5395:
478:
4175:
British whenever possible. Their tactics were to strike fast and hard causing as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to withdraw and vanish before enemy reinforcements could arrive. The vast distances of the republics allowed the Boer commandos considerable freedom to move about and made it nearly impossible for the 250,000 British troops to control the territory effectively using columns alone. As soon as a
British column left a town or district, British control of that area faded away. The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of
3823:, successfully crossed the river, but was then faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as Spion Kop. In the resulting Battle of Spion Kop, British troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 January 1900, but as the early morning fog lifted, they realised too late that they were overlooked by Boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills. The rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between Buller and his commanders. Between them they issued contradictory orders, on the one hand ordering men off the hill, while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it. The result was 350 men killed and nearly 1,000 wounded and a retreat across the Tugela River into British territory. There were nearly 300 Boer casualties.
5153:. He also alleged that Floris Visser had been captured wearing a British Army jacket and that Captain Hunt's body had been mutilated. In response, the court moved to Pretoria, where Col. Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Maj. Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted under orders". In response, Maj. Bolton argued that they were "illegal orders" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in Maj. Bolton's favor. Lt. Morant was found guilty of murder. Lts. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of
6382:β American scout and adventurer who frequently assisted the British in Africa, Burnham was prospecting in the Klondike at the time of the war's outbreak and originally was not intending to take part. However, a note from Lord Roberts reached him in Alaska, asking him to take on the role of Chief Scout of Roberts' staff if he should so choose. Burnham, on the other side of the globe, hurried to Africa and was commissioned a captain in the British army (a highly unusual practice given that Burnham was an American citizen, not a British subject). Burnham arrived at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and spent most of his time behind Boer lines gathering information and sabotaging railroads. Burnham was captured and escaped by the Boers twice and severely wounded at one point.
5978:
3087:"βcongratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Chamberlain had approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising, but he quickly moved to condemn the raid. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, for having sponsored the failed
3940:, which started on 14 February was Buller's fourth attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The losses Buller's troops had sustained convinced Buller to adopt Boer tactics "in the firing lineβto advance in small rushes, covered by rifle fire from behind; to use the tactical support of artillery; and above all, to use the ground, making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy." Despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition. However, on 26 February, after much deliberation, Buller used all his forces in one all-out attack for the first time and at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the Tugela to defeat Botha's outnumbered forces north of Colenso. After a siege lasting 118 days, the
6443:, British soldiers were held in captivity in Boer encampments after surrendering their arms, and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the Boers did not have the resources to do otherwise. A total of 116,000 women, children and Boer soldiers were confined to the Commonwealth concentration camps, of which at least 28,000, mainly women and children, would die. The lack of food, water, and sanitary provisions was a feature of 20th-century warfare for both civilians and armed services personnel, yet one consequence of the Boer War and investigative commissions was the implementation of The Hague Convention (1899) and Geneva Convention (1904); of which there were many further agreements thereafter.
6316:
4537:
4419:
Orange. The cautious conduct of some of the elderly Orange Free State generals had been one factor that discouraged the Cape Boers from siding with the Boer republics. Nevertheless, there was widespread pro-Boer sympathy. Some of the Cape Dutch volunteered to help the
British, but a much larger number volunteered to help the other side. The political factor was more important than the military: the Cape Dutch, according to Milner 90 percent of whom favoured the rebels, controlled the provincial legislature, and it's authorities forbade the British Army to burn farms or to force Boer civilians into concentration camps. The British had more limited options to suppress the insurgency in the Cape Colony as result.
465:
2954:(foreigners, white outsiders) poured in and settled around the mines. The influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the Boers in Johannesburg and along the Rand, although they remained a minority in the Transvaal. The Boers, nervous and resentful of the uitlanders' growing presence, sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained; by imposing taxes on the gold industry; and by introducing controls through licensing, tariffs and administrative requirements. Among the issues giving rise to tension between the Transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and British interests on the other, were:
5880:
their left flank and infantry would therefore march on the Boer right flank to secure a crossing. The
Canadian 2nd Battalion was the lead unit advancing on the right flank. However, due to disease and casualties from earlier encounters, the 2nd battalion was reduced to approximately half of its initial strength. The Canadian battalion came under fire from the Boers who were occupying protected positions. The battle continued for several hours until the British cavalry was able to flank the Boers and force a retreat. Canadian casualties were two killed and two wounded. The skirmishes around the Zand River would continue and more soldiers from various Commonwealth countries would become involved.
4556:
blockhouses, from units patrolling the fences and conducting "sweeper" operations, and from native
Africans in rural areas who increasingly supplied intelligence, as the Scorched Earth policy took effect and they found themselves competing with the Boers for food supplies. Kitchener's forces at last began to seriously affect the Boers' fighting strength and freedom of manoeuvre, and made it harder for the Boers and their families to survive. Despite this success, almost half the Boer fighting strength, around 15,000 men, were still in the field fighting by May 1902. However, Kitchener's tactics were very costly: Britain was running out of time, patience, and money needed for the war.
3266:
5493:
4158:
3099:), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904β1908) and was ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging, but the next day this sentence was commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the committee were released on payment of Β£2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, committed suicide while in Pretoria
5061:
in camp at
Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek." In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Col. Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town like criminals". Lt. Morant was arrested after returning from leave in
4253:
crops, burned homesteads and farms and interned Boer and
African men, women, children and workers in concentration camps. Finally, the British also established their own mounted raiding columns in support of the sweeper columns. These were used to rapidly follow and relentlessly harass the Boers with a view to delaying them and cutting off escape, while the sweeper units caught up. Many of the 90 or so mobile columns formed by the British to participate in such drives were a mixture of British and colonial troops, but they also had a large minority of armed Africans. The total number of armed Africans serving with these columns has been estimated at 20,000.
4624:
3605:, on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over 400 wounded. British commanders had been trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces, with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids. The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tacticsβand in some cases antiquated weaponsβagainst the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics.
3917:
6579:
538:
425:
231:
6603:
568:
219:
4079:
4585:
camps. Subsequently, the
British scorched earth policies were applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps. Africans were held separately from Boer internees. Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps"; 20,000 died there.
3541:) was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of their lack of strategic vision. Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had prevailed in none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory. Yet that passivity also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory.
5733:
6358:. Served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. In response to complaints about concentration camps he pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50β60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital.
728:
332:
6391:
4686:
716:
5556:
the debate around the sending of forces to assist the war. Though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner it was provided. Ultimately, Australia, Canada, New
Zealand, and British South African Company-administered Rhodesia all sent volunteers to aid the United Kingdom. Troops were also raised to fight with the British from the Cape Colony and Natal. Some Boer fighters, such as Smuts and Botha, were technically British subjects as they came from the Cape Colony and Colony of Natal, respectively.
4183:
6057:
410:
307:
294:
3160:
451:
2433:
3449:
3800:
6346:β Best known as the leader of the independence movement in India, he lived in South Africa 1893β1915 where he worked on behalf of Indians. He volunteered in 1900 to help the British by forming teams of ambulance drivers and raising 1100 Indian volunteer medics. At Spioenkop Gandhi and his bearers had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the War Medal.
493:
6615:
6275:. Hughes became involved in the Boer war as a member of Brigadier-General Herbert Settle's expedition after Hughes unsuccessfully tried to raise his own brigade of soldiers. However, Hughes was dismissed and was sent home in the summer of 1900 for; sending letters back home which were published outlining British command incompetence, his impatience and boastfulness and his providing surrendering enemies favourable conditions. Hughes later became the Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia in 1911, just prior the outbreak of World War I.
839:
826:
704:
693:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
627:
616:
605:
592:
9736:
10155:
8630:
8666:
9267:
6083:" or mounted infantry, well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare. Some regular British officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline, but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to the demands of campaigning than the overloaded British cavalry, who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre. At their peak, 24,000 South Africans (including volunteers from the Empire) served in the field in various "colonial" units. Notable units (in addition to the Imperial Light Horse) were the
10143:
10119:
8654:
7763:
9503:
438:
7751:
361:
5141:, had been retained to defend Maj. Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants. The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial. Lt. Morant's former orderly and interpreter, BVC Trooper Theunis J. Botha, testified that Visser, who had been promised that his life would be spared, was cooperative during two days of interrogation and that all his information was later found to have been true. Despite this, Lt. Morant ordered him shot. In response, Lt. Morant testified that he
6252:
5216:
508:
3217:
6567:
255:
243:
203:
395:
2562:. After Britain annexed Natal in 1843, they journeyed farther northwards into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There, they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854 but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880β1881. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the
280:
3385:
3007:
67:
815:
804:
786:
775:
764:
753:
740:
5894:
river further down the line, the infantry had to advance onto the town of
Doornkop as they were the ones who were tasked with its capture. The Canadians suffered very minimal casualties and achieved their objective after the Boer soldiers retreated from their positions. Although the Canadians suffered minimal casualties, the lead British unit in the infantry advance, the Gordon Highlanders, did sustain heavy casualties in their march from the riflemen of the Boer force.
6745:"Although some 30,000 Irishmen served in the British Army under Irish General Lord Frederick Roberts, who had been Commander of Chief of British Forces in Ireland prior to his transfer to South Africa, some historians argue that the sympathies of many of their compatriots lay with the Boers. Nationalist-controlled local authorities passed pro-Boer resolutions and there were proposals to confer civic honours on Boer leader, Paul Kruger." (Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall
6627:
4548:
5810:
320:
14165:
5606:
4377:
3550:
6428:
5069:
3134:
6591:
15437:
349:
3979:
4593:, were eager to enter the war with the specific aim of reclaiming land won by the Boers. As the war went on there was greater involvement of Africans, and in particular large numbers became embroiled in the conflict on the British side, either voluntarily or involuntarily. By the end of the war, many Africans had been armed and had shown conspicuous gallantry in roles such as scouts, messengers, watchmen in blockhouses, and auxiliaries.
3640:
2551:. The Boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony's frontiers, seeking better pastures for their livestock. Many were dissatisfied with aspects of British administration, in particular with Britain's abolition of slavery on 1 December 1834. Boers who used forced labor would have been unable to collect compensation for their slaves. Between 1836 and 1852, many elected to migrate away from British rule in what became known as the
2338:
553:
4237:
3703:
12040:
6012:
enemy action, with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease. The first New
Zealander to be killed was Farrier G.R. Bradford at Jasfontein Farm on 18 December 1899. The Boer War was greeted with extraordinary enthusiasm when the war was over, and peace was greeted with patriotism and national pride. This is best shown by the fact that the Third, Fourth and Fifth contingents from New Zealand were funded by public conscription.
5938:
2664:
267:
523:
5918:, were tasked with covering the retreat. The Boers mounted a heavy assault against the Canadians with the intention of capturing the two 12 pound artillery pieces. During this battle, the Afrikaners outnumbered the Canadians almost three to one. A small group of the Dragoons interposed themselves between the Boers and the artillery in order to allow the guns and their crews time to escape. The Dragoons won three
3840:
4664:
12028:
4651:... flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civiliansβuprooting a whole nationβthat would come to dominate the last phase of the war.
4302:
5267:
3975:
Rifles, who persuaded the Boers to surrender the capital. Before the war, the Boers had constructed several forts south of Pretoria, but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field, and in the event they abandoned Pretoria without a fight. Having won the principal cities, Roberts declared the war over on 3 September 1900; and the South African Republic was formally annexed.
4203:, but without success. However, the Boer raids on British army camps and other targets were sporadic and poorly planned, and the very nature of the Boer guerrilla war itself had practically no overall long-term objectives, with the exception to simply harass the British. This led to a disorganised pattern of scattered engagements between the British and the Boers throughout the region.
4697:" policyβincluding the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farmsβto prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the
4399:, using an effective mounted charge. One of the most active British units was effectively destroyed in this engagement. This made Botha's forces the target of increasingly large scorched earth drives by British forces, in which the British made particular use of native scouts and informers. Eventually, Botha had to abandon the high veld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering
4646:" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands. Kitchener initiated plans to
4589:
agreement that this war would be a "white man's war." At the outset, British officials instructed all white magistrates in the Natal Colony to appeal to Zulu amakhosi (chiefs) to remain neutral, and President Kruger sent emissaries asking them to stay out of it. However, in some cases there were old scores to be settled, and some Africans, such as the
4228:
guards and to patrol the line at night. The Army linked the blockhouses with barbed wire fences to parcel up the wide veld into smaller areas. "New Model" drives were mounted under which a continuous line of troops could sweep an area of veld bounded by blockhouse lines, unlike the earlier inefficient scouring of the countryside by scattered columns.
4224:. Eventually some 8,000 such blockhouses were built across the two South African republics, radiating from the larger towns along principal routes. Each blockhouse cost between Β£800 and Β£1,000 and took about three months to build. Despite the expense, they proved very effective; not one bridge at which a blockhouse was sited and manned was blown up.
4326:, inflicting heavy casualties. This prompted Kitchener to launch the first of the "New Model" drives against him. De Wet escaped the first such drive but lost 300 of his fighters. This was a severe loss, and a portent of further attrition, although the subsequent attempts to round up De Wet were badly handled, and De Wet's forces avoided capture.
3868:(Military Secretary) from Calcutta. Like Buller, Roberts first intended to attack directly along the Cape TownβPretoria railway but, again like Buller, was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. Leaving Buller in command in Natal, Roberts massed his main force near the Orange River and along the Western Railway behind Methuen's force at the
3463:, an attack that heralded the invasion of the Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900. With speed and surprise, the Boers drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir
3511:
important Boer objective. In early November, about 7,500 Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40,000 inhabitants, of which only 5,000 were armed, were under little threat, because the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
5504:
unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.
4351:. De La Rey succeeded in capturing many men and a large amount of ammunition. The Boer attacks prompted Lord Methuen, the British second-in-command after Kitchener, to move his column from Vryburg to Klerksdorp to deal with De La Rey. On the morning of 7 March 1902, the Boers attacked the rear guard of Methuen's moving column at
2325:, including the German Empire, United States, Russia and even some parts of the British Empire such as Australia and Ireland. Some consider the war the beginning of questioning the British Empire's veneer of impenetrable global dominance, due to the war's surprising duration and the unforeseen losses suffered by the British. A
5663:
served in "irregular" regiments raised in South Africa. Perhaps five hundred Australian irregulars were killed. In total 20,000 or more Australians served and about 1,000 were killed. A total of 267 died from disease, 251 were killed in action or died from wounds sustained in battle. A further 43 men were reported missing.
5714:, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the
4439:. Several captured Boers, including Lotter and Scheepers, who was captured when he fell ill with appendicitis, were executed by the British for treason or for capital crimes such as the murder of British prisoners or of unarmed civilians. Some of the executions took place in public, to deter further disaffection.
3245:, favoured annexation of the Boer republics. Confident that the Boers would be quickly defeated, they planned and organised a short war, citing the uitlanders' grievances as the motivation for the conflict. In contrast, the influence of the war party within the British government was limited. UK Prime Minister,
4560:
British, loyalty to their dead comrades, solidarity with fellow commandos, an intense desire for independence, religious arguments, and fear of captivity or punishment. On the other hand, their women and children were dying nearly every day in prison camps and independence seemed more and more impossible.
2642:, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the
6287:, McCrae started his active military service in the Boer War as an artillery officer. After completing several major campaigns, McCrae's artillery unit was sent home to Canada in 1901 with what would be referred to today as an 'honourable discharge'. McCrae ended up becoming a special professor in the
6403:
was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the modern warfare of the Boer War, and that the First World War was the final proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat. Cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the Middle East and World War
5905:
On 7 November 1900, a British-Canadian force was searching for a unit of Boer commandos which were known to be operating around the town of Belfast, South Africa. After the British Commander reached the farm of Leliefontein, he began to fear that his line had expanded too far and ordered a withdrawal
5234:
Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others attempted to do so but were forced to abandon the farms as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning in the course of the scorched earth policy. Destitute Boers and black Africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled
5060:
who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept
4724:
The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items
4418:
In parts of Cape Colony, particularly the Cape Midlands District where Boers formed a majority of the white inhabitants, the British had always feared a general uprising against them. In fact, no such uprising ever took place, even in the early days of the war when Boer armies had advanced across the
4227:
The blockhouse system required an enormous number of troops to garrison. Well over 50,000 British troops, or 50 battalions, were involved in blockhouse duty, greater than the approximately 30,000 Boers in the field during the guerrilla phase. In addition, up to 16,000 Africans were used both as armed
4174:
Each Boer commando unit was sent to the district from which its members had been recruited, which meant that they could rely on local support and personal knowledge of the terrain and the towns within the district thereby enabling them to live off the land. Their orders were simply to act against the
4165:
By September 1900, the British were nominally in control of both Republics, with the exception of the northern part of the Transvaal. However, they soon discovered that they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied. Despite the loss of their two capital cities and half of their
4051:
set out from Bloemfontein to achieve this in July 1900. The hard core of the Free State Boers under De Wet, accompanied by President Steyn, left the basin early. Those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before Hunter trapped them. 4,500 Boers surrendered and much equipment was
3904:
from 18 to 27 February, Roberts then surrounded CronjΓ©'s retreating Boer army. On 17 February, a pincer movement involving both French's cavalry and the main British force attempted to take the entrenched position, but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so were repulsed by the Boers. Finally,
3253:
and jingoists. He was also uncertain of the abilities of the British Army. Despite both his moral and practical reservations, Salisbury led the United Kingdom to war in order to preserve the British Empire's prestige and feeling a sense of obligation to British South Africans. Salisbury also detested
2962:
The uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the Transvaal government, particularly when this money was not spent on Johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the Transvaal. For example, as the gold-bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south, more
2419:
The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (Β£211 million, Β£19.9 billion at 2022 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more
6011:
By the time peace was concluded two and a half years later, 10 contingents of volunteers, totalling nearly 6,500 men from New Zealand, with 8,000 horses had fought in the conflict, along with doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons and a small number of school teachers. Some 70 New Zealanders died from
5879:
On 6 May 1900, the Commonwealth's northwards advance to the capital of Pretoria was well on its way. However, the British soldiers encountered a position of Boer soldiers on the Zand River on 10 May. The British commander felt that the best course of action was to use cavalry to envelop the Boers on
5845:
The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of
4584:
with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment
4563:
The last of the Boers finally surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. After a period of obstinacy, the British reneged and offered the Boers generous terms of conditional surrender in order to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Boers
3688:
were waiting for them. Through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground, the Boers repelled all British attempts to cross the river. After his first attacks failed, Buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded men, several isolated
3635:
to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the British and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. The plan worked, and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications. The British lost 120 killed and 690
3510:
Lastly, over 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the south of Mafeking lay the diamond mining city of Kimberley, which was also subjected to a siege. Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an
3494:
was a clear-cut British tactical victory, but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained. The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to
3404:
maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers. Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities. The Presidents of the Transvaal and Orange Free State simply signed decrees to concentrate within a
3321:
Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a
2738:
In June 1884, British imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by Jan Gerrit Bantjes of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some 69 km (43 mi) south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the
2623:
As tensions escalated, political manoeuvrings and negotiations attempted to reach compromise on the issues of uitlanders' rights within the South African Republic, control of the gold mining industry, and Britain's desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under
6398:
The Second Boer War was the harbinger of a new type of combat which would persevere throughout the twentieth century, guerrilla warfare. After the war was over, the entire British army underwent a period of reform which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. It was
6311:
of Boer prisoners and the killing of a German missionary who had been a witness to the shootings. Morant was found guilty along with Peter Handcock and George Witton at their court-martial, with the two former being executed and the latter's sentence commuted, and later released from British prison
5833:
The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10β17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more
5662:
were far closer to that of South Africa than most other parts of the empire, so Australians adapted quickly to the environment, with troops serving mostly among the army's "mounted rifles". Enlistment in all official Australian contingents totalled 16,463. Another five to seven thousand Australians
5555:
The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from Great Britain. Yet a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to London, or have full independence, which carried over into
5507:
Most of the horses and mules brought to South Africa during the war came from the United States. In total, 109,878 horses and 81,524 mules were shipped from New Orleans to South Africa in 166 voyages from October 1899 to June 1902. The cost of these animals and their transport was an average of US$
5471:
The 2nd Anglo-Boer War was a victory that costed British taxpayers more than Β£200m; 22,000 Empire troops, and more than 400,000 army horses, donkeys and mules were killed. Britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural-based opponent. However, the
4367:
and Commandant Potgieter attacked a superior force under Kekewich. The British soldiers were well positioned on the hillside and inflicted severe casualties on the Boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back. This was the end of the war in the Western Transvaal and also the
4317:
in November 1900. Many Boers who had earlier returned to their farms and towns, sometimes after being given formal parole by the British, took up arms again. In late January 1901, De Wet led a renewed invasion of Cape Colony. This was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the
4114:
were completed. In total, six prisoner of war camps would be set up in South Africa during the war. As numbers grew, the British decided they did not want them kept locally. The capture of 4000 POWs in February 1900 was a key event, which made the British realise they could not accommodate all POWs
6076:(hands-uppers) and were often coerced into giving support to the Boer guerrillas (which formed one of the reasons for the British decision to launch scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detain Boers in concentration camps in order to deny anything of use to the Boer guerrillas).
6007:
to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles, thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer War. The British position in the dispute with the Transvaal was "moderate and righteous", he maintained. He stressed the "crimson tie" of Empire that
5893:
Since the Boers were mounting a heavy resistance to the advancing mounted units, the Commonwealth infantry units were tasked with holding the Boer units while the mounted units found another route across the river with less resistance. Even after the cavalry made it across to the other side of the
5890:
On the days of 29β29 May 1900, both the Canadian 2nd battalion and the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade fought together on the same battlefield for the first, and only, time. The Mounted Brigade, which encompassed units such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles and the Royal Canadian Dragoons were given the
5868:
A British-led attack trapped a Boer Army in Central South Africa on the banks of the Modder River from 18 to 27 February 1900. Over 800 Canadian soldiers from Otter's 2nd Special Service Battalion were attached to the British attack force. This was the first major attack involving the Canadians in
5820:
Commonwealth involvement in the Boer War can be summarised into three parts. The first part (October 1899 β December 1899) was characterised by questionable decisions and blunders from the Commonwealth leadership which affected its soldiers greatly. The soldiers of the Commonwealth were shocked at
5503:
The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with
5467:
Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive
5282:
The counterinsurgency techniques and lessons (the restriction of movement, the containment of space, the ruthless targeting of anything, everything and anyone that could give sustenance to guerrillas, the relentless harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces, the sourcing
4604:
About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000
4280:
Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900, Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were
4190:
From late May 1900, the first successes of the Boer guerrilla strategy were at Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its escort were captured) and other skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British casualties in less than ten days. In December 1900, De la Rey
3851:
By taking command in person in Natal, Buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field, he was replaced as Commander in Chief by Roberts. Roberts quickly assembled an entirely new team for headquarters staff
3522:
wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff." The cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so
3413:
It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War. The average Boers who made up their commandos were farmers who
3207:
The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders,
2542:
in 1806. At the time, the colony was home to about 26,000 colonists settled under Dutch rule. A relative majority represented old Dutch families brought to the Cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries; however, close to one-fourth of this demographic was of German origin and one-sixth of
6419:
fought in the First World War in the same role as the Boer War. However, during, and after, the Second World War the regiments swapped their horses for mechanised vehicles. It was also the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns, shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used
5254:
In the aftermath of the war, an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold. At the same time, British civil servants, municipal officials, and their cultural adjuncts were hard at
5040:
6. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf and Christiaan, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who was suffering from recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters
4600:
in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at
4211:
The British were forced to quickly revise their tactics. They concentrated on restricting the freedom of movement of the Boer commandos and depriving them of local support. The railway lines had provided vital lines of communication and supply, and as the British had advanced across South Africa,
2395:
In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of
6071:
Later during the war, Kitchener attempted to form a Boer Police Force, as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the Boer community. The members of this force were despised as traitors by the Boers still in the field. Those Boers who attempted to remain
4252:
The British also implemented a scorched earth policy under which they targeted everything within the controlled areas that could give sustenance to the Boer guerrillas with a view to making it harder for the Boers to survive. As British troops swept the countryside, they systematically destroyed
4027:
The set-piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government had retreated to eastern Transvaal. Roberts, joined by troops from Natal under Buller, advanced against them, and broke
4018:
on 11β12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50
3974:
He was forced to halt again at Kroonstad for 10 days, due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems, but finally captured Johannesburg on 31 May and the capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, on 5 June. The first into Pretoria was Lt. William Watson of the New South Wales Mounted
3899:
Meanwhile, Roberts pursued Piet CronjΓ©'s 7,000-strong force, which had abandoned Magersfontein to head for Bloemfontein. General French's cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km (31 mi) drive towards Paardeberg where CronjΓ© was attempting to cross the
3409:
and, by and large, fellow Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be achieved as fast and easily as it had been in the First Anglo-Boer War. Many, including many generals, also had a sense that their cause was holy and
2958:
Established uitlanders, including the mining magnates, wanted political, social, and economic control over their lives. These rights included a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary and a better educational system. The Boers, for their part, recognised that the more
5766:
As one of the country's first major wars, the arrival and movement of troops was widely documented by early war photographers. English-born (and later Canadian) Inglis Sheldon-Williams was one of the most notable, documenting the movement of hundreds of troops between North America and Southern
5025:
on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Lt. Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Rev. Heese was BVC Lt. Peter Handcock. Although
4588:
The Boers and the British both feared the consequences of arming Africans. The memories of the Zulu and other tribal conflicts were still fresh, and they recognised that whoever won would have to deal with the consequences of a mass militarisation of the tribes. There was therefore an unwritten
4055:
From the Basin, Christiaan de Wet headed west. Although hounded by British columns, he succeeded in crossing the Vaal into western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet their leaders. There was much sympathy for the Boers on mainland Europe. In October, President Kruger and members of the
3811:
The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further
3502:
had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1,200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went amiss further south. As a railway junction, Mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks.
3294:
On 9 October 1899, after convincing the Orange Free State to join him and mobilising their forces, Kruger issued an ultimatum giving Britain 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of Transvaal (despite the fact that the only regular British army troops anywhere near the border of
2407:
Some parts of the British press and British government expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war gradually became less popular, especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps (where as many as 26,000 Afrikaner women and children died of
5666:
When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul
4559:
The British offered terms of peace on various occasions, notably in March 1901, but were rejected by Botha and the "Bitter-enders" among the Boers. They pledged to fight until the bitter end and rejected the demand for compromise made by the "Hands-uppers". Their reasons included hatred of the
4386:
Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg. Botha's forces were particularly active, raiding railways and British supply convoys, and even mounting a renewed invasion of Natal in September 1901. After
3273:
The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large
3094:
The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England, where the British press and London society, inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised him and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months
2624:
British control. Given the British origins of the majority of uitlanders and the ongoing influx of new uitlanders into Johannesburg, the Boers recognised that granting full voting rights to the uitlanders would eventually result in the loss of ethnic Boer control in the South African Republic.
3527:
for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12-hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians' distress. The most well-heeled of the townspeople, including Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the
3372:
War was declared on 11 October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. The Boers had about 33,000 soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13,000 troops to the front line. The Boers had no problems with mobilisation, since the
6451:
The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens. The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender, with the camp inmatesβmainly families of Boer fightersβseen as
5559:
There were also many volunteers from the Empire who were not selected for the official contingents from their countries and travelled privately to South Africa to form private units, such as the Canadian Scouts and Doyle's Australian Scouts. There were also some European volunteer units from
5472:
conflict dragged on into the 20th century and the reign of a new monarch. At the time, Britain was the world's most technologically advanced military. The results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the British Empire, especially as nations like the
4555:
Towards the end of the war in the early months of 1902, British tactics of containment, denial, and harassment finally began to yield results against the Boer guerrillas. The sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence became increasingly efficient with regular reporting from observers in the
5230:
The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy of Roberts and Kitchener. The devastation of both Boer and black African
5696:
saw the three convicted of executing Boer prisoners under their authority. After the war, though, Australians joined an empire-wide campaign that saw Witton released from jail. Much later, some Australians came to see the execution of Morant and Handcock as instances of wrongfully executed
3440:"Long Tom" siege guns. The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary. The Transvaal also had an intelligence service that stretched across South Africa and of whose extent and efficiency the British were as yet unaware.
