40:
732:
321:
191:
2802:
2164:
835:
remarkably accurate, and could only have been made from first-hand experience with dissection. Aristotle described the embryological development of a chick; he distinguished whales and dolphins from fish; he described the chambered stomachs of ruminants and the social organization of bees; he noticed that some sharks give birth to live youngâhis books on animals are filled with such observations, some of which were not confirmed until many centuries later.
654:
560:
501:
1831:
715:
685:, "moves with four feet and four wings: and, I may observe in passing, this creature is exceptional not only in regard to the duration of its existence, whence it receives its name, but also because though a quadruped it has wings also." Mayflies do in fact walk on four legs, the front pair not being adapted for walking, so, Wilkins concludes, Aristotle was correct.
909:
of copulation; and this last one, by the way, is extremely sharp, is exceptional as being of a whitish colour, and at its extremity is bifurcate; that is to say, it has an additional something on the rachis, and by rachis is meant the smooth surface or edge of the arm on the far side from the suckers."
908:
D'Arcy
Thompson translated the relevant passage of Book IV.1 as follows: "In all cases their feet are furnished with suckers. The octopus, by the way, uses his feelers either as feet or hands; with the two which stand over his mouth he draws in food, and the last of his feelers he employs in the act
1518:
Aristotle's belief that the brain is a cooling organ for the blood was definitely not based on anything that scientists today would consider scientific evidence. He also thought that in humans, goats and pigs, males have more teeth than females, a notion easy enough to correct. His statement that
664:
The text contains some claims that appear to be errors. Aristotle asserted in book II that female humans, sheep, goats, and swine have a smaller number of teeth than the males. This apparently false claim could have been a genuine observation, if as Robert Mayhew suggests women at that time had a
533:
for concealment; it shows itself in front of the pigment and then retreats back into it; it also hunts with its long tentacles not only little fishes, but oftentimes even mullets. The octopus is a stupid creature, for it will approach a man's hand if it be lowered in the water; but it is neat and
170:
guards the eggs after the female has left. Some of these were long considered fanciful before being rediscovered in the nineteenth century. Aristotle has been accused of making errors, but some are due to misinterpretation of his text, and others may have been based on genuine observation. He did
676:
In other cases, errors may have been wrongly attributed to
Aristotle. Katrin Weigmann wrote " statement that flies have four legs was repeated in natural history texts for more than a thousand years despite the fact that a little counting would have proven otherwise." However, the historian and
834:
Though
Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of the time, and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his death. His observations on the anatomy of octopus, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and many other marine invertebrates are
1834:
702:, defines what in modern terms is a set of models of metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, inheritance, and embryogenesis. All of these are wrong in the sense that modern science has replaced them with different models, but they were
269:. Aristotle investigates four types of differences between animals: differences in particular body parts (Books I to IV); differences in ways of life and types of activity (Books V, VI, VII and IX); and differences in specific characters (Book VIII).
131:. Throughout the work, Aristotle seeks to identify differences, both between individuals and between groups. A group is established when it is seen that all members have the same set of distinguishing features; for example, that all
534:
thrifty in its habits: that is, it lays up stores in its nest, and, after eating up all that is eatable, it ejects the shells and sheaths of crabs and shell-fish, and the skeletons of little fishes. It seeks its prey by so
617:
cares for its young, as the female leaves after giving birth; the male guards the eggs for forty or fifty days, chasing off small fish which threaten the eggs, and making a murmuring noise. The Swiss
American zoologist
665:
poorer diet than men; some studies have found that wisdom teeth erupt in men more often than women after age 25. But the claim is not true of other species either. Thus, Philippa Lang argues, Aristotle may have been
300:. This implies, in Aristotle's reasoning, that if something has lungs, it has red blood; but Aristotle is careful not to imply that all red-blooded animals have lungs, so the reasoning here is not bidirectional.
237:
was attempted until the sixteenth century; accordingly
Aristotle remained highly influential for some two thousand years. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. Aristotle's pupil
307:
was aimed mostly at describing attributes of animals, there is a debate about whether or not it suggests that
Aristotle was also interested in producing a taxonomy. Most philosophers who have studied the
438:
Reproduction, spontaneous and sexual of marine invertebrates, birds, quadrupeds, snakes, fish, and terrestrial arthropods including ichneumon wasps, bees, ants, scorpions, spiders, and grasshoppers.
