266:
850:"This idea of a great chain of being can be traced to Plato's division of the world into the Forms, which are full beings, and sensible things, which are imitations of the Forms and are both being and not being. Aristotle's teleology recognized a perfect being, and he also arranges all animals by a single natural scale according to the degree of perfection of their souls. The idea of the great chain of being was fully developed in Neoplatonism and in the Middle Ages.", Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, p. 289 (2004)
248:
38:
146:. Beneath them are humans, consisting both of spirit and matter; they change and die, and are thus essentially impermanent. Lower are animals and plants. At the bottom are the mineral materials of the earth itself; they consist only of matter. Thus, the higher the being is in the chain, the more attributes it has, including all the attributes of the beings below it. The minerals are, in the medieval mind, a possible exception to the
560:
654:
Allenby and
Garreau propose that the Catholic Church's narrative of the great chain of being kept the peace in Europe for centuries. The very concept of rebellion simply lay outside the reality within which most people lived, for to defy the King was to defy God. King James I himself wrote, "The
583:
The set nature of species, and thus the absoluteness of creatures' places in the great chain, came into question during the 18th century. The dual nature of the chain, divided yet united, had always allowed for seeing creation as essentially one continuous whole, with the potential for overlap
471:, where he ranked animals over plants based on their ability to move and sense, and graded the animals by their reproductive mode, live birth being "higher" than laying cold eggs, and possession of blood, warm-blooded mammals and birds again being "higher" than "bloodless" invertebrates.
382:
490:
allowed for an ordering of beings, thus forming a basis for classification where each kind of mineral, plant and animal could be slotted into place. In medieval times, the great chain was seen as a God-given and unchangeable ordering. In the
377:
and language, and physical attributes with the animals below them, like having material bodies that experienced emotions and sensations such as lust and pain, and physical needs such as hunger and thirst.
421:
Plants lacked sense organs and the ability to move, but they could grow and reproduce. The highest plants have important healing attributes within their leaves, buds, and flowers. Lower plants included
524:, the transformation from one place in the chain to the next might, according to alchemical reasoning, be possible. In turn, the unit of the matter enabled alchemy to make another key assumption, the
438:
At the bottom of the chain, minerals were unable to move, sense, grow, or reproduce. Their attributes were being solid and strong, while the gemstones possessed magic. The king of gems was the
232:
also lists several entities: "Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come".
655:
state of monarchy is the most supreme thing upon earth: for kings are not only God's
Lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called Gods."
409:, could move vigorously, and has powerful senses like keen eyesight and the ability to smell their prey from a distance, while a lower order of animals might wiggle or crawl, or like
228:
sets out a partial list: "everything visible and everything invisible, Thrones, Dominations, Sovereignties, Powers – all things were created through him and for him." The
1232:
1526:
42:
194:
believe he created the entire universe and everything in it. He has spiritual attributes found in angels and humans. God has unique attributes of
1191:
588:
saw a progression of life forms from the simplest creatures striving towards complexity and perfection, a schema accepted by zoologists like
520:
used the great chain as the basis for its cosmology. Since all beings were linked into a chain, so that there was a fundamental unity of all
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638:
The idea of the great chain, as well as the derived "missing link", was abandoned in early 20th-century science, as the notion of
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was abandoned in biology. The idea of a certain sequence from "lower" to "higher" however lingers on, as does the idea of
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951:
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1236:
671:" traceable across 3000 years of mystical and esoteric writings. Wilber's system corresponds with other concepts of
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1388:
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1620:
1103:
495:, the scientific focus shifted to biology; the threefold division of the chain below humans formed the basis for
236:
31:
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The Great Chain of being links God, angels, humans, animals, plants, and minerals. The links of the chain are:
528:, which somehow gathered and concentrated the universal spirit found in all matter along the chain, and which
456:
1580:
907:
877:
17:
1570:
1605:
1514:
The
Elizabethan World Picture: A Study of the Idea of Order in the age of Shakespeare, Donne & Milton
710:
628:
327:
1144:
Appel, T.A. (1980). "Henri De
Blainville and the Animal Series: A Nineteenth-Century Chain of Being".
592:. The very idea of an ordering of organisms, even if supposedly fixed, laid the basis for the idea of
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990:
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225:
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might enable the alchemical transformation of one substance to another, such as the base metal
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The chain of being hierarchy has God at the top, above angels, which like him are entirely
413:
were sessile, attached to the sea-bed. All, however, share the senses of touch and taste.