3495:
rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their positions. The result was a disaster, with 140 men killed and over 1,000 captured. The siege of Ladysmith began: it was to last several months.
3228:
The failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders (notably the goldfields dynamite tax) became a pretext for war and a justification for a big military build-up in Cape Colony. The case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the Australian colonies. Cape Colony Governor Sir
6338:. At the age of twenty-six, he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria.
3896:. On 14 February, a cavalry division under French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege.
3875:
Except in Natal, the war had stagnated. Other than a single attempt to storm Ladysmith, the Boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns. In the Cape Midlands, the Boers did not exploit the British defeat at Stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at
2699:
of 1884β1885 sought to draw boundaries between the European powers' African possessions, it also set the stage for further scrambles. Britain attempted to annex first the South African Republic in 1880, and then, in 1899, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.
5572:
also volunteered early in the war, but later some of them were effectively conscripted and kept in segregated units. As a community, they received comparatively little reward for their services. In many ways, the war set the pattern for the Empire's later involvement in the two
4729:
were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as
4321:
From then until the final days of the war, De Wet remained comparatively quiet, rarely attacking British army camps and columns partly because the Orange Free State was effectively left desolate by British sweeps. In late 1901, De Wet overran an isolated British detachment at
4115:
in South Africa. The British feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. Moreover, they already had trouble supplying their own troops in South Africa and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the POWs. Britain therefore chose to send many POWs overseas.
5805:
The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness". The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.
4358:
The Boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the British. In the second half of March 1902, large British reinforcements were sent to the Western Transvaal under the direction of Ian Hamilton. The opportunity the British were waiting for arose on 11 April 1902 at
3175:
Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position. Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.
2959:
concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihoodβwith approximately 30,000 white male Boer voters and potentially 60,000 white male uitlandersβthat their independent control of the Transvaal would be lost, and the territory absorbed into the British Empire.
2734:
was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger.
3947:
After a succession of defeats, the Boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops, they had little chance of defeating the British and so became demoralised. Roberts then advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the
4066:. Paul Kruger's wife, however, was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901 without seeing her husband again. President Kruger first went to Marseille and then on to the Netherlands, where he stayed for a while before moving finally to
5052:, of being "privy to these misdeamenours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are
3156:, Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards β calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manuallyβthey made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline".
2518:
The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines discovered by
5041:
Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lts. Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sgt. Maj. Hammet, Corp. MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.
3110:
The Jameson Raid was the real declaration of war ... And that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed ... aggressors consolidated their alliance ... the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable".
2963:
and more blasting was necessary to extract it, and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives. A box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax. Not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant, but British interests were offended when President
4040:). Some dispirited Boers did likewise, and the British gathered up much war material. However, the core of the Boer fighters under Botha easily broke back through the Drakensberg Mountains into the Transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld.
5759:) embarked for South Africa on 16/17 March 1900. They remained until May 1902. With approximately 7,368 soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the
4564:
were given Β£3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the
5456:. There was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics and at the conditions in the concentration camps. It also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain since up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for
5037:, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5- and 13-years, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl.
5133:. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter." The first court martial opened on 16 January 1901, with Lieut.-Col. H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Maj. J.F. Thomas, a
4446:, joined by the surviving rebels under Kritzinger, made another attack on the Cape in September 1901. They suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by British columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers at the
4334:
The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought there between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General
2263:, with most casualties dying from disease. Kitchener offered generous terms of surrender to remaining Boer leaders to end the conflict. Eager to ensure fellow Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the British terms in the
2222:
The guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the British to defeat, due to unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics and extensive support for the guerrillas among civilians. In response to failures to defeat the guerrillas, British high command ordered
3479:. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: His infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of 446 British casualties, including Penn Symons.
5821:
the number of Afrikaner soldiers who were willing to oppose the British. The Afrikaner troops were very willing to fight for their country and were armed with modern weaponry and were highly mobile soldiers. This was one of the best examples of
2589:. Gold made the Transvaal the richest nation in southern Africa; however, the country had neither the manpower nor the industrial base to develop the resource on its own. As a result, the Transvaal reluctantly acquiesced to the immigration of
5375:
and their allies took part in a revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. This was quickly suppressed, and in 1916 the leading Boer rebels in the Maritz Rebellion escaped lightly (especially compared with the fate of leading Irish rebels of the
5360:). It proved a key ally to Britain as a Dominion of the British Empire during the World Wars. At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as
4450:
and capturing their equipment. From then until the end of the war, Smuts increased his forces from among Cape rebels until they numbered 3,000. However, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the Cape remained stalemated.
3577:
through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. One division, led by Lieutenant General
2983:, bypassing British-controlled ports in Natal and Cape Town and avoiding British tariffs. At the time, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony was Cecil Rhodes, a man driven by a vision of a British-controlled Africa extending from the
4716:
throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and
5521:
Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the sieges of Kimberley and Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted. The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced
5801:
to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.
4010:
attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.
3414:
had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters, they had learned to fire from cover; from a
6032:
During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself. There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and
5104:
of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks, at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows:
3120:
The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President
2408:
disease and malnutrition). The Boer forces finally surrendered on Saturday, 31 May 1902, with 54 of the 60 delegates from the Transvaal and Orange Free State voting to accept the terms of the peace treaty. This was known as the
4430:
to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the Cape Midlands. The campaign here was one of the least chivalrous of the war, with intimidation by both sides of each other's civilian sympathisers. In one of many skirmishes, Commandant
5580:
The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the
2388:, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital,
4342:
From late 1901 to early 1902, a time of relative quiet descended on the western Transvaal. February 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. On 25 February, De La Rey attacked a British column under Lieutenant-Colonel
4312:
After having conferred with the Transvaal leaders, de Wet returned to the Orange Free State, where he inspired a series of successful attacks and raids in the western part of the country, though he suffered a rare defeat at
4271:
The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns.
5642:
sent "Commonwealth" contingents to the war. The Boer War was thus the first war in which the Commonwealth of Australia fought. A few Australians fought on the Boer side. The most famous and colourful character was Colonel
4052:
captured but as with Roberts's drive against Kruger at the same time, these losses were of relatively little consequence, as the hard core of the Boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large.
3201:. The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims, was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom".
2154:, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics in early 1900 at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force. The Boers, aware they were unable to resist such a large force, refrained from fighting
4281:
sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries CronjΓ© were involved in the organisation.
4951:
and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sgt. Maj. K.C.B. Morrison to Sgt. D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale.
1726:
3507:, attempted a determined assault on the town. This quickly subsided into a desultory affair, with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission. So, on 13 October, the 217-day siege of Mafeking began.
2650:
to the Natal border in early September, and Britain had only troops in garrison towns far from the border.) The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, and the South African Republic and
5829:
was seen as a hindrance by certain groups. The Boer soldiers would evade capture and secure provisions from their enemies therefore they were able to exist as a fighting entity for an indeterminate period of time.
3056:
could mobilise. However, the Transvaal authorities had advance warning of the Jameson Raid and tracked it from the moment it crossed the border. Four days later, the weary and dispirited column was surrounded near
4395:, Botha was forced to withdraw by heavy rains that made movement difficult and crippled his horses. Back on the Transvaal territory around his home district of Vryheid, Botha attacked a British raiding column at
3286:. The conference started on 30 May 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down, as Kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions, and Milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics.
3339:
When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the
4170:
tactics, primarily conducting raids against railways, resource and supply targets, all aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the British Army. They avoided pitched battles and casualties were light.
3830:
and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers.
5837:
The second part of the war (FebruaryβApril 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers.
1658:
11552:
A Century of Postgraduate AngloβBoer War (1899β1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908β2008
5010:, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead.
4959:
on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward, of what had happened.
3612:(10β15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the
2509:
report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899β1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".
1834:
5754:
A total of around 8000 Canadians arrived in South Africa to fight for Britain. These arrived in two contingents: the first on 30 October 1899, the second on 21 January 1900. A third contingent of cavalry
4047:, a fertile area in the south-east of the Republic. This offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the British, trapping the Boers. A force under General
2991:
representatives and British mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the Transvaal government. A Reform Committee (Transvaal) was formed to represent the uitlanders.
11215:
Onselen, Charles van (October 2003). "'The Modernization of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek: F. E. T. Krause, J. C. Smuts, and the Struggle for the Johannesburg Public Prosecutor's Office, 1898β1899".
3573:, a much-respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from
6037:), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards". At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division", consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General
3377:(Dutch for 'State Artillery') of both republics. As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the
3204:
Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfareβsomething the British had difficulty countering".
7286:
3616:. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured.
5949:
British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.
5283:
and co-ordination of intelligence, and the nurturing of native allies) learned during the Boer War were used by the British (and other forces) in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter
2743:
to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806.
5430:. In addition, small groups of Irish volunteers went to South Africa to fight with the Boersβthis despite the fact that there were many Irish troops fighting in the British army, including the
5111:
2. In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Maj. Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."
3061:, within sight of Johannesburg. After a brief skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and woundedβwhile the Boers lost but one manβJameson's men surrendered and were arrested by the Boers.
1545:
3956:
on 18 May 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in Britain, the origin of the Edwardian slang word "mafficking". On 28 May, the Orange Free State was annexed and renamed the Orange River Colony.
5585:, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides.
3998:
British observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. However, the Boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the Orange Free State,
2412:, and under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future. This promise was fulfilled with the creation of the
5108:
1. In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sgt. Maj. Morrison, were charged with committing the offense of murder while on active service.
3518:
Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. In Mafeking,
5117:
4. In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
4149:, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes. It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900.
15266:
6439:
Both sides used a scorched Earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food. And both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by 'concentrating' them into camps. For example, at
3689:
units and ten field guns to be captured by Botha's men. Buller's forces lost 145 men killed and 1,200 missing or wounded and the Boers suffered only 40 casualties, including 8 killed.
5184:. This court-martial for war crimes was one of the first such prosecutions in British military history. Although Morant left a written confession in his cell, he went on to become a
3475:
to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee (also reported as Glencoe), which was surrounded by hills. This became the site of the first major clash of the war, the
2730:
of 1880β1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of
5207:. Witton was sentenced to death, but reprieved. Due to immense political pressure for his release, he was released after serving 32 months of a life sentence. Picton was cashiered.
4551:"Transvaal War". Queen Victoria on her throne among various Commonwealth subjects in front of London. First British magic lantern slide in an educational series for children, 1900s.
3018:
In 1895, a plan to take Johannesburg and end the control of the Transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of the Cape Prime Minister Rhodes and Johannesburg gold magnate
3421:
At community gatherings, target shooting was a major sport; they practised shooting at targets, such as hens' eggs perched on posts 100 metres (110 yd) away. They made expert
4738:, to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. While much of the British press, including
2711:) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the "
6723:
Salisbury felt that the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Cape Boers aspired to a "Dutch South Africa". The achievement of such a state would damage British imperial prestige
5445:", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the
3952:
and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed on 13 March with the Boer defenders escaping and scattering. Meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve Baden-Powell. The
3262:, already well on the way to becoming an Irish Nationalist, was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the British against the Boers because of their cruelty to Africans.
2620:. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg.
15651:
4705:, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which whole regions had been depopulated.
3405:
week, and the commandos could muster between 30,000 and 40,000 men. The average Boer nevertheless was not thirsty for war. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow
2547:
descent. Cleavages were likelier to occur along socio-economic rather than ethnic lines. Broadly speaking, the colonists included a number of distinct subgroups, including the
13974:
5891:
task to establish a beachhead across a river which the Boers had fortified in an attempt to halt the advancing Commonwealth before they could reach the city of Johannesburg.
5380:), with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later, they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation.
4308:
was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement.
3880:. In the dry summer, the grazing on the veld became parched, weakening the Boers' horses and draught oxen, and many Boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and
3627:
became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The Boer commanders,
15420:
15194:
5770:
The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many
2967:
gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non-British branch of the Nobel company, which infuriated Britain. The so-called "dynamite monopoly" became a
1733:
6370:
and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the
4917:
4293:
Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.
4580:
The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites, but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith,
4480:
While no other government actively supported the Boer cause, individuals from several countries volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These primarily came from
2251:, where 26,000 died, mostly by starvation and disease. Black Africans were interned in concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the Boers; 20,000 died. British
12122:
6796:
British cavalry travelled light compared with earlier campaigns, but were still expected to carry all kit with them on campaign owing to distances covered on the Veldt.
2679:
The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state. In 1868, Britain annexed
5126:
6. In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
3193:
The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm
5394:
5255:
work in the heartland of the former Boer Republics helping to forge new identitiesβfirst as 'British South Africans' and then, later still, as 'white South Africans'.
4639:" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900β1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period.
15858:
12752:
4118:
Around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in British colonies overseas during the war. The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in
3623:
on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the
3353:
991:
10615:
5797:
In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
5129:
Following the indictments, Maj. R. Whigham and Col. James St. Clair ordered Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a
15818:
15783:
5600:
5049:
2095:. They were not permitted to vote, and were regarded as "unwelcome visitors", so they protested to the British authorities in the Cape. Negotiations failed at the
1665:
5114:
3. In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lts. Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
1841:
8820:"To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the 'Black' Concentration Camps by Peter Dickens (The Observation Post), | South African History Online"
7820:
13541:
5034:
4979:
two days before his death. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lt. Morant had ordered his men to form a
4220:
at key points. They now built additional blockhouses (each housing between six and eight soldiers) and fortified these to protect supply routes against Boer
1912:
1258:
2247:
fences was constructed, virtually partitioning the occupied republics. Over 100,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children, were forcibly relocated into
14201:
11897:
10450:
7279:
2520:
6452:
deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates. Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.
5100:, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Col. H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the
4199:, inflicting over 650 casualties. As a result of these and other Boer successes, the British, led by Lord Kitchener, mounted three extensive searches for
11911:
10697:
8819:
4908:. Originally raised in February 1901, the BVC was composed mainly of British and Commonwealth servicemen with a generous admixture of defectors from the
4517:
10294:
Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 343β348 ISBN 978-0-86920-126-8.
3944:
was effected, the day after CronjΓ© surrendered, but at a total cost of 7,000 British casualties. Buller's troops marched into Ladysmith on 28 February.
15808:
15778:
12999:
12703:
7053:
5259:
Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a
3970:
After being forced to delay for several weeks at Bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies, an outbreak of typhoid at Paardeberg, and poor medical care,
3274:
numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlementβor even encourage a Boer attack.
15413:
14144:
14078:
11330:
6502:
4318:
Cape Boers, and De Wet's men were hampered by bad weather and relentlessly pursued by British forces. They narrowly escaped across the Orange River.
3905:
Roberts resorted to bombarding CronjΓ© into submission. It took ten days, and when the British troops used the polluted Modder River as water supply,
1552:
9666:
5338:
Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new
5231:
populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region.
2601:
in the Transvaal threatened to exceed the number of Boers, precipitating confrontations between the Boer settlers and the newer, non-Boer arrivals.
2595:(foreigners), mainly English-speaking men from Britain, who came to the Boer region in search of fortune and employment. As a result, the number of
2530:. The Cape was governed by the Dutch East India Company, until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century, and was thereafter governed directly by the
15564:
15559:
14151:
4748:
helped raise public awareness in Britain of the atrocious conditions, as well as being instrumental in bringing relief to the concentration camps.
3910:
3246:
2178:
597:
15398:
15793:
13646:
12919:
12710:
12115:
8054:
7501:
5120:
In relation to the slaying of Rev Heese, Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".
5003:
4972:
3590:
District from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants. Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east.
3587:
14851:
12417:
13960:
13939:
13800:
12717:
10752:
10558:
9721:
8929:
The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried: A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901 β April 1902
6404:
I, and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in the times when the war was more mobile. An example was during the First World War during the
5577:. Specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the British Empire.
5022:
4988:
3258:, (following Britain's defeat in the first war), as an agreement "really in the interest of slavery". Salisbury was not alone in this concern.
3048:
The plan was to make a three-day dash to Johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate uitlanders, organised by the
8085:
7155:
6607:
4002:, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at
15823:
15646:
13562:
12912:
5550:
3418:
and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them.
2167:
984:
15733:
15728:
15406:
13478:
13394:
12849:
12828:
11771:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. III. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
6432:
5972:
4406:
To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around
3892:
Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending
1719:
11852:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. VI. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
9312:"Β« A Fellowship of Disaffection Β» : Irish-South African Relations from the Anglo-Boer War to the Pretoriastroika 1902-1991"
6079:
Like the Canadian and particularly the Australian and New Zealand contingents, many of the volunteer units formed by South Africans were "
3582:, was to follow the Western Railway to the north and relieve Kimberley and Mafeking. A smaller force of about 3,000, led by Major General
2174:
13932:
12798:
12759:
11819:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. V. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11804:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. IV. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11756:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. II. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11733:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. I. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11592:
11438:
9875:
8490:
6181:
5631:
4708:
Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as
3499:
3064:
The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the
703:
692:
681:
670:
659:
648:
637:
626:
615:
604:
591:
208:
6785:
6332:β Best known as the prime minister of Britain. During the main part of the Second Boer War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for
5452:
However, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to
15788:
14169:
13611:
12967:
12588:
12108:
11997:
7312:
5371:
Many Boers were opposed to fighting for Britain, especially against Germany, which had been sympathetic to their struggle. A number of
3318:, which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have!'
2526:
The first European settlement in South Africa was founded at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and thereafter administered as part of the
15554:
13995:
13856:
13779:
13069:
6408:
in which the British cavalry held the Belgian town against an initial German assault. Another was the use of mounted infantry at the
4991:. The slaying of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederik Hunt, at
1905:
1251:
5192:, public appeals have been made for Morant to be retried or pardoned. His court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a
2314:
15302:
14821:
14424:
14194:
14137:
13925:
13660:
12992:
8731:
6218:
977:
9536:
6424:
was the leading cause of death in the second Boer war, with disease being the cause of approximately half of the Canadian deaths.
5630:
in Australia sent their own contingents to serve in the Boer War. That much of the population of the colonies had originated from
5594:
15773:
15656:
15641:
13918:
13765:
13723:
13471:
13352:
12935:
12470:
12408:
5508:
597,978 per month. A significant number of horses and mules died during the transit across the Atlantic; for example, during the
5356:
One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the
5263:
only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.
3680:
of Black Week was the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, where 21,000 British troops, commanded by Buller, attempted to cross the
1651:
5842:
soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.
4601:
night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.
2349:
The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the
15284:
14016:
13981:
13499:
12696:
10088:
3865:
3357:
2566:(1881), the independence of the two republics was restored, subject to certain conditions. However, relations remained uneasy.
1827:
5922:
for their actions during the battle of Leliefontein, the most in any battle with the exception of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in
3767:
3299:, who had been deployed to defend Kimberley.) Otherwise, the Transvaal, allied with the Orange Free State, would declare war.
15576:
15571:
14617:
13890:
13457:
12551:
11619:
11581:
11560:
11205:
11042:
10968:
10939:
10815:
10769:
10508:
9699:
8512:
8357:
8264:
8029:
8002:
7975:
7948:
7921:
7894:
7718:
7681:
7651:
7568:
7540:
7443:
7324:
7008:
6924:
6196:
2397:
2151:
675:
17:
14291:
12044:
10881:
5422:, much like they viewed themselves. Irish miners already in the Transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two
4756:
It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was Β£211,156, 000 (equivalent to Β£19.9bn in 2022).
3739:
3306:
purportedly laughed out loud when he read it, saying 'an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both'.
3302:
News of the ultimatum reached London on the day it expired. Outrage and laughter were the main responses. The editor of the
15456:
15374:
14647:
14460:
14106:
13897:
13807:
13429:
11189:
How Did Winston S. Churchill's Experience As A Prisoner of War: During The Boer War Affect His Leadership Style And Career?
10359:
9974:
5738:
5453:
5438:
5407:
5250:. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa:
4948:
4547:
2577:
and a massive influx of foreigners to the borders of the Orange Free State. Then, in June 1884, gold was discovered in the
2182:
1898:
1244:
1060:
12050:
10566:
8868:
7253:
5274:
of Southern Africa. He was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the
15290:
15224:
14187:
14043:
13988:
13904:
13751:
13415:
12978:
12645:
12615:
10902:
10623:
8449:
6817:
6362:
6201:
4614:
3921:
3562:
3464:
2632:
2385:
2248:
2147:
686:
631:
12083:
10423:
6583:
5977:
15527:
15507:
14502:
14002:
13967:
13911:
13436:
13401:
13090:
12539:
12528:
11635:
11086:
10960:
8423:
Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899β1902
7625:
6657:
6487:
4339:'s forces attacked British camps and outposts but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance.
3746:
2502:
642:
620:
442:
5092:
Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the
15813:
15512:
15103:
14448:
14297:
13786:
13653:
13632:
13590:
13132:
12805:
11857:
11824:
11776:
11654:
11405:
11285:
11261:
11177:
11143:
11067:
10987:
10870:
10595:
10182:
8430:
8394:
7812:
7386:
6492:
5464:
and other poverty-related illnesses. That came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in Britain.
5399:
5389:
4161:
Kitchener succeeded Roberts in November 1900 and launched anti-guerrilla campaigns. 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine.
3815:
While watching for these reinforcements, Buller made another bid to relieve Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela west of
3786:
3557:
launched an offensive against the Boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats, culminating at the
3296:
2318:
11684:
Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899β1902: Two Different Perspectives
4261:
2173:, either fled or went into hiding; the British Empire officially annexed the two republics in 1900. In Britain, the
15586:
15430:
15428:
15320:
14327:
13716:
13555:
12724:
12638:
12581:
12067:
12032:
12011:
9566:
6524:
6513:
6507:
6465:
5291:. In World War II the British also adopted some of the concepts of raiding from the Boer commandos when, after the
4536:
3720:
2643:
1538:
5509:
3503:
However, instead of being the aggressor, Baden-Powell was forced to defend Mafeking when 6,000 Boer, commanded by
3482:
Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The British under Major General
15492:
15368:
14953:
14285:
13946:
13709:
13625:
13506:
13492:
13464:
12731:
12675:
8902:
8107:
Connolly, C. N. (1 April 1978). "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War".
6653:
6315:
6008:
bound New Zealand to the mother-country and the importance of a strong British Empire for the colony's security.
5181:
5085:
4489:
3857:
3753:
3579:
3103:, on 16 May. His death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the surviving prisoners.
2326:
1627:
653:
429:
12884:
5999:
When the Second Boer War seemed imminent, New Zealand offered its support. On 28 September 1899, Prime Minister
5727:
5123:
5. No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.
3187:. Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords.
15833:
15828:
15532:
15497:
15466:
15308:
14665:
14580:
14249:
13695:
13604:
13359:
13118:
9674:
6191:
5093:
3724:
3487:
3483:
11350:
10717:
7181:
5295:, they set up their special raiding forces, and in acknowledgement of their erstwhile enemies, chose the name
4889:
The Boer War also saw the first war crimes prosecutions in British military history. They centered around the
2313:. Black African recruits contributed increasingly to the British war effort. International public opinion was
15723:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15625:
14761:
14749:
14737:
14707:
14683:
14677:
14671:
14653:
14629:
13849:
13835:
13758:
13639:
13597:
13576:
13450:
13013:
12659:
12381:
6969:
6619:
6460:
The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In
6416:
4447:
4063:
3361:
3049:
1952:
1874:
1489:
1434:
84:
14701:
12891:
6394:
Unloading the hospital train with wounded British soldiers, around 1900. Nurse Constance Louisa Agg's album.
5492:
3735:
3265:
2534:. As a result of political turmoil in the Netherlands, the British occupied the Cape three times during the
15517:
15019:
14231:
14211:
14113:
14057:
13883:
13772:
13744:
13681:
13373:
13231:
11979:
10779:
Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".
6851:
Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".
6041:, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State] Part of it withstood a siege by Christiaan de Wet at
5956:
5911:
5138:
4157:
3937:
3027:
3022:. A column of 600 armed men was led over the border from Bechuanaland towards Johannesburg by Jameson, the
2293:
British expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the Cape Colony, the Natal,
1617:
1379:
1080:
1050:
14689:
14179:
12898:
10021:
7080:
6901:
5437:
The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The
5406:. Many Irish Republicans sympathised with the Boer side, rather than the British side on which fought the
4098:
The first sizeable batch of Boer prisoners of war taken by the British consisted of those captured at the
2404:
policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.
1992:
1484:
15743:
15738:
15206:
15158:
14743:
14544:
14050:
13953:
13828:
13737:
13583:
12942:
11271:
11127:
8468:"Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean β’ Boer Prisoners (1900β1902)"
7370:
6186:
4702:
4623:
4388:
4285:
was the only emissary of a peace committee to be convicted of high treason and executed by firing squad.
4256:
The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "
3624:
3322:
large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised
3171:
rifles supplied by Germany, and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition. Some commandos used the
3038:
2329:
committed during the war, including the killings of civilians and prisoners, was opened on January 1901.
1632:
1494:
1140:
10681:
4725:
was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food
3916:
3636:
wounded and were prevented from relieving Kimberley and Mafeking. A British soldier said of the defeat:
3593:
The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the
3425:, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless,
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15672:
14767:
14695:
14635:
14484:
13520:
13041:
12949:
12905:
12682:
12560:
12459:
11646:
11509:"The Silent Flag in the New Fallen Snow: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the Legacy of the South African War"
11389:
Methods of Barbarism: Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics January 1900 β May 1902
10404:
6985:
6714:
3,990 killed in battle; 157 died in accidents; 924 of wounds and disease; 1,118 while prisoners of war.
6371:
5985:
3929:
3861:
3125:) together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact.
1190:
1085:
1025:
9820:
9755:
8756:
8685:
Hasian, Marouf (2003). "The "hysterical" Emily Hobhouse and Boer War concentration camp controversy".
8046:
7493:
7206:
15853:
15502:
15025:
14412:
14339:
14255:
14064:
13702:
13534:
13527:
13485:
13199:
13146:
13034:
12985:
12766:
12424:
11709:
9378:
7994:
From Belmont to Bloemfontein: the western campaign of the AngloβBoer War, February 1899 to April 1900
6571:
6561:
in 1901, Australian involvement in the war consisted of forces from the following separate colonies:
6497:
6378:
6084:
6004:
5635:
5427:
5018:
4423:
4344:
3853:
2975:
British imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894β1895 Kruger proposed building a railway through
2712:
2704:
1987:
1514:
1474:
1115:
1070:
259:
182:
The Boer republics are absorbed into the British Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging.
35:
10946:
9729:
9341:
5377:
4884:
4618:
4186:
Playbill for an "illustrated lecture" on the campaign by war correspondent and artist RenΓ© Bull,1900
4078:
720:
15838:
15698:
15549:
15278:
15091:
15037:
14923:
14911:
14881:
14623:
14514:
14315:
14309:
13876:
13139:
12791:
12075:
12058:
11502:(6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging/The South African Military History Association.