529:
make the discharge solely from fear. These creatures never discharge the pigment in its entirety; and after a discharge the pigment accumulates again. The sepia, as has been said, often uses its
265:, Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts (Greek "hoti", what), prior to establishing their causes (Greek "dioti", why). The book is thus a defence of his method of investigating
485:, in sharp contrast to Plato's "symbolic zoology". Aristotle's style and precision can be seen in the passage where he discusses the behaviour and anatomy of the cephalopods, mentioning the
575:
Some of
Aristotle's observations were not taken seriously by science until they were independently rediscovered in the 19th century. For example, he recorded that male octopuses have a
459:
A tenth book is included in some versions, dealing with the causes of barrenness in women, but is generally regarded as not being by
Aristotle. In the preface to his translation,
364:
The different parts of red-blooded animals. Aristotle writes about limbs, the teeth of dogs, horses, man, and elephant; the elephant's tongue; and of animals such as the
178:
had a powerful influence on zoology for some two thousand years. It continued to be a primary source of knowledge until zoologists in the sixteenth century, such as
312:
and
Aristotle's other writings suggest that Aristotle was not trying to produce a taxonomy, but more recent studies by biologists reach different conclusions.
1519:
flies have four legs was repeated in natural history texts for more than a thousand years despite the fact that a little counting would have proven otherwise.
797:
A German translation of books IâVIII was made by Anton Karsch, starting in 1866. A translation of all ten books into German was made by Paul Gohlke in 1949.
288:; if something has feathers and wings, that also implies it is a bird, so the reasoning here is bidirectional. On the other hand, some animals that have red
587:
and which can transfer it into the female's body; sometimes it snaps off during mating. The account was dismissed as fanciful until the French naturalist
2119:
2509:
1703:
827:
637:
directly, though his interpretations of the functions of the structures he observed were subject to error. Like other classical authors such as
233:
in the island's lagoon at Pyrrha. This study made him the earliest natural historian whose written work survives. No similarly detailed work on
677:
philosopher of biology John S. Wilkins notes that
Aristotle did not say "all flies have four legs"; he wrote that one particular animal, the
1878:
276:': all members of this group possess the same distinguishing featuresâfeathers, wings, beaks, and two bony legs. This is an instance of a
2731:
39:
1206:
2200:
2149:
1891:
450:
The character and habits of animals, food, migration, health, animal diseases including bee parasites, and the influence of climate.
731:
2801:
2867:
1707:
2487:
2253:
1768:
1740:
1542:
1384:
1359:
1329:
1302:
1272:
1233:
1199:
1002:
444:
Reproduction of man, including puberty, conception, pregnancy, lactation, the embryo, labour, milk, and diseases of infants.
221:, he sought universals in his philosophy, but unlike Plato he backed up his views with detailed observation, notably of the
2609:
1652:
1094:
FĂŒrst von Lieven, A.; Humar, M. (2008). "A Cladistic Analysis of Aristotle's Animal Groups in the "Historia animalium"".
320:
2836:
2051:
2026:
1034:
17:
2352:
932:
752:
243:
1614:
794:
in 1883. Another translation into French was made by J. Tricot in 1957, following D'Arcy Thompson's interpretation.
791:
2678:
2499:
1871:
2841:
2820:
1998:
1938:
1908:
641:, Aristotle also gathered evidence from travellers and people with specialised knowledge, such as fishermen and
2882:
2877:
2743:
1973:
1453:
522:
486:
56:
2480:
2193:
2003:
1988:
1968:
1810:
1596:
848:
784:
460:
31:
706:
in that they attempted to explain observed phenomena, proposed mechanisms, and made testable predictions.
2887:
2872:
2862:
2551:
2364:
2167:
1864:
806:
2830:
2521:
1963:
171:
however make somewhat uncritical use of evidence from other people, such as travellers and beekeepers.