8:
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from 1737, where he divided the physical components of the world into the three familiar
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1097:
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704:
467:
126:. Further developed during the Middle Ages, it reached full expression in early modern
114:
1534:
1280:
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described a "Great Nest of Being" which he claims to belong to a culture-independent "
631:" about missing parts of the continuum. The term "missing link" later came to signify
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1325:
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set out a more elaborate hierarchy, consisting of three lists, each of three types:
1276:
1153:
682:
321:
265:
253:
1535:
The Great Chain of Being reflected in the work of
Descartes, Spinoza & Leibniz
1546:
1542:
1381:"A Daniel Come to Judgement? Dennett and the Revisioning of Transpersonal Theory"
1301:
1258:
721:
1397:
474:
Aristotle's non-religious concept of higher and lower organisms was taken up by
1476:
903:
873:
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601:
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Humans uniquely share spiritual attributes with God and the angels above them,
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in 19th-century education, and the concept was well known. The geologist
612:
280:
247:
203:
195:
37:
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Animals have senses, are able to move, and have physical appetites. The
63:
is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval
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605:
353:
109:
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119:
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The basic idea of a ranking of the world's organisms goes back to
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183:
151:
123:
88:
635:, particularly those bridging the gulf between man and beasts.
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568:
521:
410:
159:
80:
381:
1496:
La Hiérarchie naturelle. Matière, vie, conscience et symbole,
1350:
Monad to man: the
Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology
1052:
Monad to man: the
Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology
736:
685:
described a hierarchy of beings, with humans at the top able
640:
modern animals representing ancestors of other modern animals
423:
359:
191:
105:
84:
76:
72:
1481:
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the
History of an Idea
909:
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the
History of an Idea
879:
The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the
History of an Idea
539:
535:
427:
406:
374:
163:
155:
1213:
182:
God is the creator of all things. Many religions, such as
859:
Edward P. Mahoney, "Lovejoy and the Hierarchy of Being",
68:
1074:
571:
shown as a reinterpreted chain of being with living and
912:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 80.
882:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 60.
825:"Great Chain of Being | Definition, Origin & Facts"
754:
752:
344:
Angels of revelation, able to communicate with humans
749:
206:. He is the model of perfection in all of creation.
1428:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 100–101.
658:
104: 'ladder of being') is a concept derived from
1347:
1300:
1116:
1049:
775:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113.
71:. The chain begins with God and descends through
1562:
1378:
1235:. Hoxful Monsters. 10 June 2009. Archived from
1233:"Why the term "missing links" is inappropriate"
956:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 25–26.
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
41:1579 drawing of the Great Chain of Being from
986:
984:
982:
980:
545:
450:
356:– powerful angels superior to ordinary angels
27:Cosmological hierarchy of all matter and life
1251:
1120:Ordering the World in the Eighteenth Century
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
803:"The Chain of Being: Tillyard in a Nutshell"
1294:
779:
611:The chain of being continued to be part of
1556:The Chain of Being: Tillyard in a Nutshell
1458:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
1106: ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius.
1015:
977:
973:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 59.
939:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 26.
1185:
1183:
996:
649:
584:between the links. Radical thinkers like
457:Aristotle's biology § Classification
1421:
1257:
1092:
1086:
966:
949:
932:
558:
380:
285:Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind
150:of the material beings in the chain, as
36:
1475:
1219:
1117:O'Gorman, Frank; Donald, Diana (2005).
902:
872:
758:
14:
1563:
1189:
1180:
1123:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–82.
773:Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist
318:Angels of government, spreading light
1451:
1354:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1143:
1080:
1056:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1021:
770:
158:into those higher up the chain, like
154:promised to turn lower elements like
142:, without material bodies, and hence
1342:
1044:
700:Figurative system of human knowledge
596:, whether progressive goal-directed
1425:Philosophy and the Flow of Presence
800:
94:The great chain of being (from
24:
1528:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1488:
1225:
1022:Price, Kitty (26 September 2021).
619:used it as a metaphor in his 1851
445:
313:– record keepers of universal laws
169:
25:
1632:
1520:
1310:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.
1146:Journal of the History of Biology
509:of minerals, plants and animals.