9256:
8077:
7024:
6409:
6222:
5365:
5357:
5247:
4983:
and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A
4364:
4146:
4043:
As Roberts's army occupied Pretoria, the Boer fighters in the Orange Free State retreated into the
3594:
3468:
3341:
3255:
3023:
2570:
2459:
2294:
2267:, surrendering in May 1902. The former republics were transformed into the British colonies of the
1758:
1695:
1419:
1327:
1200:
1130:
271:
12093:
11416:
9839:
5692:, had minimal impact on the Australian public at the time despite later legend. The controversial
15803:
15768:
15242:
15176:
15013:
14977:
14779:
14755:
14713:
14586:
14574:
14496:
14490:
14273:
13513:
13408:
13275:
13125:
13006:
12738:
12521:
12431:
10309:
Jones, Spencer (2011). "Scouting for Soldiers:Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry 1899β1914".
9570:
9540:
9243:
8793:
8732:"Black Concentration Camps during the AngloβBoer War 2, 1900β1902 | South African History Online"
7858:
6558:
6519:
6477:
6226:
5907:
5839:
5732:
5639:
5446:
5027:
4998:
4. The shooting, ordered by Capt. Taylor and Lt. Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four
4475:
3713:
3620:
3453:
3194:
3065:
2731:
2628:
2370:
2322:
2298:
2189:". However, Boer fighters took to the hills and launched a guerrilla campaign, becoming known as
2128:
2096:
2084:
1982:
1773:
1597:
1469:
1347:
1322:
1095:
384:
14863:
14556:
11358:
11275:
10497:
9799:
7435:
Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492β2015
7228:
5634:
explains a general desire to support Britain during the conflict. After the colonies formed the
5434:. In Britain, the "Pro-Boer" campaign expanded, with writers often idealising the Boer society.
3429:
rifles. In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest
15848:
15798:
15677:
15218:
14827:
14809:
14803:
14592:
14526:
14394:
14279:
14261:
13083:
13048:
12250:
10451:"Boer War women, children put in concentration camps 'for own good': British MP sparks outrage"
9311:
7532:
6770:
6350:
6154:
5900:
5715:
5710:
served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at
5707:
5659:
5431:
4516:, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. Two volunteers,
4493:
4196:
4099:
4015:
3949:
3816:
3602:
3583:
3491:
3141:
3122:
2976:
2582:
2384:
In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of
2069:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1942:
1783:
1768:
1577:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1424:
1389:
1337:
1302:
831:
814:
803:
785:
774:
763:
752:
739:
354:
11967:
Miller, Stephen M. "Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa"
11600:
11445:
11154:
10954:
9883:
9689:
7911:
5320:
chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:
3532:; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from shelling.
15843:
15537:
15487:
15461:
14875:
14478:
14418:
14345:
13618:
13548:
13443:
13338:
13192:
12842:
12622:
12535:
12330:
12150:
12071:
12063:
11571:
11550:
11295:
Ploeger, Jan (1985). "Burgers in Britse Diens (1902)" [Citizens in British Service].
8482:
8019:
7992:
7965:
7938:
7884:
7671:
6669:
6482:
6390:
6366:β Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a captain in the 3rd Battalion of the
6288:
6213:
6088:
6053:
community, many of whom hastily left Johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war.
5960:
5813:
5756:
5698:
5627:
5351:
5275:
5200:
5193:
4459:
4396:
4392:
3827:
3760:
3476:
2668:
2638:
demanded full voting rights and representation for the uitlanders residing in the Transvaal.
2613:
2563:
2558:
Around 15,000 trekking Boers departed the Cape Colony and followed the eastern coast towards
2436:(A typical British soldier) Corporal Alexander Duncan Turnbull of Kitchener's Fighting Scouts
2413:
2409:
2284:
2280:
2264:
2139:
soldiers were brought to Southern Africa and mounted unsuccessful attacks against the Boers.
1997:
1788:
1612:
1572:
1499:
1394:
1362:
1297:
1180:
483:
324:
168:
10261:
10228:
10208:
7700:
7464:
6056:
4182:
15618:
15471:
15272:
15061:
15007:
14935:
14857:
14845:
14641:
14400:
14321:
13366:
13252:
13020:
12956:
12689:
12452:
12445:
12397:
12180:
11308:
11115:
11053:
8962:
7489:
6774:
6631:
6241:
6119:
6092:
5874:
5863:
5798:
5655:
5364:, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of
5284:
5243:
5173:
5073:
4929:
4913:
4890:
4713:
4443:
4436:
4422:
After he escaped across the Orange in March 1901, de Wet had left forces under Cape rebels
4314:
4067:
3991:
3901:
3570:
3554:
3198:
3096:
2539:
2432:
1879:
1803:
1778:
1479:
1444:
1372:
1367:
102:
9780:
5816:β son of the National Minister of Defence and the most famous Canadian casualty of the war
8:
15542:
15146:
14959:
14917:
14370:
14237:
13821:
13793:
13667:
13185:
13178:
13111:
13076:
13027:
12507:
12314:
11955:
11945:
11935:
11925:
11034:
10281:
8254:
6539:
6260:
5783:
5711:
5644:
5568:, though the British Government refused offers of non-white troops from the Empire. Some
5197:
4936:, the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents":
4352:
4029:
3971:
3965:
3941:
3804:
3073:
2455:
2378:
2366:
2272:
2212:
2132:
1957:
1932:
1866:
1700:
1622:
1607:
1592:
1582:
1509:
1439:
1409:
1384:
1357:
1342:
1317:
1307:
1175:
1155:
1120:
1001:
697:
223:
112:
96:
58:
11351:"British Concentration Camps of the Second South African War (The Transvaal, 1900β1902)"
10671:
7156:"Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the AngloβBoer War, 1900β1902"
4355:. Confusion reigned in British ranks and Methuen was wounded and captured by the Boers.
3852:
and he chose military men from far and wide: Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan;
15703:
15613:
15522:
15314:
15182:
15164:
15115:
15079:
15067:
15055:
15001:
14773:
14731:
14562:
14538:
14508:
14436:
12514:
11528:
11240:
11232:
10746:
10730:
Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power
10552:
10522:
10326:
10266:
10233:
10213:
9544:
8710:
7525:
7134:
7126:
6979:
6762:
6595:
6367:
6284:
6245:
6144:
5942:
5582:
4921:
4905:
4897:
4685:
4679:
4636:
4597:
4581:
4323:
3953:
3460:
2984:
2680:
2635:
2451:
2362:
2354:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2021:
1977:
1947:
1937:
1861:
1808:
1753:
1685:
1587:
1504:
1464:
1429:
1414:
1312:
1292:
1282:
1225:
1185:
1125:
1105:
1090:
1065:
1055:
1035:
609:
10377:
7748:, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount β average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011
7438:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
7001:
Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a daring escape, and the making of Winston Churchill
6746:
5790:
citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national
4432:
3072:
peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the
2424:(1853β1856). Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British.
15332:
15326:
15236:
15097:
15043:
14899:
14550:
14472:
14442:
14333:
14099:
14085:
13422:
13238:
13062:
12652:
12242:
12172:
11985:
11959:
11949:
11939:
11929:
11915:
11863:
11853:
11830:
11820:
11782:
11772:
11734:
11650:
11615:
11577:
11556:
11532:
11401:
11281:
11257:
11244:
11201:
11173:
11139:
11082:
11063:
11038:
11026:
10983:
10964:
10935:
10866:
10811:
10765:
10709:
10591:
10569:. American University of Washington, D.C., Trade Environment projects. Archived from
10514:
10504:
10330:
10178:
9695:
9608:
9425:
9392:
8714:
8702:
8426:
8400:
8390:
8353:
8260:
8124:
8025:
7998:
7971:
7944:
7917:
7890:
7714:
7677:
7647:
7621:
7564:
7536:
7439:
7382:
7320:
7138:
7004:
6920:
6736:, verse by Private Smith of the Black Watch December 1899. (Quoted in Pakenham (1979)
6421:
6328:
6320:
6308:
6159:
6060:
6021:
5415:
5296:
5288:
5271:
5146:
5142:
5053:
5006:
in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lt.
4933:
4698:
4513:
4360:
4305:
4200:
4192:
4176:
4167:
4090:
during the war. Prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the
4007:
3799:
3598:
3558:
3448:
3349:
3168:
3159:
3042:
2696:
2652:
2608:) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed
2538:, and the occupation became permanent after British forces defeated the Dutch at the
2527:
2463:
2374:
2358:
2228:
2204:
2124:
2120:
2073:
2002:
1763:
1690:
1602:
1519:
1352:
1332:
1287:
1215:
843:
838:
825:
366:
90:
78:
12100:
10304:
10302:
10300:
8143:
5541:
in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.
5426:. The Second Irish Brigade was headed up by an Australian of Irish parents, Colonel
15593:
15356:
15344:
15338:
15296:
15200:
15170:
15085:
14905:
14887:
14869:
14839:
14454:
14303:
14243:
14023:
13387:
13097:
12877:
12567:
12322:
12290:
12226:
11520:
11320:
Pretorius, Fransjohan (2011). "AngloβBoer war". In Jacobs, S.; Johnson, K. (eds.).
11224:
10788:
10318:
9417:
9323:
8694:
8116:
7118:
6860:
6778:
6661:
6334:
6307:β Australian soldier who, as a commanding officer, was accused of participation in
6272:
5919:
5826:
5771:
5292:
5260:
5057:
4940:
4709:
4497:
4435:
small commando was tracked down by a much-superior British column and wiped out at
4427:
4083:
4048:
4044:
3692:
3433:
3422:
3282:
Steyn of the Orange Free State invited Milner and Kruger to attend a conference in
3149:
2268:
2260:
2252:
1798:
1404:
1220:
1195:
1145:
1045:
779:
732:
456:
11057:
10847:
Jeffery, Keith (2000). "The Irish Soldier in the Boer War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
10737:
Grundlingh, Albert (1980). "Collaborators in Boer Society". In Warwick, P. (ed.).
10640:
9409:
8467:
8387:
Born to fight : Major Charles Joseph Ross DSO, a definitive study of his life
6295:
and he would later serve in World War I as a Medical officer until his death from
5403:
4984:
3269:
1899 German political cartoon: "War...the transformation of human blood into gold"
3179:
As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the
15248:
15188:
15121:
15049:
14929:
14833:
14815:
14466:
14388:
13345:
13259:
13153:
12821:
12745:
12666:
12390:
12274:
12266:
12258:
12234:
12087:
11843:
11810:
11795:
11762:
11747:
11631:
Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers
11609:
10885:
10801:
10297:
9967:
9945:
8932:
8343:
7710:
7433:
6782:
6777:.) Many British authors gave their "Pro-Boer" opinions in British press, such as
6693:
6665:
6566:
6355:
6237:
5669:
5423:
5333:
on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a British subject.
5204:
5150:
5101:
5045:
4968:
4964:
4521:
4257:
4221:
4111:
4003:
3608:
The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as
3529:
3512:
3344:
of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir
3326:
that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.
3242:
3221:
3184:
3084:
3031:
2559:
2535:
2276:
2077:
1793:
1399:
1165:
794:
573:
469:
10363:
6412:
in which Allenby's force routed the enemy owing to speed and dexterity of arms.
6240:
praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town
5215:
3498:
Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel
3216:
15380:
15109:
15031:
14989:
14983:
14971:
14659:
14215:
14092:
13814:
13688:
13331:
13245:
12928:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12574:
12500:
12346:
12306:
10725:
10570:
9609:"The Full Story: Claims 50 Aboriginal trackers left behind during the Boer War"
6681:
6534:
6405:
6342:
6303:
6234:
6230:
6176:
6134:
6038:
6000:
5779:
5685:
5681:
5609:
5605:
5569:
5565:
5538:
5497:
5442:
5189:
5169:
5165:
5081:
5077:
5065:, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Captain Hunt.
4976:
4956:
4901:
4745:
4694:
4675:
4667:
4565:
4505:
4336:
4241:
4213:
4103:
4091:
3820:
3628:
3415:
3345:
3323:
3259:
3238:
3080:
2788:
2777:
2727:
2715:" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed
2672:
2441:
2401:
2342:
2224:
2208:
2186:
2155:
2143:
2065:
2061:
1075:
1020:
1015:
757:
708:
664:
528:
299:
108:
31:
11167:
10998:"Relative Value of UKΒ£: using Economic Power in 2014 (using the share of GDP)"
10914:
10792:
10518:
10057:
The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War
8698:
8453:
8120:
7122:
6864:
6829:
6251:
6124:
5825:
style warfare, which would be employed throughout the twentieth century after
5306:. The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as "
5096:, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a
3983:
3504:
3436:, all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several
3167:
Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm
790:
15692:
15386:
15362:
15260:
15254:
15152:
14520:
14406:
14376:
14009:
13730:
12835:
12814:
12784:
12777:
12486:
12080:
12059:
Americanhistoryprojects.com: links to books & articles on Second Boer War
11989:
11867:
11834:
11786:
11738:
11643:
Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa
11573:
The AngloβBoer War 1889β1902: White Man's War, Black Man's War, Traumatic War
11491:
11465:
11428:
Surridge, Keith (2000). "Lansdowne at the War Office". In Gooch, John (ed.).
11002:
Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present
10713:
10693:
10427:
10322:
9429:
8706:
8349:
8128:
7783:
6685:
6649:
6080:
5693:
5689:
5473:
5418:
sympathised with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British
5007:
4909:
4643:
4485:
4463:
4380:
4348:
4282:
4268:
but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.
4058:
3990:, 1900β02. He was captured, along with 4,000 soldiers, after the loss of the
3893:
3586:, was to push north towards the railway junction at Stormberg and secure the
3230:
3172:
3053:
2647:
2586:
2578:
1210:
1160:
1135:
1100:
1040:
543:
415:
11132:
9327:
8513:"Anglo Boere Oorlog/Boer War (1899β1902) Prisoners Of War genealogy project"
8404:
7375:
5869:
the Boer War, as well as the first major victory for Commonwealth soldiers.
4122:, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs. About 5,000 POWs were sent to
3314:
denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the
2466:. Among some South Africans, it is known as the (Second) AngloβBoer War. In
165:
Conquest and dissolution of the South African Republic and Orange Free State
15608:
15581:
15230:
15073:
14947:
14598:
14568:
14351:
14209:
13674:
13283:
13104:
13055:
12218:
12132:
11975:
6440:
6129:
6114:
5993:
5531:
5457:
5317:
5308:
5177:
5161:
5154:
5026:
Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Rev. Heese's driver, a member of the
5014:
4999:
4992:
4980:
4894:
4628:
4590:
4455:
4119:
3987:
3925:
3869:
3681:
3663:
3613:
3523:
Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the
3384:
3283:
3069:
3035:
3011:
3001:
2692:
2688:
2617:
2616:, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in
2609:
2605:
2574:
2498:
2232:
2191:
2163:
2136:
1110:
939:
808:
235:
140:
14893:
11675:
Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War
11198:
Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886β1914
10997:
10499:
The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism 1867β1914
9381:, War horses present & future: or, Remount life in South Africa. 1902.
8175:
Steele, David (2000). "Salisbury and the Soldiers". In Gooch, John (ed.).
4975:
on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured by a BVC patrol led by Lieut.
4032:
on 26 August. As Roberts and Buller followed up along the railway line to
3329:
3006:
2440:
The conflict is commonly referred to simply as "the Boer War" because the
1711:
66:
15603:
15350:
14995:
14791:
14725:
14532:
14382:
13267:
12210:
11311:(2000). "The Experience of the Bitter-Ender Boer". In Gooch, John (ed.).
7784:"Firearms and Firepower β First War of Independence, 1880β1881 β Journal"
6766:
6645:
6279:
6139:
6109:
6034:
5981:
5923:
5809:
5791:
5787:
5613:
5561:
5419:
5239:
5224:
4925:
4541:
4217:
4152:
4033:
3844:
3685:
3519:
3472:
3180:
3137:
3058:
3019:
2968:
2964:
2945:
2684:
2639:
2531:
2421:
2350:
2310:
2306:
2244:
2240:
2196:
2170:
2092:
1170:
1030:
964:
20,000+ Africans of the 115,000 interned in separate concentration camps.
768:
745:
400:
372:
285:
130:
11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902 (2 years, 7 months, 20 days)
11889:
The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914
11718:
The History of the Second War of Independence in South Africa, 1899β1902
11524:
10858:
7130:
7106:
5763:. Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War.
5188:
in modern Australia. Believed by many Australians to be the victim of a
3030:, of which Cecil Rhodes was the chairman. The column, mainly made up of
14797:
14719:
14430:
14267:
13842:
13380:
12493:
12438:
12298:
12282:
11714:
Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899β1902
11236:
9574:
9522:
9421:
6626:
6427:
6267:
5674:
5097:
5068:
4376:
4037:
3727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3684:
to relieve Ladysmith, where 8,000 Transvaal Boers under the command of
3609:
3549:
3437:
3406:
3133:
2980:
2950:
2716:
2552:
2256:
2236:
247:
11508:
9999:
8425:(in Afrikaans). Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 12.
6229:, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War.
4596:
And there were more flash points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at
4056:
Transvaal government left Portuguese East Africa on the Dutch warship
3978:
3515:, although Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences.
3490:
attacked to clear the line of communications to Dundee. The resulting
2297:, and many volunteers from the British Empire worldwide, particularly
969:
15442:
15212:
14965:
14785:
13301:
13292:
13223:
12629:
12606:
12595:
10903:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902"
8966:
7054:"Lord Roberts is appointed British supreme commander in South Africa"
6818:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902"
6705:
5,774 killed in battle; 2,108 died of wounds; 14,210 died of disease
6673:
6529:
6296:
6292:
6149:
5915:
5822:
5760:
5684:, colloquially known as 'The Breaker' for his skill with horses, and
5673:, 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the
5574:
5361:
5185:
5134:
5130:
4740:
4735:
4718:
4407:
4400:
4123:
4107:
4102:
on 21 October 1899. Initially, these POWs were held on troopships in
4087:
3999:
3877:
3574:
3537:
3373:
fiercely independent Boers had no regular army units, apart from the
2740:
2591:
2467:
2321:. As a result, the Boer cause attracted thousands of volunteers from
2200:
2088:
1643:
1205:
819:
727:
498:
337:
54:
11228:
10442:
10370:
10345:
8021:
Doing Canada Proud: The Second Boer War and the Battle of Paardeberg
6072:
neutral after giving their parole to British forces were derided as
5786:, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many
4301:
4236:
3702:
3639:
3148:
In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British
2181:
attempted to capitalise on British military successes by calling an
2158:, allowing the British to occupy both republics and their capitals,
1819:
14941:
14071:
13569:
13214:
12338:
12195:
11909:
10352:
9968:"The Indian War Memorial: National Memory and Selective Forgetting"
9242:
Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW) 12 April 1902.
6590:
6461:
6256:
5989:
5885:
5648:
5062:
4944:
4569:
3872:
and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve Kimberley.
3535:
In retrospect, the Boers' decision to commit themselves to sieges (
3524:
3250:
3234:
2708:
2544:
2389:
2287:
2159:
2044:, 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902), also known as the
148:
11540:
Wessels, AndrΓ© (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
10396:
7582:
7580:
7417:
Wessels, AndrΓ© (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).
6020:
Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police,
5937:
4014:
After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at
3443:
2663:
2337:
1890:
1236:
12479:
12055:, A 2 part documentary series shown on British television (1999).
12039:
12002:
7602:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.
6689:
6677:
6400:
6312:
to return to Australia after sustained public pressure to do so.
6046:
6042:
6024:
and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War.
5747:
5743:
5477:
5461:
5383:
5056:
who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are
4731:
4501:
4244:
policy to deny the guerrillas supplies and refuge. In this image
4127:
3906:
2720:
2142:
However, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer,
2104:
558:
513:
144:
5973:
Military history of New Zealand Β§ Second Boer War 1899β1902
3839:
3693:
Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900
15652:
United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
13206:
12362:
12141:
12027:
10000:"Brief history β New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War"
7706:
7577:
6064:
5775:
5667:
Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a
5527:
5468:
landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.
5238:
The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by
5220:
4726:
4663:
4509:
4481:
3632:
3426:
2302:
2255:
were deployed to track down guerrillas, leading to small-scale
2216:
715:
312:
10956:
Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884β1902
10415:
9479:
9244:
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71522700#titleModal
8618:
6420:
extensively in the First World War. To the Canadians however,
5952:
Indian auxiliaries were only employed in non-combatant roles.
5680:
The convictions and executions of two Australian lieutenants,
5534:
the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.
5316:) and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as
5266:
3909:
killed many troops. General CronjΓ© was forced to surrender at
1530:
12354:
11466:"The Medical Aspect of the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902 Part ll"
11059:
Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa
9148:
9146:
8642:
8342:
Paterson, Andrew Barton (2000). Droogleever, R. W. F. (ed.).
7531:(1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp.
6974:. Internet Archive. Illustrated London News. 28 October 1899.
5481:
4642:
The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "
4145:
On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all
4131:
3677:
3430:
3396:(citizens) in a district would form a military unit called a
2695:, who sought British protection against the Boers. While the
2548:
2108:
375:
11969:
International Journal of Military History and Historiography
11754:
The first British offensive, Nov. – Dec. 1899
11749:
Die eerste Britse offensief, Nov. – Des. 1899
11357:
11331:"For Queen and Country: Canadians and the South African War"
7859:"6 Rifles Used by the Afrikaners During the Second Boer War"
7646:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21β28.
7470:
7150:
7148:
5906:
of the front line troops. The rear guard, consisting of the
5551:
British Army during the Victorian Era Β§ Second Boer War
4928:. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former
4920:
was secretly dispatched to Col. F.H. Hall, the British Army
4504:(then part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the
4231:
10457:
10091:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume XII (1891β1900).
9815:
9813:
9360:
9279:
8837:
7727:
6933:
5302:
Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the
4943:
men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at
4671:
4245:
3352:. In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the
3100:
2446:
2444:(December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict.
9143:
8883:
8849:
6415:
The Canadian units of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and the
5834:
volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.
4955:
2. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lt.
4912:. On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the
3856:(Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike;
2099:
in June 1899. The conflict broke out in October when Boer
962:
26,370 Boer women and children died in concentration camps
10131:
9831:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9635:
8450:"AngloβBoer War Philatelic Society: Collecting Interests"
7600:
Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting
7527:
Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order
7497:
7145:
6971:
The Illustrated London News 1899-10-28: Vol 115 Iss 3158
5846:
the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.
5496:
A horse destined to serve in the war, being offloaded in
5235:
urban poor competing with the "uitlanders" in the mines.
4693:
As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "
4410:
was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured.
4036:, Kruger sought asylum in Portuguese East Africa (modern
3803:
British casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the
3254:
the Boers treatment of native Africans, referring to the
3190:
Regardless of the rifle, few of the Boers used bayonets.
2944:
The city of Johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a
2506:
2091:" to the South African Republic, mostly British from the
11611:
Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899β1902
11079:
The War for South Africa: The AngloβBoer War (1899β1902)
10464:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9850:
9810:
9097:
9095:
8606:
8594:
8323:
6952:
6950:
6948:
5697:
Australians, as illustrated in the 1980 Australian film
5601:
Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War
5595:
History of the Australian Army Β§ Boer War 1899β1902
3400:
and would elect officers. A full-time official called a
3208:
without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal.
11693:
The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography
11196:
Onselen, Charles van (1982). "Chapter 1: New Babylon".
11107:
The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism 1846β1914
10384:
9660:
9658:
8570:
8366:
7806:
7804:
7695:
7693:
6271:β Senior Militia officer and later a Federally elected
3330:
First phase: The Boer offensive (OctoberβDecember 1899)
3224:
rifle used by British troops during the Second Boer War
2365:. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at
30:"Boer War" redirects here. For the first conflict, see
10567:"Case Name: AngloβBoer: Britain's Vietnam (1899β1902)"
9632:
9589:
9410:"American Horses for the South African War, 1899β1902"
8530:
8199:
7563:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36β55.
6919:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 2β5, 119.
4947:
on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains
4153:
Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 β May 1902)
3310:
denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and
3163:
Mauser 1895 bolt-action rifle (at the Auckland Museum)
12130:
11845:
Die beleg van Mafeking tot met die Slag van Bergendal
9917:
9907:
9905:
9890:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9467:
9291:
9092:
8774:
8286:
6945:
11727:
Die Boere-offensief, Okt. – Nov. 1899
10825:
Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".
10607:
The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-bearer of Empire
10042:
D.O.W. Hall, (War History Branch, Wellington, 1949).
9655:
9491:
9443:
8582:
8047:"South Africa's National Museum of Military History"
7886:
Life on Commando during the AngloβBoer War 1899β1902
7801:
7690:
6878:
Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".
2739:"Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A
2604:
Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by
2227:
policies as part of a large scale and multi-pronged
12081:
The Concentration Camps 1899β1902 by Hennie Barnard
11850:
The siege of Mafeking up to the Battle of Bergendal
11731:
The Boer Offensive, Oct. – Nov. 1899
10177:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211β217;
10107:
10072:
The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials
8935:: Leach Printers & Signs. pp. xxviiiβxxix.
8542:
6374:until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health.
6283:β Best known as the author of the World War I poem
4528:(fighting generals) of the South African Republic.
4518:
George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil
4006:on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of
3826:Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at
2315:
sympathetic to the Boers and hostile to the British
11720:] (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker.
11223:(3). American Society for Legal History: 483β526.
11131:
10496:
10095:
9902:
9773:
9708:
7561:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War
7524:
7452:
7374:
7311:Riches, Christopher; Palmowski, Jan, eds. (2021).
5963:, served at the battles of Colenso and Spion Kop.
4689:Native Africans interned in the Bronkerspruit camp
4264:(1849β1923), the National Scouts were despised as
3884:(encampments), fatally encumbering CronjΓ©'s army.
11998:"South African War β Concentration Camps. HC Deb"
11483:Black People and the South African War, 1899β1902
10762:The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History
10565:
10534:. Bloemfontein: War Museum of the Boer Republics.
10503:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 233β234.
9455:
9394:Horses on board ship: a guide to their management
6503:List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients
6464:, a commemorative service is usually held at the
6207:
5651:, Victoria, who raised the Second Irish Brigade.
4568:. The Union of South Africa was established as a
4073:
2723:) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885.
2341:The geography of the region in 1885, between the
564:
15859:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
15690:
11883:β an anthology frequently cited in this article.
11708:
10803:Die ontplooiing van die Engelse Oorlog 1899β1900
10585:
10083:
10081:
10074:. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. p. 48.
10059:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oratia. pp. 42β43.
10050:
10048:
8624:
7852:
7850:
7365:
7363:
6468:in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead.
6233:asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son,
5941:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps with future leader
4240:One British response to the guerrilla war was a
3601:on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the
3544:
2470:, it may be called (in order of frequency) the '
2317:. Even within the UK, there existed significant
199:
15819:Wars involving the British South Africa Company
15784:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
12920:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
11690:
11391:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 265.
10337:
10022:"New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War"
9869:
9867:
9865:
9821:"Canada & The South African War, 1899β1902"
9756:"Canada & The South African War, 1899β1902"
9397:. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 213β214.
7810:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7310:
6902:"Role of Black people in the South African War"
4137:In all, nearly 26,000 POWs were sent overseas.
3444:Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley
3367:
2596:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
534:
11051:
10996:
10616:"Dragoons remember the heroes of Leliefontein"
10588:The Russians and the AngloβBoer War, 1899β1902
10532:Boer Rifles and Carbines of the AngloβBoer War
9939:
9937:
9629:Chronicle of the 20th Century by John S Bowman
8889:
8384:
7745:
7592:
7586:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7072:
5384:Effect of the war on domestic British politics
5013:The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend
3887:
15647:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
15414:
14195:
12116:
11917:History of the war in South Africa, 1899β1902
11879:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11542:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11430:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
11313:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
10680:
10078:
10045:
8281:The Development of the British Army 1899β1914
8177:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
7967:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
7913:Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa
7847:
7665:
7663:
7419:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image
7162:. South African History Online. 21 March 2011
6939:
6049:. Another large source of volunteers was the
5518:36-day passage, 187 of her 2,090 mules died.