689:
127:(the causes of these characteristics). The book is thus an attempt to apply philosophy to part of the
2575:
2556:
2465:
1618:
2585:
2186:
1923:
1559:
606:
2726:
2418:
2275:
2041:
1978:
1918:
277:
140:
2892:
2816:
2668:
2616:
2533:
2071:
2021:
1993:
1953:
472:
91:
1730:
1223:
925:
Historia animalium book X: Aristotle's endoxon, topos and dialectic on On Failure to Reproduce
552:
His observations were almost all accurate, according to the philosopher Anthony Preus, though
386:
The internal organs, including generative system, veins, sinews, bone etc. He moves on to the
139:, wings, and beaks. This relationship between the birds and their features is recognized as a
2693:
2597:
2592:
2528:
2455:
2092:
1532:
1349:
1319:
1292:
1262:
884:
720:
714:
990:
2673:
2626:
2393:
2282:
2124:
2097:
2036:
1983:
1183:
842:
comments that Aristotle "perceptibly influenced" the founders of modern zoology, the Swiss
521:
is the most cunning, and is the only species that employs its dark liquid for the sake of
8:
2721:
2226:
2129:
2066:
1958:
1943:
1818:
865:
610:
272:
To illustrate the philosophical method, consider one grouping of many kinds of animal, '
167:
1823:
190:
2750:
2658:
2621:
2604:
2492:
2139:
2087:
1948:
1933:
1913:
1887:
1814:
1756:
1504:
1479:
1426:
1401:
1288:
1187:
1152:
1103:
1076:
963:
875:
857:
735:
539:
509:
456:
Social behaviour in animals; signs of intelligence in animals such as sheep and birds.
214:
195:
105:
2568:
1699:
593:
2826:
2413:
2307:
2287:
2260:
1928:
1764:
1736:
1538:
1509:
1431:
1380:
1355:
1325:
1298:
1268:
1229:
1195:
1156:
1111:
1068:
1030:
998:
991:
928:
853:
703:
535:
494:
1080:
815:
said in 1837 that "Zoological Science sprang from labours, we may almost say, like
2700:
2648:
2633:
2438:
2332:
2144:
1499:
1491:
1421:
1413:
1402:"Prevalence of missing and impacted third molars in adults aged 25 years and above"
1142:
1060:
505:
342:. Aristotle describes the parts that the human body is made of, such as the skull,
162:
had colour-changing abilities and a sperm-transferring tentacle, that the young of
2772:
2448:
2359:
2337:
2327:
2270:
2209:
2134:
1845:
1635:
1210:
783:
English translations were made by Richard Cresswell in 1862 and by the zoologist
698:
638:
222:
1856:
1147:
1130:
536:
changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it
2782:
2580:
2563:
2433:
2423:
2347:
2342:
2312:
869:
861:
843:
743:
598:
588:
568:
482:
230:
179:
163:
151:
95:
83:
69:
52:
1417:
1064:
559:
2856:
2765:
2760:
2688:
2653:
2638:
2516:
2504:
2443:
2322:
1732:
William Harvey's Biological Ideas: Selected Aspects and Historical Background
1495:
1072:
1029:
J. G. Lennox, Aristotleâs philosophy of biology, Cambridge University Press,
670:
619:
553:
530:
417:
1785:
1203:
1048:
2738:
2470:
2460:
2406:
2401:
2248:
1513:
1435:
1115:
864:(1534â1576), while his methods of looking at time series and making use of
839:
812:
777:
576:
239:
2643:
2428:
2378:
2299:
2104:
673:
about observation, "because was not expecting nature to be misleading".
429:
425:
421:
391:
30:"Historia animalium" redirects here. For the book by Conrad Gessner, see
1107:
765:
2046:
1131:"Phylogenetic signal in characters from Aristotle's History of Animals"
666:
653:
626:
601:
grow inside their mother's body attached by a cord to something like a
518:
490:
339:
182:, all influenced by Aristotle, wrote their own studies of the subject.
119:, Aristotle frames his text by explaining that he is investigating the
98:
1321:
Understanding the Political Philosophers: From Ancient to Modern Times
892:
in context, and propose an interpretation of his biological theories.
481:
contains a large number of eye-witness observations, in particular of
432:
of animals. Chapter 10 considers sleep and whether it occurs in fish.
150:
contains many accurate eye-witness observations, in particular of the
2236:
2114:
2061:
2056:
2031:
773:
642:
373:
369:
355:
210:
112:. It was written in the fourth century BC; Aristotle died in 322 BC.
