political systems advocating intrinsic rights; the

2458:. The clarity and simplicity of science was seen as a way to combat the emotional and 2202:(a former orator of the University of Cambridge and fellow of Trinity College) in his 913:. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the 17170: 17075: 16955: 16364: 16154: 16074: 15625: 15398: 15255: 15045: 15010: 14904: 14843: 14761: 14491: 14407: 14362: 13948: 13917: 12954: 12916: 12841: 12786: 12530: 12470: 12377: 12327: 12241: 12216: 12003: 11867: 11672: 11667: 11629: 11619: 11468: 11384: 11379: 11321: 11169: 11159: 10924: 10781: 10570: 10542: 10424: 10401: 10349: 10267: 10153: 9880: 9827: 9813: 9709: 9660: 9620: 9584: 9571: 9499: 9476: 9455: 9420: 9402: 9384: 9362: 9325: 9280: 9243: 9157: 9113: 9015: 8926: 8904: 8883: 8864: 8840: 8809: 8791: 8775: 8756: 8737: 8718: 8641: 8431: 8397: 8249: 8139: 8064: 7929: 7866: 7690: 7388: 7295: 7136: 7111: 7086: 7075: 7066: 6786: 6642: 6534: 6214: 5962: 5878: 5517: 5413: 5356: 5346: 5340: 5233: 5174: 5150:

Iliffe, Robert (2007) Newton. A very short introduction, Oxford University Press 2007

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35,700) in late 2001. Who bought it and who currently has it has not been disclosed.

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of productivity ranging from 0 to 5. The highest ranking, 0, was assigned to Newton.

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From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the

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Contemporary Newtonian Research (Studies in the History of Modern Science)(Volume 9)

9050:, London, John W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge, John Deighton (1850, Google Books) 7653: 7099: 3433: 2037:

and lost some £20,000 (£4.4 million in 2020) when it collapsed in around 1720.

1204:

is viewed by some as the dividing line between ancient and modern traditions in the

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Ramati, Ayval (2001). "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions".

9223: 8246:

Science Secrets: The Truth about Darwin's Finches, Einstein's Wife, and Other Myths

7795: 7762: 7292:

The Newton papers : the strange and true odyssey of Isaac Newton's manuscripts

6766: 6608:, pp. 493–497 on the friendship with Fatio, pp. 531–540 on Newton's breakdown. 6024: 5290: 5221: 4814: 4356: 4288: 3961: 3920: 3904: 3745: 3681: 3543: 3387: 3297: 3000: 2969: 2929: 2836: 2821: 2736: 2482: 2307: 2291: 2260: 2107: 2049: 1991: 1848: 1814: 1780: 1664: 1544:

revived his interest in alchemy. He replaced the ether with occult forces based on

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The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present

6338: 6308: 4173:"How Isaac Newton Turned Isolation From the Great Plague Into a "Year of Wonders"" 2474:

used Newton's discoveries to demonstrate the possibility of a "Natural Religion".

2263:, he took the side of Arius, the loser, who rejected the conventional view of the 1732: 925:, unlike most members of the Cambridge faculty of the day. Beyond his work on the 16973: 16894: 16794: 16750: 16569: 16539: 16354: 16324: 16050: 16026: 15586: 15546: 15468: 15423: 15260: 15165: 15150: 15125: 14939: 14919: 14501: 14432: 14417: 14337: 14317: 14292: 14102: 13912: 13847: 13444: 13364: 13124: 13116: 13076: 13012: 12924: 12669: 12650: 12423: 12397: 12302: 12256: 12221: 12196: 12120: 12043: 12013: 11677: 11562: 11438: 11400: 11219: 11063: 11058: 10860: 10766: 10518: 10287: 10181: 9916: 9871: 9859: 9847: 9796: 9612: 9168:

Keynes took a close interest in Newton and owned many of Newton's private papers.

8803: 8580: 8565: 8550: 8497: 8427: 8322:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p13: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966 8310: 7464: 7354: 7048: 6958: 6930: 6724: 6632: 6528: 6083: 5990: 5956: 5699: 5619: 5552: 5541: 5483: 5059: 4993: 4878: 4655: 4576: 4552: 4148: 3793:"Some Early Theories Regarding Electrical Forces – The Electric Emanation Theory" 3598: 3357: 3264: 2996: 2981: 2948: 2732: 2714: 2683: 2665: 2654: 2023: 2007: 1948:

still had ancient and formidable customs of authority. Newton had himself made a

1860: 1644:

with Newton's hand-written corrections for the second edition, now housed in the

1623: 1577: 1280: 1082: 1004: 984: 867: 631: 477: 392: 270: 231: 189: 32: 17187: 11726: 7382: 7349: 6581:"Collection Guide: Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas [Letters to Isaac Newton]" 5212:

Dobbs, J. T. (December 1982). "Newton's Alchemy and His Theory of Matter".

1429:

separating white light into the colours of the spectrum, as discovered by Newton

1421: 1370: 1171:

Some of the figures added by Isaac Newton in his 1672 and 1681 editions of the

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in the context of selected writings by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Einstein

9000: 8258: 6555:"Duillier, Nicholas Fatio de (1664–1753) mathematician and natural philosopher" 6461: 5864: 5726:"What students should avoid during fresher's week (100 years ago and now)" 4937: 3636: 3305: 2977: 2902: 2869: 2606: 2455: 2419: 2374: 2335: 2334:

Along with his scientific fame, Newton's studies of the Bible and of the early

2318: 2268: 2199: 2157: 1987: 1941: 1736: 1728: 1669: 1454: 1000: 863: 736:), first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results and established 145: 12342: 9346: 9264: 8593: 8383:

Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. p. 2.

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Newton the Alchemist Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire"

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A statue of Isaac Newton, looking at an apple at his feet, can be seen at the

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among kings and queens. He was the first scientist to be buried in the abbey.

17508:

Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Cambridge

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Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents

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Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke, 5 February 1676, as transcribed in

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Various trees are claimed to be "the" apple tree which Newton describes. The

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of 1684 and in his papers on motion "during the two decades preceding 1684".

1033: 966: 806: 693: 588: 345: 9210:(1999), pp. xvii, 325.; 13 papers by scholars using newly opened manuscripts 5360: 5294: 3950:"Balancing Newton's Mind: His Singular Behaviour and His Madness of 1692–93" 3686: 2190:

Newton was relatively modest about his achievements, writing in a letter to

1020:

From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at

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The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670–1672

8054: 7318: 5263: 3983: 3966: 3949: 3547: 3301: 3123: 3056: 2952: 2933: 2463: 2435: 2355: 2313: 2191: 2180: 1967: 1907: 1817:

from one of them, and this was proved in 1731, four years after his death.

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in 1705 and spent the last three decades of his life in London, serving as

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A history of probability and statistics and their applications before 1750

7133:

Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-century Britain

6923:

Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John

6641:" series. Translated by Paris, I. Mark. London: Thames & Hudson. 6098:"Isaac Newton was a genius, but even he lost millions in the stock market" 4710: 3934: 2995:

The still-surviving farmhouse at Woolsthorpe By Colsterworth is a Grade I

2984:

in London. A bronze statue of Newton was erected in 1858 in the centre of

2351:

Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John

16921: 16770: 16740: 16720: 16519: 16368: 16303: 15999: 15804: 15729: 15591: 15576: 15561: 15541: 15458: 15386: 15203: 15193: 15180: 15145: 15095: 15025: 14978: 14865: 14855: 14437: 14357: 14287: 14237: 14015: 13943: 13922: 13877: 13842: 13797: 13768: 13084: 13028: 12836: 12758: 12609: 12588: 12271: 12266: 12231: 12061: 11839: 11624: 11420: 11194: 11033: 10912: 10895: 10890: 10512: 10121: 10000: 9064:, eds. I.B. Cohen and R.E. Schofield. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 9055:

An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four Books

9043: 7435:"Isaac Newton proposed curing plague with toad vomit, unseen papers show" 3019: 2493:

and, perhaps more importantly, was very successful in popularising them.

2459: 2443: 2236: 1945: 1926: 1899: 1741: 1545: 1510: 1319: 1130: 1126: 918: 871: 532: 387: 314: 221: 14772: 10854: 9765:

was created from a revision of this article dated 30 July 2008

6921: 5627: 4082:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 583. 4067: 3975: 3916: 16714: 16673: 16543: 16474: 16221: 16186: 15478: 15207: 15198: 15185: 14929: 14892: 14571: 14297: 14262: 14212: 14097: 13995: 13882: 13807: 13189: 13108: 12851: 12517: 12428: 12372: 12180: 12175: 12165: 12066: 11844: 11824: 11809: 11779: 11028: 10939: 10796: 10771: 10761: 10699: 10636: 10524: 9488: 9354: 9272: 9235: 9140:

The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy or "The Hunting of the Greene Lyon"

9117: 7741:

Li, Jichao; Yin, Yian; Fortunato, Santo; Wang, Dashun (18 April 2019).

6778: 6524: 6136: 6036: 4276: 3272: 3048: 3044: 3040: 2699: 2691: 2676: 2451: 2252: 2184: 2165: 2114: 2045: 1883: 1856: 1852: 1541: 1395: 1347: 1078: 1073:, whom Newton read along with then more modern philosophers, including 962: 790: 709: 701: 350: 108: 15632: 9692: 9317: 8637:

Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them

4368: 4300: 3563: 3531: 3407: 2913: 2901:

in Kent can supply grafts from their tree, which appears identical to

2649:

In 2005, a dual survey of both the public and of members of Britain's

2358:

at 3 April, AD 33, which agrees with one traditionally accepted date.

16414: 16328: 15245: 14838: 14731: 14696: 14676: 14222: 14107: 14037: 13990: 13953: 13892: 13822: 12871: 12251: 12150: 12140: 12125: 12115: 12008: 10870: 10791: 9534: 9399:

Newton's Gift: How Sir Isaac Newton Unlocked the System of the World.

9105: 4592:

Newton's Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

3052: 2686:

was ranked 0.5. A rank of 1 was awarded to the "founding fathers" of

2447: 2366: 2153: 2099: 1182: 1070: 705: 697: 324: 319: 112: 11934: 9071:, ed. A.R. Hall and M.B. Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 5545: 5447:"Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton" 3792: 2800:

Reputed descendants of Newton's apple tree at (from top to bottom):

1191:, a geography textbook first published in 1650 by the then-deceased 16513: 15265: 14983: 14671: 14232: 14087: 13862: 13827: 12901: 12357: 12170: 12130: 12092: 11229: 10824: 10817: 10158: 10099: 9922: 9898: 9894: 9309: 9201:

The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.

8448:"Natures obvious laws & processes in vegetation – Introduction" 8203:"Keynes Ms. 130.4:Conduitt's account of Newton's life at Cambridge" 8089: 7044: 5225: 4360: 4292: 3391: 3263:

During Newton's lifetime, two calendars were in use in Europe: the

3064: 3036: 2985: 2898: 2825: 2404: 2362: 2303: 2299: 2287: 2149: 2118: 2095: 2057: 2048:, with his niece and her husband, until his death. His half-niece, 1911: 1634: 1399: 1104: 1058: 1025: 987:

in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (

753: 689: 309: 174: 9214:

Pfizenmaier, Thomas C. (1997). "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?".

7061:

Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton

7059:, that Newton held the same doctrine as himself". David Brewster. 6699:

Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton

6015:

Fay, C. R. (1 January 1935). "Newton and the Gold Standard".

5533:

On the meaning and origins of this expression, see Kirsten Walsh,

4900:

A History of Optics from Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century

4809: 4459:

The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton Volume 1 from 1664 to 1666

3645:

From the Calculus to Set Theory 1630-1910: An Introductory History

2932:(1694–1770) in white and grey marble with design by the architect 2414:

Scholars long debated whether Newton disputed the doctrine of the

2331:

them into such a circulating motion, as they have about the sun".

1890:

in 1696, a position that he had obtained through the patronage of

1525:

bear only a minor resemblance to Newton's understanding of light.

16613: 16448: 16348: 16338: 14963: 14521: 14227: 14157: 14127: 14092: 14027: 13985: 13970: 13837: 12826: 12821: 12056: 12023: 11965: 10116: 10104: 9992: 9671:

Pemberton, H. (1728). "A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy".

3674:

The Newton-Leibniz controversy over the invention of the calculus

3131: 2610: 2556: 2519: 2467: 2415: 2264: 1963: 1717: 1557: 1518: 1472: 1038: 930: 914: 854: 852:. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book 778: 304: 294: 17238: 3647:(1st ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 49–50, 54. 2794: 2179:, which included sending wild accusatory letters to his friends 1986:. In his position at the Royal Society, Newton made an enemy of 1771:

agencies" into science because of his postulate of an invisible

1382:

In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a

16307: 16297: 15030: 14117: 14067: 13980: 13852: 12896: 11993: 10900: 10670: 6053:. Georgia Tech Research News. 12 September 2006. Archived from 3015: 2602: 2407:, who had criticised him for the absence of the Creator in the 2295: 2240: 1779:(1713), Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding 1768: 1660: 1290:. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's 1115: 946: 741: 184: 16854: 13737: 9513:

Craig, John (1958). "Isaac Newton – Crime Investigator".