5454:the Conservatives' spectacular defeat in 1906
5002:schoolteachers, who had been captured at the
3289:
1906:
1835:
1727:
1659:
1546:
1252:
985:
391:
11640:
11382:. Oxford University Press. pp. 269β307.
11116:"Regimental Rouge β Battles of the Boer War"
11019:Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics
10952:
10929:
10676:. Charles Scribner Sons. p. 34, fn. 59.
10547:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. p. 46.
9862:
8869:"Miscellaneous information: Cost of the war"
8843:
8345:From the Front: Dispatches from the Boer War
7733:
7644:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
7611:
7340:
7104:
7048:
7046:
6165:
5149:as relayed to the late Captain Hunt by Col.
4248:civilians watch their house as it is burned.
3459:The Boers struck first on 12 October at the
11906:β a Boer War bibliography of on-line books.
11841:
11808:
11793:
11760:
11745:
11724:
11113:
11104:
10884:. Colonial Conquest, magweb. Archived from
10808:The Deployment of the English War 1899β1900
10759:
10688:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 1914. p. 309.
10656:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 207.
10586:Davidson, Apollon; Filatova, Irina (1998).
10465:"The Australian National Boer War Memorial"
9934:
9856:
9791:
9742:
8959:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
8636:
7990:
7811:Smith-Christmas, Kenneth L. (1 June 2016).
7395:
6644:Larger numbers of volunteers came from the
6446:
6182:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell
5460:and suffered from medical problems such as
5182:convicted of murdering eight Afrikaner POWs
2107:attacked British colonial settlements. The
2029:
1741:
489:
15421:
15407:
14202:
14188:
12123:
12109:
11895:
11172:. London: J. Murray. p. viii fn. 11.
11021:. Yale University Press. pp. 482β522.
10959:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario:
10751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10736:
10660:
10604:
10557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10161:
9384:
8648:
8444:
8442:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8161:
7757:
7660:
7554:
7552:
7431:
7317:A Dictionary of Contemporary World History
7107:"Boer Generalship and Politics of Command"
6844:
5728:Military history of Canada Β§ Boer War
5688:in 1902, and the imprisonment of a third,
5329:has been released from prison of war camp
4469:
4387:defeating British mounted infantry in the
4070:, where he died in exile on 14 July 1904.
2450:(meaning "farmer") is the common name for
1913:
1899:
1842:
1828:
1734:
1720:
1666:
1652:
1553:
1539:
1259:
1245:
992:
978:
83:The 17th Lancers holding off an attack at
15779:Wars involving the South African Republic
15555:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
11519:(1). University of Toronto Press: 75β90.
11319:
11307:
11270:
11062:. Ministry of Education. pp. 58β95.
10137:
9254:
8861:
8672:
8483:"POW camps in Ceylon during the Boer war"
8420:
8329:
8317:'Historical Overview' in Antony O'Brien,
7997:. Diamond Fields Advertiser. p. 22.
7882:
7635:
7488:
7319:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
7043:
6871:
5210:
4744:, played down the problems in the camps,
4232:Scorched earth campaign against civilians
4195:attacked and mauled a British brigade at
3787:Learn how and when to remove this message
3348:, general officer commanding-in-chief of
3152:falling-block breech-loader. In his book
3083:sent a telegramβknown to history as "the
2185:, dubbed by contemporary observers as a "
549:
504:
406:
12993:Reconstruction and Development Programme
11981:Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War
11641:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996).
11593:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg"
11492:"Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery"
11463:
11427:
11414:
11380:A new England?: peace and war, 1886β1918
11328:
11251:
11126:
11052:Morris, Michael; Linnegar, John (2004).
11025:
10865:. Hutchinson & Company. p. 88.
10842:. London: Coronet Books. pp. 53β55.
10724:
10260:
10227:
10207:
10069:
9928:
9896:
9876:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg"
8726:
8724:
8576:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8341:
8205:
8106:
7856:
7641:
7620:] (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing.
7484:
7482:
7369:
6899:
6809:
6426:
6399:determined that the traditional role of
6389:
6314:
6250:
6219:Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia
6067:for service in the Second Boer War, 1899
6055:
5976:
5959:, created by Gandhi and financed by the
5936:
5808:
5731:
5604:
5491:
5393:
5345:
5265:
5214:
5067:
4684:
4662:
4622:
4546:
4535:
4375:
4300:
4260:". Serving under the command of General
4235:
4181:
4156:
4077:
3977:
3915:
3838:
3798:
3638:
3548:
3447:
3383:
3334:
3295:either republic were 4 companies of the
3264:
3215:
3158:
3132:
3005:
2662:
2658:
2431:
2392:, was ultimately captured in June 1900.
2336:
519:
474:
15657:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
15642:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
12589:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
11681:
11590:
11569:
11548:
11539:
11480:
11395:
11294:
11214:
11195:
10977:
10846:
10778:
10692:
10651:
10390:
10054:
9873:
9687:
9567:"Australia and the Boer War, 1899β1902"
9497:
9366:
9285:
9273:
8855:
8780:
8660:
8600:
8536:
8439:
8239:
8189:
8075:
7558:
7549:
7416:
7078:
6998:
6992:
6956:
6914:
6850:
6098:
5544:
3211:
3076:, was suppressed only at a great cost.
2168:President of the South African Republic
999:
795:
447:
276:
14:
15794:Military history of the British Empire
15691:
13070:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
11886:
11628:
11607:
11436:
11377:
11186:
11165:
11152:
11095:
11076:
10856:
10837:
10824:
10799:
10654:An Illustrated History of South Africa
10529:
10494:
10402:
10149:
10125:
10113:
9965:
9595:
9509:
9485:
9473:
9297:
8684:
8480:
8389:. Melbourne: Caps & Flints Press.
8372:
8292:
8193:
8174:
7909:
7841:
7788:South African Military History Society
7769:
7605:
7522:
7516:
7458:
6908:
6895:
6893:
6877:
4885:British war crimes Β§ South Africa
4721:) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died.
4619:British war crimes Β§ South Africa
4608:
3959:
3819:. Buller's subordinate, Major General
2631:failed, and in September 1899 British
1673:
15809:South AfricaβUnited Kingdom relations
15402:
14183:
12104:
11974:
11914:; Grant, Maurice Harold (1906β1910).
11802:The Boer retreat from the Cape Colony
11769:The battle in Natal, Jan. β Feb. 1900
11672:
11386:
11348:
11114:O'Leary, Michael (29 December 1999).
11016:
10982:. London: Purnell. pp. 223β229.
10934:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris.
10930:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013).
10900:
10879:
10669:
10638:
10613:
10605:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015).
10538:
10525:from the original on 27 January 2014.
10378:"Canadian casualties in the Boer War"
10308:
10101:
9943:
9911:
9837:
9691:War Art in Canada: A Critical History
9449:
9407:
9390:
9309:
9230:
9218:
9206:
9194:
9164:
9152:
9137:
9125:
9113:
9101:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9050:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9002:
8990:
8978:
8945:
8926:
8721:
8612:
8588:
8565:
8554:
8548:
8416:
8414:
8141:
8088:from the original on 11 February 2020
8044:
7963:
7943:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39.
7936:
7676:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37.
7669:
7479:
7277:
6815:
6197:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
5270:Alfred, Lord Milner, was the British
5164:Lieutenants β Anglo-Australian
4206:
4140:
3467:, commanding the British division at
2938:
2749:Gold Production on the Witwatersrand
2667:Boer victory over the British at the
2569:In 1866, diamonds were discovered at
2353:, besieging the British garrisons of
2259:. Few combatants on either side were
1894:
1849:
1823:
1715:
1647:
1534:
1240:
973:
15824:Wars involving the Orange Free State
15457:Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
14461:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
12092:British Commanders of the Boer War,
11922:β detailed official British history
11764:Die stryd in Natal, Jan. β Feb. 1900
11597:Veldslae-AngloβBoereoorlog 1899β1902
11506:
11489:
11398:The War Correspondents: The Boer War
10863:The Record of a Regiment of the Line
10360:"History of Royal Canadian Dragoons"
10251:(36078). London. 1 March 1900. p. 7.
10175:The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle
9880:Veldslae-AngloβBoereoorlog 1899β1902
9664:
9649:
9601:
9461:
8794:"Black victims in a white man's war"
8017:
7970:. Taylor & Francis. p. 98.
7889:. Human & Rousseau. p. 81.
7781:
7254:"Anglo Boer War β Rhodesia Regiment"
5484:had started to become major powers.
4605:armed Africans in the British Army.
4371:
4329:
4296:
4179:and locally raised irregular corps.
3972:Roberts finally resumed his advance.
3725:adding citations to reliable sources
3696:
3656:Why weren't we told of the trenches?
3528:Sanatorium, site of the present-day
3277:
2687:Mountains, following an appeal from
2060:, was a conflict fought between the
921:75,430 returned home sick or wounded
15734:1900s in the South African Republic
15729:1890s in the South African Republic
13000:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
12646:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
11896:Ockerbloom, John Mark, ed. (2017).
11415:Stirling, John (17 February 2009).
10590:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau.
10424:"The Concentration Camps 1899β1902"
10421:
10405:"The Bitter Legacy of the Boer War"
10247:"The War β Embarcation of Troops".
9980:from the original on 9 October 2022
9797:
9255:Silvester, John (18 October 2009).
8252:
7292:from the original on 9 October 2022
7229:"The Boer War ends in South Africa"
6890:
6363:James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon
6319:A group of British prisoners, with
6202:Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts
6170:
5626:From 1899 to 1901 the six separate
4939:1. The shooting of six surrendered
4878:
4762:Cost of War over its entire course
4615:Second Boer War concentration camps
4275:
3643:Lord Roberts's arrival at Cape Town
3388:Boers in a trench at Mafeking, 1899
3128:
2420:British combat casualties than the
2275:, and in 1910 were merged with the
2219:against the British for two years.
1920:
1266:
24:
15508:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
11891:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
11701:
11031:President Paul Kruger: A Biography
10270:. 19 September 1902. p. 6024.
10024:. New Zealand History Online. 2008
10002:. New Zealand History Online. 2008
9719:
9611:. Australia: ABC News. 31 May 2010
8693:(2). Informa UK Limited: 138β163.
8411:
8057:from the original on 20 March 2020
7823:from the original on 14 March 2020
6488:Bombardment in the Second Boer War
4751:
4363:, where a commando led by General
4166:army, the Boer commanders adopted
3834:
2123:under siege, and won victories at
25:
15870:
15789:Wars involving the United Kingdom
14210:Colonial conflicts involving the
14152:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
13787:South African Party (Cape Colony)
12020:
11876:
11812:Die Britse Opmars tot in Pretoria
11691:Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000).
11665:
11576:. African Sun Media. p. 79.
11555:. African Sun Media. p. 32.
11359:"The South African War 1899β1902"
11256:. London: Cardinal. p. 571.
10810:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg.
10639:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
10343:
10217:. 23 February 1900. p. 1256.
9342:"The long shadow of the Boer War"
8493:from the original on 30 June 2019
8217:
7504:from the original on 7 April 2020
7182:"Boer War begins in South Africa"
7025:"The South African War 1899β1902"
6493:British logistics in the Boer War
6455:
6435:en route to South Africa in 1899.
6385:
6095:and the Imperial Light Infantry.
5390:Opposition to the Second Boer War
5223:who fell in the Second Boer War,
5076:standing over the joint grave of
4575:
4028:their last defensive position at
3660:Why were we marched up in column,
3658:Why weren't we told of the wire?
3654:A drawing-room General's mistake.
3648:Such was the day for our regiment
3471:, unwisely allowed Major-General
3364:divisions were widely dispersed.
3095:imprisonment (which he served in
2076:) over the Empire's influence in
15435:
14164:
14163:
12068:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
12064:Scrapbook of Boer War, MSS P 456
12038:
12026:
12012:Parliament of the United Kingdom
10980:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons
10682:"Caring for the soldiers health"
10673:With Both Armies in South Africa
10665:. Cape Town: Purnell & Sons.
10652:Cameron, Trewhella, ed. (1986).
10448:
10288:
10274:
10254:
10241:
10221:
10201:
10188:
10167:
10063:
10036:
10014:
9992:
9959:
9748:
9681:
9623:
9559:
9537:"Australian Military Statistics"
9529:
9515:
9408:Homan, Philip A. (Spring 2016).
9401:
9372:
9334:
9303:
9248:
9236:
9224:
9212:
9200:
9188:
9179:
9170:
9158:
9131:
9119:
9107:
9080:
9068:
9056:
9044:
9032:
9020:
9008:
8996:
8984:
8972:
8951:
8939:
8920:
8895:
8687:Western Journal of Communication
7857:Scarlata, Paul (17 April 2017).
7813:"The Guns of the Boer Commandos"
6790:
6756:
6739:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6589:
6577:
6565:
6525:Military history of South Africa
6514:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
6508:List of wars between democracies
5033:5. The orders, given by BVC Lt.
4484:, particularly the Netherlands,
4022:
3701:
3652:Dearly we paid for the blunder β
3569:On 31 October 1899, General Sir
837:
824:
813:
802:
784:
773:
762:
751:
738:
726:
714:
702:
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
614:
603:
590:
566:
551:
536:
521:
506:
491:
476:
463:
449:
436:
423:
408:
393:
359:
347:
330:
318:
305:
292:
278:
265:
253:
241:
229:
217:
201:
65:
15493:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
14286:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
13801:South African Party (1977β1980)
13794:South African Party (1911β1934)
13710:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
13507:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
11920:(1st in four volumes ed.).
11817:The British advance to Pretoria
11464:Villiers, J.C. de (June 1984).
11153:Peddie, John (22 August 2009).
11098:Paul Kruger: His Life And Times
10961:McGill-Queen's University Press
10670:Davis, Richard Harding (1900).
10614:Chase, Sean (4 November 2012).
8812:
8786:
8757:"BBC - History - The Boer Wars"
8749:
8678:
8505:
8474:
8460:
8378:
8335:
8311:
8298:
8283:, London, Methuen (1938) p. 72.
8273:
8226:
8211:
8183:
8135:
8100:
8069:
8038:
8011:
7984:
7957:
7930:
7903:
7876:
7835:
7775:
7739:
7425:
7304:
7271:
7246:
7221:
7207:"BBC β History β The Boer Wars"
7199:
7174:
7098:
7017:
6962:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6103:
6027:
5914:from D section of the Canadian
4712:, 25,630 were sent overseas to
4572:of the British Empire in 1910.
3712:needs additional citations for
3650:Dread the revenge we will take.
3079:A few days after the raid, the
3010:A sketch showing the arrest of
2995:
2646:. (In fact, Kruger had ordered
2505:. In fact, according to a 2011
1560:
15774:British colonisation in Africa
15528:SinhaleseβPortuguese conflicts
15498:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
14389:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
13119:2019 service delivery protests
13105:#FeesMustFall student protests
12850:1983 constitutional referendum
11898:"South African War, 1899β1902"
11797:Die Boereterugtog uit Kaapland
11417:"Gordon Highlanders (extract)"
10949:; a standard scholarly history
10901:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999).
10698:"Taking Sides in the Boer War"
10282:"Taking Sides in the Boer War"
9946:"India and the Anglo-Boer War"
9391:Hayes, Matthew Horace (1902).
7883:Pretorius, Fransjohan (1999).
7612:Colenbrander, Herman (2010) .
7060:. South African History Online
7031:. South African History Online
6816:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999).
6773:(See the founder's biography:
6699:
6638:
6551:
6299:while on active duty in 1918.
6208:Civilians and other combatants
6192:John French, 1st Earl of Ypres
5966:
5400:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
4413:
4368:last major battle of the war.
4216:and had established fortified
4074:Prisoners of war sent overseas
3039:British South Africa Policemen
3014:after the failed raid, in 1896
2501:, it is officially called the
2279:and Cape Colonies to form the
2166:. Boer politicians, including
89:Boers at the besieged city of
13:
1:
15626:Operation Prosperity Guardian
14786:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
14630:Castle Hill convict rebellion
13577:Johannesburg Reform Committee
12806:IsraelβSouth Africa Agreement
12199:
12184:
12161:
12154:
11485:. Cambridge University Press.
11439:"The JJ Potgieter Manuscript"
11421:Our Regiments in South Africa
11191:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
10953:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983).
10882:"Blockhouses of the Boer War"
10827:Australian Historical Studies
10781:Journal of Management History
10237:. 6 March 1900. p. 1528.
10055:Pugsley, Christopher (2016).
8481:Harman, Mike (6 March 2017).
8076:Zuehlke, Mark (15 May 2017).
8045:Krott, Rob (14 March 2014) .
7280:"Ireland and the Second Boer"
6880:Australian Historical Studies
6853:Journal of Management History
6802:
6786:Chesterton's poetry analysis)
6417:Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles
5850:Notable Canadian Engagements
5706:It is believed that up to 50
5617:
4531:
4454:In January 1902, Boer leader
4064:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
3920:The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir
3812:reinforcements being sought.
3545:First British relief attempts
3115:
3106:Jan C. Smuts wrote, in 1906:
3050:Johannesburg Reform Committee
139:Southern Africa (present-day
27:1899β1902 war in South Africa
15587:Great Rebellion of 1817β1818
15518:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka
13232:Black Consciousness Movement
12986:Government of National Unity
11881:. London: Cass. p. 179.
11444:. p. 97. Archived from
11363:South African History Online
11322:Encyclopedia of South Africa
11315:. London: Cass. p. 179.
10851:. London: Cass. p. 145.
10609:. Stanford University Press.
10487:
9944:Reddy, E.S. (29 July 1999).
9029:, pp. 62β68, 73β82, 100
8625:Davidson & Filatova 1998
8421:Changuion, Louis A. (2022).
8259:. Durban: 30 Degrees South.
8234:A History of Southern Africa
8078:"Canada's first foreign war"
7472:South African History Online
7432:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
7079:Biggins, David (June 2013).
5957:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps
5588:
5287:communist rebels during the
5139:Tenterfield, New South Wales
5084:, officers executed after a
5044:The letter then accused the
4967:of Floris Visser, a wounded
3938:Battle of the Tugela Heights
3928:on 28 February. Painting by
3392:When danger loomed, all the
3368:Boer organization and skills
3028:British South Africa Company
2629:negotiations in Bloemfontein
2462:'s original settlers at the
2327:trial for British war crimes
7:
12943:Saint James Church massacre
12829:Weapons of mass destruction
11912:Maurice, Sir John Frederick
11842:Breytenbach, J. H. (1996).
11809:Breytenbach, J. H. (1983).
11794:Breytenbach, J. H. (1977).
11761:Breytenbach, J. H. (1973).
11746:Breytenbach, J. H. (1971).
11725:Breytenbach, J. H. (1969).
11614:. Oxford University Press.
11513:Journal of Canadian Studies
11432:. London: Cass. p. 24.
11423:. Naval and Military Press.
11280:. Avon Books. p. 573.
11187:Powell, Sean-Andre (2015).
11054:"Chapter 3: Being in Touch"
10764:. Oxford University Press.
10741:. London. pp. 258β278.
10732:. Basic Books. p. 235.
10198:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 3.
10196:James Craig: Lord Craigavon
8304:Field Marshal Lord Carver,
7991:Lunderstedt, Steve (2000).
6656:. Smaller forces came from
6471:
6187:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
6015:
5945:(Middle row, 5th from left)
4701:, and the Americans in the
4389:Battle of Blood River Poort
3888:Roberts relieves the sieges
3381:wore light green uniforms.
3233:; Rhodes; Chamberlain; and
3045:and some artillery pieces.
2332:
2290:within the British Empire.
101:Canadian troops during the
10:
15875:
15467:1987β1989 JVP insurrection
15303:Jewish revolt in Palestine
14948:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
14593:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
14485:American Revolutionary War
12683:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
12561:South West Africa campaign
12460:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
12425:French Huguenot settlement
11971:(2022) 44#1 pp. 42β70
11647:Hong Kong University Press
11329:Pulsifer, Cameron (2017).
11252:Pakenham, Thomas (1991) .
11138:. New York: Random House.
11033:(First ed.). London:
11004:. Measuringworth.com. 2015
10760:Granatstein, J.L. (2010).
10702:American Heritage Magazine
10661:Cartwright, A. P. (1964).
9840:"The Peace of Vereeniging"
7916:. Academica. p. 330.
7863:Tactical Life Gun Magazine
7702:A Handbook of the Boer War
7642:Giliomee, Hermann (1991).
7618:The Origin of the Peasants
7587:Morris & Linnegar 2004
7381:. New York: Random House.
7105:van der Waag, Ian (2005).
6917:Why the Boers Lost the War
6900:sahoboss (31 March 2011).
6781:'s writing to 1905 β (see
6466:St John the Baptist Church
6372:Imperial Military Railways
6244:, there is a monument (by
5970:
5898:
5883:
5872:
5861:
5739:South African War Memorial
5725:
5616:officers in South Africa,
5598:
5592:
5548:
5387:
5349:
5219:Memorial to soldiers from
4882:
4612:
4492:. Other countries such as
4473:
4288:
4126:. Other POWs were sent to
3963:
3930:John Henry Frederick Bacon
3862:Neville Bowles Chamberlain
3410:just, and blessed by God.
3290:Kruger's ultimatum and war
2999:
2513:
2195:. Led by generals such as
2087:caused a large influx of "
29:
15665:
15634:
15480:
15449:
15137:
15074:Jameson Raid South Africa
14608:
14361:
14222:
14161:
14138:African National Congress
14127:
14033:
13866:
13598:Liberal Party (1953β1968)
13321:
13312:
13170:
12966:
12936:1992 apartheid referendum
12605:
12550:
12469:
12407:
12380:
12373:
12139:
11887:Murray, Nicholas (2013).
11490:Watt, S (December 1982).
11396:Sibbald, Raymond (1993).
11166:Pocock, Roger S. (1917).
10978:McElwee, William (1974).
10793:10.1108/17511340910943796
10194:Patrick Buckland (1980).
9966:Itzkin, Eric (May 2009).
9379:Sydney Frederick Galvayne
9261:The Sydney Morning Herald
9053:, pp. 87β90, 100β101
8699:10.1080/10570310309374764
8279:Dunlop, Colonel John K.,
8121:10.1080/10314617808595579
7910:Muller, C. F. J. (1986).
7494:"History β The Boer Wars"
7123:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa
6999:Millard, Candice (2016).
6915:Scholtz, Leopold (2005).
6865:10.1108/17511340910943796
6734:"Battle of Magersfontein"
6498:First ItaloβEthiopian War
6379:Frederick Russell Burnham
6248:) erected to his memory.
6166:United Kingdom and empire
6085:South African Light Horse
5721:
5636:Commonwealth of Australia
5487:
5176: β were executed by
5160:On 27 February 1902, two
5019:Berlin Missionary Society
4987:was delivered by BVC Lt.
4761:
3854:Frederick Russell Burnham
3256:London Convention of 1884
3197:and 25 of the 37 mm
3024:Administrator in Rhodesia
2987:. Certain self-appointed
2748:
2655:declared war on Britain.
2476:("Second Freedom War"), '
1928:
1857:
1749:
1681:
1568:
1278:
1011:
954:
913:
849:
583:
190:
122:
64:
52:
47:
36:Boer War (disambiguation)
15814:Wars involving Australia
15577:Second KandyanβDutch War
15285:Arab revolt in Palestine
14882:Second Anglo-Burmese War
14624:Second Anglo-Maratha War
14515:Australian frontier wars
13591:Labour Party (1969β1994)
13584:Labour Party (1910β1958)
13140:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
13098:#RhodesMustFall protests
12697:1960 republic referendum
12076:Brigham Young University
11682:Seibold, Birgit (2011).
11673:Krebs, Paula M. (1999).
11496:Military History Journal
11470:Military History Journal
11017:Marsh, Peter T. (1994).
10907:Military History Journal
10380:. Goldi Productions Ltd.
10323:10.1177/0968344511417348
10089:"Borden, Harold Lothrop"
9694:. Art Canada Institute.
8961:, Second Series No. 18.
8871:. AngloBoerWar.com. 2015
8844:Judd & Surridge 2013
7734:Yap & Leong Man 1996
7559:Greaves, Adrian (2013).
7523:Keegan, Timothy (1996).
7081:"Khaki Election of 1900"
6822:Military History Journal
6545:
6447:Views on British tactics
6410:Battle of Megiddo (1918)
6354:β Author and creator of
6223:Frederick William Borden
5932:
5439:1900 UK general election
5366:German South-West Africa
5358:Republic of South Africa
5015:Carl August Daniel Heese
4442:Fresh Boer forces under
3986:as a prisoner of war in
3860:from the Staff College;
3631:and CronjΓ©, had ordered
2719:and Namaqualand (modern
2460:Dutch East India Company
72:Clockwise from top left:
15572:First KandyanβDutch War
15279:Second Mohmand campaign
15014:Third Anglo-Burmese War
14978:Second Anglo-Afghan War
14780:First Anglo-Burmese War
14756:Third Anglo-Maratha War
14587:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
14497:Second Anglo-Mysore War
14491:First Anglo-Maratha War
14036:terrorist organisations
13126:2019 Johannesburg riots
12739:Constructive engagement
12704:International isolation
12522:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
11629:Witton, George (2003).
11591:Wessels, Elria (2009).
11570:Wessels, AndrΓ© (2011).
11549:Wessels, AndrΓ© (2010).
11481:Warwick, Peter (1983).
11349:Scott, John L. (2007).
11277:The Scramble for Africa
11155:"John McCrae Biography"
10947:excerpt and text search
10932:The Boer War: A History
10070:Phillips, Jock (1990).
9874:Wessels, Elria (2009).
9688:Brandon, Laura (2021).
9571:Australian War Memorial
9541:Australian War Memorial
9328:10.3406/irlan.1992.1086
9233:, pp. 115β118, 203
9185:Davey (1987), page 122.
9176:Davey (1987), page 123.
9140:, pp. 105β107, 203
8927:Leach, Charles (2012).
8470:. Burgh House Software.
8385:Speed, Neil G. (2002).
8024:. Dundurn. p. 56.
7003:. New York: Doubleday.
6520:History of South Africa
6478:Bloemfontein Conference
6433:Lord Strathcona's Horse
6227:Royal Canadian Dragoons
5908:Royal Canadian Dragoons
5640:Government of Australia
5628:self-governing colonies
5196:, and an award-winning
5028:Southern Ndebele people
4773:Relative value in 2022
4703:PhilippineβAmerican War
4476:Boer foreign volunteers
4470:Boer foreign volunteers
3621:Battle of Magersfontein
3235:mining syndicate owners
2732:William Ewart Gladstone
2427:
2231:campaign; a network of
2211:, Boer guerrillas used
2135:. Increased numbers of
2097:Bloemfontein Conference
2085:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1743:Orange Free State Front
944:(at the end of the war)
77:Boers in action at the
15678:Ceylon in World War II
15219:Third Anglo-Afghan War
15104:First Mohmand campaign
14828:First Anglo-Afghan War
14527:Third Anglo-Mysore War
13049:Attack on Kennedy Road
12660:Congress of the People
12251:South African Republic
12043:Quotations related to
11608:Wilcox, Craig (2002).
11217:Law and History Review
10880:Jones, Maurig (1996).
10838:Inglis, Brian (1974).
10641:"Sam Hughes Biography"
10539:Blake, Albert (2010).
10162:Desai & Vahed 2015
9573:. 2008. Archived from
9543:. 2008. Archived from
9488:, p. viii fn. 11.
8903:"Inflation calculator"
7940:Mauser Military Rifles
7673:Mauser Military Rifles
6984:: CS1 maint: others (
6771:Stop the War Committee
6436:
6395:
6351:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
6324:
6304:Harry "Breaker" Morant
6263:
6155:Martinus Theunis Steyn
6068:
5996:
5961:local Indian community
5946:
5817:
5751:
5716:White Australia Policy
5708:Aboriginal Australians
5623:
5500:
5432:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
5411:
5342:, but others did not.