101:
2663:
2475:
2109:
1840:
769:
725:
602:
580:
500:
328:
324:
2178:
1685:
The Hunterian Lectures in Comparative Anatomy (May and June 1837)
820:
816:
739:
634:
605:(a yolk sac). This was confirmed in 1842 by the German zoologist
377:
351:
281:
266:
234:
203:
159:
136:
116:
772:
among others. It was in turn translated into Latin, along with
682:
657:
564:
403:
399:
226:
199:
155:
128:
109:
556:
argues that Aristotle sometimes let theory cloud observation.
1093:
584:
526:
407:
387:
347:
343:
297:
289:
273:
218:
132:
123:(the existing facts about animals) prior to establishing the
73:
1225:
The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life
571:
was attached by a cord to a kind of placenta (the yolk sac).
1667:
761:
633:, contained illustrations of these), so he observed animal
395:
293:
285:
1735:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. p. 335.
927:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
365:
1613:
1047:
Voultsiadou, Eleni; Vafidis, Dimitris (1 January 2007).
1668:
Gohlke, Paul Hermann Edward (1949). "VIII: Tierkunde".
750:
The Arabic translation comprises treatises 1â10 of the
1049:"Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle's zoology"
645:, without much attempt to corroborate what they said.
166:
grow inside their mother's body, or that the male of
1687:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 91.
692:, described across the five books sometimes called
217:in Athens, remaining there for some 17 years. Like
1046:
888:set Aristotle's biological writings including the
1886:
1683:Owen, Richard (1992). Sloan, Phillip Reid (ed.).
346:, face, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, thorax, belly,
2854:
1784:Leroi, Armand Marie (presenter) (11 June 2013).
1248:Aristotle, Book IV.I (D'Arcy Thompson, page 524)
296:; other red-blooded animals (such as fish) have
1704:University of California Museum of Paleontology
828:University of California Museum of Paleontology
823:, in a state of noble and splendid maturity".
2194:
2120:History of the creation-evolution controversy
1872:
1557:
1192:A catalogue of body patterning in Cephalopoda
597:. Aristotle also noted that the young of the
338:The grouping of animals and the parts of the
1558:Scott, T. C.; Marketos, P. (November 2014).
1215:
993:Ancient Natural History: Histories of Nature
625:Aristotle's methods of observation included
90:, "History of Animals") is one of the major
2732:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
1343:
1341:
1128:
1096:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
718:Page from the medieval Arabic translation,
44:
2201:
2187:
1879:
1865:
1761:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
1534:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
1447:
1445:
1294:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
922:
880:The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science
2150:Relationship between religion and science
1722:
1580:
1503:
1425:
1256:
1254:
1172:
1146:
622:found the account to be correct in 1890.
497:. This is D'Arcy Thompson's translation:
2383:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
1824:English translation by Richard Cresswell
1697:
1595:
1477:
1471:
1338:
1324:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 37â40.
1228:. Oxford University Press. p. 517.
1221:
957:
955:
953:
951:
730:
713:
652:
558:
499:
319:
189:
38:
1451:
1442:
1399:
1317:
1311:
660:walk on four legs, as Aristotle stated.
115:Generally seen as a pioneering work of
14:
2855:
1650:
1633:
1452:Wilkins, John S. (16 September 2008).
1374:
1368:
1260:
1251:
1129:Laurin, Michel; Humar, Marcel (2022).
988:
961:
428:, etc. In chapter 8, he describes the
242:later wrote a similar book on botany,
2182:
1860:
1783:
1755:
1728:
1710:from the original on 20 November 2016
1530:
1287:
1267:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 34â.
948:
463:calls it "spurious beyond question".
1682:
1347:
807:Aristotle's biology § Influence
2610:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
2208:
1400:Jung, YH; Cho, BH (December 2013).
1087:
968:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
2027:Central dogma of molecular biology
1264:Animals: From Mythology to Zoology
648:
629:(Aristotle's lost companion work,
303:While there is consensus that the
25:
2904:
1813:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910.
1803:
1377:The Female in Aristotle's Biology
1351:Science: Antiquity and its Legacy
1222:Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (2014).
790:A French translation was made by
746:in a page of his 1910 translation
696:and some of his minor works, the
280:: if something is a bird, it has
2800:
2163:
2162:
1829:
1537:. Bloomsbury. pp. 370â373.