6961:

10 December 1692, in Turnbull et al. (1959–77), vol 3, p. 233.

5558: 4512:"How and Why did Newton Develop Such Complicated Mathematics?" 4347:

Baker, J. N. L. (1955). "The Geography of Bernhard Varenius".

4277:"Newton, the Newtonians, and the Geographia Generalis Varenii" 1374:

A replica of the reflecting telescope Newton presented to the

756:, though some say he developed calculus years before Leibniz. 17146: 16774: 16523: 16398: 16388: 16358: 14622:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

14217: 14167: 12891: 12831: 10786: 8955:

The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

7540:"Newton beats Einstein in polls of scientists and the public" 6232: 6230: 6077:

Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency

5693:

John Locke Bibliography — Chapter 5, Religion, 1751–1900

5409:

Physical Chemistry: Multidisciplinary Applications in Society

3199:

An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture

2937: 2718: 2471: 2345:

An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture

2279: 2256: 2132:

Newton's hair was posthumously examined and found to contain

1583:. Also, the use of these prismatic beam expanders led to the 1103:

and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became

1062: 1029: 1008: 794: 16280: 9472:

In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times

9102:

The Mint: A History of the London Mint from A.D. 287 to 1948

5011: 2538:: "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton" and summarised in a book. 1882:

Newton moved to London to take up the post of warden of the

1836: 1330:, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ 1069:. At the time, Cambridge's teachings were based on those of 16814: 16643: 16478: 16468: 14909: 14162: 14142: 14137: 14062: 14020: 14005: 9550:

Craig, John (1963). "Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters".

9037:

Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings

6832: 5873:(2nd ed.). London and Chichester: Phillimore. p. 5671:"John Locke Manuscripts – Chronological Listing: 1690" 5367: 4690: 4237: 4047: 2843:

a conversation with Newton in Kensington on 15 April 1726:

2171:

Newton had a close friendship with the Swiss mathematician

1659:

by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of

1536:

to transmit forces between particles. The contact with the

786: 17123: 8269: 7510:"Sir Isaac Newton Scientist, Mathematician and Astronomer" 6227: 4349:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

2988:

where he went to school, prominently standing in front of

2384:

Newton's position was vigorously defended by his follower

2052:, served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on 1754:

kept him awake so often, that he would think of it no more

688:(25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English 16418: 13184: 8292:"From the National Fruit Collection: Isaac Newton's Tree" 7903: 5829:. Cambridge University Digital Library. pp. 265–66. 4035: 4011: 2547:

In June 2020, two unpublished pages of Newton's notes on

8418:

Volume 501 of Wiley series in probability and statistics

6844: 6820: 6808: 6400:"Isaac Newton's Death Mask: Now Available in Digital 3D" 6169: 3124:

Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa

2040:

Toward the end of his life, Newton took up residence at

1177:. These figures appeared in subsequent editions as well. 14562:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

9841:

Newton's works – full texts, at the Newton Project

8266:"Brogdale – Home of the National Fruit Collection" 6157: 5893:

Genealogical Memoranda Relating to the Family of Newton

5845: 4475: 4225: 4213: 2326:. Newton is depicted critically as a "divine geometer". 2125:

in making a sculpture of Newton. It is now held by the

1099:

as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised

12984: 7503: 7501: 6798: 6796: 6611: 6277:"The Strange, Secret History of Isaac Newton's Papers" 5495:

Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton's

5199:

The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes Volume X

4678: 3990: 3087:

De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas

1232:

De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas

17064: 16835:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

16831:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

13305:

Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)

8797:. Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 7135:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. 6680: 5900: 5757:"Isaac Newton: Physicist And ... Crime Fighter?" 5268:"Newton, prisms, and the 'opticks' of tunable lasers" 3532:"The Prehistory of the 'Principia' from 1664 to 1686" 3184:

Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John

3094:

Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation

2082:

Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (

1548:

ideas of attraction and repulsion between particles.

10691: 9208:

Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.

9178:(edited by A.H. White; originally published in 1752) 8675:"Mathematical Treasure: Newton's Method of Fluxions" 7891: 7077:

The Newtonians and the English Revolution: 1689–1720

5806: 5794: 5782: 5704: 5089: 4979:

Lumière et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts

4249: 3474:"Calendrical confusion or just when did Newton die?" 943:

Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge

929:, Newton dedicated much of his time to the study of 821:

was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of

15677: 9598:Halley, E. (1687). "Review of Newton's Principia". 7794: 7498: 7108:

Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England

6793: 5038: 5036: 4999: 4956: 4884:

A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity

4792: 4774: 4434: 4023: 3897:

British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)