5335:
5279:
5257:
5227:
5211:Aftermath and analysis
5089:
5050:Robert William Lenehan
4690:
4682:
4661:
4660:
4654:β Pakenham,
4632:
4552:
4544:
4458:was implicated in the
4448:Battle of Elands River
4383:
4309:
4249:
4187:
4162:
4100:Battle of Elandslaagte
4095:
3995:
3950:Battle of Poplar Grove
3933:
3864:from Afghanistan; and
3848:
3808:
3674:
3644:
3603:Battle of Modder River
3566:
3492:Battle of Elandslaagte
3456:
3389:
3270:
3225:
3199:Maxim Nordenfeldt guns
3164:
3145:
3142:South African Republic
3123:Martinus Theunis Steyn
3113:
3015:
2977:Portuguese East Africa
2676:
2597:
2583:South African Republic
2490:
2488:("AngloβBoer War") or
2484:
2478:
2472:
2437:
2346:
2183:early general election
2144:General Redvers Buller
2070:South African Republic
2025:
721:François-Louis Lessard
584:Commanders and leaders
355:South African Republic
34:. For other uses, see
15834:1900s in South Africa
15829:1890s in South Africa
15538:Battle of Mulleriyawa
15503:PolonnaruwaβPagan War
15488:Battle of Vijithapura
15462:1971 JVP insurrection
14876:Second Anglo-Sikh War
14533:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
14419:French and Indian War
13619:Natal Indian Congress
13339:Afrikaner Broederbond
13193:Afrikaner nationalism
12979:1994 general election
12950:Bophuthatswana crisis
12843:Church Street bombing
12623:Apartheid legislation
12616:1948 general election
12536:South Africa Act 1909
12331:Union of South Africa
12151:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
12131:Political history of
12086:23 March 2020 at the
12072:Harold B. Lee Library
11902:The Online Books Page
11437:Swardt, Eric (1998).
11378:Searle, G.R. (2004).
11309:Pretorius, Fransjohan
11109:. Past & Present.
11077:Nasson, Bill (2011).
10913:(3/4). Archived from
10800:Gronum, M.A. (1977).
10739:The South African War
10495:Berger, Carl (1971).
9785:AngloβBoer War Museum
9726:Canadian Encyclopedia
9667:"Boer War Remembered"
9310:Lowry, Donal (1992).
9041:, pp. 83β86, 100
9017:, pp. 61β72, 100
9005:, pp. 35β60, 100
8957:Arthur Davey (1987),
7614:De Afkomst Der Boeren
7490:Pretorius, Fransjohan
6828:(3/4). Archived from
6483:Treaty of Vereeniging
6431:Canadian soldiers of
6430:
6393:
6318:
6289:University of Vermont
6254:
6214:Harold Lothrop Borden
6059:
5984:troops marching down
5980:
5940:
5814:Harold Lothrop Borden
5812:
5736:The unveiling of the
5735:
5608:
5495:
5441:, also known as the "
5398:Memorial window from
5397:
5388:Further information:
5352:Union of South Africa
5346:Union of South Africa
5327:<prisoner name>
5323:
5276:Union of South Africa
5269:
5252:
5248:Milner's Kindergarten
5218:
5071:
4714:prisoner-of-war camps
4688:
4666:
4649:
4648:
4626:
4550:
4539:
4460:Leliefontein massacre
4379:
4304:
4239:
4185:
4160:
4081:
3981:
3919:
3900:Modder River. At the
3842:
3802:
3646:
3642:
3561:, he was replaced by
3552:
3477:Battle of Talana Hill
3451:
3387:
3335:British Army deployed
3268:
3219:
3195:Creusot fortress guns
3162:
3136:
3108:
3009:
2669:Battle of Majuba Hill
2666:
2659:Historical background
2614:Leander Starr Jameson
2564:Battle of Majuba Hill
2482:("Second Boer War"),
2473:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog
2435:
2414:Union of South Africa
2410:Treaty of Vereeniging
2340:
2319:opposition to the war
2281:Union of South Africa
2265:Treaty of Vereeniging
2175:Conservative ministry
2026:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog
914:Casualties and losses
598:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
169:Treaty of Vereeniging
18:Second Anglo-Boer War
15724:1902 in South Africa
15719:1901 in South Africa
15714:1900 in South Africa
15709:1899 in South Africa
15619:Cocos Islands mutiny
15550:DutchβPortuguese War
15472:Sri Lankan Civil War
15038:HunzaβNagar Campaign
14846:First Anglo-Sikh War
14822:EgyptianβOttoman War
13253:Greater South Africa
13091:2014 platinum strike
12957:Shell House massacre
12885:Transkei coup d'Γ©tat
12690:Sharpeville massacre
12453:Battle of Blaauwberg
12446:Battle of Muizenberg
12398:Battle of Salt River
12181:Mthethwa Paramountcy
12035:at Wikimedia Commons
11910:British War Office;
11603:on 14 February 2013.
11507:Webb, Peter (2010).
11387:Spies, S.B. (1977).
11105:O'Brien, P. (1988).
10663:The Dynamite Company
10403:Grundlingh, Albert.
10366:on 22 November 2012.
9886:on 14 February 2013.
9838:Cavendish, Richard.
8993:, pp. 22β23, 99
8981:, pp. 17β22, 99
8963:Van Riebeeck Society
8456:on 10 December 2005.
8192:, p. 145 cites
8018:Horn, Bernd (2012).
7964:Gooch, John (2013).
7937:Grant, Neil (2015).
7670:Grant, Neil (2015).
7598:Entry: Cape Colony.
7278:Diver, Luke (2014).
6769:were members of the
6242:Canning, Nova Scotia
6120:Schalk Willem Burger
6099:Notable participants
5682:Harry Harbord Morant
5545:Imperial involvement
5408:Royal Irish Regiment
5174:Bushveldt Carbineers
5168:and Australian born
5143:only followed orders
5074:James Francis Thomas
4930:justice of the peace
4914:Bushveldt Carbineers
4891:Bushveldt Carbineers
4540:Peace conference at
4444:Jan Christiaan Smuts
4347:at Ysterspruit near
4068:Clarens, Switzerland
4062:, sent by the Queen
3992:Battle of Paardeberg
3902:Battle of Paardeberg
3721:improve this article
3597:on 23 November, the
3571:Redvers Henry Buller
3555:Redvers Henry Buller
3212:British case for war
3041:, was equipped with
2540:Battle of Blaauwberg
2456:white South Africans
2345:and Second Boer Wars
103:Battle of Paardeberg
95:Boer militia at the
15543:Campaign of Danture
15291:Waziristan campaign
15225:Waziristan campaign
14918:Revolt of Rajab Ali
14395:War of Jenkins' Ear
14145:Democratic Alliance
13322:Civic and political
13186:Afrikaner Calvinism
13179:African nationalism
13028:African Renaissance
12718:UNSC Resolution 591
12639:Internal resistance
12540:National Convention
12508:Transvaal Civil War
12432:KhoikhoiβDutch Wars
12315:Orange River Colony
11877:Gooch, John (ed.).
11525:10.3138/jcs.44.1.75
11335:Canadian War Museum
11200:. London: Longman.
11096:Nathan, M. (1941).
10963:. pp. 590β99.
10917:on 22 December 2015
10857:Jacson, M. (1908).
10530:Bester, R. (1994).
9825:Canadian War Museum
9781:"The Guerrilla War"
9760:Canadian War Museum
9732:on 23 January 2012.
9722:"South African War"
9677:on 4 February 2013.
9369:, pp. 223β229.
9288:, pp. 483β526.
9155:, pp. 109, 203
9089:, pp. 104, 106
8907:bankofengland.co.uk
8890:Measuringworth 2015
8858:, pp. 227β232.
8651:, pp. 258β278.
8615:, pp. 483β485.
8253:Ash, Chris (2020).
8148:britishempire.me.uk
8051:SmallArmsReview.com
7746:Measuringworth 2015
6832:on 22 December 2015
6540:Scramble for Africa
6063:volunteers leaving
5851:
5784:Sir Wilfrid Laurier
5712:Griffith University
5645:Arthur Alfred Lynch
5198:Australian New Wave
5035:Charles H.G. Hannam
5030:, was also killed.
4609:Concentration camps
4106:until POW camps in
4082:A Transit camp for
3966:Advance on Pretoria
3960:Capture of Pretoria
3942:Relief of Ladysmith
3922:George Stuart White
3805:Battle of Spion Kop
3500:Robert Baden-Powell
3465:George Stuart White
3074:Second Matabele War
2458:descended from the
2249:concentration camps
2213:hit-and-run attacks
1221:South Africa (1914)
1186:South Africa (1906)
1151:South Africa (1899)
1121:Matabeleland (1896)
1111:South Africa (1895)
1091:Matabeleland (1893)
1056:Somalia (1888β1924)
1051:Equatoria (1886β89)
1021:South Africa (1880)
1016:South Africa (1879)
1003:Scramble for Africa
956:Civilian casualties
898:African auxiliaries
870:African auxiliaries
698:Robert Baden-Powell
385:Foreign volunteers:
97:Battle of Spion Kop
59:Scramble for Africa
15744:1900s in Transvaal
15739:1890s in Transvaal
15614:Easter Sunday Raid
15165:Bambatha Rebellion
15080:Anglo-Zanzibar War
15068:Chitral Expedition
15002:Anglo-Egyptian War
14774:Anglo-Ashanti wars
14479:Lord Dunmore's War
14437:Anglo-Cherokee War
14346:King William's War
12892:Ciskei coup d'Γ©tat
12711:UN Resolution 1761
12676:Women's March 1956
12529:South African Wars
12515:Mineral Revolution
11710:Breytenbach, J. H.
11365:. 10 November 2011
11297:Scientia Militaria
11027:Meintjes, Johannes
10720:on 7 January 2009.
10620:The Daily Observer
10573:on 27 October 2016
10430:on 3 November 2012
10267:The London Gazette
10234:The London Gazette
10214:The London Gazette
9665:Marshall, Robert.
9316:Etudes irlandaises
9209:, pp. 105β109
9065:, pp. 100β101
8319:Bye-Bye Dolly Gray
8256:The Boer War Atlas
8142:Crowhurst, Peter.
8109:Historical Studies
7141:– via Jstor.
6940:Eveleigh Nash 1914
6775:William T. Stead's
6437:
6396:
6368:Royal Irish Rifles
6325:
6309:summary executions
6285:In Flanders Fields
6264:
6246:Hamilton MacCarthy
6217:- son of Canada's
6145:Marthinus Prinsloo
6089:Rimington's Guides
6069:
6045:on the borders of
5997:
5947:
5943:Mohandas K. Gandhi
5849:
5827:set piece fighting
5818:
5774:citizens were pro-
5757:Strathcona's Horse
5752:
5624:
5501:
5416:Irish nationalists
5412:
5280:
5228:
5090:
5086:1902 court-martial
5048:of the BVC, Major
4995:on 6 August 1901.
4922:Officer Commanding
4916:(BVC) garrison at
4906:Northern Transvaal
4898:irregular regiment
4691:
4683:
4680:concentration camp
4674:child, visited by
4637:concentration camp
4633:
4631:concentration camp
4582:Mohandas K. Gandhi
4553:
4545:
4524:of Russia, became
4384:
4310:
4250:
4207:Use of blockhouses
4188:
4163:
4141:Oath of neutrality
4096:
3996:
3954:Relief of Mafeking
3934:
3849:
3809:
3807:, 24 January 1900.
3645:
3567:
3461:Battle of Kraaipan
3457:
3390:
3271:
3226:
3165:
3154:The First Boer War
3146:
3043:Maxim machine guns
3016:
2835:(Nov) β 1901 (Apr)
2691:, the king of the
2677:
2644:British government
2636:Joseph Chamberlain
2633:Colonial Secretary
2587:Jan Gerrit Bantjes
2521:Jan Gerrit Bantjes
2479:Tweede Boereoorlog
2438:
2347:
2146:, was replaced by
2039:Second Freedom War
1933:Pretoria Offensive
1871:Colesberg District
1675:Bechuanaland Front
1623:Ladysmith (Relief)
1583:Ladysmith (Battle)
1410:Pretoria Offensive
1076:Mashonaland (1890)
905:Foreign volunteers
610:Joseph Chamberlain
15764:Conflicts in 1902
15759:Conflicts in 1901
15754:Conflicts in 1900
15749:Conflicts in 1899
15686:
15685:
15513:Pandyan Civil War
15396:
15395:
15327:Malayan Emergency
15237:Malabar rebellion
15098:Siege of Malakand
15044:Anglo-Manipur War
14900:Anglo-Persian War
14449:Anglo-Spanish War
14401:King George's War
14322:King Philip's War
14298:Anglo-Spanish War
14177:
14176:
14130:political parties
14123:
14122:
14100:Orde van die Dood
13717:Progressive Party
13423:Congress Alliance
13239:Cape Independence
13171:Political culture
13166:
13165:
13133:COVID-19 pandemic
13063:Marikana massacre
12899:Venda coup d'Γ©tat
12653:Defiance Campaign
12243:Orange Free State
12173:Dutch Cape Colony
12031:Media related to
11621:978-0-19-551637-1
11583:978-1-920383-27-5
11562:978-1-920383-09-1
11451:on 16 August 2010
11400:. Bramley Books.
11207:978-0-582-64384-0
11159:firstworldwar.com
11044:978-0-304-29423-7
10970:978-0-7735-0534-6
10941:978-1-78076-591-4
10817:978-0-624-01009-8
10771:978-0-19-543088-2
10686:Nash's war manual
10645:firstworldwar.com
10510:978-0-8020-6113-3
10422:Barnard, Hennie.
10173:Miller, Russell.
9701:978-1-4871-0271-5
9652:, pp. 75β90.
8948:, pp. 98β101
8800:. 10 October 1999
8603:, pp. 15β22.
8375:, pp. 84β85.
8359:978-0-7329-1062-4
8266:978-1-928359-83-8
8031:978-1-4597-0578-4
8004:978-0-620-26099-2
7977:978-1-135-27181-7
7950:978-1-4728-0595-9
7923:978-0-86874-271-7
7896:978-0-7981-3808-6
7817:American Rifleman
7782:Machanik, Felix.
7720:978-1-374-97455-5
7683:978-1-4728-0595-9
7653:978-0-520-07420-0
7589:, pp. 58β95.
7570:978-1-62914-513-6
7542:978-0-8139-1735-1
7492:(18 March 2008).
7445:978-0-7864-7470-7
7326:978-0-19-189094-9
7010:978-0-385-53573-1
6926:978-1-4039-4880-9
6584:Western Australia
6329:Winston Churchill
6321:Winston Churchill
6225:. Serving in the
6160:Christiaan de Wet
6093:Kitchener's Horse
6022:Rhodesia Regiment
5930:
5929:
5778:, and wanted the
5750:, Canada, in 1908
5638:in 1901, the new
5331:<Camp name>
5297:British Commandos
5289:Malayan Emergency
5272:High Commissioner
5147:take no prisoners
4934:Western Australia
4876:
4875:
4433:Johannes LΓΆtter's
4372:Eastern Transvaal
4330:Western Transvaal
4306:Christiaan De Wet
4297:Orange Free State
4201:Christiaan de Wet
4193:Christiaan Beyers
4177:Imperial Yeomanry
4168:guerrilla warfare
4008:Christiaan de Wet
3866:William Nicholson
3797:
3796:
3789:
3771:
3736:"Second Boer War"
3599:Battle of Graspan
3595:Battle of Belmont
3559:Battle of Colenso
3350:Aldershot Command
3316:Daily Telegraph's
3297:Loyal North Lancs
3278:Negotiations fail
3169:Mauser Model 1895
2942:
2941:
2713:Missionaries Road
2697:Berlin Conference
2653:Orange Free State
2528:Dutch Cape Colony
2503:South African War
2494:("English War").
2485:AngloβBoereoorlog
2464:Cape of Good Hope
2323:neutral countries
2229:counterinsurgency
2205:Christiaan de Wet
2074:Orange Free State
2058:South African War
2011:
2010:
1888:
1887:
1851:Cape Colony Front
1817:
1816:
1709:
1708:
1641:
1640:
1588:Ladysmith (Siege)
1528:
1527:
1495:Blood River Poort
1234:
1233:
1191:Morocco (1907β34)
1181:Morocco (1905β06)
1176:Tanganyika (1905)
1156:Somaliland (1900)
1096:Morocco (1893β94)
1081:Katanga (1891β92)
1046:Madagascar (1883)
968:
967:
960:46,370 fatalities
945:
936:
895:
890:
885:
844:Christiaan de Wet
676:Herbert Kitchener
643:William Robertson
632:Frederick Roberts
367:Orange Free State
186:
185:
79:Battle of Colenso
16:(Redirected from
15866:
15854:Canadian Militia
15673:Military history
15666:Related articles
15594:Matale rebellion
15441:
15439:
15438:
15423:
15416:
15409:
15400:
15399:
15345:Cyprus Emergency
15171:Maritz rebellion
15159:Tibet expedition
15092:Benin Expedition
14912:Indian Rebellion
14906:Second Opium War
14888:Eureka Rebellion
14864:British Honduras
14840:New Zealand Wars
14425:Seven Years' War
14371:Queen Anne's War
14204:
14197:
14190:
14181:
14180:
14167:
14166:
14154:
14147:
14140:
14116:
14109:
14102:
14095:
14088:
14081:
14074:
14067:
14060:
14053:
14046:
14034:Paramilitary and
14026:
14024:Umkosi Wezintaba
14019:
14012:
14005:
13998:
13991:
13984:
13977:
13970:
13963:
13956:
13949:
13942:
13935:
13928:
13921:
13914:
13907:
13900:
13893:
13886:
13879:
13869:social movements
13867:Trade unions and
13859:
13852:
13845:
13838:
13831:
13824:
13817:
13810:
13803:
13796:
13789:
13782:
13775:
13768:
13761:
13754:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13726:
13719:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13670:
13663:
13656:
13649:
13642:
13635:
13628:
13621:
13614:
13607:
13600:
13593:
13586:
13579:
13572:
13565:
13558:
13551:
13544:
13537:
13530:
13523:
13516:
13509:
13502:
13495:
13488:
13481:
13474:
13467:
13460:
13453:
13446:
13439:
13432:
13425:
13418:
13411:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13388:Boerestaat Party
13383:
13376:
13369:
13362:
13355:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13319:
13318:
13305:
13296:
13287:
13278:
13271:
13262:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13234:
13227:
13218:
13209:
13202:
13195:
13188:
13181:
13159:
13149:
13142:
13135:
13128:
13121:
13114:
13107:
13100:
13093:
13086:
13079:
13072:
13065:
13058:
13051:
13044:
13037:
13030:
13023:
13016:
13009:
13002:
12995:
12988:
12981:
12959:
12952:
12945:
12938:
12931:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12887:
12880:
12878:Dakar Conference
12873:
12866:
12859:
12852:
12845:
12838:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12808:
12801:
12799:Israeli alliance
12794:
12787:
12780:
12769:
12762:
12755:
12753:Sporting boycott
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12725:Academic boycott
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12582:Great Depression
12577:
12570:
12568:Maritz rebellion
12563:
12543:
12531:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12496:
12489:
12482:
12462:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12434:
12427:
12420:
12418:Dutch settlement
12400:
12393:
12391:Bantu migrations
12378:
12377:
12366:
12358:
12350:
12342:
12334:
12326:
12323:Transvaal Colony
12318:
12310:
12302:
12294:
12291:Nieuwe Republiek
12286:
12278:
12270:
12262:
12254:
12246:
12238:
12230:
12227:Natalia Republic
12222:
12214:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12196:Ndwandwe Kingdom
12191:
12189:
12186:
12176:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12159:
12156:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12102:
12101:
12042:
12030:
12015:
11993:
11921:
11905:
11892:
11882:
11871:
11838:
11805:
11790:
11757:
11742:
11721:
11696:
11687:
11678:
11660:
11634:
11625:
11604:
11599:. Archived from
11587:
11566:
11545:
11536:
11503:
11486:
11477:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11450:
11443:
11433:
11424:
11411:
11392:
11383:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11354:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11325:
11316:
11304:
11299:(in Afrikaans).
11291:
11272:Pakenham, Thomas
11267:
11248:
11211:
11192:
11183:
11162:
11149:
11137:
11128:Pakenham, Thomas
11123:
11120:Regimental Rouge
11110:
11101:
11092:
11073:
11048:
11022:
11013:
11011:
11009:
10993:
10974:
10945:
10926:
10924:
10922:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10876:
10852:
10843:
10834:
10821:
10796:
10775:
10756:
10750:
10742:
10733:
10721:
10716:. Archived from
10689:
10677:
10666:
10657:
10648:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10622:. Archived from
10610:
10601:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10562:
10556:
10548:
10535:
10526:
10502:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10446:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10426:. Archived from
10419:
10413:
10412:
10400:
10394:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10362:. Archived from
10356:
10350:
10349:
10346:"Battle of Mons"
10341:
10335:
10334:
10306:
10295:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10278:
10272:
10271:
10258:
10252:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10205:
10199:
10192:
10186:
10171:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10085:
10076:
10075:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10052:
10043:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10018:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9979:
9972:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9941:
9932:
9926:
9915:
9909:
9900:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9882:. Archived from
9871:
9860:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9817:
9808:
9807:
9800:"The Black Week"
9795:
9789:
9788:
9777:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9752:
9746:
9743:Granatstein 2010
9740:
9734:
9733:
9728:. Archived from
9720:Miller, Carman.
9717:
9706:
9705:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9673:. Archived from
9662:
9653:
9647:
9630:
9627:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9605:
9599:
9593:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9582:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9519:
9513:
9507:
9501:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9477:
9471:
9465:
9459:
9453:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9422:10.5282/RCC/7418
9405:
9399:
9398:
9388:
9382:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9307:
9301:
9295:
9289:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9257:"Rest in Peace?"
9252:
9246:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9197:, pp. 54β55
9192:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9141:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9077:, pp. 97β98
9072:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8970:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8876:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8824:sahistory.org.za
8816:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8736:sahistory.org.za
8728:
8719:
8718:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8563:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8517:geni_family_tree
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8452:. Archived from
8446:
8437:
8436:
8418:
8409:
8408:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8250:
8237:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8196:, pp. 53β55
8187:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8144:"Lord Salisbury"
8139:
8133:
8132:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8015:
8009:
8008:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7854:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7779:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7724:
7697:
7688:
7687:
7667:
7658:
7657:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7609:
7603:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7575:
7574:
7556:
7547:
7546:
7530:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7486:
7477:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7414:
7393:
7392:
7380:
7371:Pakenham, Thomas
7367:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7313:"United Kingdom"
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7284:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7258:angloboerwar.com
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7160:sahistory.org.za
7152:
7143:
7142:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7085:angloboerwar.com
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7058:sahistory.org.za
7050:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7029:sahistory.org.za
7021:
7015:
7014:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6983:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6897:
6888:
6887:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6813:
6797:
6794:
6788:
6779:G. K. Chesterton
6760:
6754:
6743:
6737:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6697:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6555:
6335:The Morning Post
6273:cabinet minister
6171:Military leaders
5992:, to embark for
5986:Wellesley Street
5920:Victoria Crosses
5852:
5848:
5622:
5619:
5530:-like paste, by
5517:
5458:military service
5242:and his largely
4879:War crimes trial
4836:Β£19,040,000,000
4770:Cost at the time
4759:
4758:
4710:prisoners of war
4658:
4428:Gideon Scheepers
4276:Peace committees
4084:Prisoners of War
4049:Archibald Hunter
4045:Brandwater Basin
3913:with 4,000 men.
3858:George Henderson
3792:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3729:
3705:
3697:
3672:
3666:enquire ...
3625:Highland Brigade
3423:mounted infantry
3379:Staatsartillerie
3375:Staatsartillerie
3150:Westley Richards
3140:, leader of the
3129:Arming the Boers
2746:
2745:
2600:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2261:killed in action
2253:mounted infantry
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
1953:1st Elands River
1923:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1875:2nd Elands River
1852:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1633:Blood River Port
1563:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1490:2nd Elands River
1435:1st Elands River
1273:
1271:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1136:Wassoulou (1898)
1101:Wassoulou (1894)
1041:Wassoulou (1883)
1006:
1004:
994:
987:
980:
971:
970:
943:
934:
933:24,000 captured
893:
889:Free State Boers
888:
883:
842:
841:
829:
828:
818:
817:
807:
806:
797:
789:
788:
780:Schalk W. Burger
778:
777:
767:
766:
756:
755:
743:
742:
733:Walter Tunbridge
731:
730:
723:
719:
718:
707:
706:
696:
695:
685:
684:
674:
673:
663:
662:
652:
651:
641:
640:
630:
629:
619:
618:
608:
607:
595:
594:
576:
572:
570:
569:
561:
557:
555:
554:
546:
542:
540:
539:
531:
527:
525:
524:
516:
512:
510:
509:
501:
497:
495:
494:
486:
482:
480:
479:
468:
467:
466:
459:
455:
453:
452:
441:
440:
439:
432:
428:
427:
426:
418:
414:
412:
411:
403:
399:
397:
396:
365:
363:
362:
353:
351:
350:
336:
334:
333:
323:
322:
321:
311:
309:
308:
298:
296:
295:
288:
284:
282:
281:
270:
269:
268:
258:
257:
256:
246:
245:
244:
234:
233:
232:
222:
221:
220:
211:
207:
205:
204:
161:British victory
124:
123:
69:
45:
44:
21:
15874:
15873:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15865:
15864:
15863:
15839:1899 beginnings
15699:Second Boer War
15689:
15688:
15687:
15682:
15661:
15630:
15599:Second Boer War
15476:
15445:
15436:
15434:
15431:armed conflicts
15427:
15397:
15392:
15333:Kenya Emergency
15139:
15133:
15128:Second Boer War
15122:Boxer Rebellion
15050:Pahang Uprising
14930:Ambela campaign
14852:RΓo de la Plata
14834:First Opium War
14816:Aden Expedition
14648:RΓo de la Plata
14610:
14604:
14575:Irish Rebellion
14467:First Carib War
14363:
14357:
14280:Confederate War
14274:Irish Rebellion
14224:
14218:
14208:
14178:
14173:
14157:
14150:
14143:
14136:
14129:
14119:
14112:
14105:
14098:
14091:
14084:
14077:
14070:
14063:
14056:
14049:
14042:
14035:
14029:
14022:
14015:
14008:
14001:
13994:
13987:
13980:
13973:
13966:
13959:
13952:
13945:
13938:
13931:
13924:
13917:
13910:
13903:
13896:
13889:
13882:
13875:
13868:
13862:
13855:
13848:
13841:
13834:
13827:
13820:
13813:
13806:
13799:
13792:
13785:
13778:
13771:
13764:
13757:
13750:
13743:
13736:
13729:
13722:
13715:
13708:
13701:
13694:
13687:
13680:
13673:
13666:
13659:
13652:
13645:
13638:
13631:
13624:
13617:
13610:
13603:
13596:
13589:
13582:
13575:
13568:
13561:
13554:
13547:
13540:
13535:HNP (Herstigte)
13533:
13528:HNP (Herenigde)
13526:
13519:
13512:
13505:
13498:
13491:
13484:
13477:
13470:
13463:
13456:
13449:
13442:
13435:
13428:
13421:
13414:
13407:
13400:
13393:
13386:
13379:
13372:
13365:
13358:
13351:
13346:Afrikaner Party
13344:
13337:
13330:
13323:
13314:
13308:
13299:
13290:
13281:
13274:
13265:
13260:Honorary whites
13258:
13251:
13244:
13237:
13230:
13221:
13212:
13205:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13177:
13162:
13152:
13145:
13138:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13103:
13096:
13089:
13082:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13054:
13047:
13040:
13033:
13026:
13021:Soweto bombings
13019:
13012:
13005:
12998:
12991:
12984:
12977:
12969:
12962:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12934:
12927:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12897:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12834:
12827:
12822:Soweto Uprising
12820:
12813:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12765:
12758:
12751:
12746:Tar Baby Option
12744:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12695:
12688:
12681:
12674:
12667:Freedom Charter
12665:
12658:
12651:
12644:
12637:
12628:
12621:
12614:
12601:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12546:
12534:
12527:
12520:
12513:
12506:
12499:
12492:
12485:
12478:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12369:
12361:
12353:
12345:
12337:
12329:
12321:
12313:
12305:
12297:
12289:
12281:
12273:
12267:Griqualand West
12265:
12259:Griqualand East
12257:
12249:
12241:
12233:
12225:
12217:
12209:
12202:
12194:
12187:
12179:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12149:
12135:
12129:
12088:Wayback Machine
12045:Second Boer War
12033:Second Boer War
12023:
12018:
12014:. 4 March 1902.