872:in his 1651 work on embryology.
523:concealment as well as from fear
327:'s edition with his commentary,
2842:List of natural history dealers
2510:The Natural History of Selborne
1777:
1749:
1691:
1676:
1661:
1644:
1627:
1620:Histoire des Animaux D'Aristote
1615:Barthélemy-Saint Hilaire, Jules
1607:
1589:
1574:
1551:
1524:
1393:
1379:. University Of Chicago Press.
1281:
1242:
902:
709:
547:Historia Animalium IX.621bâ622a
466:
2868:History of veterinary medicine
2744:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
2052:One geneâone enzyme hypothesis
1826:. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1862.
1354:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 60â63.
1186:. Cited in Borrelli, Luciana;
1163:
1122:
1040:
1023:
1011:
982:
962:Lennox, James (27 July 2011).
792:Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
194:Aristotle spent many years at
57:Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
13:
1:
1698:Waggoner, Ben (9 June 1996).
997:. Routledge. pp. 92â99.
942:
768:(d. 850) and commented on by
609:. Aristotle noted, too, that
1700:"Aristotle (384â322 B.C.E.)"
1531:Leroi, Armand Marie (2014).
1406:Imaging Science in Dentistry
1375:Mayhew, Robert (2004). "5".
1297:. Bloomsbury. pp. 69â.
1194:. Firenze University Press.
1190:; Fiorito, Graziano (2006).
800:
563:Aristotle recorded that the
510:change colour when disturbed
504:Aristotle observed that the
487:use of ink against predators
32:Historia animalium (Gessner)
7:
2500:Bernard Germain de LacépÚde
1839:public domain audiobook at
1654:Natur-geschichte der Thiere
1581:Cresswell, Richard (1862).
1480:"The Consequence of Errors"
1148:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a1
923:Dean-Jones, Lesley (2023).
916:
860:(1507â1566), and the Dutch
780:in the early 13th century.
315:
256:
10:
2909:
2522:A History of British Birds
1597:Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth
1562:. University of St Andrews
811:The comparative anatomist
804:
470:
185:
82:, "Inquiries on Animals";
80:Ton peri ta zoia historion
74:
29:
2837:Natural History Societies
2809:
2798:
2714:
2705:The Royal Natural History
2557:Ornithological Dictionary
2544:
2466:Johan Christian Fabricius
2392:
2298:
2225:
2216:
2158:
2080:
2012:
1899:
1811:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
1478:Weigmann, Katrin (2005).
1454:"Aristotle on the mayfly"
1418:10.5624/isd.2013.43.4.219
1065:10.1163/18759866-07602004
785:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
591:described it in his 1817
461:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
2683:The Naturalist's Library
2586:On the Origin of Species
1496:10.1038/sj.embor.7400389
1261:Allaby, Michael (2010).
1053:Contributions to Zoology
895:
868:assisted the Englishman
856:(1522â1605), the French
776:'s commentary on it, by
213:(384â322 BC) studied at
75:Î€áż¶Îœ ÏΔÏ᜶ Ïᜰ ζῷα ጱÏÏÎżÏÎčáż¶Îœ
2817:Natural history museums
2419:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1809:English translation by
1657:. Krais & Hoffmann.
1348:Lang, Philippa (2015).
1178:Aristotle (c. 350 BC).
1169:Thompson, 1910, page iv
760:). It was known to the
738:'s illustration of the
416:Animals without blood (
376:, birds especially the
251:
2669:William Jackson Hooker
2617:Alexander von Humboldt
2534:Philosophie zoologique
2317:Pinax theatri botanici
2072:Spontaneous generation
2022:Germ theory of disease
1999:Zoology (through 1859)
1729:Pagel, Walter (1967).
1651:Karsch, Anton (1866).
1318:Haworth, Alan (2011).
1135:Comptes Rendus Palevol
989:French, Roger (1994).
837:
747:
728:
661:
572:
550:
513:
332:
207:
87:
60:
45:
2883:Ancient Greek physics
2878:Natural history books
2755:The Study of Instinct
2694:Kunstformen der Natur
2598:The Malay Archipelago
2593:Alfred Russel Wallace
2529:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2093:Philosophy of biology
1672:. Ferdinand Schöning.