2470:, and at the same time, the second wave of English 2194:in February 1676, "If I have seen further it is by 2136:, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. 1716:(weight) for the effect that would become known as 1326:), made substantial contributions to the theory of 13726:Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the 9701: 9636: 8790: 8753:The Marginalization of Early Modern Jewish History 8710: 7967:. London, England: Samuel Jallasson. p. 104. 7740: 7689:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press. p. 3. 7074: 7055:(a Mint employee and Humanitarian), "mentioned to 7043:Brewster states that Newton was never known as an 5724: 5169:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3440: 2940:using instruments such as a telescope and prism. 2140:could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. 1433:From this work, he concluded that the lens of any 10647:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton 9095:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 9003:. Berkeley: University of California Press (1934) 8333:"Famous People & the Abbey: Sir Isaac Newton" 7800:"Woolsthorpe Manor House, Colsterworth (1062362)" 7261:"Isaac Newton's Lost Alchemy Recipe Rediscovered" 7110:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 200. 5137: 5135: 4281:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3221:List of multiple discoveries: seventeenth century 3059:for trying to fit history into natural models of 2706:. Landau, a Nobel prize winner and discoverer of 2601:frequently asserted that Newton was the greatest 2290:, to him the fundamental sin. In 1999, historian 870:. Furthermore, he made early investigations into 801:and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the 17249: 16827:List of scientists whose names are used as units 12713:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air 9552:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 9460:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8248:, p. 69 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011); 6701:(1855) by Sir David Brewster (Volume II. Ch. 27) 5345:. San Francisco: MacAdam/Cage Pub. p. 247. 5201:. MacMillan St. Martin's Press. pp. 363–66. 5197:Keynes, John Maynard (1972). "Newton, The Man". 5048: 5033: 3954:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 3536:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 1598:discarded Newton's particle theory in favour of 712:, and author who was described in his time as a 9853:Newton's papers in the Royal Society's archives 8172:"Revised Memoir of Newton (Normalized Version)" 8119: 5933:"This Day in History: Isaac Newton is Knighted" 5616:Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society 4675:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–138. 3603:. Princeton University Press. pp. ix–xii. 2251:writings and show that in the conflict between 1707:. They contributed to many advances during the 1133:priests, although this was not enforced in the 17528:People educated at The King's School, Grantham 16980:Member of Parliament for Cambridge University 13211:Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?) 13208:Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331) 12490:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth 9442:. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008 9335:The British Journal for the History of Science 9253:The British Journal for the History of Science 9033:ed. H.W. Turnbull and others, 7 vols (1959–77) 9006: 8483:Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, 1684–1691 8351: 7790: 7788: 6759:The British Journal for the History of Science 5401: 5399: 5387:Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, 1684–1691 5132: 4630:In the preface to the Marquis de L'Hospital's 3680:, University of Wisconsin–Madison, p. 3, 16266: 15663: 14788: 13753: 13170: 12970: 11950: 10715: 9938: 9411: 9206:Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. 8713:A Short Account of the History of Mathematics 8614: 7709: 7507: 5939:. A&E Television Networks. 20 June 2016. 5827:"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" 4375: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 3300:in 1727, in a letter about Newton written to 2872:of Newton's famous steps under the apple tree 1840:Isaac Newton in old age in 1712, portrait by 1590:Subsequent to Newton, much has been amended. 1532:of 1675, Newton posited the existence of the 1137:years, and an assertion of conformity to the 734:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 12121:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās) 10844: 10815: 10801: 9804:"Archival material relating to Isaac Newton" 9468: 9433:Cohen, I. Bernard and Smith, George E., ed. 9076:Isaac Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' 9039:edited by H.S. Thayer (1953; online edition) 8805:Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science 8640:. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–18. 8570:A Universe of Atoms, An Atom in the Universe 7854: 7852: 6899:. London: Joannes Nichols. pp. 436–37. 5606: 4760:. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p. 136. 4314: 3079: 2446:pamphleteers as a viable alternative to the 2338:were also noteworthy. Newton wrote works on 1974:, Lincolnshire, afterwards used by Sir Isaac 1402:, could be recomposed into white light by a 740:. Newton also made seminal contributions to 10910: 9213: 9124: 8231:I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith, eds. 8047: 7785: 7743:"Nobel laureates are almost the same as us" 7313: 7311: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6704: 6430:A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary 5396: 4461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 400. 4418:The SAGE Handbook of Geographical Knowledge 4097:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. 3501:"Who was the smartest person in the world?" 3116:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 3051:and self-interest to economic systems; and 2960:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 2919:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 2631: 2617:Nature, and Nature's laws lay hid in night. 2203: 1958:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 1797: 1784: 1692: 1677: 1089:. He set down in his notebook a series of " 760: 728:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 725: 16855:Offices and positions held by Isaac Newton 16273: 16259: 15670: 15656: 14795: 14781: 13760: 13746: 13177: 13163: 12977: 12963: 12237:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade) 11957: 11943: 10722: 10708: 9945: 9931: 9826: 9812: 7858: 7130: 6208: 5166:Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton 5064:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. 4409: 4261: 4095:Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy 3731: 3462:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 61. 3177:The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended 2156:, and writers as diverse as mathematician 1488:Facsimile of a 1682 letter from Newton to 1044: 777:. He used his mathematical description of 50: 15451: 15414:Relationship between religion and science 14802: 12525:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz 9708:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. 9670: 9498:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9100:Craig, John (1953). "XII. Isaac Newton". 9014:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7849: 5393:. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. 4872: 4808: 4381: 4340: 3965: 3924: 3685: 3529: 3153: 1213:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1672 16281:Scientists whose names are used as units 10729: 9773:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 9756: 9649:Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy 9417:Newton's Principia for the Common Reader 9332: 9287: 9171: 9142:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8896: 8877: 8853: 8769: 8731: 8633: 8325: 7999: 7960: 7921: 7710:Gleeson-White, Jane (10 November 2003). 7308: 7252: 7219: 7217: 7105: 6864:"Newton, object 1 (Butlin 306) "Newton"" 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6756: 6743: 6605: 6441: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6175: 6163: 5919: 5851: 5788: 5607:Bloye, Nicole; Huggett, Stephen (2011). 5575: 5573: 5564: 5444: 5373: 5162: 4940:. Cambridge University Digital Library. 4896: 4696: 4481: 4320: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4201: 4170: 4157:. Dover Publications. pp. 151, 154. 4122:. Cambridge University Digital Library. 4053: 4041: 4017: 3996: 3829: 3600:Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia 3446: 3369: 2924:Newton's monument (1731) can be seen in 2912: 2863: 2680:ranked physicists on a logarithmic scale 2581: 2312: 2067: 1998:, which Newton had used in his studies. 1994:, by prematurely publishing Flamsteed's 1962: 1835: 1733:irregularities in the motion of the Moon 1633: 1613: 1483: 1470:, which he later expanded into the work 1420: 1369: 1306:, valid for any exponent. He discovered 1274: 1166: 983:Isaac Newton was born (according to the 16640:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh 9634: 9378: 9012:The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton 8968:, University of California Press (1996) 8834: 8801: 8681:. Mathematical Association of America. 8555:Isaaci Newtoni Opera quae exstant omnia 8516:. Museumoflondon.org.uk. Archived from 8125: 7909: 7682: 7347: 7258: 6896:Isaaci Newtoni Opera quae exstant omnia 6397: 6187: 6120: 6095: 5993:, Sir Isaac Newton, 21 September 1717; 5954: 5405: 5258: 5256: 5158: 5156: 4903:. Oxford University Press. p. 81. 4684: 4092: 3790: 3362:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3335:. London: Royal Society. Archived from 3231:List of presidents of the Royal Society 3226:List of things named after Isaac Newton 2129:, who created a 3D scan of it in 2012. 1982:in 1703 and an associate of the French 1847:In the 1690s, Newton wrote a number of 1767:Newton was criticised for introducing " 1509:patterns and the general phenomenon of 17250: 12313:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes) 9699: 9597: 9578: 9250: 9146: 8788: 8736:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 8591: 8053: 7664:from the original on 28 September 2023 7463: 7421:Opuscula Medica Inaudita: IV. De Peste 7380: 7179: 7157:"John Maynard Keynes: Newton, the Man" 7032:The Mechanization of the World Picture 6892: 6731:from the original on 29 September 2020 6617: 6533:. New York: Random House. p. 68. 6501:School of Mathematics and Statistics. 6460: 6306: 6288:from the original on 11 September 2017 5863: 5767:from the original on 1 November 2014. 5338: 5262: 5196: 4938:"Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat" 4755: 4588: 4493: 4452: 4415: 4274: 4183:from the original on 24 September 2023 4147: 4065: 3947: 3511:from the original on 28 September 2023 3458:Kevin C. Knox, Richard Noakes (eds.), 3290: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 2117:was moulded of Newton. It was used by 1775:. Later, in the second edition of the 1302:Newton is generally credited with the 858:, published in 1704. He formulated an 17463:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge 16853: 16254: 15651: 14776: 14592:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 13741: 13158: 12958: 12393:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes) 11964: 11938: 10960: 10741: 10703: 10690: 10197:Newton's law of universal gravitation 9926: 9834: 9549: 9512: 9493: 9203:(1991), links the alchemy to Arianism 9137: 9099: 9090: 8917: 8654:from the original on 26 February 2024 8602:from the original on 24 February 2021 8359:"Withdrawn banknotes reference guide" 7897: 7722:from the original on 28 November 2019 7432: 7214: 7185: 7081:. Cornell University Press. pp. 7072: 6996: 6686: 6655:from the original on 21 December 2020 6630: 6523: 6474:from the original on 26 February 2024 6260: 6126: 5906: 5812: 5800: 5722: 5710: 5570: 5445:Brewster, Sir David (22 March 1860). 5304:from the original on 17 February 2015 5211: 5095: 5042: 4917:from the original on 26 February 2024 4860:from the original on 26 February 2024 4737:from the original on 26 February 2024 4708: 4346: 4255: 4166: 4164: 4143: 4141: 4029: 3887: 3860: 3666: 3664: 3596: 3471: 3327: 3325: 1855:in which he disputed the fidelity of 1773:force able to act over vast distances 1576:became central to the development of 1049:In June 1661, Newton was admitted to 945:, in 1689–1690 and 1701–1702. He was 490:Arthur Annesley, 5th Earl of Anglesey 17363:British scientific instrument makers 17348:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge 17153: 14692:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 14612:The World as Will and Representation 10355:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits 9952: 9790:Enlightening Science digital project 8977:, Cambridge University Press (1984) 8750: 8708: 8458:from the original on 17 January 2021 8339:from the original on 16 October 2009 8213:from the original on 7 November 2009 8200: 8128:"Newtonian Apples: William Stukeley" 7837:from the original on 20 January 2019 7634:from the original on 20 October 2023 7283: 7223: 6802: 6273: 6209:Dobre, Mihnea; Nyden, Tammy (2013). 6145:from the original on 8 December 2008 5749: 5737:from the original on 10 January 2022 5546:Early Modern Experimental Philosophy 5412:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 251. 5253: 5153: 5054: 5005: 4962: 4839: 4780: 4669:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4522:from the original on 20 October 2023 4457:. In Whiteside, Derek Thomas (ed.). 4455:"The October 1666 tract on fluxions" 4440: 3869:from the original on 5 November 2022 3714: 3498: 3430:"Dictionary of Scientific Biography" 3279:regions, including Britain; and the 3214:Elements of the Philosophy of Newton 3006: 2905:, a coarse-fleshed cooking variety. 2640:which can be translated as follows: 2429: 1892:Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax 1015: 886:to non-integer exponents, developed 834:first practical reflecting telescope 249:List of all other works and concepts 17533:People from South Kesteven District 17328:18th-century English mathematicians 17288:17th-century English mathematicians 12544:De consideratione quintae essentiae 10303:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy 10044:standing on the shoulders of giants 9440:"The Cambridge Companion to Newton" 9031:The correspondence of Isaac Newton, 8164: 7646: 7604:from the original on 12 August 2017 7568:"Newton beats Einstein in new poll" 7294:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7289: 6870:. 25 September 2013. Archived from 6369:"Newton's death mask scanned in 3D" 6242:Eric Weisstein's World of Biography 6014: 5943:from the original on 19 August 2014 5833:from the original on 8 January 2012 5723:Sawer, Patrick (6 September 2016). 5163:Westfall, Richard S. (1983) . 5120:from the original on 9 October 2014 5061:Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought 4944:from the original on 8 January 2012 4846:. Courier Corporation. p. 74. 4126:from the original on 8 January 2012 3833:Newton - Innovation And Controversy 3697:from the original on 8 January 2024 3635: 3248: 2806:Cambridge University Botanic Garden 2196:standing on the shoulders of giants 2113:Shortly after his death, a plaster 2072:Death mask of Newton, photographed 941:, Newton served two brief terms as 724:that followed. His pioneering book 243:Standing on the shoulders of giants 16:English mathematician and physicist 13: 17563:Writers about religion and science 17498:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics 12986:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics 9743: 9435:The Cambridge Companion to Newton. 9174:Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life 9138:Dobbs, B. J. T. (1975). 8941: 8897:Westfall, Richard S. (1994). 8878:Westfall, Richard S. (2007). 