11996:
11860:
11827:
11779:
11704:
11702:Further reading
11699:
11677:. Cambridge UP.
11668:
11663:
11657:
11649:. p. 510.
11622:
11584:
11563:
11544:. London: Cass.
11454:
11452:
11448:
11441:
11408:
11368:
11366:
11339:
11337:
11288:
11264:
11229:10.2307/3595118
11208:
11180:
11146:
11100:. Durban: Knox.
11089:
11070:
11045:
11007:
11005:
10990:
10971:
10942:
10920:
10918:
10891:
10889:
10873:
10818:
10772:
10744:
10743:
10726:Ferguson, Niall
10629:
10627:
10626:on 28 June 2018
10598:
10576:
10574:
10550:
10549:
10511:
10490:
10485:
10484:
10474:
10472:
10463:
10462:
10458:
10447:
10443:
10433:
10431:
10420:
10416:
10401:
10397:
10389:
10385:
10376:
10375:
10371:
10358:
10357:
10353:
10342:
10338:
10307:
10298:
10293:
10289:
10280:
10279:
10275:
10259:
10255:
10246:
10242:
10226:
10222:
10206:
10202:
10193:
10189:
10172:
10168:
10160:
10156:
10148:
10144:
10136:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10100:
10096:
10087:
10086:
10079:
10068:
10064:
10053:
10046:
10041:
10037:
10027:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9983:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9942:
9935:
9927:
9918:
9910:
9903:
9895:
9891:
9872:
9863:
9855:
9851:
9836:
9832:
9819:
9818:
9811:
9796:
9792:
9779:
9778:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9754:
9753:
9749:
9741:
9737:
9718:
9709:
9702:
9686:
9682:
9663:
9656:
9648:
9633:
9628:
9624:
9614:
9612:
9607:
9606:
9602:
9594:
9590:
9580:
9578:
9577:on 22 July 2012
9565:
9564:
9560:
9550:
9548:
9535:
9534:
9530:
9521:
9520:
9516:
9508:
9504:
9496:
9492:
9484:
9480:
9472:
9468:
9460:
9456:
9448:
9444:
9434:
9432:
9406:
9402:
9389:
9385:
9377:
9373:
9365:
9361:
9351:
9349:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9308:
9304:
9296:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9272:
9268:
9253:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9229:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9205:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9171:
9163:
9159:
9151:
9144:
9136:
9132:
9124:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9100:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9073:
9069:
9061:
9057:
9049:
9045:
9037:
9033:
9025:
9021:
9013:
9009:
9001:
8997:
8989:
8985:
8977:
8973:
8956:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8933:Louis Trichardt
8925:
8921:
8911:
8909:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8888:
8884:
8874:
8872:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8828:
8826:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8803:
8801:
8792:
8791:
8787:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8763:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8740:
8738:
8730:
8729:
8722:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8659:
8655:
8649:Grundlingh 1980
8647:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8611:
8607:
8599:
8595:
8587:
8583:
8575:
8571:
8564:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8496:
8494:
8479:
8475:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8448:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8419:
8412:
8397:
8383:
8379:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8340:
8336:
8328:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8303:
8299:
8291:
8287:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8251:
8240:
8231:
8227:
8216:
8212:
8204:
8200:
8188:
8184:
8179:. London: Cass.
8173:
8162:
8152:
8150:
8140:
8136:
8115:(70): 106β117.
8105:
8101:
8091:
8089:
8082:Legion Magazine
8074:
8070:
8060:
8058:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7962:
7958:
7951:
7935:
7931:
7924:
7908:
7904:
7897:
7881:
7877:
7867:
7865:
7855:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7809:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7758:Cartwright 1964
7756:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7711:Gale and Polden
7699:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7668:
7661:
7654:
7640:
7636:
7628:
7610:
7606:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7505:
7487:
7480:
7469:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7430:
7426:
7421:. London: Cass.
7415:
7396:
7389:
7368:
7341:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7309:
7305:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7190:
7188:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7011:
6997:
6993:
6977:
6976:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6913:
6909:
6898:
6891:
6876:
6872:
6849:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6783:Rice University
6761:
6757:
6751:History Ireland
6744:
6740:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6694:Austria-Hungary
6666:Congress Poland
6643:
6639:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6608:South Australia
6602:
6600:
6588:
6578:
6576:
6572:New South Wales
6564:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6474:
6458:
6449:
6388:
6356:Sherlock Holmes
6238:Wilfrid Laurier
6210:
6173:
6168:
6106:
6101:
6030:
6018:
5975:
5969:
5935:
5730:
5724:
5670:Melbourne Punch
5654:The Australian
5620:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5553:
5547:
5515:
5512:Manchester City
5490:
5424:Irish commandos
5392:
5386:
5354:
5348:
5336:
5314:irreconcilables
5213:
5205:Bruce Beresford
5201:film adaptation
5151:Hubert Hamilton
5102:Provost Marshal
5046:Field Commander
4969:prisoner of war
4965:revenge killing
4887:
4881:
4871:Β£19,906,000,000
4817:Β£4,450,000,000
4806:Β£6,410,000,000
4795:Β£6,000,000,000
4784:Β£2,180,000,000
4754:
4752:Cost of the war
4734:, typhoid, and
4659:
4653:
4652:
4621:
4613:Main articles:
4611:
4578:
4534:
4522:Yevgeny Maximov
4478:
4472:
4416:
4374:
4345:S. B. von Donop
4332:
4299:
4291:
4278:
4258:National Scouts
4234:
4214:armoured trains
4209:
4155:
4143:
4076:
4025:
3968:
3962:
3890:
3837:
3835:Buller replaced
3793:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3706:
3695:
3673:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3584:William Gatacre
3547:
3530:McGregor Museum
3513:Robert Kekewich
3452:War theatre in
3446:
3370:
3337:
3332:
3292:
3280:
3243:Lionel Phillips
3214:
3131:
3118:
3085:Kruger telegram
3004:
2998:
2934:Β£8,490,000,000
2917:Β£6,640,000,000
2900:Β£5,220,000,000
2883:Β£3,090,000,000
2853:
2834:
2828:Β£6,300,000,000
2815:
2809:Β£6,910,000,000
2786:
2770:
2763:
2750:
2661:
2536:Napoleonic Wars
2516:
2430:
2335:
2156:pitched battles
2078:Southern Africa
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2018:Second Boer War
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1988:Hartbeesfontein
1924:
1922:Transvaal Front
1921:
1919:
1889:
1884:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1818:
1813:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1710:
1705:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1642:
1637:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1529:
1524:
1475:Hartbeesfontein
1274:
1270:Second Boer War
1269:
1267:
1265:
1235:
1230:
1216:Libya (1911β12)
1126:Zanzibar (1896)
1116:Ethiopia (1896)
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
963:
961:
959:
946:
937:
935:(sent overseas)
932:
924:
922:
920:
908:
903:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Transvaal Boers
881:
873:
868:
867:103,000β153,000
866:
861:
859:
836:
835:
823:
822:
812:
811:
801:
800:
783:
782:
772:
771:
761:
760:
750:
749:
737:
725:
724:
713:
712:
711:
701:
700:
690:
689:
687:Rudolph Lambart
679:
678:
668:
667:
657:
656:
646:
645:
635:
634:
624:
623:
613:
612:
602:
601:
589:
579:
574:Austria-Hungary
567:
565:
552:
550:
537:
535:
522:
520:
507:
505:
492:
490:
477:
475:
464:
462:
450:
448:
437:
435:
424:
422:
421:
409:
407:
394:
392:
388:
387:
380:
360:
358:
357:
348:
346:
342:
331:
329:
319:
317:
306:
304:
293:
291:
279:
277:
266:
264:
254:
252:
242:
240:
230:
228:
218:
216:
213:
212:
202:
200:
178:
152:
118:
70:
48:Second Boer War
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15872:
15862:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15804:Guerrilla wars
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15769:Boer Republics
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15684:
15683:
15681:
15680:
15675:
15669:
15667:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15638:
15636:
15632:
15631:
15629:
15628:
15623:
15622:
15621:
15616:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15590:
15589:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15568:
15567:
15562:
15552:
15547:
15546:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15533:Siege of Kotte
15525:
15523:MingβKotte War
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15484:
15482:
15478:
15477:
15475:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15453:
15451:
15447:
15446:
15426:
15425:
15418:
15411:
15403:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15390:
15384:
15378:
15372:
15366:
15360:
15354:
15348:
15342:
15336:
15330:
15324:
15318:
15312:
15306:
15300:
15294:
15288:
15282:
15276:
15273:Barzani revolt
15270:
15264:
15258:
15252:
15246:
15240:
15234:
15228:
15222:
15216:
15210:
15204:
15198:
15192:
15186:
15180:
15174:
15168:
15162:
15156:
15150:
15143:
15141:
15135:
15134:
15132:
15131:
15125:
15119:
15113:
15110:Tirah campaign
15107:
15101:
15095:
15089:
15083:
15077:
15071:
15065:
15059:
15053:
15047:
15041:
15035:
15029:
15023:
15020:Central Africa
15017:
15011:
15005:
14999:
14993:
14990:First Boer War
14987:
14981:
14975:
14972:Anglo-Zulu War
14969:
14963:
14957:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14921:
14915:
14909:
14903:
14897:
14891:
14885:
14879:
14873:
14867:
14861:
14855:
14849:
14843:
14837:
14831:
14825:
14819:
14813:
14807:
14801:
14795:
14789:
14783:
14777:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14753:
14747:
14741:
14735:
14729:
14723:
14717:
14711:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14687:
14681:
14675:
14669:
14663:
14660:Froberg mutiny
14657:
14651:
14645:
14639:
14633:
14627:
14621:
14614:
14612:
14606:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14596:
14590:
14584:
14578:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14548:
14542:
14536:
14530:
14524:
14518:
14512:
14506:
14500:
14494:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14464:
14458:
14452:
14446:
14440:
14434:
14428:
14422:
14416:
14410:
14404:
14398:
14392:
14386:
14380:
14374:
14367:
14365:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14355:
14349:
14343:
14340:Williamite War
14337:
14331:
14325:
14319:
14313:
14307:
14301:
14295:
14289:
14283:
14277:
14271:
14265:
14259:
14253:
14247:
14241:
14235:
14228:
14226:
14220:
14219:
14216:British Empire
14207:
14206:
14199:
14192:
14184:
14175:
14174:
14162:
14159:
14158:
14156:
14155:
14148:
14141:
14133:
14131:
14125:
14124:
14121:
14120:
14118:
14117:
14110:
14103:
14096:
14093:Ossewabrandwag
14089:
14082:
14075:
14068:
14061:
14054:
14047:
14039:
14037:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14027:
14020:
14013:
14006:
13999:
13992:
13985:
13978:
13971:
13964:
13957:
13950:
13943:
13936:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13908:
13901:
13894:
13887:
13880:
13872:
13870:
13864:
13863:
13861:
13860:
13853:
13846:
13839:
13836:Unionist Party
13832:
13825:
13818:
13815:Torch Commando
13811:
13804:
13797:
13790:
13783:
13776:
13769:
13762:
13755:
13748:
13741:
13734:
13727:
13720:
13713:
13706:
13699:
13692:
13689:Orde Boerevolk
13685:
13678:
13671:
13664:
13657:
13650:
13643:
13636:
13629:
13622:
13615:
13608:
13601:
13594:
13587:
13580:
13573:
13566:
13559:
13552:
13545:
13538:
13531:
13524:
13517:
13510:
13503:
13496:
13489:
13482:
13475:
13468:
13465:DP (1989β2000)
13461:
13458:DP (1973β1977)
13454:
13451:Dominion Party
13447:
13440:
13433:
13426:
13419:
13412:
13405:
13398:
13391:
13384:
13377:
13370:
13363:
13356:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13332:Afrikaner Bond
13327:
13325:
13316:
13310:
13309:
13307:
13306:
13297:
13288:
13279:
13272:
13263:
13256:
13249:
13246:Day of the Vow
13242:
13235:
13228:
13219:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13174:
13172:
13168:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13150:
13143:
13136:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13108:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13080:
13073:
13066:
13059:
13052:
13045:
13038:
13031:
13024:
13017:
13014:Floor crossing
13010:
13003:
12996:
12989:
12982:
12974:
12972:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12932:
12929:Bisho massacre
12925:
12924:
12923:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12888:
12881:
12874:
12871:Operation Vula
12867:
12864:Rubicon speech
12860:
12857:Langa massacre
12853:
12846:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12818:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12770:
12763:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12714:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12656:
12649:
12642:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12619:
12611:
12609:
12603:
12602:
12600:
12599:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12575:Rand Rebellion
12571:
12564:
12556:
12554:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12544:
12532:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12504:
12501:Boer Republics
12497:
12490:
12483:
12475:
12473:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12463:
12456:
12449:
12442:
12435:
12428:
12421:
12413:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12401:
12394:
12386:
12384:
12375:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12367:
12359:
12351:
12347:Bophuthatswana
12343:
12335:
12327:
12319:
12311:
12307:Klein Vrystaat
12303:
12295:
12287:
12279:
12271:
12263:
12255:
12247:
12239:
12231:
12223:
12215:
12207:
12192:
12177:
12169:
12146:
12144:
12137:
12136:
12128:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12105:
12099:
12098:
12090:
12078:
12061:
12056:
12048:
12036:
12022:
12021:External links
12019:
12017:
12016:
11994:
11972:
11965:
11964:
11963:
11953:
11943:
11933:
11907:
11893:
11884:
11874:
11873:
11872:
11858:
11839:
11825:
11806:
11791:
11777:
11758:
11743:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11688:
11686:. Columbia UP.
11679:
11669:
11667:
11666:Historiography
11664:
11662:
11661:
11655:
11638:
11626:
11620:
11605:
11588:
11582:
11567:
11561:
11546:
11537:
11504:
11487:
11478:
11461:
11434:
11425:
11412:
11406:
11393:
11384:
11375:
11355:
11346:
11326:
11317:
11305:
11292:
11286:
11268:
11262:
11249:
11212:
11206:
11193:
11184:
11178:
11163:
11150:
11144:
11124:
11111:
11102:
11093:
11088:978-0349104669
11087:
11074:
11068:
11049:
11043:
11023:
11014:
10994:
10988:
10975:
10969:
10950:
10940:
10927:
10898:
10888:on 13 May 2008
10877:
10871:
10854:
10844:
10840:Roger Casement
10835:
10822:
10816:
10797:
10787:(2): 147β158.
10776:
10770:
10757:
10734:
10722:
10696:(March 1976).
10694:Farwell, Byron
10690:
10678:
10667:
10658:
10649:
10636:
10611:
10602:
10596:
10583:
10563:
10545:Farmer Traitor
10541:Boereverraaier
10536:
10527:
10509:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10456:
10441:
10414:
10395:
10393:, p. 214.
10383:
10369:
10351:
10344:Baker, Chris.
10336:
10317:(4): 495β513.
10311:War in History
10296:
10287:
10273:
10253:
10240:
10220:
10200:
10187:
10166:
10154:
10142:
10140:, p. 568.
10138:Pakenham 1991a
10130:
10118:
10106:
10094:
10077:
10062:
10044:
10035:
10013:
9991:
9958:
9933:
9916:
9901:
9889:
9861:
9849:
9830:
9809:
9804:History of War
9790:
9772:
9747:
9735:
9707:
9700:
9680:
9654:
9631:
9622:
9600:
9598:, p. 103.
9588:
9558:
9547:on 15 May 2008
9528:
9514:
9502:
9490:
9478:
9466:
9454:
9442:
9416:. No. 2.
9400:
9383:
9371:
9359:
9333:
9322:(2): 105β121.
9302:
9290:
9278:
9266:
9247:
9235:
9223:
9211:
9199:
9187:
9178:
9169:
9157:
9142:
9130:
9118:
9106:
9091:
9079:
9067:
9055:
9043:
9031:
9019:
9007:
8995:
8983:
8971:
8969:. Pages 78β82.
8950:
8938:
8919:
8894:
8882:
8860:
8848:
8846:, p. 195.
8836:
8811:
8785:
8773:
8748:
8720:
8677:
8673:Pretorius 2011
8665:
8653:
8641:
8629:
8617:
8605:
8593:
8591:, p. 140.
8581:
8579:, p. 571.
8569:
8553:
8541:
8539:, p. 207.
8529:
8504:
8473:
8459:
8438:
8431:
8410:
8395:
8377:
8365:
8358:
8334:
8332:, p. 573.
8330:Pakenham 1991a
8322:
8310:
8297:
8295:, p. 276.
8285:
8272:
8265:
8238:
8225:
8210:
8198:
8182:
8160:
8134:
8099:
8068:
8037:
8030:
8010:
8003:
7983:
7976:
7956:
7949:
7929:
7922:
7902:
7895:
7875:
7846:
7834:
7800:
7774:
7762:
7750:
7738:
7736:, p. 134.
7726:
7719:
7689:
7682:
7659:
7652:
7634:
7627:978-1167481994
7626:
7604:
7591:
7576:
7569:
7548:
7541:
7515:
7478:
7463:
7451:
7444:
7424:
7394:
7387:
7339:
7325:
7303:
7270:
7245:
7220:
7198:
7173:
7144:
7111:War in History
7097:
7071:
7042:
7016:
7009:
6991:
6961:
6944:
6942:, p. 309.
6932:
6925:
6907:
6889:
6870:
6859:(2): 147β158.
6843:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6789:
6755:
6738:
6725:
6716:
6707:
6698:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6574:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6535:First Boer War
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6470:
6457:
6456:Commemorations
6454:
6448:
6445:
6406:Battle of Mons
6387:
6386:Final overview
6384:
6343:Mahatma Gandhi
6235:Prime Minister
6231:Queen Victoria
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Redvers Buller
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6135:Koos de la Rey
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6039:Edward Brabant
6029:
6026:
6017:
6014:
6001:Richard Seddon
5968:
5965:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5780:prime minister
5723:
5720:
5700:Breaker Morant
5686:Peter Handcock
5647:, formerly of
5599:Main article:
5590:
5587:
5570:Cape Coloureds
5566:British Ceylon
5546:
5543:
5539:Horse Memorial
5498:Port Elizabeth
5489:
5486:
5443:Khaki election
5385:
5382:
5350:Main article:
5347:
5344:
5322:
5293:fall of France
5261:Boer rebellion
5212:
5209:
5190:kangaroo court
5170:Peter Handcock
5082:Peter Handcock
5078:Breaker Morant
4957:Peter Handcock
4910:Boer Commandos
4904:active in the
4902:mounted rifles
4883:Main article:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4750:
4746:Emily Hobhouse
4699:Ten Years' War
4695:Scorched Earth
4676:Emily Hobhouse
4668:Lizzie van Zyl
4650:
4610:
4607:
4577:
4576:Nonwhite roles
4574:
4566:British Empire
4533:
4530:
4520:of France and
4506:Russian Empire
4474:Main article:
4471:
4468:
4415:
4412:
4381:Boer commandos
4373:
4370:
4337:Koos De La Rey
4331:
4328:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4262:Andries CronjΓ©
4242:scorched earth
4233:
4230:
4212:they had used
4208:
4205:
4154:
4151:
4142:
4139:
4092:British Empire
4075:
4072:
4024:
4021:
3964:Main article:
3961:
3958:
3936:In Natal, the
3911:Surrender Hill
3889:
3886:
3836:
3833:
3821:Charles Warren
3795:
3794:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3668:
3629:Koos de la Rey
3546:
3543:
3525:Kimberley Mine
3454:northern Natal
3445:
3442:
3416:prone position
3369:
3366:
3346:Redvers Buller
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:Queen Victoria
3291:
3288:
3279:
3276:
3260:Roger Casement
3247:Lord Salisbury
3239:Barney Barnato
3237:such as Beit,
3213:
3210:
3130:
3127:
3117:
3114:
3054:Boer commandos
3000:Main article:
2997:
2994:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2728:First Boer War
2703:In the 1880s,
2673:First Boer War
2660:
2657:
2627:The June 1899
2573:, prompting a
2523:in June 1884.
2515:
2512:
2491:Engelse oorlog
2442:First Boer War
2429:
2426:
2402:scorched earth
2398:Lord Kitchener
2334:
2331:
2285:self-governing
2225:scorched earth
2209:Koos de la Rey
2187:khaki election
2179:Lord Salisbury
2152:Lord Kitchener
2066:Boer republics
2062:British Empire
2054:AngloβBoer War
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Tugela Heights
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Tugela Heights
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Morocco (1911)
1208:
1206:Ouaddai (1909)
1203:
1201:Morocco (1909)
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Namibia (1904)
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Fashoda (1898)
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Ashanti (1895)
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Dahomey (1892)
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Dahomey (1890)
1068:
1063:
1061:Eritrea (1889)
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Tunisia (1881)
1023:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
966:
965:
952:
951:
929:
916:
915:
911:
910:
878:Boer Commandos
875:
852:
851:
847:
846:
832:Martinus Steyn
758:Koos de la Rey
735:
709:Herbert Plumer
665:Redvers Buller
586:
585:
581:
580:
578:
577:
562:
547:
532:
517:
502:
487:
472:
460:
445:
433:
419:
404:
383:
382:
381:
379:
378:
343:
341:
340:
327:
315:
302:
289:
274:
262:
250:
238:
226:
209:United Kingdom
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
158:
154:
153:
138:
136:
132:
131:
128:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:on 27 Feb 1900
109:Redvers Buller
105:
99:
93:
87:
81:
74:
62:
61:
50:
49:
43:
42:
32:First Boer War
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15871:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15849:Canadian Army
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15799:Victorian era
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15696:
15694:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15670:
15668:
15664:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15639:
15637:
15633:
15627:
15624:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15588:
15585:
15584:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15557:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15530:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15479:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15454:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15432:
15424:
15419:
15417:
15412:
15410:
15405:
15404:
15401:
15388:
15385:
15382:
15379:
15376:
15373:
15370:
15367:
15364:
15361:
15358:
15355:
15352:
15349:
15346:
15343:
15340:
15337:
15334:
15331:
15328:
15325:
15322:
15319:
15316:
15313:
15310:
15307:
15304:
15301:
15298:
15295:
15292:
15289:
15286:
15283:
15280:
15277:
15274:
15271:
15268:
15265:
15262:
15261:Ikhwan revolt
15259:
15256:
15253:
15250:
15247:
15244:
15241:
15238:
15235:
15232:
15229:
15226:
15223:
15220:
15217:
15214:
15211:
15208:
15205:
15202:
15199:
15196:
15193:
15190:
15187:
15184:
15181:
15178:
15175:
15172:
15169:
15166:
15163:
15160:
15157:
15154:
15151:
15148:
15145:
15144:
15142:
15136:
15129:
15126:
15123:
15120:
15117:
15114:
15111:
15108:
15105:
15102:
15099:
15096:
15093:
15090:
15087:
15084:
15081:
15078:
15075:
15072:
15069:
15066:
15063:
15060:
15057:
15054:
15051:
15048:
15045:
15042:
15039:
15036:
15033:
15030:
15027:
15024:
15021:
15018:
15015:
15012:
15009:
15006:
15003:
15000:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14988:
14985:
14982:
14979:
14976:
14973:
14970:
14967:
14964:
14961:
14958:
14955:
14952:
14949:
14946:
14943:
14940:
14937:
14934:
14931:
14928:
14925:
14922:
14919:
14916:
14913:
14910:
14907:
14904:
14901:
14898:
14895:
14892:
14889:
14886:
14883:
14880:
14877:
14874:
14871:
14868:
14865:
14862:
14859:
14856:
14853:
14850:
14847:
14844:
14841:
14838:
14835:
14832:
14829:
14826:
14823:
14820:
14817:
14814:
14811:
14808:
14805:
14802:
14799:
14796:
14793:
14790:
14787:
14784:
14781:
14778:
14775:
14772:
14769:
14766:
14763:
14760:
14757:
14754:
14751:
14748:
14745:
14742:
14739:
14736:
14733:
14730:
14727:
14724:
14721:
14718:
14715:
14712:
14709:
14708:Spice Islands
14706:
14703:
14700:
14697:
14694:
14691:
14688:
14685:
14682:
14679:
14676:
14673:
14670:
14667:
14666:Santo Domingo
14664:
14661:
14658:
14655:
14652:
14649:
14646:
14643:
14640:
14637:
14634:
14631:
14628:
14625:
14622:
14619:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14607:
14600:
14597:
14594:
14591:
14588:
14585:
14582:
14579:
14576:
14573:
14570:
14567:
14564:
14561:
14558:
14555:
14552:
14549:
14546:
14543:
14540:
14537:
14534:
14531:
14528:
14525:
14522:
14519:
14516:
14513:
14510:
14507:
14504:
14501:
14498:
14495:
14492:
14489:
14486:
14483:
14480:
14477:
14474:
14471:
14468:
14465:
14462:
14459:
14456:
14455:Pontiac's War
14453:
14450:
14447:
14444:
14441:
14438:
14435:
14432:
14429:
14426:
14423:
14420:
14417:
14414:
14411:
14408:
14407:Carnatic Wars
14405:
14402:
14399:
14396:
14393:
14390:
14387:
14384:
14381:
14378:
14377:Tuscarora War
14375:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14366:
14360:
14353:
14350:
14347:
14344:
14341:
14338:
14335:
14332:
14329:
14326:
14323:
14320:
14317:
14314:
14311:
14308:
14305:
14302:
14299:
14296:
14293:
14290:
14287:
14284:
14281:
14278:
14275:
14272:
14269:
14266:
14263:
14260:
14257:
14254:
14251:
14248:
14245:
14242:
14239:
14236:
14233:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14221:
14217:
14213:
14205:
14200:
14198:
14193:
14191:
14186:
14185:
14182:
14172:
14171:
14160:
14153:
14149:
14146:
14142:
14139:
14135:
14134:
14132:
14126:
14115:
14111:
14108:
14104:
14101:
14097:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14083:
14080:
14076:
14073:
14069:
14066:
14062:
14059:
14055:
14052:
14048:
14045:
14041:
14040:
14038:
14032:
14025:
14021:
14018:
14014:
14011:
14010:Die Spoorbund
14007:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13993:
13990:
13986:
13983:
13979:
13976:
13972:
13969:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13951:
13948:
13944:
13941:
13937:
13934:
13930:
13927:
13923:
13920:
13916:
13913:
13909:
13906:
13902:
13899:
13895:
13892:
13888:
13885:
13881:
13878:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13865:
13858:
13854:
13851:
13850:Workers Party
13847:
13844:
13840:
13837:
13833:
13830:
13826:
13823:
13819:
13816:
13812:
13809:
13805:
13802:
13798:
13795:
13791:
13788:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13774:
13770:
13767:
13763:
13760:
13756:
13753:
13749:
13746:
13742:
13739:
13735:
13732:
13731:Radio Freedom
13728:
13725:
13721:
13718:
13714:
13711:
13707:
13704:
13700:
13697:
13693:
13690:
13686:
13683:
13682:Oranjewerkers
13679:
13676:
13672:
13669:
13665:
13662:
13658:
13655:
13651:
13648:
13644:
13641:
13637:
13634:
13630:
13627:
13623:
13620:
13616:
13613:
13609:
13606:
13602:
13599:
13595:
13592:
13588:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13574:
13571:
13567:
13564:
13560:
13557:
13553:
13550:
13546:
13543:
13539:
13536:
13532:
13529:
13525:
13522:
13518:
13515:
13511:
13508:
13504:
13501:
13497:
13494:
13490:
13487:
13483:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13455:
13452:
13448:
13445:
13441:
13438:
13434:
13431:
13427:
13424:
13420:
13417:
13413:
13410:
13406:
13403:
13399:
13396:
13392:
13389:
13385:
13382:
13378:
13375:
13371:
13368:
13364:
13361:
13357:
13354:
13350:
13347:
13343:
13340:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13328:
13326:
13324:organisations
13320:
13317:
13315:organisations
13311:
13304:
13303:
13298:
13295:
13294:
13289:
13286:
13285:
13280:
13277:
13273:
13270:
13269:
13264:
13261:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13247:
13243:
13240:
13236:
13233:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13220:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13208:
13204:
13201:
13197:
13194:
13190:
13187:
13183:
13180:
13176:
13175:
13173:
13169:
13158:
13156:
13151:
13148:
13144:
13141:
13137:
13134:
13130:
13127:
13123:
13120:
13116:
13113:
13112:Tshwane riots
13109:
13106:
13102:
13099:
13095:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13081:
13078:
13074:
13071:
13067:
13064:
13060:
13057:
13053:
13050:
13046:
13043:
13039:
13036:
13032:
13029:
13025:
13022:
13018:
13015:
13011:
13008:
13004:
13001:
12997:
12994:
12990:
12987:
12983:
12980:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12971:
12965:
12958:
12954:
12951:
12947:
12944:
12940:
12937:
12933:
12930:
12926:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12910:
12907:
12903:
12900:
12896:
12893:
12889:
12886:
12882:
12879:
12875:
12872:
12868:
12865:
12861:
12858:
12854:
12851:
12847:
12844:
12840:
12837:
12836:Project Coast
12833:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12819:
12816:
12815:Mafeje affair
12812:
12807:
12803:
12802:
12800:
12796:
12793:
12789:
12786:
12785:Durban Moment
12782:
12779:
12778:Rivonia Trial
12775:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12743:
12740:
12736:
12733:
12732:Disinvestment
12729:
12726:
12722:
12719:
12715:
12712:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12701:
12698:
12694:
12691:
12687:
12684:
12680:
12677:
12673:
12668:
12664:
12663:
12661:
12657:
12654:
12650:
12647:
12643:
12640:
12636:
12631:
12627:
12626:
12624:
12620:
12617:
12613:
12612:
12610:
12608:
12604:
12597:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12583:
12579:
12576:
12572:
12569:
12565:
12562:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12553:
12549:
12541:
12537:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12523:
12519:
12516:
12512:
12509:
12505:
12502:
12498:
12495:
12491:
12488:
12487:1820 Settlers
12484:
12481:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12472:
12468:
12461:
12457:
12454:
12450:
12447:
12443:
12440:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12415:
12414:
12412:
12410:
12406:
12399:
12395:
12392:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12383:
12379:
12376:
12372:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12240:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12197:
12193:
12182:
12178:
12174:
12170:
12152:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12138:
12134:
12126:
12121:
12119:
12114:
12112:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12097:
12096:
12091:
12089:
12085:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12049:
12046:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12004:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11987:
11983:
11982:
11977:
11976:Reitz, Deneys
11973:
11970:
11966:
11961:
11960:maps volume 4
11957:
11954:
11951:
11950:maps volume 3
11947:
11944:
11941:
11940:maps volume 2
11937:
11934:
11931:
11930:maps volume 1
11927:
11924:
11923:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11899:
11894:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11859:9780797033214
11855:
11851:
11847:
11846:
11840:
11836:
11832:
11828:
11826:9780621083606
11822:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11807:
11803:
11799:
11798:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11778:9780797012394
11774:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11750:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11723:
11722:
11719:
11715:
11712:(1969β1996).