1623:. Librairie Hachette.
970:. Stanford University
964:"Aristotle's Biology"
832:
805:Further information:
734:
717:
656:
607:Johannes Peter MĂŒller
562:
515:
503:
471:Further information:
380:, fishes and snakes.
323:
193:
154:around the island of
104:, who had studied at
42:
2674:Joseph Dalton Hooker
2627:The Birds of America
2125:Human Genome Project
2037:Great chain of being
2004:Zoology (since 1859)
1939:Evolutionary thought
1909:Agricultural science
1786:"Aristotle's Lagoon"
1637:Histoire des Animaux
1601:A History of Animals
1583:A History of Animals
882:and BBC documentary
826:Ben Waggoner of the
774:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
613:which he called the
2722:Martinus Beijerinck
2265:De Natura Animalium
2130:Humboldtian science
2067:Sequence hypothesis
1974:Molecular evolution
1757:Leroi, Armand Marie
1634:Tricot, J. (1957).
1289:Leroi, Armand Marie
1188:Gherardi, Francesca
866:comparative anatomy
849:Historiae animalium
846:with his 1551â1558
758:The Book of Animals
690:Aristotle's biology
669:, but he was quite
473:Aristotle's biology
245:Enquiry into Plants
158:, such as that the
2888:Works by Aristotle
2873:History of zoology
2863:History of biology
2827:Parson-naturalists
2659:Philip Henry Gosse
2622:John James Audubon
2605:Henry Walter Bates
2493:Histoire Naturelle
2481:Historia Plantarum
2369:Avium Praecipuarum
2353:Historia animalium
2254:Historia Plantarum
2242:History of Animals
2140:Natural philosophy
2088:History of science
1888:History of biology
1847:Historia animalium
1836:History of Animals
1603:. Clarendon Press.
1209:2018-02-06 at the
1180:Historia Animalium
1018:History of Animals
890:History of Animals
885:Aristotle's Lagoon
876:Armand Marie Leroi
858:Guillaume Rondelet
748:
729:
662:
573:
538:; it does so also
525:: the octopus and
514:
479:History of Animals
333:
310:History of Animals
305:History of Animals
263:History of Animals
208:
176:History of Animals
148:History of Animals
88:Historia Animalium
65:History of Animals
61:
46:Historia animalium
18:Historia Animalium
2850:
2849:
2796:
2795:
2414:Marcello Malpighi
2308:Ulisse Aldrovandi
2288:De Materia Medica
2176:
2175:
2042:Hierarchy of life
1989:Plant systematics
1969:Molecular biology
1770:978-0-670-02674-6
1742:978-3-8055-0962-6
1670:Die Lehrschriften
1544:978-1-4088-3620-0
1458:Evolving Thoughts
1386:978-0-226-51200-6
1361:978-0-85773-955-1
1331:978-1-135-19896-1
1304:978-1-4088-3620-0
1274:978-0-8160-6101-3
1235:978-0-19-103515-9
1200:978-88-8453-377-7
1004:978-0-415-11545-2
854:Ulisse Aldrovandi
819:from the Head of
531:colouring pigment
225:of the island of
27:Work by Aristotle
16:(Redirected from
2900:
2804:
2777:The Dancing Bees
2701:Richard Lydekker
2649:Jean-Henri Fabre
2634:William Buckland
2439:Regnier de Graaf
2333:Andrea Cesalpino
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721:KitÄb al-HayawÄn
688:More generally,
548:
517:Of molluscs the
92:texts on biology
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55:, 12th century (
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2569:Le RĂšgne Animal
2540:
2488:Comte de Buffon
2449:Systema Naturae
2388:
2360:Frederik Ruysch
2338:Valerius Cordus
2328:Hieronymus Bock
2294:
2276:Natural History
2271:Pliny the Elder
2228:
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631:The Dissections
611:a river catfish
594:Le RĂšgne Animal
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1979:Paleontology
1919:Biochemistry
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1994:RNA biology
1902:disciplines
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392:bone marrow
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2047:Lamarckism
1954:Immunology
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1566:22 October
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704:scientific
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627:dissection
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398:including
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2229:antiquity
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1984:Phycology
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679:ephemeron
667:empirical
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448:Book VIII
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370:crocodile
356:genitalia
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141:universal
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