8182:from the original on 14 March 2017 8077:from the original on 17 March 2020 8063:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 4. 7942:from the original on 14 April 2021 7879:from the original on 9 August 2022 7805:National Heritage List for England 7773:from the original on 15 April 2024 7520:from the original on 9 August 2022 7329:from the original on 26 April 2016 7240:from the original on 13 April 2016 7202:from the original on 20 March 2018 7106:Westfall, Richard S. (1958). 6903:from the original on 14 April 2021 6492: 6410:from the original on 7 August 2023 6349:from the original on 7 August 2023 6319:from the original on 7 August 2023 6248:from the original on 28 April 2006 6108:from the original on 25 March 2016 6096:Holodny, Elena (21 January 2016). 5824: 5657:Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics 5453:from the original on 19 April 2023 5426:from the original on 10 March 2020 5107: 4935: 4619:Essays in the History of Mechanics 4487: 4161: 4138: 4117: 3948:Keynes, Milo (20 September 2008). 3721:. Dover Publications. p. 327. 3670: 3661: 3578:from the original on 13 April 2023 3322: 2841:Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life 2220: 2012:parliamentary election in May 1705 880:field theory of the electric force 14: 17574: 17543:Post-Reformation Arian Christians 17333:18th-century English male writers 17293:17th-century English male writers 16881:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics 16781:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 15434:Sociology of scientific knowledge 15429:Sociology of scientific ignorance 15382:History and philosophy of science 13255:Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432) 9919: – Cambridge Digital Library 9824:National Portrait Gallery, London 9724: 9057:. London: A. Millar and J. Nourse 8685:from the original on 28 June 2017 8672: 8598:. Sam. Smith. and Benj. Walford. 8361:. Bank of England. Archived from 8233:The Cambridge Companion to Newton 8152:from the original on 9 March 2020 8103:. 18 January 2010. Archived from 7981:From p. 104: 'In the like Manner 7971:from the original on 14 June 2021 7859:Cunningham, Antonia, ed. (2002). 7419:Van Helmont, Iohannis Baptistae, 7401:from the original on 2 April 2019 7362:from the original on 7 March 2019 7259:Greshko, Michael (4 April 2016). 7167:from the original on 17 June 2019 6981:The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence 6505:from the original on 17 June 2019 6398:Schultz, Colin (1 October 2012). 6005:. April 1842 – January 1843. 5660:, 2nd ed., 2006, Springer Verlag. 5579: 5406:Schmitz, Kenneth S. (2018). 4599:from the original on 26 June 2019 4500:. Simon and Schuster. p. 58. 4171:McDonald, Kerry (27 March 2020). 3499:Alex, Berezow (4 February 2022). 3492: 3480:from the original on 2 April 2015 2908: 2756: 2597:The mathematician and astronomer 2555:, were being auctioned online by 2487:mystical elements of Christianity 1978:Newton was made president of the 907:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics 866:, and introduced the notion of a 783:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 597:Lucasian Professor of Mathematics 17318:18th-century British astronomers 17283:17th-century English astronomers 17230: 17213: 17196: 17179: 17162: 17134: 17122: 17110: 17098: 17086: 17074: 15631: 15619: 14755: 14745: 14744: 13264:Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461) 12939: 12938: 12511:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit 11918: 11917: 10692:Articles related to Isaac Newton 10632:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes 9902: 9755: 9627:Places selections from Newton's 8822:from the original on 8 July 2023 8666: 8585: 8532: 8502: 8475: 8440: 8406: 8386: 8377: 8316: 8238: 8225: 8097:"Newton's apple: The real story" 8014:from the original on 9 July 2021 7992: 7954: 7922:Malament, David B. (2002). 7915: 7819: 7734: 7703: 7676: 7616: 7586: 7560: 7532: 7481: 7457: 7445:from the original on 6 June 2020 7426: 7413: 7381:Newman, William R. (2018). 7374: 7341: 7149: 7073:Jacob, Margaret C. (1976). 7037: 7024: 6990: 6973: 6964: 6951: 6936: 6915: 6886: 6856: 6692: 6667: 6634:Newton: Understanding the Cosmos 6623: 6599: 6587:from the original on 31 May 2013 6583:. Online Archive of California. 6573: 6561:from the original on 1 July 2013 6547: 6517: 6486: 6454: 6435: 6422: 6391: 6379:from the original on 9 June 2023 6361: 6331: 6300: 6201: 6181: 6089: 6069: 6043: 6008: 5975: 5925: 5912: 5857: 5818: 5681:from the original on 9 July 2017 5580:Hatch, Professor Robert A. 5535:Does Newton feign an hypothesis? 5473:The General History of Astronomy 4887:, Dublin University Press, 1910. 4154:A Concise History of Mathematics 3734:"Isaac Newton and Heat Transfer" 3732:Cheng, K. C.; Fujii, T. (1998). 3617:from the original on 2 July 2023 3476:. The Renaissance Mathematicus. 2917:Newton statue on display at the 2793: 2782: 2771: 1933:, punishable by the felon being 1866:Newton was also a member of the 1585:multiple-prism dispersion theory 1149:His academic work impressed the 840:based on the observation that a 670: 17548:Presidents of the Royal Society 17323:18th-century British scientists 14542:Meditations on First Philosophy 13767: 12478:Liber de compositione alchemiae 12202:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova 12161:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid) 12009:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary) 10652:Newton International Fellowship 10333:generalized Gauss–Newton method 10246:Newton's method in optimization 9700:Shamos, Morris H. (1959). 9216:Journal of the History of Ideas 9042:Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; 8923:Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer 8837:Calculus: Concepts and Contexts 8709:Ball, W. W. Rouse (1908). 8701: 7833:. 16 January 1881. p. 10. 7348:Levitin, Dimitri (March 2019). 7323:Indiana University, Bloomington 7319:"The Chymistry of Isaac Newton" 6970:Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 31. 5716: 5663: 5645: 5600: 5527: 5506: 5489: 5465: 5438: 5379: 5332: 5316: 5244: 5144: 5101: 4968: 4929: 4890: 4833: 4786: 4749: 4702: 4661: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4582: 4558: 4534: 4504: 4446: 4195: 4111: 4086: 4059: 4002: 3941: 3881: 3854: 3823: 3784: 3764: 3725: 3708: 3629: 3590: 3047:applied natural conceptions of 2573:Isaac Newton in popular culture 2354:. He placed the crucifixion of 2227:Religious views of Isaac Newton 1061:, paying his way by performing 17388:Creators of temperature scales 16912:President of the Royal Society 16630:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 14823:Analytic–synthetic distinction 13302:Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490) 12727:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine 9886:Works by or about Isaac Newton 9156:. W. W. Norton & Co. 8958:University of California Press 8903:. Cambridge University Press. 8882:. Cambridge University Press. 8863:. Cambridge University Press. 8789:Manuel, Frank E. (1968). 8755:. Frank Cass. pp. 42–59. 8489:. Cambridge University Press. 8268:. Brogdale.org. Archived from 8008:The complete works of Voltaire 7387:. Princeton University Press. 6307:Vining, John (2 August 2011). 5896:. London: Taylor and Co. 1871. 5250:Opticks, 2nd Ed 1706. Query 8. 5019:"The Early Period (1608–1672)" 4093:Hoskins, Michael, ed. (1997). 3861:Hatch, Robert A. (1988). 3715:More, Louis Trenchard (1934). 3530:Whiteside, D. T. (1991). 3523: 3465: 3452: 3432:. Notes, No. 4. Archived from 3422: 3343: 3333:"Fellows of the Royal Society" 2980:, dominates the piazza of the 2278:In Newton's eyes, worshipping 2143: 1701:three universal laws of motion 965:, as well as president of the 878:arguably the beginning of the 836:and developed a sophisticated 498:President of the Royal Society 56:Portrait of Newton at 46, 1689 1: 17418:English justices of the peace 17343:18th-century writers in Latin 17303:17th-century writers in Latin 16690:William John Macquorn Rankine 16620:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille 12794:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum 9820:Portraits of Sir Isaac Newton 9176:. London: Taylor and Francis. 8481:Whiteside, D.T., ed. (1974). 8452:The Chymistry of Isaac Newton 8003:Oeuvres completes de Voltaire 7624:"Newton tops PhysicsWeb poll" 7433:Flood, Alison (2 June 2020). 6343:Royal Society Picture Library 5385:Whiteside, D.T., ed. (1974). 5021:. James R. Graham's Home Page 4632:Analyse des Infiniment Petits 4385:Bernhard Varenius (1622-1650) 4066:Taylor, Henry Martyn (1911). 3236: 3139:Reports as Master of the Mint 3097: 2972:, dated 1995 and inspired by 2828:. Voltaire then wrote in his 2477:The attacks made against pre- 2466:enthusiasm and the threat of 2231:Isaac Newton's occult studies 2073: 2001: 1996:Historia Coelestis Britannica 1831: 1820: 1574:multiple-prism beam expanders 972: 894:, and classified most of the 874:, with an idea from his book 716:. He was a key figure in the 21:Isaac Newton (disambiguation) 17458:Fellows of the Royal Society 17373:Burials at Westminster Abbey 17338:18th-century English writers 17313:18th-century apocalypticists 17298:17th-century English writers 17278:17th-century apocalypticists 14727:Philosophy of space and time 13220:Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391) 13214:Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361) 10961: 10847:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 10273:Newton's theorem about ovals 9704:Great Experiments in Physics 9635:Herivel, J. W. (1965). 9083: 8808:. Harvard University Press. 8802:Numbers, R. L. (2015). 8394:Science: A History 1543–2001 7188:"Gold, secrecy and prestige" 7047:during his lifetime, it was 7002:"The Perimeter of Ignorance" 6675:Science: A History 1543–2001 6631:Maury, Jean-Pierre (1992) . 6339:"Death mask of Isaac Newton" 6139:'s Parishes – Chapter 6 6017:Cambridge Historical Journal 5870:Historic Heraldry of Britain 4843:The History of the Telescope 4840:King, Henry C. (1955). 4568:, 1729 English translation, 4544:, 1729 English translation, 3315: 2361:He believed in a rationally 1676:and to the Royal Society in 1304:generalised binomial theorem 1245:became involved in a dispute 7: 16345:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 15156:Hypothetico-deductive model 15131:Deductive-nomological model 15116:Constructivist epistemology 14602:The Phenomenology of Spirit 13728:Chancellor of the Exchequer 13261:Robert Manfield (1446–1459) 13217:John Chichester (1365–1367) 12766:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum 12752:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa 10816: 10642:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form 10298:Corpuscular theory of light 10224:Schrödinger–Newton equation 9901:(public domain audiobooks) 9469:Christianson, Gale (1984). 9419:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 9413:Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 9192: 8634:Pickover, Clifford (2008). 8553:–829; ed. Joannes Nichols, 8209:. Imperial College London. 7862:Guinness World Records 2002 7226:"Newton, The Last Magician" 6985:Manchester University Press 6238:"Newton, Isaac (1642–1727)" 6086:. Retrieved: 5 October 2020 5501:at pp. 232–33 [233] 4388:. Brill. pp. 227–237. 4207:A Cambridge Alumni Database 3838:World Scientific Publishing 3206: 3031:was a turning point in the 2965:Newton, after William Blake 2812:library garden in Argentina 2365:world, but he rejected the 2294:wrote, "Isaac Newton was a 2215: 2033:Newton was invested in the 1935:hanged, drawn and quartered 1896:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1354:) and was the first to use 1223: 1218: 997:Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth 809:. He demonstrated that the 799:precession of the equinoxes 420:the University of Cambridge 81:Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth 10: 17579: 17393:British critics of atheism 13258:John Paddesley (1435–1446) 13252:Sir Lewis John (1418–1420) 13249:Sir Lewis John (1413–1414) 13246:Richard Garner (1411–1414) 12645:Rosary of the Philosophers 12631:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis 12570:Liber Hermetis de alchemia 10742: 10051:Notes on the Jewish Temple 9643:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 9617:On the Shoulders of Giants 9601:Philosophical Transactions 9494:Cohen, I. B. (1980). 9371: 9132:. London: G. D. Knox. 9110:Cambridge University Press 8946: 8793:A Portrait of Isaac Newton 8540:Philosophical Transactions 8468:Transcribed and online at 8430:Retrieved 27 January 2012 8036:(One day in the year 1666 8026:"Un jour en l'année 1666, 7489:History of Science: Newton 7192:Chemical Heritage Magazine 6428:Hutton, Charles (1795/6). 6274:Mann, Adam (14 May 2014). 6197:. 1 April 1727. p. 7. 4897:Darrigol, Olivier (2012). 4715:. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella. 4589:Newton, Sir Isaac (1850). 4494:Newman, James Roy (1956). 4209:. University of Cambridge. 4203:"Newton, Isaac (NWTN661I)" 3791:Sanford, Fernando (1921). 3597:Gandt, F. D. (2014). 2802:Trinity College, Cambridge 2760: 2586:Newton's tomb monument in 2570: 2496: 2224: 2006:In April 1705, Queen Anne 1827:Later life of Isaac Newton 1824: 1650:Trinity College, Cambridge 1629: 1555:In 1704, Newton published 979:Early life of Isaac Newton 976: 748:with German mathematician 138:Trinity College, Cambridge 18: 17518:Nontrinitarian Christians 17047: 17040: 17032: 17022: 17013: 17007: 17002: 16992: 16978: 16970: 16960: 16945:Member of Parliament for 16943: 16935: 16928: 16918: 16909: 16901: 16891: 16878: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16824: 16703: 16670:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 16653: 16498: 16317: 16286: 16197: 16083:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 16067:Charles Scott Sherrington 16018: 15879: 15788: 15689: 15610: 15442: 15344: 15274: 15217:Semantic view of theories 15136:Epistemological anarchism 15088: 15073:dependent and independent 14810: 14740: 14664: 14463: 14203: 13931: 13775: 13724: 13524: 13443: 13422: 13363: 13291: 13230: 13223:John Wildeman (1391–1391) 13197: 12992: 12934: 12814: 12736: 12455: 12446: 12406: 12308:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso 12290: 12189: 12141:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith) 12111:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes) 12101: 12075: 12042: 11981: 11972: 11904: 11858: 11760: 11717: 11696: 11643: 11612: 11596: 11543: 11477: 11429: 11393: 11360: 11279: 11238: 11082: 10971: 10967: 10956: 10861:Methodological skepticism 10752: 10748: 10737: 10697: 10660: 10597: 10552: 10475: 10417: 10172: 10092: 10027: 9960: 9858:28 September 2018 at the 9347:10.1017/S0007087499003751 9265:10.1017/S0007087401004484 8925:. Fourth Estate Limited. 8855:Westfall, Richard S. 8770:Levenson, Thomas (2010). 8568:–407. Mark P. Silverman, 8126:Hamblyn, Richard (2011). 7928:. Open Court Publishing. 7767:10.1038/s42254-019-0057-z 7716:The Sydney Morning Herald 7683:Simmons, John G. (1996). 6771:10.1017/S0007087499003751 6141:. online-literature.com. 6132:"Cranbury and Brambridge" 6029:10.1017/S1474691300001256 5461:– via Google Books. 5449:. Edmonston and Douglas. 5275:Optics and Photonics News 4985:Chymistry of Isaac Newton 4819:10.1007/s10699-012-9285-8 4645:De motu corporum in gyrum 4420:. SAGE Publications Inc. 4069:"Newton, Sir Isaac" 3909:10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1779 3750:10.1080/01457639808939932 3738:Heat Transfer Engineering 3718:Isaac Newton, a Biography 3351:Barrow, Isaac (1630–1677) 3108:De motu corporum in gyrum 3080:Published in his lifetime 2962:. A large bronze statue, 2895:National Fruit Collection 2763:Isaac Newton's apple tree 2566: 2212:undiscovered before me." 2173:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier 1804:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier 1720:, and defined the law of 1680:De motu corporum in gyrum 1416:Newton's theory of colour 1365: 1352:Euler's summation formula 1288:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier 1270:De motu corporum in gyrum 1041:and models of windmills. 750:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 669: 664: 660: 656: 646: 641: 637: 625: 613: 602: 594: 582: 570: 556: 545: 538: 526: 514: 503: 495: 483: 471: 460: 448: 436: 425: 413: 409: 405: 401: 380: 359: 333: 287: 280: 257: 152: 133: 123: 93: 61: 49: 30: 17448:Enlightenment scientists 17368:British writers in Latin 16123:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 14959:Intertheoretic reduction 14948:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 14925:Functional contextualism 14717:Philosophy of psychology 14652:Simulacra and Simulation 13573:5th Earl of Chesterfield 12156:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber) 11989:Agathodaemon (legendary) 10202:post-Newtonian expansion 10082:Corruptions of Scripture 10074:Ancient Kingdoms Amended 9870:30 December 2014 at the 9657:Harvard University Press 9496:The Newtonian Revolution 9475:. New York: Free Press. 9199:Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. 9184:The American Genealogist 8963:Brackenridge, J. Bruce. 8900:The Life of Isaac Newton 8732:Gjertsen, Derek (1986). 7475:George Allen & Unwin 7470:The World of Mathematics 7006:Natural History Magazine 6499:University of St Andrews 6128:Yonge, Charlotte M. 5999:Royal Numismatic Society 5961:. Raintree. p. 26. 5698:12 November 2012 at the 5339:Inwood, Stephen (2003). 4275:Warntz, William (1989). 3830:Rowlands, Peter (2017). 3472:Thony, Christie (2015). 3241: 3074: 2418:. His first biographer, 2306:and almost certainly an 2063: 1970:of the Newton family of 1492:, commenting on Briggs' 860:empirical law of cooling 848:into the colours of the 765:, Newton formulated the 17538:Philosophers of science 17453:Experimental physicists 17308:18th-century alchemists 17273:17th-century alchemists 16885:University of Cambridge 16680:Johann Heinrich Lambert 16580:Johann Heinrich Lambert 16445:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 15944:Benjamin Collins Brodie 15920:Marquess of Northampton 15444:Philosophers of science 15222:Scientific essentialism 15171:Model-dependent realism 15106:Constructive empiricism 14999:Evidence-based practice 14582:Critique of Pure Reason 13687:William Ewart Gladstone 12348:Jan Baptist van Helmont 12088:Stephanus of Alexandria 10392:Absolute space and time 10256:truncated Newton method 10229:Newton's laws of motion 10192:Newton's law of cooling 9915:11 January 2012 at the 9795:2 December 2016 at the 8835:Stewart, James (2009). 8549:21 January 2020 at the 8060:The Myths of Innovation 6929:20 January 2017 at the 6450:. Cassell. p. 100. 5324:Popular Science Monthly 5322:Tyndall, John. (1880). 5295:10.1364/OPN.11.5.000024 4756:Nowlan, Robert (2017). 4324:Mobilities of Knowledge 4079:Encyclopædia Britannica 3366:Oxford University Press 3356:29 January 2013 at the 3296:This claim was made by 3164:The System of the World 3146:Arithmetica Universalis 3055:criticised the current 2882:King's School, Grantham 2710:, ranked himself as 2. 2577: 2549:Jan Baptist van Helmont 2247:extensive knowledge of 1923:Great Recoinage of 1696 1565:, using a glass globe. 1563:electrostatic generator 1441:of light into colours ( 1334:to derive solutions to 1322:of degree three in two 1055:University of Cambridge 1045:University of Cambridge 911:University of Cambridge 901:Newton was a fellow of 341:University of Cambridge 207:Newton's law of cooling 180:Newton's laws of motion 17558:Theoretical physicists 17428:English mathematicians 16811:Evangelista Torricelli 15888:William Hyde Wollaston 15527:Alfred North Whitehead 15517:Charles Sanders Peirce 14173:Type–token distinction 14001:Hypostatic abstraction 13783:Abstract object theory 13639:3rd Earl of Mornington 13579:2nd Marquess Townshend 12181:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) 10911: 10845: 10811:Enlightened absolutism 10802: 10627:Isaac Newton Telescope 10617:Isaac Newton Institute 10387:Newton–Puiseux theorem 10382:Parallelogram of force 10370:kissing number problem 10360:Newton–Euler equations 10263:Gauss–Newton algorithm 10212:gravitational constant 9846:8 October 2012 at the 9751: 9731:Listen to this article 9579:Gleick, James (2003). 9564:10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017 9078:(1702). London: Dawson 9053:Maclaurin, C. (1748). 8592:Newton, Isaac (1704). 8313:Retrieved 5 July 2022. 7747:Nature Reviews Physics 7495:I. Paris, 1867, p. xx. 7186:Meyer, Michal (2014). 6893:Newton, Isaac (1782). 6493:Keynes, John Maynard. 6082:15 August 2021 at the 5609:"Newton, the geometer" 5499:, Book 3 (1729 vol.2) 5482:3 October 2015 at the 4796:Foundations of Science 4551:3 October 2015 at the 4453:Newton, Isaac (1967). 3967:10.1098/rsnr.2007.0025 3797:The Scientific Monthly 3778:Adam and Charles Black 3671:Sastry, S.Subramanya, 3548:10.1098/rsnr.1991.0002 3194:(1671, published 1736) 3154:Published posthumously 3090:(1669, published 1711) 2921: 2873: 2862: 2850: 2745:Guinness World Records 2647: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2594: 2545: 2506: 2327: 2235:Although born into an 2204: 2168:have commented on it. 2079: 1975: 1844: 1798: 1785: 1759:Newton made clear his 1693: 1678: 1652: 1626: 1496: 1494:A New Theory of Vision 1437:would suffer from the 1430: 1379: 1283: 1253:mathematical notations 1178: 890:for approximating the 761: 754:infinitesimal calculus 726: 17438:English MPs 1701–1702 17433:English MPs 1689–1690 17383:Copernican Revolution 16930:Parliament of England 16711:Alexander Graham Bell 16610:Hans Christian Ørsted 16510:Anders Jonas Ångström 15992:George Gabriel Stokes 15626:Philosophy portal 15377:Hard and soft science 15372:Faith and rationality 15241:Scientific skepticism 15021:Scientific Revolution 14804:Philosophy of science 14762:Philosophy portal 14642:Being and Nothingness 14058:Mental representation 13669:1st Baron Dunfermline 13633:2nd Earl of Clancarty 13591:2nd Earl of Liverpool 13567:3rd Earl of Effingham 13555:3rd Viscount Chetwynd 13549:Hon. Richard Arundell 12617:Nabataean Agriculture 12504:Books of the Balances 12353:Johann Rudolf Glauber 12323:Giovanni da Correggio 10777:Counter-Enlightenment 10581:Isaac Newton Gargoyle 10491: (nephew-in-law) 10467:Copernican Revolution 10462:Scientific Revolution 10323:Newton–Cotes formulas 10187:Newton's inequalities 10164:Structural coloration 9895:Works by Isaac Newton 9877:Works by Isaac Newton 9750: 9379:Bechler, Zev (2013). 9228:10.1353/jhi.1997.0001 9172:Stukeley, W. (1936). 9008:Whiteside, D. T. 8999:, tr. A. Motte, rev. 8673:Swetz, Frank J. 8335:. Westminster Abbey. 7827:"Silly relic-worship" 7514:westminster-abbey.org 6868:William Blake Archive 6309:"Newton's Death Mask" 6244:. Eric W. Weisstein. 5955:Barnham, Kay (2014). 5691:; and John C. Attig, 4709:Stern, Keith (2009). 3687:10.1214/ss/1028905930 3349:Feingold, Mordechai. 3033:Scientific Revolution 2916: 2867: 2857: 2845: 2824:, Newton's niece, to 2642: 2629: 2615: 2599:Joseph-Louis Lagrange 2592:John Michael Rysbrack 2585: 2540: 2501: 2462:superlatives of both 2440:mechanical philosophy 2390:famous correspondence 2316: 2271:was trinitarianism." 2123:John Michael Rysbrack 2102:. His papers went to 2071: 1984:Académie des Sciences 1966: 1929:. Counterfeiting was 1868:Parliament of England 1839: 1825:Further information: 1722:universal gravitation 1709:Industrial Revolution 1638:Newton's own copy of 1637: 1617: 1523:wave–particle duality 1487: 1424: 1373: 1336:Diophantine equations 1278: 1211:Newton was elected a 1197:Geographia Generalis, 1170: 1097:mechanical philosophy 927:mathematical sciences 917:. He refused to take 771:universal gravitation 718:Scientific Revolution 170:universal gravitation 76:25 December 1642] 17513:Natural philosophers 16996:The Earl of Anglesey 16947:Cambridge University 16704:Non-systematic units 16550:Carl Friedrich Gauss 16485:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 16395:James Prescott Joule 15976:William Spottiswoode 15968:Joseph Dalton Hooker 15821:Earl of Macclesfield 15352:Criticism of science 15227:Scientific formalism 15111:Constructive realism 15016:Scientific pluralism 14989:Problem of induction 14687:Feminist metaphysics 13663:1st Earl of Auckland 13657:John Charles Herries 13615:Lord Charles Spencer 13199:House of Plantagenet 12862:In art/entertainment 12272:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon 12034:Zosimos of Panopolis 12029:Paphnutia the Virgin 10731:Age of Enlightenment 10588:Astronomers Monument 10278:Newton–Pepys problem 10251:Apollonius's problem 10219:Newton–Cartan theory 10132:Newton–Okounkov body 10065:hypotheses non fingo 10054: (c. 1680) 9808:UK National Archives 9782:More spoken articles 9148:Keynes, John Maynard 9126:de Villamil, Richard 9112:. pp. 198–222. 9091:Craig, John (1946). 8839:. Cengage Learning. 8579:24 June 2016 at the 8564:17 June 2016 at the 8496:10 June 2016 at the 8244:Alberto A. Martinez 7630:. 29 November 1999. 7600:. 29 November 1999. 7030:Dijksterhuis, E. J. 6998:Tyson, Neil Degrasse 6979:H.G. Alexander (ed) 6874:on 27 September 2013 6673:John Gribbin (2002) 6404:Smithsonian Magazine 6211:Cartesian Empiricism 5989:6 April 2017 at the 5763:. 5 June 2009. NPR. 5551:21 July 2011 at the 5540:14 July 2014 at the 5342:The Forgotten Genius 4617:Clifford Truesdell, 3780:. 1855. p. 524. 3641:Grattan-Guinness, I. 3436:on 25 February 2005. 3217:, a book by Voltaire 2830:Essay on Epic Poetry 2394:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1950:justice of the peace 1918:and counterfeiters. 1886:during the reign of 1872:Cambridge University 1788:Hypotheses non fingo 1443:chromatic aberration 1435:refracting telescope 1206:history of geography 1202:Geographia Generalis 1188:Geographia Generalis 1174:Geographia Generalis 1144:Thirty-nine Articles 775:theory of relativity 415:Member of Parliament 101:(aged 84) [ 72:4 January 1643 [ 19:For other uses, see 17503:Masters of the Mint 17488:History of calculus 17042:Master of the Mint 17003:Government offices 16600:James Clerk Maxwell 16091:William Henry Bragg 15984:Thomas Henry Huxley 15960:George Biddell Airy 15419:Rhetoric of science 15357:Descriptive science 15101:Confirmation holism 14994:Scientific evidence 14954:Inductive reasoning 14883:Demarcation problem 14532:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 14043:Linguistic modality 13699:Richard Lalor Sheil 13675:1st Baron Ashburton 13381:Sir Edward Villiers 13069:George Biddell Airy 13021:Nicholas Saunderson 12882:Philosophers' stone 12877:Pill of Immortality 12773:Fasciculus chemicus 12720:Turba philosophorum 12638:Physika kai mystika 12368:Michael Sendivogius 12247:pseudo-Michael Scot 12083:pseudo-Olympiodorus 12024:Ostanes (legendary) 11737:Feijóo y Montenegro 11688:Vorontsova-Dashkova 10397:Luminiferous aether 10345:Newton's identities 10318:Newton's cannonball 10293:Classical mechanics 10283:Newtonian potential 10144:Newtonian telescope 9685:1966PhTea...4....8M 9673:The Physics Teacher 9583:. Alfred A. Knopf. 9527:1958Natur.182..149C 9302:2001Osir...16..169S 9153:Essays in Biography 9074:Newton, I. (1975). 9067:Newton, I. (1962). 9060:Newton, I. (1958). 9010:, ed. (1967–1982). 8734:The Newton Handbook 8717:. New York: Dover. 8426:2 June 2022 at the 8412:Anders Hald 2003 – 8309:5 July 2022 at the 7759:2019NatRP...1..301L 7712:"Einstein's Heroes" 7508:Westminster Abbey. 7493:Oeuvres de Lagrange 7290:Dry, Sarah (2014). 7265:National Geographic 7012:on 6 September 2018 7000:(1 November 2005). 6720:The Galileo Project 6711:Richard S. Westfall 6057:on 17 February 2013 5731:The Daily Telegraph 5376:, pp. 391–392. 5287:2000OptPN..11...24D 5056:Hall, Alfred Rupert 4992:28 May 2016 at the 4699:, pp. 538–539. 4654:12 May 2016 at the 4621:(1968), p. 99. 4246:, pp. 330–331. 4056:, pp. 71, 103. 3809:1921SciMo..12..544S 3384:1993Isis...84..310F 2670:James Clerk Maxwell 2551:'s book on plague, 2528:John Maynard Keynes 2513:, "Newton, the Man" 2511:John Maynard Keynes 2491:mathematical proofs 2438:'s approach to the 2424:John Maynard Keynes 2399:Celestial Mechanics 2392:. A century later, 2292:Stephen D. Snobelen 2162:John Maynard Keynes 1877:Abraham de la Pryme 1842:Sir James Thornhill 1705:classical mechanics 1657:celestial mechanics 1550:John Maynard Keynes 1538:Cambridge Platonist 1530:Hypothesis of Light 1451:Newtonian telescope 1386:in the position of 1332:coordinate geometry 1308:Newton's identities 1193:Bernhardus Varenius 1129:and be ordained as 991:4 January 1643) at 961:(1699–1727) of the 935:biblical chronology 892:roots of a function 738:classical mechanics 714:natural philosopher 212:Newton's identities 165:Newtonian mechanics 17523:Optical physicists 17478:Linear algebraists 17443:English physicists 17408:English Christians 17398:English alchemists 17358:Ballistics experts 17105:History of science 17016:Warden of the Mint 16435:Werner von Siemens 16294:André-Marie Ampère 16230:Venki Ramakrishnan 16179:Sir Michael Atiyah 16147:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 16099:Henry Hallett Dale 15698:Viscount Brouncker 15638:Science portal 15567:Carl Gustav Hempel 15522:Wilhelm Windelband 15409:Questionable cause 15232:Scientific realism 15053:Underdetermination 14888:Empirical evidence 14878:Creative synthesis 14722:Philosophy of self 14712:Philosophy of mind 13976:Embodied cognition 13888:Scientific realism 13717:Vacant (1869–1879) 13375:Sir Richard Martin 13354:Sir Richard Martin 13309:4th Baron Mountjoy 13282:Robert Brackenbury 13275:Robert Brackenbury 12780:Musaeum Hermeticum 12706:Summa perfectionis 12685:(pseudo-Aristotle) 12675:Secret of Creation 12624:Ordinal of Alchemy 12267:pseudo-Ramon Llull 12171:Maslama al-Qurṭubī 10876:Natural philosophy 10622:Isaac Newton Medal 10427: (birthplace) 10241:Newtonian dynamics 10139:Newton's reflector 9835:Writings by Newton 9752: 9397:Berlinski, David. 9093:Newton at the Mint 9026: – 8 volumes. 8572:, Springer, 2002, 8470:Indiana University 8272:on 1 December 2008 8176:The Newton Project 8132:The Art of Science 8107:on 21 January 2010 7831:The New York Times 7574:. 24 November 2005 7548:. 23 November 2005 7224:Kean, Sam (2011). 6841:, pp. 331–34. 6715:Indiana University 6557:. Janus database. 6448:Letters on England 6375:. 1 October 2012. 6194:The London Gazette 5652:Conics and Cubics, 5555:, 18 October 2010. 5512:Edelglass et al., 5264:Duarte, F. J. 5114:The Newton Project 4595:. Geo. P. Putnam. 4575:3 May 2016 at the 3863:"Sir Isaac Newton" 3776:. Vol. VIII. 3191:Method of Fluxions 3160:De mundi systemate 2990:Grantham Guildhall 2922: 2874: 2810:Instituto Balseiro 2623:and all was light. 2595: 2536:Indiana University 2328: 2322:(1795, detail) by 2259:which defined the 2080: 1976: 1906:upon the death of 1904:Master of the Mint 1845: 1663:with reference to 1653: 1627: 1620:Portrait of Newton 1521:, and the idea of 1497: 1431: 1425:Illustration of a 1380: 1338:. He approximated 1328:finite differences 1316:cubic plane curves 1284: 1279:Newton in 1702 by 1179: 1151:Lucasian professor 1120:law of gravitation 896:cubic plane curves 565:Warden of the Mint 540:Master of the Mint 300:natural philosophy 105:20 March 1726] 17473:British geometers 17468:Fluid dynamicists 17413:English inventors 17403:English Anglicans 17062: 17061: 17057: 17056: 17048:Succeeded by 17023:Succeeded by 16993:Succeeded by 16988:The Lord Carleton 16983:1701–1702 16961:Succeeded by 16951:1689–1690 16919:Succeeded by 16892:Succeeded by 16866:Academic offices 16847: 16846: 16841: 16840: 16365:Louis Harold Gray 16248: 16247: 16075:Ernest Rutherford 15706:Joseph Williamson 15645: 15644: 15487: 15486: 15399:Normative science 15256:Uniformitarianism 15011:Scientific method 14905:Explanatory power 14770: 14769: 13949:Category of being 13918:Truthmaker theory 13735: 13734: 13681:1st Baron Taunton 13645:1st Baron Wallace 13627:3rd Earl Bathurst 13609:3rd Earl Bathurst 13314:Ralph Rowlet/Sir 13277:(April–June 1483) 13270:(1461–April 1483) 13152: 13151: 13145: 13137: 13129: 13121: 13113: 13105: 13097: 13089: 13081: 13073: 13065: 13057: 13049: 13041: 13033: 13025: 13017: 13009: 13001: 12952: 12951: 12810: 12809: 12787:Theatrum chemicum 12603:Mirror of Alchimy 12555:Tabula Smaragdina 12532:Clavis sapientiae 12471:Aurora consurgens 12442: 12441: 12378:Pierre-Jean Fabre 12328:Heinrich Khunrath 12242:Magister Salernus 12217:Guido di Montanor 12004:pseudo-Democritus 11966:Alchemy (general) 11932: 11931: 11900: 11899: 11896: 11895: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10925:Scientific method 10782:Critical thinking 10684: 10683: 10576: (sculpture) 10543:Abraham de Moivre 10497: (professor) 10425:Woolsthorpe Manor 10377:Newton's quotient 10350:Newton polynomial 10308:Newton's notation 10039: (1661–1665) 9881:Project Gutenberg 9748: 9715:978-0-486-25346-6 9693:10.1119/1.2350900 9590:978-0-375-42233-1 9505:978-0-521-22964-7 9482:978-0-02-905190-0 9426:978-0-19-851744-3 9390:978-94-009-7717-4 9187:79 (2004): 13–27. 