11711:
11707:
11706:
11694:
11689:
11685:
11680:
11676:
11671:
11670:
11658:
11656:9-6220-9423-6
11652:
11648:
11645:. Hong Kong:
11644:
11639:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11623:
11617:
11613:
11612:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11589:
11585:
11579:
11575:
11574:
11568:
11564:
11558:
11554:
11553:
11547:
11543:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11488:
11484:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11447:
11440:
11435:
11431:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11413:
11409:
11407:1-85833-733-X
11403:
11399:
11394:
11390:
11385:
11381:
11376:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11347:
11336:
11332:
11327:
11323:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11293:
11289:
11287:0-380-71999-1
11283:
11279:
11278:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11263:0-7474-0976-5
11259:
11255:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11213:
11209:
11203:
11199:
11194:
11190:
11185:
11181:
11179:0-665-99382-X
11175:
11171:
11170:
11164:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11145:0-394-42742-4
11141:
11136:
11135:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11103:
11099:
11094:
11090:
11084:
11080:
11075:
11071:
11069:0-7969-2061-3
11065:
11061:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11046:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11015:
11003:
10999:
10995:
10991:
10989:0-253-31075-X
10985:
10981:
10976:
10972:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10957:
10951:
10948:
10943:
10937:
10933:
10928:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10899:
10887:
10883:
10878:
10874:
10872:1-4264-9111-5
10868:
10864:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10841:
10836:
10832:
10828:
10823:
10819:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10804:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10777:
10773:
10767:
10763:
10758:
10754:
10748:
10740:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10674:
10668:
10664:
10659:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10637:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10612:
10608:
10603:
10599:
10597:0-7981-3804-1
10593:
10589:
10584:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10554:
10546:
10542:
10537:
10533:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10506:
10501:
10500:
10493:
10492:
10471:. 31 May 2017
10470:
10466:
10460:
10452:
10445:
10429:
10425:
10418:
10410:
10409:History Today
10406:
10399:
10392:
10387:
10379:
10373:
10365:
10361:
10355:
10347:
10340:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10305:
10303:
10301:
10291:
10283:
10277:
10269:
10268:
10263:
10257:
10250:
10244:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10224:
10216:
10215:
10210:
10204:
10197:
10191:
10184:
10183:0-312-37897-1
10180:
10176:
10170:
10163:
10158:
10151:
10146:
10139:
10134:
10127:
10122:
10115:
10110:
10103:
10098:
10090:
10084:
10082:
10073:
10066:
10058:
10051:
10049:
10039:
10023:
10017:
10001:
9995:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9947:
9940:
9938:
9930:
9929:Pulsifer 2017
9925:
9923:
9921:
9913:
9908:
9906:
9898:
9897:Stirling 2009
9893:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9870:
9868:
9866:
9858:
9853:
9845:
9844:History Today
9841:
9834:
9826:
9822:
9816:
9814:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9786:
9782:
9776:
9761:
9757:
9751:
9744:
9739:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9684:
9676:
9672:
9668:
9661:
9659:
9651:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9626:
9610:
9604:
9597:
9592:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9562:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9532:
9524:
9518:
9511:
9506:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9482:
9476:, p. 88.
9475:
9470:
9463:
9458:
9452:, p. 34.
9451:
9446:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9395:
9387:
9380:
9375:
9368:
9363:
9348:. 3 June 2020
9347:
9346:New Statesman
9343:
9337:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9306:
9300:, p. 97.
9299:
9294:
9287:
9282:
9275:
9270:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9232:
9227:
9221:, p. 110
9220:
9215:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9191:
9182:
9173:
9167:, p. 113
9166:
9161:
9154:
9149:
9147:
9139:
9134:
9128:, p. 203
9127:
9122:
9116:, p. 107
9115:
9110:
9104:, p. 105
9103:
9098:
9096:
9088:
9083:
9076:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9035:
9028:
9023:
9016:
9011:
9004:
8999:
8992:
8987:
8980:
8975:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8947:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8923:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8891:
8886:
8870:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8845:
8840:
8825:
8821:
8815:
8799:
8795:
8789:
8783:, p. 32.
8782:
8777:
8762:
8761:www.bbc.co.uk
8758:
8752:
8737:
8733:
8727:
8725:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8669:
8662:
8657:
8650:
8645:
8638:
8633:
8627:, p. 80.
8626:
8621:
8614:
8609:
8602:
8597:
8590:
8585:
8578:
8577:Pakenham 1991
8573:
8567:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8551:, p. 46.
8550:
8545:
8538:
8533:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8469:
8463:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8443:
8434:
8432:9781990915116
8428:
8424:
8417:
8415:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8396:0-9581356-0-6
8392:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8369:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8350:Pan Macmillan
8347:
8346:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:, pp. 259β262
8307:
8301:
8294:
8289:
8282:
8276:
8268:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8235:
8229:
8221:
8220:Boer Politics
8214:
8208:, p. 24.
8207:
8206:Surridge 2000
8202:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8178:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8072:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8041:
8033:
8027:
8023:
8022:
8014:
8006:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7960:
7952:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7906:
7898:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7879:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7851:
7843:
7838:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7805:
7789:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7766:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7696:
7694:
7685:
7679:
7675:
7674:
7666:
7664:
7655:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7629:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7572:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7553:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7529:
7528:
7519:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7475:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7455:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7390:
7388:0-394-42742-4
7384:
7379:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7328:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7208:
7202:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7086:
7082:
7075:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7047:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7012:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6965:
6959:, p. 79.
6958:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6941:
6936:
6928:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6735:
6729:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6686:United States
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6654:Sweden-Norway
6651:
6647:
6641:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6444:
6442:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6392:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6330:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6025:
6023:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5944:
5939:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5912:12 pound guns
5909:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:William Otter
5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5729:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5695:
5694:court-martial
5691:
5690:George Witton
5687:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5632:Great Britain
5629:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5562:British India
5557:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5505:
5499:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5474:United States
5469:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5404:An TΓΊr Gloine
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5378:Easter Rising
5374:
5373:bittereinders
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5309:Bittereinders
5305:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5094:Civil Service
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5008:George Witton
5005:
5004:Elim Hospital
5001:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4985:coup de grΓ’ce
4982:
4978:
4974:
4973:Koedoes River
4970:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4949:Alfred Taylor
4946:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4847:Β£866,000,000
4846:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4687:
4681:
4678:in a British
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4644:refugee camps
4640:
4638:
4630:
4627:Tents in the
4625:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4543:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:Sweden-Norway
4487:
4483:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4464:Northern Cape
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:Wolmaransstad
4346:
4340:
4338:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4283:Meyer de Kock
4273:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4059:De Gelderland
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4023:Boers retreat
4020:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3924:greets Major
3923:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3894:Magersfontein
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3846:
3843:Boer General
3841:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3788:
3780:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738: β
3737:
3733:
3732:Find sources:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:This section
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3671:Private Smith
3667:
3665:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3588:Cape Midlands
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:Alfred Milner
3223:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3173:Martini-Henry
3170:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:German Kaiser
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3052:, before the
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:Cape to Cairo
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:Β£441,000,000
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2847:Β£908,000,000
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2785:Relative 2010
2783:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2771:(fine ounces)
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:1898 to 1910
2747:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:of 1895. Dr.
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:Witwatersrand
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:Magersfontein
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:bittereinders
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:Magersfontein
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Transvaal War
2047:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Middelfontein
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Magersfontein
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Willow Grange
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Middelfontein
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:3rd Ladysmith
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Bloody Sunday
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Magersfontein
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Willow Grange
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:2nd Ladysmith
1311:
1309:
1308:1st Ladysmith
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1227:
1226:Darfur (1916)
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Mufilo (1907)
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Angola (1902)
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
972:
957:
953:
949:
941:
940:bitter-enders
930:
927:
918:
917:
912:
906:
899:
879:
876:
871:
864:
857:
854:
853:
848:
845:
840:
834:
833:
827:
821:
816:
810:
805:
798:
792:
787:
781:
776:
770:
765:
759:
754:
748:
747:
741:
736:
734:
729:
722:
717:
710:
705:
699:
694:
688:
683:
677:
672:
666:
661:
655:
650:
644:
639:
633:
628:
622:
621:Alfred Milner
617:
611:
606:
600:
599:
593:
588:
587:
582:
575:
563:
560:
548:
545:
544:United States
533:
530:
518:
515:
503:
500:
488:
485:
473:
471:
461:
458:
446:
444:
434:
431:
430:Sweden-Norway
420:
417:
405:
402:
390:
389:
386:
377:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
356:
344:
339:
328:
326:
316:
314:
303:
301:
290:
287:
275:
273:
263:
261:
251:
249:
239:
237:
227:
225:
215:
214:
210:
195:
194:
189:
181:
176:
175:
170:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
121:
114:
110:
106:
104:
100:
98:
94:
92:
88:
86:
82:
80:
76:
75:
73:
68:
63:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
15844:1902 endings
15635:Peacekeeping
15609:World War II
15598:
15582:Kandyan Wars
15231:Iraqi Revolt
15127:
15086:Matabeleland
15062:North Borneo
15056:Matabeleland
15008:Saskatchewan
14810:Upper Canada
14804:Lower Canada
14762:Persian Gulf
14678:Persian Gulf
14618:Newfoundland
14599:Polygar Wars
14569:Kandyan Wars
14521:Nootka Sound
14168:
14128:Histories of
13829:United Party
13738:Reform Party
13675:Orangia Unie
13300:
13291:
13284:Swart gevaar
13282:
13266:
13222:
13213:
13154:
13056:Blikkiesdorp
12382:Pre-colonial
12235:Natal Colony
12219:Zulu Kingdom
12133:South Africa
12094:
12052:The Boer War
12051:
12047:at Wikiquote
12010:(cc402-67).
12007:
12001:
11980:
11968:
11916:
11901:
11888:
11878:
11849:
11844:
11816:
11811:
11801:
11796:
11768:
11763:
11753:
11748:
11730:
11726:
11717:
11713:
11695:. Greenwood.
11692:
11683:
11674:
11642:
11630:
11610:
11601:the original
11596:
11572:
11551:
11541:
11516:
11512:
11499:
11495:
11482:
11473:
11469:
11453:. Retrieved
11446:the original
11429:
11420:
11397:
11388:
11379:
11367:. Retrieved
11362:
11338:. Retrieved
11334:
11321:
11312:
11300:
11296:
11276:
11254:The Boer War
11253:
11220:
11216:
11197:
11188:
11168:
11158:
11134:The Boer War
11133:
11119:
11106:
11097:
11078:
11058:
11030:
11018:
11008:12 September
11006:. Retrieved
11001:
10979:
10955:
10931:
10919:. Retrieved
10915:the original
10910:
10906:
10890:. Retrieved
10886:the original
10862:
10849:The Boer War
10848:
10839:
10830:
10826:
10807:
10802:
10784:
10780:
10761:
10738:
10729:
10718:the original
10705:
10701:
10685:
10672:
10662:
10653:
10644:
10628:. Retrieved
10624:the original
10619:
10606:
10587:
10575:. Retrieved
10571:the original
10544:
10540:
10531:
10498:
10473:. Retrieved
10468:
10459:
10449:Gous, Nico.
10444:
10432:. Retrieved
10428:the original
10417:
10408:
10398:
10391:Sibbald 1993
10386:
10372:
10364:the original
10354:
10339:
10314:
10310:
10290:
10276:
10265:
10256:
10248:
10243:
10232:
10223:
10212:
10203:
10195:
10190:
10174:
10169:
10157:
10145:
10133:
10121:
10109:
10097:
10071:
10065:
10056:
10038:
10026:. Retrieved
10016:
10004:. Retrieved
9994:
9982:. Retrieved
9961:
9949:. Retrieved
9892:
9884:the original
9879:
9857:O'Leary 1999
9852:
9843:
9833:
9824:
9803:
9798:Rickard, J.
9793:
9784:
9775:
9763:. Retrieved
9759:
9750:
9738:
9730:the original
9725:
9690:
9683:
9675:the original
9670:
9625:
9615:19 September
9613:. Retrieved
9603:
9591:
9579:. Retrieved
9575:the original
9561:
9549:. Retrieved
9545:the original
9531:
9517:
9505:
9498:Farwell 1976
9493:
9481:
9469:
9457:
9445:
9433:. Retrieved
9413:
9403:
9393:
9386:
9374:
9367:McElwee 1974
9362:
9350:. Retrieved
9345:
9336:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9293:
9286:Onselen 2003
9281:
9274:Onselen 1982
9269:
9260:
9250:
9238:
9226:
9214:
9202:
9190:
9181:
9172:
9160:
9133:
9121:
9109:
9082:
9070:
9058:
9046:
9034:
9022:
9010:
8998:
8986:
8974:
8958:
8953:
8941:
8928:
8922:
8910:. Retrieved
8906:
8897:
8885:
8875:12 September
8873:. Retrieved
8863:
8856:Sibbald 1993
8851:
8839:
8827:. Retrieved
8823:
8814:
8802:. Retrieved
8798:The Guardian
8797:
8788:
8781:Wessels 2010
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8760:
8751:
8739:. Retrieved
8735:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8668:
8661:Warwick 1983
8656:
8644:
8637:O'Brien 1988
8632:
8620:
8608:
8596:
8584:
8572:
8544:
8537:Cameron 1986
8532:
8520:. Retrieved
8516:
8507:
8495:. Retrieved
8486:
8476:
8462:
8454:the original
8422:
8386:
8380:
8368:
8344:
8337:
8325:
8318:
8313:
8306:The Boer War
8305:
8300:
8288:
8280:
8275:
8255:
8233:
8228:
8219:
8213:
8201:
8190:Jeffery 2000
8185:
8176:
8151:. Retrieved
8147:
8137:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8090:. Retrieved
8081:
8071:
8059:. Retrieved
8050:
8040:
8020:
8013:
7993:
7986:
7966:
7959:
7939:
7932:
7912:
7905:
7885:
7878:
7866:. Retrieved
7862:
7837:
7825:. Retrieved
7816:
7791:. Retrieved
7787:
7777:
7765:
7753:
7741:
7729:
7701:
7672:
7643:
7637:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7599:
7594:
7560:
7526:
7518:
7506:. Retrieved
7471:
7466:
7454:
7434:
7427:
7418:
7377:The Boer War
7376:
7330:. Retrieved
7316:
7306:
7294:. Retrieved
7273:
7261:. Retrieved
7257:
7248:
7236:. Retrieved
7232:
7223:
7211:. Retrieved
7201:
7189:. Retrieved
7185:
7176:
7164:. Retrieved
7159:
7117:(1): 15β43.
7114:
7110:
7100:
7088:. Retrieved
7084:
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7057:
7033:. Retrieved
7028:
7019:
7000:
6994:
6970:
6964:
6957:Wessels 2011
6935:
6916:
6910:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6834:. Retrieved
6830:the original
6825:
6821:
6811:
6792:
6763:Lloyd George
6758:
6750:
6741:
6733:
6728:
6719:
6710:
6701:
6640:
6553:
6512:
6459:
6450:
6441:Buffelspoort
6438:
6414:
6397:
6377:
6376:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6348:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6323:on the right
6302:
6301:
6278:
6277:
6266:
6265:
6255:Memorial at
6212:
6211:
6130:Piet Joubert
6115:Philip Botha
6104:Boer leaders
6078:
6074:"hensoppers"
6073:
6070:
6050:
6031:
6028:South Africa
6019:
6010:
5998:
5994:South Africa
5954:
5951:
5948:
5901:Leliefontein
5892:
5858:Description
5844:
5840:Commonwealth
5836:
5832:
5819:
5804:
5796:
5769:
5765:
5753:
5737:
5705:
5699:
5679:
5668:
5665:
5653:
5625:
5579:
5558:
5554:
5536:
5532:boiling down
5523:
5520:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5470:
5466:
5451:
5449:government.
5447:Conservative
5436:
5428:Arthur Lynch
5413:
5372:
5370:
5355:
5339:
5337:
5330:
5326:
5325:The bearer,
5324:
5318:Deneys Reitz
5313:
5307:
5304:Freedom Wars
5303:
5301:
5281:
5258:
5253:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5203:by director
5180:after being
5178:firing squad
5166:Harry Morant
5162:British Army
5159:
5155:manslaughter
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5091:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5023:Bandolierkop
5012:
4997:
4993:Duivelskloof
4989:Harry Picton
4981:firing squad
4977:Harry Morant
4962:
4954:
4938:
4895:British Army
4888:
4870:
4866:Β£211,156,000
4865:
4860:
4833:Β£201,907,000
4755:
4739:
4723:
4707:
4692:
4656:The Boer War
4655:
4641:
4634:
4629:Bloemfontein
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4526:veggeneraals
4525:
4508:, including
4479:
4456:Manie Maritz
4453:
4441:
4421:
4417:
4405:
4385:
4357:
4341:
4333:
4320:
4311:
4292:
4279:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4251:
4226:
4210:
4197:Nooitgedacht
4189:
4173:
4164:
4144:
4136:
4120:Saint Helena
4117:
4097:
4057:
4054:
4042:
4026:
4019:casualties.
4016:Diamond Hill
4013:
4004:Sanna's Post
3997:
3988:Saint Helena
3969:
3946:
3935:
3932:(1868β1914).
3926:Hubert Gough
3898:
3891:
3881:
3874:
3870:Modder River
3850:
3825:
3814:
3810:
3783:
3777:October 2020
3774:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3731:
3719:Please help
3714:verification
3711:
3682:Tugela River
3675:
3664:Tommy Atkins
3647:
3618:
3614:Orange River
3607:
3592:
3580:Lord Methuen
3568:
3563:Earl Roberts
3536:
3534:
3517:
3509:
3497:
3488:Ian Hamilton
3486:and Colonel
3481:
3458:
3420:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3342:I Army Corps
3338:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3284:Bloemfontein
3281:
3272:
3227:
3206:
3203:
3192:
3189:
3178:
3166:
3153:
3147:
3119:
3109:
3105:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3063:
3047:
3036:Bechuanaland
3017:
3002:Jameson Raid
2996:Jameson Raid
2988:
2974:
2949:
2943:
2784:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2737:
2725:
2705:Bechuanaland
2702:
2693:Sotho people
2689:Moshoeshoe I
2678:
2626:
2622:
2618:Johannesburg
2610:Jameson Raid
2606:Cecil Rhodes
2603:
2590:
2581:area of the
2575:diamond rush
2568:
2557:
2525:
2517:
2499:South Africa
2496:
2445:
2439:
2418:
2406:
2400:, adopted a
2394:
2386:Lord Roberts
2383:
2348:
2292:
2273:Orange River
2241:strongpoints
2221:
2190:
2164:Bloemfontein
2148:Lord Roberts
2141:
2137:British Army
2082:
2064:and the two
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2017:
2015:
1993:Duivelskloof
1973:Nooitgedacht
1968:Leliefontein
1963:Rhenosterkop
1943:Diamond Hill
1794:Sanna's Post
1784:Poplar Grove
1769:Modder River
1578:Elandslaagte
1515:Hart's River
1485:Duivelskloof
1460:Nooitgedacht
1455:Leliefontein
1450:Rhenosterkop
1425:Diamond Hill
1400:Sanna's Post
1390:Poplar Grove
1338:Modder River
1303:Elandslaagte
1268:
1150:
1131:Benin (1897)
1066:Congo (1895)
1036:Egypt (1882)
1031:Sudan (1881)
955:
947:
942:surrendered
925:
904:
897:
892:6,000β7,000
877:
869:
862:
855:
830:
809:Piet Joubert
744:
654:Paul Methuen
596:
345:
260:Bechuanaland
236:Natal Colony
191:Belligerents
160:
141:South Africa
85:Elands River
71:
53:Part of the
40:
15604:World War I
15351:Suez Crisis
15249:Transjordan
15153:West Africa
15130:(1899β1902)
15124:(1898β1901)
15116:Six-Day War
15064:(1894β1905)
15052:(1891β1895)
15032:Mashonaland
14996:Mahdist War
14936:Shimonoseki
14866:(1847β1901)
14776:(1824β1901)
14744:Cape Colony
14642:Cape Colony
14601:(1799β1805)
14595:(1799β1803)
14583:(1798β1800)
14571:(1796β1818)
14545:Cape Colony
14535:(1793β1806)
14517:(1788β1934)
14413:Nova Scotia
14383:Yamasee War
14354:(1694β1700)
14328:Child's War
14316:2nd Tangier
14310:1st Tangier
14306:(1655β1739)
14256:Saint Kitts
14234:(1593β1603)
13268:Rooi gevaar
13147:2021 unrest
13077:Nkandlagate
12906:Third Force
12767:Rugby union
12365:(1981β1994)
12357:(1979β1994)
12349:(1977β1994)
12341:(1976β1994)
12333:(1910β1961)
12325:(1902β1910)
12317:(1902β1910)
12309:(1886β1891)
12301:(1885β1887)
12293:(1884β1888)
12285:(1882β1885)
12277:(1882β1883)
12269:(1870β1873)
12261:(1861β1879)
12253:(1856β1902)
12245:(1854β1902)
12237:(1843β1910)
12229:(1839β1843)
12221:(1816β1897)
12213:(1795β1910)
12211:Cape Colony
12203: 1780
12188: 1780
12175:(1652β1806)
12165: 1220
12158: 1075
11303:(1): 15β22.
10630:12 November
10434:12 November
10262:"No. 27475"
10229:"No. 27171"
10209:"No. 27168"
10164:, p. .
10152:, p. .
10150:Powell 2015
10128:, p. .
10126:Witton 2003
10114:Peddie 2009
9745:, p. .
9596:Wilcox 2002
9512:, p. .
9510:Wilcox 2002
9486:Pocock 1917
9474:Jacson 1908
9298:Swardt 1998
9276:, p. .
8829:1 September
8804:1 September
8741:1 September
8675:, p. .
8663:, p. .
8639:, p. .
8601:Ploeger1985
8373:Wilcox 2002
8293:Searle 2004
8194:Inglis 1974
7842:Bester 1994
7772:, p. .
7770:Nathan 1941
7760:, p. .
7459:Gronum 1977
7296:15 December
7233:History.com
7186:History.com
7166:20 February
7090:27 November
6767:Keir Hardie
6646:Netherlands
6280:John McCrae
6140:Paul Kruger
6125:Piet CronjΓ©
6110:Louis Botha
6081:light horse
6035:Grahamstown
5982:New Zealand
5967:New Zealand
5924:World War I
5792:sovereignty
5788:Francophone
5621: 1900
5420:imperialism
5368:(Namibia).