324:– spirits of wisdom and knowledge
295:Angels of presence, praising God
209:
1389:Journal of Consciousness Studies
659:Adaptations and similar concepts
362:– governors of spirits of nature
350:– angels of time and personality
264:
246:
1415:
1372:
1336:
1263:"Evolution: What missing link?"
1137:
1110:
1038:
960:
943:
861:Journal of the History of Ideas
771:Adams, Robert Merrihew (1999).
689:to perceive the "eternal now".
237:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
32:The Great Chain of Being (song)
926:
896:
866:
853:
844:
817:
764:
235:In the 5th and 6th centuries,
13:
1:
1281:10.1016/s0262-4079(08)60548-5
970:The Elizabethan World Picture
953:The Elizabethan World Picture
936:The Elizabethan World Picture
743:
512:
275:as a staircase, implying the
575:animals. From a critique of
565:recapitulating its phylogeny
133:
7:
1396:(3): 95–109. Archived from
863:Vol. 48, No 2, pp. 211-230.
711:The Ladder of Divine Ascent
692:
433:
368:
10:
1637:
1498:L'Harmattan, Paris, 2022 (
1445:
1422:Costello, Stephen (2014).
1192:"The Great Chain of Being"
805:. Carson-Newman University
627:, where he used the term "
552:
454:
451:From Aristotle to Linnaeus
396:
339:– angels of form and space
213:
29:
1616:Obsolete biology theories
1379:Freeman, Anthony (2006).
1024:"The Hierarchy of Angels"
991:Epistle to the Colossians
967:Tillyard, E.M.W. (1943).
950:Tillyard, E.M.W. (1943).
933:Tillyard, E.M.W. (1943).
678:A Guide for the Perplexed
663:The American philosopher
482:to form the basis of the
416:
330:– angels of movement and
226:Epistle to the Colossians
1516:. New York: Random House
1307:The process of evolution
1010:Epistle to the Ephesians
673:transpersonal psychology
604:'s undirected theory of
594:transmutation of species
230:Epistle to the Ephesians
67:to have been decreed by
1601:Metaphysics of religion
388:'s chain of being from
277:possibility of progress
1621:Philosophical theories
1304:; Holm, R. W. (1963).
1026:. Portsmouth Cathedral
650:Political implications
580:
393:
177:
56:
1586:Esoteric Christianity
717:Level of organization
586:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
562:
553:Further information:
455:Further information:
390:Traité d'insectologie
384:
258:nine orders of angels
214:Further information:
40:
1581:Christian philosophy
669:perennial philosophy
633:transitional fossils
493:Northern Renaissance
476:natural philosophers
307:– spirits of harmony
216:Christian angelology
61:great chain of being
54:Rhetorica Christiana
1571:Alchemical concepts
1453:Leroi, Armand Marie
1259:Prothero, Donald R.
1222:, pp. 325–326.
1083:, pp. 111–119.
727:Plane (esotericism)
675:. In his 1977 book
644:progress in biology
623:description of the
621:Elements of Geology
590:Henri de Blainville
563:The human pedigree
538:to the noble metal
526:philosopher's stone
463:Aristotle's biology
1606:Natural philosophy
1541:2008-08-28 at the
1510:Tillyard, E. M. W.
1477:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
1403:on August 13, 2012
1358:–433, and passim.
1158:10.1007/BF00125745
904:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
874:Lovejoy, Arthur O.
705:History of biology
581:
579:'s theories, 1873.
468:History of Animals
394:
115:Historia Animalium
57:
30:For the song, see
1504:978-2-14-030999-1
1494:Miguel Espinoza,
1468:978-1-4088-3622-4
1435:978-1-4438-6454-1
1365:978-0-674-03248-4
1321:978-0-07-019130-3
1130:978-0-230-51888-9
1067:978-0-674-03248-4
919:978-0-674-36153-9
889:978-0-674-36153-9
801:Wheeler, L. Kip.
625:geological column
480:Scholastic period
301:– spirits of love
16:(Redirected from
1628:
1596:Jewish mysticism
1531:– Chain of Being
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1261:(1 March 2008).
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1198:. Archived from
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681:, the economist
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1576:Aristotelianism
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1547:Earlham College
1545:. Peter Suber,
1543:Wayback Machine
1523:
1491:
1489:Further reading
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1275:(2645): 35–41.
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1202:on 2017-07-28
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761:, p. 59.
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