9163:978-0-393-00189-1 9021:978-0-521-07740-8 8932:978-1-85702-416-6 8910:978-0-521-47737-6 8889:978-0-19-921355-9 8870:978-0-521-27435-7 8846:978-0-495-55742-5 8815:978-0-674-91547-3 8781:978-0-547-33604-6 8774:. Mariner Books. 8724:978-0-486-20630-1 8647:978-0-19-979268-9 8557:, vol. 4 (1782), 8402:978-0-7139-9503-9 8254:978-0-8229-4407-2 8145:978-1-4472-0415-2 8070:978-1-4493-8962-8 8000:Voltaire (1786). 7961:Voltaire (1727). 7935:978-0-8126-9507-6 7912:, pp. 48–56. 7872:978-0-553-58378-6 7696:978-0-8065-1749-0 7394:978-0-691-17487-7 7301:978-0-19-995104-8 7142:978-0-521-56060-3 7117:978-0-208-00843-5 7092:978-0-85527-066-7 6648:978-0-500-30023-7 6540:978-0-394-50294-6 6495:"Newton: the Man" 6442:Voltaire (1894). 6432:. vol. 2. p. 100. 6220:978-94-007-7690-6 5968:978-1-4109-6235-5 5884:978-0-85033-022-9 5582:"Newton Timeline" 5419:978-0-12-800599-6 5352:978-1-931561-56-3 5326:Volume 17, July. 5180:978-0-521-27435-7 5071:978-0-521-56669-8 4975:William R. Newman 4910:978-0-19-964437-7 4853:978-0-486-43265-6 4767:978-94-6300-891-4 4722:978-1-933771-87-8 4649:(Latin) Theorem 1 4468:978-0-521-05817-9 4427:978-1-4129-1081-1 4395:978-90-04-16363-8 4333:978-3-319-44653-0 4326:. Springer Open. 4104:978-0-521-41158-5 4044:, pp. 60–62. 4020:, pp. 16–19. 3903:(6511): 1779–84. 3891:(December 1985). 3654:978-0-691-07082-7 3610:978-1-4008-6412-6 3339:on 16 March 2015. 3007:The Enlightenment 2926:Westminster Abbey 2890:Woolsthorpe Manor 2729:Woolsthorpe Manor 2704:Erwin Schrödinger 2696:Werner Heisenberg 2688:quantum mechanics 2609:wrote the famous 2588:Westminster Abbey 2430:Religious thought 2409:Mécanique céleste 2340:textual criticism 2177:nervous breakdown 2138:Mercury poisoning 2092:Westminster Abbey 2035:South Sea Company 1515:quantum mechanics 1388:minimum deviation 1142:agreement to the 1139:Church of England 1022:The King's School 1016:The King's School 993:Woolsthorpe Manor 923:Church of England 811:motion of objects 678: 677: 360:Academic advisors 282:Scientific career 227:Newton–Gauss line 128:Westminster Abbey 17570: 17493:Knights Bachelor 17378:Color scientists 17353:Antitrinitarians 17243: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17226: 17218: 17217: 17216: 17209: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17192: 17184: 17183: 17182: 17175: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17155: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17127: 17126: 17115: 17114: 17113: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17091: 17090: 17079: 17078: 17070: 17033:Preceded by 17010:Benjamin Overton 17008:Preceded by 16971:Preceded by 16936:Preceded by 16902:Preceded by 16871:Preceded by 16863: 16862: 16851: 16850: 16465:Alessandro Volta 16318:SI derived units 16275: 16268: 16261: 16252: 16251: 16241: 16233: 16225: 16217: 16209: 16190: 16182: 16174: 16166: 16158: 16150: 16142: 16139:Patrick Blackett 16134: 16126: 16118: 16110: 16102: 16094: 16086: 16078: 16070: 16062: 16054: 16046: 16043:Archibald Geikie 16038: 16030: 16011: 16003: 15995: 15987: 15979: 15971: 15963: 15955: 15947: 15939: 15931: 15923: 15915: 15907: 15899: 15891: 15872: 15864: 15856: 15848: 15840: 15832: 15824: 15816: 15808: 15800: 15781: 15773: 15765: 15762:Robert Southwell 15757: 15754:Earl of Pembroke 15749: 15741: 15733: 15725: 15717: 15714:Christopher Wren 15709: 15701: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15649: 15648: 15636: 15635: 15624: 15623: 15622: 15597:Bas van Fraassen 15552:Hans Reichenbach 15532:Bertrand Russell 15449: 15448: 15275:Philosophy of... 15058:Unity of science 14851:Commensurability 14797: 14790: 14783: 14774: 14773: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14748: 14747: 14657: 14647: 14637: 14627: 14617: 14607: 14597: 14587: 14577: 14567: 14557: 14547: 14537: 14527: 14517: 14507: 14497: 14487: 14477: 14153:Substantial form 13965:Cogito, ergo sum 13908:Substance theory 13762: 13755: 13748: 13739: 13738: 13693:Sir George Clerk 13621:Charles Bathurst 13585:Sir George Yonge 13561:1st Earl Cadogan 13526:House of Hanover 13498:Charles Duncombe 13484:Charles Duncombe 13406:Thomas Aylesbury 13388:Randal Cranfield 13284:(June 1483–1485) 13268:William Hastings 13179: 13172: 13165: 13156: 13155: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13119: 13111: 13103: 13095: 13087: 13079: 13071: 13063: 13055: 13053:Robert Woodhouse 13047: 13039: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12956: 12955: 12942: 12941: 12656:Step of the Sage 12596:Mappae clavicula 12563:Leyden papyrus X 12464:Atalanta fugiens 12453: 12452: 12434:Mary Anne Atwood 12419:Eugène Canseliet 12298:Andreas Libavius 12277:Taddeo Alderotti 12052:Fang (alchemist) 11999:pseudo-Cleopatra 11979: 11978: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11936: 11935: 11921: 11920: 10969: 10968: 10958: 10957: 10916: 10850: 10821: 10807: 10750: 10749: 10739: 10738: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10701: 10700: 10688: 10687: 10672: 10567: (monotype) 10531:William Stukeley 10527: (disciple) 10507:Benjamin Pulleyn 10483:Catherine Barton 10402:Newtonian series 10313:Rotating spheres 10059:General Scholium 9954:Sir Isaac Newton 9947: 9940: 9933: 9924: 9923: 9906: 9905: 9890:Internet Archive 9830: 9816: 9811: 9772: 9770: 9759: 9758: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9732: 9719: 9707: 9696: 9653:I. Bernard Cohen 9644: 9642: 9613:Hawking, Stephen 9609: 9594: 9575: 9546: 9535:10.1038/182149a0 9521:(4629): 149–52. 9509: 9486: 9465: 9459: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9430: 9394: 9366: 9329: 9284: 9247: 9177: 9167: 9143: 9133: 9121: 9096: 9025: 8936: 8914: 8893: 8874: 8850: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8798: 8796: 8785: 8766: 8747: 8728: 8716: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8631: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8589: 8583: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8520:on 31 March 2012 8506: 8500: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8444: 8438: 8421:Wiley-IEEE, 2003 8410: 8404: 8390: 8384: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8314: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8256: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8201:Conduitt, John. 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8051: 8045: 8023: 8021: 8019: 7996: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7796:Historic England 7792: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7505: 7496: 7487:Fred L. Wilson, 7485: 7479: 7478: 7465:Newman, James R. 7461: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7430: 7424: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7350:"Going for Gold" 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7271:on 26 April 2016 7267:. Archived from 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7080: 7070: 7064: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7008:. 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2076: 2066: 2024:silver standard 2004: 1940:Disguised as a 1861:Johannine Comma 1834: 1829: 1823: 1632: 1624:John Vanderbank 1368: 1344:harmonic series 1312:Newton's method 1281:Godfrey Kneller 1226: 1221: 1083:Galileo Galilei 1051:Trinity College 1047: 1028:, which taught 1018: 985:Julian calendar 981: 975: 905:and the second 903:Trinity College 868:Newtonian fluid 819:oblate spheroid 807:heliocentricity 683: 647:Political party 632:William Whiston 626: 614: 608: 603: 583: 571: 558: 557: 551: 546: 527: 515: 509: 504: 484: 478:Anthony Hammond 472: 466: 461: 449: 437: 431: 426: 417: 397: 393:William Whiston 376: 355: 329: 276: 271:Knight Bachelor 253: 232:Newtonian fluid 202:Newton's method 190:binomial series 161: 160: 119: 106: 98: 89: 79: 77: 67: 65: 57: 45: 40: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17576: 17566: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17245: 17244: 17227: 17225:from Wikibooks 17210: 17193: 17191:from Wikiquote 17176: 17147: 17144: 17143: 17131: 17119: 17107: 17095: 17083: 17060: 17059: 17055: 17054: 17049: 17046: 17039: 17034: 17030: 17029: 17024: 17021: 17012: 17009: 17005: 17004: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16991: 16977: 16972: 16968: 16967: 16962: 16959: 16942: 16937: 16933: 16932: 16926: 16925: 16920: 16917: 16908: 16903: 16899: 16898: 16893: 16890: 16877: 16872: 16868: 16867: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16845: 16844: 16839: 16838: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16818: 16808: 16798: 16788: 16785:degree Réaumur 16778: 16768: 16761:Heinrich Mache 16758: 16748: 16738: 16728: 16718: 16707: 16705: 16701: 16700: 16698: 16697: 16694:degree Rankine 16687: 16677: 16666: 16664: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16647: 16637: 16627: 16617: 16607: 16597: 16590:Samuel Langley 16587: 16577: 16567: 16557: 16547: 16537: 16527: 16517: 16506: 16504: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16492: 16482: 16472: 16462: 16452: 16442: 16432: 16422: 16412: 16402: 16392: 16385:Heinrich Hertz 16382: 16372: 16362: 16352: 16342: 16335:Anders Celsius 16332: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16311: 16301: 16290: 16288: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16277: 16270: 16263: 16255: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16234: 16226: 16222:Sir Paul Nurse 16218: 16210: 16201: 16199: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16191: 16187:Sir Aaron Klug 16183: 16175: 16167: 16159: 16151: 16143: 16135: 16127: 16119: 16111: 16103: 16095: 16087: 16079: 16071: 16063: 16055: 16047: 16039: 16031: 16022: 16020: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16012: 16004: 15996: 15988: 15980: 15972: 15964: 15956: 15948: 15940: 15932: 15924: 15916: 15912:Duke of Sussex 15908: 15904:Davies Gilbert 15900: 15892: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15865: 15857: 15849: 15841: 15833: 15829:Earl of Morton 15825: 15817: 15809: 15801: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15774: 15766: 15758: 15750: 15742: 15734: 15726: 15718: 15710: 15702: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15675: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15652: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15628: 15616: 15611: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15572:W. V. O. Quine 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15507:Rudolf Steiner 15504: 15499: 15497:Henri Poincaré 15494: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15455: 15453: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15367:Exact sciences 15364: 15359: 15354: 15348: 15346: 15345:Related topics 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15304:Social science 15301: 15300: 15299: 15297:Space and time 15289: 15284: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15210: 15201: 15196: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15092: 15090: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15082: 15077: 15076: 15075: 15070: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15006:Scientific law 15003: 15002: 15001: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14944: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14915:Falsifiability 14912: 14907: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14874: 14873: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14844:Mill's Methods 14836: 14825: 14820: 14814: 14812: 14808: 14807: 14800: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14777: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14752: 14741: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14665:Related topics 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14648: 14638: 14632:Being and Time 14628: 14618: 14608: 14598: 14588: 14578: 14568: 14558: 14548: 14538: 14528: 14518: 14508: 14498: 14488: 14478: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14457: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14205:Metaphysicians 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13961: 13959:Causal closure 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13935: 13933: 13929: 13928: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13833:Libertarianism 13830: 13825: 13820: 13818:Existentialism 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13765: 13764: 13757: 13750: 13742: 13733: 13732: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13709: 13702: 13696: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13651:George Tierney 13648: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13582: 13576: 13570: 13564: 13558: 13552: 13546: 13540: 13532: 13530: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13511: 13505: 13491: 13480:John Buckworth 13476: 13473:Henry Slingsby 13470: 13467:Henry Slingsby 13459: 13451: 13449: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13430: 13428: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13409: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13378: 13371: 13369: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13351: 13345: 13342:Thomas Stanley 13338: 13335:Thomas Egerton 13332: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13297: 13293:House of Tudor 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13271: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13243: 13241: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13224: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13203: 13195: 13194: 13182: 13181: 13174: 13167: 13159: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13138: 13130: 13122: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13066: 13058: 13050: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12982: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12959: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12946: 12935: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12857:Iatrochemistry 12854: 12849: 12847:Elixir of life 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12762: 12755: 12748: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12699:Splendor solis 12695: 12687: 12679: 12667: 12660: 12648: 12641: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12613: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12566: 12559: 12551:Emerald Tablet 12547: 12540: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12474: 12467: 12459: 12457: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12136:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12107: 12105: 12103:Arabic-Islamic 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11982:Greco-Egyptian 11976: 11970: 11969: 11962: 11961: 11954: 11947: 11939: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11766: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11549: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11481: 11479: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11366: 11364: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11074:Wollstonecraft 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10965: 10964: 10954: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10813: 10808: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10746: 10745: 10735: 10734: 10727: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10704: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10682: 10681: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10568: 10558: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10545: (friend) 10540: 10539: (friend) 10534: 10533: (friend) 10528: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10503: (mentor) 10501:William Clarke 10498: 10492: 10486: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10457:Occult studies 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10428: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10340:Newton fractal 10337: 10336: 10335: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10268:Newton's rings 10265: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10154:Newton's metal 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10135: 10134: 10127:Newton polygon 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10078: 10070: 10061:" (1713; 10055: 10047: 10040: 10031: 10029: 10028:Other writings 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10005: 9997: 9989: 9981: 9973: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9950: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9907: 9892: 9883: 9874: 9862: 9850: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9817: 9800: 9775: 9761: 9754: 9742: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725:External links 9723: 9721: 9720: 9714: 9697: 9668: 9659:, 1958, 1978; 9645: 9632: 9610: 9595: 9589: 9576: 9547: 9510: 9504: 9491: 9481: 9466: 9431: 9425: 9409: 9395: 9389: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9341:(4): 381–419. 