5240:Lord Milner
5225:Quebec City
5054:Australians
4971:, near the
4926:Pietersburg
4918:Fort Edward
4861:Grand total
4814:Β£47,500,000
4803:Β£67,670,000
4792:Β£63,737,000
4781:Β£23,000,000
4542:Vereeniging
4462:in the far
4414:Cape Colony
4397:Bakenlaagte
4218:blockhouses
4034:Komatipoort
3984:Piet CronjΓ©
3845:Piet de Wet
3828:Vaal Krantz
3686:Louis Botha
3520:Sol Plaatje
3505:Piet CronjΓ©
3484:John French
3473:Penn Symons
3249:, despised
3222:LeeβMetford
3181:Lee-Metford
3144:(Transvaal)
3138:Paul Kruger
3089:coup d'Γ©tat
3059:Krugersdorp
3020:Alfred Beit
2989:uitlanders'
2981:Delagoa Bay
2969:casus belli
2965:Paul Kruger
2946:shanty town
2931:Β£19,991,658
2914:Β£15,539,219
2897:Β£12,146,307
2825:Β£14,046,686
2806:Β£15,141,376
2769:Gold output
2685:Drakensberg
2640:Paul Kruger
2532:Netherlands
2422:Crimean War
2351:Cape Colony
2311:New Zealand
2245:barbed wire
2237:blockhouses
2197:Louis Botha
2171:Paul Kruger
2093:Cape Colony
1998:Bakenlaagte
1789:Driefontein
1696:Faber's Put
1628:Laing's Nek
1562:Natal Front
1500:Bakenlaagte
1420:Faber's Put
1395:Driefontein
1363:Vaal Krantz
1298:Talana Hill
1141:Chad (1898)
923:934 missing
919:22,092 dead
791:Piet CronjΓ©
769:Louis Botha
746:Paul Kruger
401:Netherlands
325:New Zealand
224:Cape Colony
177:Territorial
57:during the
15693:Categories
15433:involving
15255:Pink's War
15147:Somaliland
14984:Basutoland
14738:Guadeloupe
14720:Xhosa Wars
14702:Seychelles
14684:Guadeloupe
14672:Martinique
14539:Rohilkhand
14503:Gold Coast
14473:Rohilkhand
14431:Bengal War
14268:Pequot War
14079:Greyshirts
13843:Volksparty
13381:Black Sash
13042:Xenophobia
13035:Travelgate
12792:Border War
12596:Bantustans
12494:Great Trek
12439:Xhosa Wars
12299:Upingtonia
12283:Stellaland
11369:29 January
11340:2 February
11081:. Abacus.
10519:1036947483
10469:bwm.org.au
10102:Duffy 2009
9912:Chase 2012
9765:26 October
9523:"Boer War"
9450:Davis 1900
9231:Leach 2012
9219:Leach 2012
9207:Leach 2012
9195:Leach 2012
9165:Leach 2012
9153:Leach 2012
9138:Leach 2012
9126:Leach 2012
9114:Leach 2012
9102:Leach 2012
9087:Leach 2012
9075:Leach 2012
9063:Leach 2012
9051:Leach 2012
9039:Leach 2012
9027:Leach 2012
9015:Leach 2012
9003:Leach 2012
8991:Leach 2012
8979:Leach 2012
8946:Leach 2012
8613:Marsh 1994
8589:Blake 2010
8566:Jones 1996
8549:Blake 2010
8487:libcom.org
7844:, p.
7238:25 January
7213:25 January
7035:25 January
6803:References
6632:Queensland
6559:Federation
6268:Sam Hughes
6261:Emil Fuchs
6047:Basutoland
6005:Parliament
5971:See also:
5875:Zand River
5864:Paardeberg
5772:Anglophone
5726:See also:
5675:Kelly Gang
5614:Australian
5593:See also:
5575:World Wars
5549:See also:
5340:status quo
5246:-educated
5194:stage play
5098:grand jury
5058:Africaners
4844:Β£9,249,000
4635:The term "
4532:Conclusion
4437:Groenkloof
4424:Kritzinger
4315:Bothaville
4112:Simonstown
4104:Simons Bay
4038:Mozambique
3747:newspapers
3610:Black Week
3438:Le Creusot
3434:field guns
3407:Christians
3402:Veldkornet
3220:A British
3116:Escalation
2951:Uitlanders
2880:Β£7,179,074
2863:Β£1,014,687
2844:Β£2,024,278
2717:Damaraland
2681:Basutoland
2598:uitlanders
2592:uitlanders
2553:Great Trek
2454:-speaking
2257:skirmishes
2101:irregulars
2089:foreigners
1880:Groenkloof
1804:Zand River
1779:Paardeberg
1613:Vaal Kranz
1480:Groenkloof
1445:Bothaville
1368:Paardeberg
1161:Aro (1901)
931:6,189 dead
894:Cape Boers
248:Basutoland
15704:Boer Wars
15443:Sri Lanka
15387:Falklands
15383:(1963β67)
15377:(1962β66)
15371:(1962β90)
15359:(1962β76)
15347:(1955β59)
15341:(1954β59)
15335:(1952β60)
15329:(1948β60)
15323:(1946β50)
15315:Indonesia
15311:(1945β46)
15309:Indochina
15305:(1944β48)
15293:(1936β39)
15287:(1936β39)
15275:(1931β32)
15269:(1930β31)
15263:(1927β30)
15245:(1922β24)
15243:Kurdistan
15227:(1919β20)
15203:(1916β17)
15183:Nyasaland
15179:(1914β15)
15173:(1914β15)
15161:(1903β04)
15155:(1901β02)
15149:(1900β20)
15112:(1897β98)
15106:(1897β98)
15088:(1896β97)
15058:(1893β94)
15022:(1886β89)
14998:(1881β99)
14992:(1880β81)
14986:(1880β81)
14980:(1879β80)
14968:(1875β76)
14954:Abyssinia
14950:(1866β71)
14944:(1864β65)
14932:(1863β64)
14924:Kagoshima
14920:(1857β58)
14914:(1857β59)
14908:(1856β60)
14902:(1856β57)
14896:(1854β56)
14894:Γ
land War
14878:(1848β49)
14854:(1845β50)
14848:(1845β46)
14842:(1845β72)
14836:(1839β42)
14830:(1839β42)
14824:(1839β41)
14812:(1837β38)
14806:(1837β38)
14800:(1831β33)
14794:(1831β32)
14788:(1828β32)
14782:(1824β26)
14758:(1817β18)
14734:(1814β16)
14728:(1812β15)
14722:(1811β79)
14716:(1810β11)
14696:Mauritius
14668:(1808β09)
14650:(1806β07)
14626:(1803β05)
14589:(1798β99)
14559:(1795β96)
14553:(1795β96)
14529:(1789β92)
14505:(1781β82)
14499:(1779β84)
14493:(1775β82)
14487:(1775β83)
14475:(1773β74)
14469:(1769β73)
14463:(1765β71)
14457:(1763β66)
14451:(1762β63)
14439:(1758β61)
14433:(1756β65)
14427:(1756β63)
14421:(1754β63)
14415:(1749β55)
14409:(1746β63)
14403:(1744β48)
14397:(1740β42)
14391:(1722β25)
14385:(1715β17)
14379:(1711β15)
14373:(1702β13)
14348:(1688β97)
14342:(1688β91)
14330:(1686β90)
14324:(1675β78)
14300:(1654β60)
14294:(1654β67)
14288:(1649β53)
14282:(1641β53)
14270:(1634β38)
14240:(1609β46)
13302:Volkstaat
13293:Uitlander
13224:Boerehaat
13200:Anarchism
13007:Arms Deal
12970:apartheid
12630:Pass laws
12607:Apartheid
12552:1910β1948
12471:1815β1910
12409:1652β1815
11990:801364049
11868:813492747
11835:769254652
11787:612581136
11739:798106662
11533:141755145
11455:23 August
11274:(1991a).
11245:145286422
10921:19 August
10747:cite book
10714:0002-8738
10553:cite book
10488:Citations
10475:28 August
10331:110398601
10249:The Times
9671:Maclean's
9650:Webb 2010
9462:Watt 1982
9430:2199-3408
8967:Cape Town
8715:152156450
8707:1057-0314
8129:0018-2559
8092:28 August
8061:28 August
7868:28 August
7827:28 August
7793:28 August
7508:28 August
7139:220749361
7064:4 January
6980:cite book
6836:19 August
6732:From the
6674:Australia
6530:Volkstaat
6422:attrition
6297:pneumonia
6293:pathology
6150:Jan Smuts
6065:Salisbury
6061:Rhodesian
6051:uitlander
5916:artillery
5823:Guerrilla
5761:Great War
5660:geography
5589:Australia
5362:Jan Smuts
5186:folk hero
5135:solicitor
5131:barrister
4941:Afrikaner
4893:(BVC), a
4830:Sub-total
4811:1902β1903
4800:1901β1902
4789:1900β1901
4778:1899β1900
4741:The Times
4736:dysentery
4719:Coloureds
4598:Holkrantz
4408:Lydenburg
4401:Swaziland
4353:Tweebosch
4108:Cape Town
4088:Cape Town
4030:Bergendal
4000:Kroonstad
3878:Colesberg
3575:Cape Town
3538:Sitzkrieg
3469:Ladysmith
3312:The Globe
3308:The Times
3032:Rhodesian
2928:4,706,433
2911:3,658,241
2894:2,859,482
2877:1,690,100
2854:(MayβDec)
2822:3,946,545
2816:(JanβOct)
2803:4,295,608
2741:gold rush
2648:commandos
2571:Kimberley
2468:Afrikaans
2452:Afrikaans
2416:in 1910.
2379:Spion Kop
2367:Stormberg
2363:Kimberley
2355:Ladysmith
2299:Australia
2269:Transvaal
2201:Jan Smuts
2133:Stormberg
2117:Kimberley
2113:Ladysmith
2022:Afrikaans
1958:Bergendal
1867:Stormberg
1862:Kimberley
1754:Kimberley
1701:Tweebosch
1608:Spion Kop
1593:Chieveley
1510:Tweebosch
1440:Bergendal
1358:Spion Kop
1343:Stormberg
1318:Chieveley
1293:Kimberley
820:Jan Smuts
499:Australia
338:Australia
113:Ladysmith
111:entering
55:Boer Wars
15450:Domestic
15375:Malaysia
15297:Ethiopia
15195:Peshawar
14960:Manitoba
14942:Duar War
14238:Virginia
14170:Category
14072:Boeremag
13570:Jeugkrag
13521:Het Volk
13215:Baasskap
13157:incident
12760:Olympics
12339:Transkei
12142:polities
12140:Defunct
12084:Archived
11978:(1929).
11956:volume 4
11946:volume 3
11936:volume 2
11926:volume 1
11130:(1979).
11029:(1974).
10728:(2002).
10523:Archived
9975:Archived
8912:27 April
8491:Archived
8405:61567917
8236:, p. 480
8232:Walker,
8086:Archived
8055:Archived
7821:Archived
7713:. 1910.
7502:Archived
7373:(1979).
7287:Archived
7131:26061736
6753:, 2004.)
6620:Victoria
6596:Tasmania
6472:See also
6462:Canberra
6257:Plymouth
6016:Rhodesia
5990:Auckland
5910:and two
5886:Doornkop
5767:Africa.
5649:Ballarat
5583:Klondike
5063:Pretoria
4945:Valdezia
4841:Interest
4570:dominion
4365:Jan Kemp
4324:Groenkop
4147:burghers
3982:General
3669:β
3633:trenches
3553:General
3398:commando
3251:jingoism
3183:and the
3097:Holloway
3066:Matabele
2709:Botswana
2707:(modern
2545:Huguenot
2390:Pretoria
2359:Mafeking
2333:Overview
2295:Rhodesia
2288:dominion
2217:ambushes
2160:Pretoria
2121:Mafeking
2046:Boer War
1978:Helvetia
1948:Witpoort
1938:Doornkop
1809:Groenkop
1691:Mafeking
1686:Kraaipan
1505:Groenkop
1465:Helvetia
1430:Witpoort
1415:Doornkop
1288:Mafeking
1283:Kraaipan
863:Colonial
850:Strength
272:Rhodesia
149:Eswatini
135:Location
107:General
91:Mafeking
15481:Foreign
15369:Sarawak
15321:Sarawak
15213:Nigeria
15201:Mohmand
15189:Nigeria
15140:century
14798:Malacca
14792:Jamaica
14750:Algiers
14690:Reunion
14636:Surinam
14611:century
14557:Grenada
14551:Jamaica
14443:Jamaica
14364:century
14304:Jamaica
14232:Ireland
14225:century
14212:English
13975:SAAPAWU
13313:Defunct
13276:Slavery
12480:Mfecane
12003:Hansard
11636:excerpt
11237:3595118
11035:Cassell
10577:21 July
9435:10 July
9414:Arcadia
9352:19 July
8522:8 April
8497:8 April
8218:Guyot.
8153:8 April
7263:15 July
7191:23 July
6747:written
6690:Denmark
6678:Belgium
6658:Ireland
6650:Germany
6557:Before
6401:cavalry
6043:Wepener
5748:Ontario
5744:Toronto
5656:climate
5610:British
5524:chevril
5478:Germany
5462:rickets
5285:Malayan
5172:of the
5017:of the
4963:3. The
4732:measles
4727:rations
4514:Georgia
4502:Ireland
4486:Germany
4361:Rooiwal
4289:Joiners
4266:joiners
4222:raiders
4128:Bermuda
3907:typhoid
3882:laagers
3817:Colenso
3761:scholar
3619:At the
3394:burgers
3185:Enfield
3070:Mashona
3026:of the
3012:Jameson
2860:238,994
2841:574,043
2787:value (
2776:Value (
2762:No. of
2726:In the
2721:Namibia
2683:in the
2543:French
2514:Origins
2375:Colenso
2177:led by
2125:Colenso
2111:placed
2105:militia
2033:
2003:Rooiwal
1764:Graspan
1759:Belmont
1603:Colenso
1520:Rooiwal
1353:Colenso
1333:Graspan
1328:Belmont
950:~51,445
948:Total:
938:21,256
928:~99,284
926:Total:
887:15,000
882:25,000
874:100,000
860:347,000
856:British
793: (
559:Denmark
514:Belgium
443:Ireland
416:Germany
179:changes
145:Lesotho
15440:
15429:Major
15389:(1982)
15365:(1962)
15363:Brunei
15353:(1956)
15317:(1945)
15299:(1943)
15281:(1935)
15257:(1925)
15251:(1923)
15239:(1921)
15233:(1920)
15221:(1919)
15215:(1918)
15209:(1917)
15207:Quebec
15197:(1915)
15191:(1915)
15185:(1915)
15167:(1906)
15118:(1899)
15100:(1897)
15094:(1897)
15082:(1896)
15076:(1896)
15070:(1895)
15046:(1891)
15040:(1891)
15034:(1890)
15028:(1888)
15026:Hazara
15016:(1885)
15010:(1885)
15004:(1882)
14974:(1879)
14962:(1870)
14956:(1868)
14938:(1864)
14926:(1863)
14890:(1854)
14884:(1852)
14872:(1848)
14870:Ceylon
14860:(1847)
14858:Canton
14818:(1839)
14770:(1823)
14768:Guiana
14764:(1819)
14752:(1816)
14746:(1815)
14740:(1815)
14710:(1810)
14704:(1810)
14698:(1810)
14692:(1810)
14686:(1810)
14680:(1809)
14674:(1809)
14662:(1807)
14656:(1807)
14644:(1806)
14638:(1804)
14632:(1804)
14620:(1800)
14577:(1798)
14565:(1795)
14563:Ceylon
14547:(1795)
14541:(1794)
14523:(1789)
14511:(1786)
14481:(1774)
14445:(1762)
14336:(1687)
14318:(1664)
14312:(1662)
14292:Acadia
14276:(1641)
14264:(1628)
14262:Quebec
14258:(1626)
14252:(1622)
14246:(1612)
14244:Swally
13926:FOSATU
13780:SAYRCO
13752:SADECO
13668:Occupy
13207:Azania
13155:Lady R
13084:Racism
12913:CODESA
12374:Events
12363:Ciskei
12275:Goshen
12205:β1819)
12190:β1817)
11988:
11962:(1910)
11952:(1908)
11942:(1907)
11932:(1906)
11866:
11856:
11833:
11823:
11785:
11775:
11737:
11653:
11618:
11580:
11559:
11531:
11404:
11284:
11260:
11243:
11235:
11204:
11176:
11169:Horses
11142:
11085:
11066:
11041:
10986:
10967:
10938:
10892:10 May
10869:
10814:
10768:
10712:
10594:
10517:
10507:
10329:
10181:
10028:10 May
10006:10 May
9984:5 June
9951:5 June
9698:
9581:10 May
9551:10 May
9428:
8766:28 May
8713:
8705:
8429:
8403:
8393:
8356:
8263:
8127:
8028:
8001:
7974:
7947:
7920:
7893:
7717:
7707:London
7680:
7650:
7624:
7567:
7539:
7442:
7385:
7323:
7137:
7129:
7007:
6923:
6684:, the
6682:Russia
6670:France
6003:asked
5855:Battle
5776:Empire
5722:Canada
5528:Bovril
5516:'s
5488:Horses
5480:, and
5312:" (or
5244:Oxford
5221:Quebec
5072:Major
4591:Swazis
4510:Poland
4494:France
4482:Europe
4393:Dundee
4124:Ceylon
3847:, 1900
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3427:Mauser
3241:, and
2675:, 1881
2361:, and
2303:Canada
2207:, and
2119:, and
1799:Boshof
1573:Talana
1405:Boshof
909:5,400+
902:10,000
571:
556:
541:
529:Russia
526:
511:
496:
484:France
481:
470:Poland
454:
413:
398:
364:
352:
335:
313:Canada
310:
300:Ceylon
297:
283:
206:
157:Result
147:, and
15267:Tirah
15177:Tochi
14966:Perak
14732:Nepal
14654:Egypt
14581:Malta
14509:Assam
14352:Ghana
14250:Ormuz
14107:PAGAD
14003:SATUC
13996:SARHU
13982:SACTU
13961:NURHS
13919:FNETU
13905:CTSWU
13898:CNETU
13891:BLATU
13773:SAYCO
13661:NUSAS
13542:IDASA
13353:AITUP
12968:Post-
12355:Venda
11848:[
11815:[
11800:[
11767:[
11752:[
11729:[
11716:[
11529:S2CID
11449:(PDF)
11442:(PDF)
11241:S2CID
11233:JSTOR
10853:cites
10833:(42).
10806:[
10708:(3).
10543:[
10327:S2CID
9978:(PDF)
9971:(PDF)
8711:S2CID
7616:[
7533:15β37
7332:2 May
7290:(PDF)
7283:(PDF)
7209:. BBC
7135:S2CID
7127:JSTOR
6886:(42).
6662:Italy
6546:Notes
6259:, by
5933:India
5482:Japan
5414:Many
5137:from
5021:near
5000:Dutch
4932:from
4498:Italy
4391:near
4132:India
4086:near
3768:JSTOR
3754:books
3678:nadir
3431:Krupp
3304:Times
2764:Mines
2560:Natal
2549:Boers
2343:First
2307:India
2277:Natal
2109:Boers
2068:(the
2056:, or
457:Italy
376:Boers
286:India
15565:1591
15560:1560
15381:Aden
15357:Oman
15339:Oman
15138:20th
14714:Java
14609:19th
14362:18th
14334:Siam
14223:17th
14114:SANF
14044:APLA
13989:SAIF
13968:PAWE
13954:NEUM
13947:MUSA
13912:FCWU
13857:WOSA
13808:TNIP
13766:SASO
13759:SAIC
13745:SABP
13696:PAVN
13430:COSG
13409:CTEG
13402:CNIP
12095:Link
11986:OCLC
11864:OCLC
11854:ISBN
11831:OCLC
11821:ISBN
11783:OCLC
11773:ISBN
11735:OCLC
11651:ISBN
11616:ISBN
11578:ISBN
11557:ISBN
11476:(3).
11457:2009
11402:ISBN
11371:2017
11342:2017
11282:ISBN
11258:ISBN
11202:ISBN
11174:ISBN
11140:ISBN
11083:ISBN
11064:ISBN
11039:ISBN
11010:2015
10984:ISBN
10965:ISBN
10936:ISBN
10923:2010
10894:2008
10867:ISBN
10859:"II"
10812:ISBN
10766:ISBN
10753:link
10710:ISSN
10632:2012
10592:ISBN
10579:2016
10559:link
10515:OCLC
10505:ISBN
10477:2019
10436:2012
10179:ISBN
10030:2008
10008:2008
9986:2022
9953:2022
9767:2022
9696:ISBN
9617:2014
9583:2008
9553:2008
9437:2024
9426:ISSN
9354:2022
8914:2023
8877:2015
8831:2021
8806:2021
8768:2024
8743:2021
8703:ISSN
8524:2020
8499:2020
8427:ISBN
8401:OCLC
8391:ISBN
8354:ISBN
8261:ISBN
8155:2020
8125:ISSN
8094:2019
8063:2019
8026:ISBN
7999:ISBN
7972:ISBN
7945:ISBN
7918:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7870:2019
7829:2019
7795:2019
7715:ISBN
7678:ISBN
7648:ISBN
7622:ISBN
7565:ISBN
7537:ISBN
7510:2019
7474:2011
7440:ISBN
7383:ISBN
7334:2021
7321:ISBN
7298:2020
7265:2020
7240:2021
7215:2021
7193:2020
7168:2019
7092:2018
7066:2022
7037:2021
7005:ISBN
6986:link
6921:ISBN
6838:2010
6765:and
6749:for
6692:and
6652:and
6291:for
5955:The
5658:and
5612:and
5564:and
5537:The
5526:, a
5080:and
4767:Year
4672:Boer
4670:, a
4617:and
4512:and
4488:and
4426:and
4246:Boer
4191:and
4130:and
4110:and
3740:news
3676:The
3662:May
3101:gaol
3068:and
3034:and
2922:1905
2905:1904
2888:1903
2871:1902
2852:1901
2833:1899
2814:1899
2797:1898
2757:Year
2447:Boer
2428:Name
2377:and
2309:and
2283:, a
2271:and
2243:and
2233:nets
2215:and
2162:and
2150:and
2131:and
2103:and
2083:The
2072:and
2030:lit.
2016:The
373:Cape
127:Date
14726:USA
14065:BBB
14058:AWB
14051:ARM
14017:UDF
13940:IWW
13933:ICU
13884:BCM
13877:APF
13822:UFP
13724:PRP
13703:PFP
13654:NRP
13647:NPP
13633:NNP
13626:NLP
13612:NCP
13563:ISL
13514:GNP
13486:ECC
13479:DSM
13472:DPP
13444:DLF
13416:COD
13395:CDA
13374:BPC
13367:AVF
13360:APO
12066:at
12008:104
11521:doi
11225:doi
10789:doi
10319:doi
9418:doi
9324:doi
8695:doi
8117:doi
7498:BBC
7119:doi
6861:doi
5742:in
5510:SS
5402:by
5145:to
4924:at
4900:of
3723:by
3362:3rd
3358:2nd
3354:1st
2979:to
2585:by
2507:BBC
2497:In
796:POW
15695::
14086:MK
13640:NP
13605:NA
13556:IP
13549:ID
13500:FD
13493:FA
13437:CP
12200:c.
12185:c.
12162:c.
12155:c.
12074:,
12070:,
12006:.
12000:.
11984:.
11958:,
11948:,
11938:,
11928:,
11900:.
11862:.
11829:.
11781:.
11595:.
11527:.
11517:44
11515:.
11511:.
11498:.
11494:.
11472:.
11468:.
11419:.
11361:.
11333:.
11301:15
11239:.
11231:.
11221:21
11219:.
11157:.
11118:.
11056:.
11037:.
11000:.
10911:11
10909:.
10905:.
10861:.
10831:11
10829:.
10785:15
10783:.
10749:}}
10745:{{
10706:20
10704:.
10700:.
10684:.
10643:.
10618:.
10555:}}
10551:{{
10521:.
10513:.
10467:.
10407:.
10325:.
10315:18
10313:.
10299:^
10264:.
10231:.
10211:.
10080:^
10047:^
9973:.
9936:^
9919:^
9904:^
9878:.
9864:^
9842:.
9823:.
9812:^
9802:.
9783:.
9758:.
9724:.
9710:^
9669:.
9657:^
9634:^
9569:.
9539:.
9424:.
9412:.
9344:.
9320:17
9318:.
9314:.
9259:.
9145:^
9094:^
8965:,
8931:.
8905:.
8822:.
8796:.
8759:.
8734:.
8723:^
8709:.
8701:.
8691:67
8689:.
8556:^
8515:.
8489:.
8485:.
8441:^
8413:^
8399:.
8352:.
8348:.
8241:^
8163:^
8146:.
8123:.
8113:18
8111:.
8084:.
8080:.
8053:.
8049:.
7861:.
7849:^
7819:.
7815:.
7803:^
7786:.
7709::
7705:.
7692:^
7662:^
7579:^
7551:^
7535:.
7500:.
7496:.
7481:^
7397:^
7342:^
7315:.
7285:.
7256:.
7231:.
7184:.
7158:.
7147:^
7133:.
7125:.
7115:12
7113:.
7109:.
7083:.
7056:.
7045:^
7027:.
6982:}}
6978:{{
6947:^
6892:^
6884:11
6882:.
6857:15
6855:.
6826:11
6824:.
6820:.
6688:,
6680:,
6676:,
6672:,
6668:,
6664:,
6660:,
6648:,
6221:,
6091:,
6087:,
5988:,
5926:.
5794:.
5782:,
5746:,
5718:.
5703:.
5677:.
5618:c.
5476:,
5299:.
5157:.
4500:,
4496:,
4466:.
4403:.
4134:.
3360:,
3356:,
3091:.
2948:.
2925:68
2908:62
2891:56
2874:45
2857:12
2838:12
2819:85
2800:77
2671:,
2555:.
2381:.
2373:,
2369:,
2357:,
2305:,
2301:,
2239:,
2235:,
2203:,
2199:,
2127:,
2115:,
2080:.
2052:,
2048:,
2028:,
2024::
143:,
15422:e
15415:t
15408:v
14214:/
14203:e
14196:t
14189:v
12542:)
12538:(
12198:(
12183:(
12167:)
12160:β
12153:(
12124:e
12117:t
12110:v
11992:.
11904:.
11870:.
11837:.
11789:.
11741:.
11659:.
11633:.
11624:.
11586:.
11565:.
11535:.
11523::
11500:5
11474:6
11459:.
11410:.
11373:.
11353:.
11344:.
11324:.
11290:.
11266:.
11247:.
11227::
11210:.
11182:.
11161:.
11148:.
11122:.
11091:.
11072:.
11047:.
11012:.
10992:.
10973:.
10944:.
10925:.
10896:.
10875:.
10820:.
10795:.
10791::
10774:.
10755:)
10647:.
10634:.
10600:.
10581:.
10561:)
10479:.
10453:.
10438:.
10411:.
10348:.
10333:.
10321::
10284:.
10185:,
10116:.
10104:.
10032:.
10010:.
9988:.
9955:.
9931:.
9914:.
9899:.
9859:.
9846:.
9827:.
9806:.
9787:.
9769:.
9704:.
9619:.
9585:.
9555:.
9525:.
9500:.
9464:.
9439:.
9420::
9356:.
9330:.
9326::
9263:.
8916:.
8892:.
8879:.
8833:.
8808:.
8770:.
8745:.
8717:.
8697::
8526:.
8501:.
8435:.
8407:.
8362:.
8269:.
8222:.
8157:.
8131:.
8119::
8096:.
8065:.
8034:.
8007:.
7980:.
7953:.
7926:.
7899:.
7872:.
7831:.
7797:.
7723:.
7686:.
7656:.
7632:.
7630:.
7573:.
7545:.
7512:.
7476:.
7461:.
7448:.
7391:.
7336:.
7300:.
7267:.
7242:.
7217:.
7195:.
7170:.
7121::
7094:.
7068:.
7039:.
7013:.
6988:)
6929:.
6904:.
6867:.
6863::
6840:.
6696:.
5755:(
5410:.
5278:.
5088:.
4094:.
3994:.
3790:)
3784:(
3779:)
3775:(
3765:Β·
3758:Β·
3751:Β·
3744:Β·
3717:.
3565:.
2971:.
2791:)
2789:Β£
2780:)
2778:Β£
2042:'
2036:'
2020:(
1914:e
1907:t
1900:v
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1735:e
1728:t
1721:v
1667:e
1660:t
1653:v
1554:e
1547:t
1540:v
1260:e
1253:t
1246:v
993:e
986:t
979:v
958::
907::
900::
880::
872::
865::
858::
799:)
151:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.