9330: 9310:10.1086/649344 9285: 9248: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9179: 9169: 9162: 9144: 9135: 9122: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9040: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9004: 9001:Florian Cajori 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8986:online edition 8971: 8970: 8969: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8931: 8919:White, Michael 8915: 8909: 8894: 8888: 8875: 8869: 8851: 8845: 8832: 8814: 8799: 8786: 8780: 8767: 8761: 8748: 8742: 8729: 8723: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8665: 8646: 8613: 8584: 8531: 8501: 8474: 8439: 8405: 8385: 8376: 8350: 8324: 8315: 8304:Alternate Page 8283: 8257: 8237: 8224: 8193: 8163: 8144: 8118: 8088: 8069: 8046: 7991: 7953: 7934: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7871: 7848: 7818: 7784: 7753:(5): 301–303. 7733: 7702: 7695: 7675: 7654:"Isaac Newton" 7645: 7615: 7585: 7572:www.abc.net.au 7559: 7531: 7497: 7480: 7477:. p. 275. 7456: 7425: 7412: 7393: 7373: 7340: 7307: 7300: 7282: 7251: 7213: 7178: 7148: 7141: 7123: 7116: 7098: 7091: 7065: 7036: 7023: 6989: 6987:, 1998, p. 11. 6972: 6963: 6950: 6945:A Marginal Jew 6935: 6914: 6885: 6855: 6853:, p. 124. 6843: 6831: 6829:, p. 321. 6819: 6817:, p. 315. 6807: 6792: 6765:(4): 381–419. 6742: 6703: 6691: 6689:, p. 187. 6679: 6666: 6647: 6622: 6620:, p. 219. 6610: 6598: 6572: 6546: 6539: 6516: 6485: 6453: 6434: 6421: 6390: 6360: 6330: 6313:The Huntington 6299: 6259: 6226: 6219: 6200: 6180: 6178:, p. 595. 6168: 6156: 6119: 6088: 6068: 6042: 6007: 5974: 5967: 5924: 5911: 5909:, p. 317. 5899: 5883: 5856: 5844: 5817: 5815:, p. 267. 5805: 5803:, p. 259. 5793: 5781: 5761:Science Friday 5748: 5715: 5713:, p. 232. 5703: 5662: 5644: 5599: 5569: 5557: 5526: 5505: 5488: 5464: 5437: 5418: 5395: 5378: 5366: 5351: 5331: 5315: 5252: 5243: 5226:10.1086/353114 5204: 5186: 5179: 5152: 5143: 5131: 5100: 5098:, p. 168. 5088: 5070: 5047: 5032: 5010: 5008:, p. 325. 4998: 4967: 4965:, p. 324. 4955: 4928: 4909: 4889: 4871: 4852: 4832: 4785: 4783:, p. 356. 4773: 4766: 4748: 4721: 4701: 4689: 4687:, p. 107. 4677: 4660: 4643:Starting with 4636: 4634:(Paris, 1696). 4623: 4610: 4581: 4557: 4533: 4503: 4486: 4484:, p. 149. 4474: 4467: 4445: 4443:, p. 319. 4433: 4426: 4408: 4394: 4374: 4361:10.2307/621272 4339: 4332: 4313: 4293:10.2307/621272 4287:(2): 165–191. 4260: 4258:, p. 151. 4248: 4236: 4234:, p. 179. 4224: 4222:, p. 178. 4212: 4194: 4160: 4137: 4110: 4103: 4085: 4074:Chisholm, Hugh 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4010: 4001: 3989: 3960:(3): 289–300. 3940: 3893:"Isaac Newton" 3889:Storr, Anthony 3880: 3853: 3846: 3822: 3803:(6): 544–550. 3783: 3763: 3724: 3707: 3660: 3653: 3628: 3609: 3589: 3522: 3491: 3464: 3451: 3439: 3421: 3392:10.1086/356464 3378:(2): 310–338. 3342: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306:Charles Hutton 3289: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3128: 3120: 3112: 3104: 3096:(unpublished, 3091: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3008: 3005: 2947:issued by the 2910: 2909:Commemorations 2907: 2903:Flower of Kent 2886:National Trust 2870:wood engraving 2799: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2761:Main article: 2758: 2757:Apple incident 2755: 2621:Let Newton be! 2607:Alexander Pope 2579: 2576: 2568: 2565: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2431: 2428: 2420:David Brewster 2375:Baruch Spinoza 2336:Church Fathers 2269:great apostasy 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2200:George Herbert 2158:Charles Hutton 2145: 2142: 2065: 2062: 2003: 2000: 1988:John Flamsteed 1833: 1830: 1822: 1819: 1811:James Stirling 1737:David Brewster 1670:John Flamsteed 1631: 1628: 1611:to be wrong." 1581:tunable lasers 1490:William Briggs 1459:Newton's rings 1455:speculum metal 1367: 1364: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1159: 1046: 1043: 1017: 1014: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 864:speed of sound 785:, account for 767:laws of motion 676: 675: 667: 666: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643: 639: 638: 635: 634: 629: 623: 622: 617: 611: 610: 600: 599: 592: 591: 586: 580: 579: 574: 568: 567: 562: 554: 553: 543: 542: 536: 535: 530: 524: 523: 518: 512: 511: 501: 500: 493: 492: 487: 481: 480: 475: 469: 468: 458: 457: 452: 446: 445: 440: 434: 433: 423: 422: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 396: 395: 390: 384: 382: 378: 377: 375: 374: 369: 363: 361: 357: 356: 354: 353: 348: 343: 337: 335: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 289: 285: 284: 278: 277: 275: 274: 268: 261: 259: 255: 254: 252: 251: 246: 239: 237:Newton's rings 234: 229: 224: 219: 217:Newton's metal 214: 209: 204: 199: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 158: 157: 156: 154: 153:Known for 150: 149: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 107: 95: 91: 90: 78: 63: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17575: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17242:from Wikidata 17241: 17240: 17228: 17224: 17223: 17211: 17207: 17206: 17194: 17190: 17189: 17177: 17173: 17172: 17160: 17159: 17156: 17150: 17142: 17132: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17118: 17108: 17106: 17096: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17071: 17068: 17052: 17051:John Conduitt 17043: 17037: 17031: 17027: 17018: 17017: 17006: 17001: 16997: 16990: 16989: 16981: 16975: 16969: 16965: 16958: 16957: 16956:Robert Sawyer 16949: 16948: 16940: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16923: 16914: 16913: 16906: 16900: 16896: 16887: 16886: 16882: 16875: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16852: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16823: 16816: 16812: 16809: 16806: 16802: 16801:J. J. Thomson 16799: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16779: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16746: 16742: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16716: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16702: 16695: 16691: 16688: 16685: 16681: 16678: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16656: 16652: 16645: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16615: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16585: 16581: 16578: 16575: 16571: 16568: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16545: 16541: 16538: 16535: 16531: 16530:Loránd Eötvös 16528: 16525: 16521: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16497: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16466: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16453: 16450: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16430: 16426: 16425:Blaise Pascal 16423: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16396: 16393: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16380: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16363: 16360: 16356: 16353: 16350: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16330: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16299: 16295: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16287:SI base units 16285: 16276: 16271: 16269: 16264: 16262: 16257: 16256: 16253: 16239: 16235: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16207: 16203: 16202: 16200: 16196: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16172: 16171:George Porter 16168: 16164: 16163:Andrew Huxley 16160: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16132: 16131:Howard Florey 16128: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16076: 16072: 16068: 16064: 16060: 16059:J. J. Thomson 16056: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16035:Lord Rayleigh 16032: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16009: 16008:Joseph Lister 16005: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15957: 15953: 15952:Edward Sabine 15949: 15945: 15941: 15937: 15933: 15929: 15928:Earl of Rosse 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15893: 15889: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15813:Martin Folkes 15810: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15787: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15688: 15684: 15683:Royal Society 15680: 15673: 15668: 15666: 15661: 15659: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15627: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15609: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15557:Rudolf Carnap 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15492:Auguste Comte 15490: 15489: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15464:Francis Bacon 15462: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15393: 15392:Pseudoscience 15390: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15343: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15306: 15305: 15302: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15251:Structuralism 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15214: 15213:Received view 15211: 15209: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15121:Contextualism 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15087: 15081: 15078: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14798: 14793: 14791: 14786: 14784: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14763: 14753: 14751: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14707:Phenomenology 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14654: 14653: 14649: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14634: 14633: 14629: 14624: 14623: 14619: 14614: 14613: 14609: 14604: 14603: 14599: 14594: 14593: 14589: 14584: 14583: 14579: 14574: 14573: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14559: 14554: 14553: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14539: 14534: 14533: 14529: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14514: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14503: 14499: 14494: 14493: 14489: 14484: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464:Notable works 14462: 14456: 14455: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14196: 14195: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13868:Phenomenalism 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13788:Action theory 13786: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13763: 13758: 13756: 13751: 13749: 13744: 13743: 13740: 13729: 13723: 13716: 13713: 13712:Thomas Graham 13710: 13707: 13706:John Herschel 13703: 13700: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13640: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13586: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13574: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13544: 13543:John Conduitt 13541: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13464: 13463:Ralph Freeman 13460: 13457: 13456:Ralph Freeman 13453: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13435: 13434:Aaron Guerdon 13432: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13414: 13413:Robert Harley 13410: 13407: 13403: 13402:Ralph Freeman 13399: 13396: 13395:Robert Harley 13392: 13389: 13385: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13355: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13329:Sir John York 13327: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13229: 13222: 13219: 13216: 13213: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13191: 13187: 13180: 13175: 13173: 13168: 13166: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13142: 13141:Michael Cates 13139: 13134: 13133:Michael Green 13131: 13126: 13123: 13118: 13115: 13110: 13107: 13102: 13101:Joseph Larmor 13099: 13094: 13093:George Stokes 13091: 13086: 13083: 13078: 13075: 13070: 13067: 13062: 13061:Thomas Turton 13059: 13054: 13051: 13046: 13043: 13038: 13037:Edward Waring 13035: 13030: 13027: 13022: 13019: 13014: 13011: 13006: 13003: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12980: 12975: 12973: 12968: 12966: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12945: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12887:Prima materia 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12803: 12802: 12801:Tripus aureus 12798: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12745:Aureum vellus 12742: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12710: 12708: 12707: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12691:Sirr al-asrār 12688: 12686: 12684: 12683:Sirr al-asrār 12680: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12664:Seventy Books 12661: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12642: 12640: 12639: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12626: 12625: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12574:Liber dabessi 12571: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12560: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12546: 12545: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12508: 12506: 12505: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12497:Book of Mercy 12494: 12492: 12491: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12388:Samuel Norton 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12363:Michael Maier 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12282:Thomas Norton 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12227:Johann of Laz 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12212:George Ripley 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190:Late medieval 12188: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12146:Ibn Waḥshiyya 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11960: 11955: 11953: 11948: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11924: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11903: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11860:United States 11857: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11620:Budai-Deleanu 11618: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10984:Ashley-Cooper 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10955: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10886:Progressivism 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10835:Individualism 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10725: 10720: 10718: 10713: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10675: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10607:Newton (unit) 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10541: 10538: 10537:William Jones 10535: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10509: (tutor) 10508: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10489:John Conduitt 10487: 10485: (niece) 10484: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10431:Cranbury Park 10429: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418:Personal life 10416: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10365:Newton number 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10234:Kepler's laws 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10207:parameterized 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093:Contributions 10091: 10084: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10046:" (1675) 10045: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9941: 9936: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9925: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9764: 9717: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9669: 9666: 9665:0-674-46853-8 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9625:0-7624-1348-4 9622: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9558:(2): 136–45. 9557: 9553: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9457: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9408: 9407:0-684-84392-7 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9376: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9259:(4): 417–38. 9258: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9098: 9094: 9089: 9088: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8860:Never at Rest 8856: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8800: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8764: 8762:0-7146-3464-6 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8743:0-7102-0279-2 8739: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8706: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8601: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8471: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8436:0-471-47129-1 8433: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8380: 8365:on 5 May 2010 8364: 8360: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8319: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8293: 8287: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8234: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8207:Newtonproject 8204: 8197: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8137: 8136:Pan Macmillan 8133: 8129: 8122: 8106: 8102: 8101:New Scientist 8098: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8055:Berkun, Scott 8050: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8024:From p. 175: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7988: 7984: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7900:, p. 86. 7899: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7855: 7853: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7663: 7659: 7658:New Scientist 7655: 7649: 7633: 7629: 7628:Physics World 7625: 7619: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7547: 7546: 7545:Royal Society 7541: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7218: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7161:Maths History 7158: 7152: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7069: 7062: 7058: 7057:Richard Baron 7054: 7053:Hopton Haynes 7050: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6967: 6960: 6954: 6947: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6852: 6851:Westfall 1994 6847: 6840: 6839:Westfall 1980 6835: 6828: 6827:Westfall 1980 6823: 6816: 6815:Westfall 1980 6811: 6805:, p. 63. 6804: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6606:Westfall 1980 6602: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6425: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6373:Royal Society 6370: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6222: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6176:Westfall 1980 6172: 6166:, p. 44. 6165: 6164:Westfall 1980 6160: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6075:Eric W. Nye, 6072: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6023:(1): 109–17. 6022: 6018: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5978: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5922:, p. 245 5921: 5920:Westfall 1994 5915: 5908: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5854:, p. 73. 5853: 5852:Westfall 2007 5848: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5789:Levenson 2010 5785: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5618:(82): 19–27. 5617: 5610: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5567:, Chapter 11. 5566: 5565:Westfall 1980 5561: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5522:0-940262-45-2 5519: 5515: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5375: 5374:Westfall 1980 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5138: 5136: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5045:, p. 170 5044: 5039: 5037: 5020: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4893: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4698: 4697:Westfall 1980 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4482:Gjertsen 1986 4478: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355:(21): 51–60. 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4244:Westfall 1980 4240: 4233: 4232:Westfall 1980 4228: 4221: 4220:Westfall 1980 4216: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4054:Westfall 1980 4050: 4043: 4042:Westfall 1980 4038: 4032:, p. 22. 4031: 4026: 4019: 4018:Westfall 1994 4014: 4005: 3999:, p. 55. 3998: 3997:Westfall 1980 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3847:9781786344045 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:Bos, H. J. M. 3632: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3447:Gjertsen 1986 3443: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3070: 3069:Samuel Clarke 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Enlightenment 3004: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2853:John Conduitt 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2785: 2774: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2731:is a Grade I 2730: 2726: 2724: 2721:is named the 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2708:superfluidity 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2660:New Scientist 2656: 2652: 2651:Royal Society 2646: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2505: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Enlightenment 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464:superstitious 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386:Samuel Clarke 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2324:William Blake 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2127:Royal Society 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2104:John Conduitt 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2054:Jermyn Street 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:Cranbury Park 2038: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2028:gold standard 2026:to its first 2025: 2019: 2017: 2016:Francis Bacon 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Royal Society 1973: 1972:Great Gonerby 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1954:home counties 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1750:John Conduitt 1747: 1746:Edmund Halley 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1674:Edmond Halley 1671: 1666: 1665:Kepler's laws 1662: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1625: 1621: 1618:Engraving of 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1461:to judge the 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1376:Royal Society 1372: 1363: 1362:'s decimals. 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:, classified 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1296:Royal Society 1293: 1289: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1216: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087:Thomas Street 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1034:Ancient Greek 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 970: 969:(1703–1727). 968: 967:Royal Society 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 832:He built the 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813:on Earth and 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 746:shares credit 743: 739: 735: 730: 729: 723: 722:Enlightenment 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:mathematician 691: 686: 682: 673: 668: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 640: 636: 633: 630: 624: 621: 618: 612: 606: 601: 598: 593: 590: 589:John Conduitt 587: 581: 578: 575: 569: 566: 563: 555: 549: 544: 541: 537: 534: 531: 525: 522: 519: 513: 507: 502: 499: 494: 491: 488: 482: 479: 476: 470: 464: 459: 456: 453: 447: 444: 441: 435: 429: 424: 421: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 383: 379: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 362: 358: 352: 349: 347: 346:Royal Society 344: 342: 339: 338: 336: 332: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 290: 286: 283: 279: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 260: 256: 250: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 197: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124:Resting place 122: 118: 117:Great Britain 114: 110: 104: 97:31 March 1727 96: 92: 87: 82: 75: 64: 60: 53: 48: 43: 34: 29: 26: 22: 17483:Hermeticists 17258:Isaac Newton 17237: 17220: 17203: 17186: 17174:from Commons 17169: 17149:Isaac Newton 17148: 17141:Solar System 17041: 17036:Thomas Neale 17026:John Stanley 17014: 16986: 16979: 16964:Edward Finch 16954: 16944: 16939:Robert Brady 16910: 16879: 16874:Isaac Barrow 16731:Pierre Curie 16684:foot-lambert 16455:Nikola Tesla 16405:Isaac Newton 16404: 16375:Joseph Henry 16238:Adrian Smith 16198:21st century 16019:20th century 15896:Humphry Davy 15880:19th century 15869:Joseph Banks 15861:John Pringle 15853:James Burrow 15837:James Burrow 15797:Isaac Newton 15796: 15789:18th century 15738:Samuel Pepys 15722:John Hoskyns 15690:17th century 15602:Larry Laudan 15582:Imre Lakatos 15537:Otto Neurath 15512:Karl Pearson 15502:Pierre Duhem 15474:Isaac Newton 15473: 15404:Protoscience 15362:Epistemology 15236:Anti-realism 15234: / 15215: / 15206: / 15192: / 15190:Reductionism 15188: / 15161:Inductionism 15141:Evolutionism 14946: 14833:a posteriori 14832: 14828: 14682:Epistemology 14650: 14640: 14630: 14620: 14610: 14600: 14590: 14580: 14570: 14560: 14550: 14540: 14530: 14520: 14510: 14500: 14492:Nyāya Sūtras 14490: 14480: 14470: 14452: 14368:Wittgenstein 14313:Schopenhauer 14272: 14192: 14183:Unobservable 14033:Intelligence 13963: 13903:Subjectivism 13898:Spiritualism 13813:Essentialism 13793:Anti-realism 13537:Isaac Newton 13536: 13515:Isaac Newton 13514: 13508:Thomas Neale 13494:Thomas Neale 13348:John Lonyson 13323:Martin Bowes 13316:Martin Bowes 13045:Isaac Milner 13005:Isaac Newton 13004: 12997:Isaac Barrow 12944:All articles 12799: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12737:Compilations 12725: 12718: 12711: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12682: 12674: 12670: 12662: 12655: 12651: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12608: 12601: 12594: 12587: 12582:Liber ignium 12580: 12573: 12569: 12561: 12554: 12550: 12542: 12535: 12531: 12523: 12516: 12509: 12502: 12495: 12488: 12481: 12477: 12469: 12462: 12383:Robert Boyle 12338:Isaac Newton 12337: 12333:Hennig Brand 12318:Gerhard Dorn 12291:Early modern 12262:Petrus Bonus 12207:pseudo-Geber 12019:pseudo-Moses 11908: 11829: 11653:Catherine II 11105:Beaumarchais 11038: 10935:Universality 10906:Reductionism 10853: 10830:Human rights 10674:Isaac Newton 10586: 10579: 10571: 10562: 10495:Isaac Barrow 10433: (home) 10174:Newtonianism 10149:Newton scale 10112:Impact depth 10085: (1754) 10080: 10077: (1728) 10072: 10062: 10049: 10034: 10020: (1711) 10015: 10012: (1707) 10007: 10004: (1704) 9999: 9996: (1704) 9991: 9988: (1687) 9983: 9980: (1684) 9975: 9972: (1671) 9967: 9961:Publications 9953: 9703: 9676: 9672: 9651:, edited by 9648: 9638: 9628: 9616: 9605: 9599: 9581:Isaac Newton 9580: 9555: 9551: 9518: 9514: 9495: 9471: 9444:. 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Today's 1468:Of Colours 1439:dispersion 1396:refraction 1348:logarithms 1235:, sent by 1162:Charles II 1118:, and the 973:Early life 963:Royal Mint 951:Queen Anne 939:Whig party 844:separates 823:Maupertuis 781:to derive 710:theologian 702:astronomer 351:Royal Mint 109:Kensington 68:1643-01-04 17222:Textbooks 17117:Astronomy 16661:customary 16415:Georg Ohm 16329:becquerel 16214:Lord Rees 16155:Lord Todd 15319:Geography 15287:Chemistry 15246:Scientism 15041:ladenness 14861:Construct 14839:Causality 14732:Teleology 14697:Mereology 14677:Cosmology 14536:(c. 1000) 14433:Plantinga 14423:Armstrong 14373:Heidegger 14348:Whitehead 14333:Nietzsche 14253:Descartes 14223:Aristotle 14178:Universal 14108:Principle 14078:Necessity 14038:Intention 13991:Existence 13954:Causality 13893:Solipsism 13823:Free will 13233:Lancaster 12907:Processes 12872:Ouroboros 12693:(al-Rāzī) 12414:Carl Jung 12252:Ortolanus 12151:al-ʿIrāqī 12126:Artephius 12116:Alphidius 12076:Byzantine 11873:Jefferson 11815:Hutcheson 11704:Obradović 11673:Lomonosov 11668:Kheraskov 11578:Śniadecki 11342:Weishaupt 11337:Thomasius 11327:Pufendorf 11170:Lavoisier 11155:d'Holbach 11150:Helvétius 11130:Descartes 11125:Condorcet 11120:Condillac 11054:Priestley 10871:Modernity 10792:Democracy 10476:Relations 9985:Principia 9629:Principia 9608:: 291–97. 9572:143981415 9363:145208136 9326:170364912 9281:143045863 9244:170545277 9106:Cambridge 8960:, (1999) 8512:Principia 8369:27 August 8217:30 August 7811:5 October 7063:. p. 268. 7016:7 January 6803:Katz 1992 6787:145208136 6677:, p. 164. 6252:30 August 5947:18 August 5592:13 August 5497:Principia 5477:at p. 233 5234:170669199 5124:6 October 5080:606137087 5006:Ball 1908 4963:Ball 1908 4827:119134151 4810:1202.4153 4781:Ball 1908 4731:317453194 4566:Principia 4542:Principia 4441:Ball 1908 3817:0096-3771 3758:0145-7632 3572:145338571 3556:0035-9149 3505:Big Think 3416:144019197 3400:0021-1753 3316:Citations 3285:New Style 3281:Gregorian 3269:Old Style 3028:Principia 2945:banknotes 2561:infection 2379:Principia 2367:hylozoism 2121:sculptor 2100:intestate 1912:sinecures 1799:Principia 1796:With the 1777:Principia 1695:Principia 1686:Principia 1641:Principia 1447:objective 1410:alchemy. 1324:variables 1292:Principia 1265:Principia 1260:Principia 1195:. In the 1183:geography 1075:Descartes 1071:Aristotle 762:Principia 706:alchemist 698:physicist 665:Signature 609:1669–1702 605:In office 559:1696–1699 552:1699–1727 548:In office 510:1703–1727 506:In office 496:12th 467:1701–1702 463:In office 432:1689–1690 428:In office 325:economics 320:astronomy 196:Principia 134:Education 113:Middlesex 88:, England 16795:roentgen 16672:(degree 16655:Imperial 16514:angstrom 16337:(degree 16206:Lord May 15614:Category 15266:Vitalism 15089:Theories 15063:Variable 14984:Paradigm 14871:function 14829:A priori 14818:Analysis 14811:Concepts 14750:Category 14672:Axiology 14526:(c. 270) 14454:more ... 14408:Anscombe 14403:Strawson 14398:Davidson 14293:Berkeley 14233:Plotinus 14194:more ... 14133:Relation 14113:Property 14088:Ontology 14011:Identity 13932:Concepts 13863:Nihilism 13828:Idealism 13776:Theories 12902:Yliaster 12482:Morienus 12448:Writings 12358:John Dee 12093:Synesius 11923:Category 11868:Franklin 11835:Playfair 11805:Ferguson 11762:Scotland 11709:Mrazović 11663:Kantemir 11658:Fonvizin 11597:Portugal 11563:Krasicki 11558:Konarski 11553:Kołłątaj 11505:Koerbagh 11454:Genovesi 11439:Beccaria 11401:Berkeley 11332:Schiller 11297:Humboldt 11271:Saussure 11266:Rousseau 11230:Voltaire 11185:Maréchal 11160:Jaucourt 11115:Châtelet 11110:Chamfort 11059:Reynolds 10962:Thinkers 10866:Midlands 10855:Lumières 10825:Humanism 10818:Haskalah 10599:Namesake 10565:by Blake 10159:Spectrum 10100:Calculus 10069: ) 9969:Fluxions 9913:Archived 9899:LibriVox 9868:Archived 9856:Archived 9844:Archived 9793:Archived 9780: · 9456:cite web 9415:(1995). 9401:(2000); 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