2401:
392:
427:
255:
59:
1014:– the leader of the Social Democrats and the Minister of the Interior in Eisner's government – began to eulogize Eisner, but rumours had already begun to spread that Auer was behind the assassination. Acting on these false allegations, Alois Lindner, a butcher and saloon waiter, and a member of the Revolutionary Workers' Council who was a fervent supporter of Eisner, shot Auer twice with a rifle, seriously wounding him. This prompted other armed supporters of Eisner to open fire, causing a melee, killing one delegate from the
269:
294:
918:
Bolshevist, and his associates "unscrupulous alien scoundrels", "Jewish rascals" and "misleaders of labor". Eisner did not help matters by declaring that his regime would have "government by kindness" and would create a "realm of light, beauty and reason." There were frequent spectacles such as parades, demonstrations, concerts, and speeches, but the regime's philosophical utopianism won over few converts. Eisner even admitted to German guilt for World War I at a socialist conference in
43:
308:
574:
1202:
shortages, censorship, restrictions on freedom, violence, and general disorder. These feelings were then constantly to be reinforced by right-wing propaganda not only in
Bavaria, but throughout the Reich, where "Red Bavaria" was held up as a lesson in the horrors of socialism and communism. In this way, the radical Right was able to provoke and feed the fears of the peasants and the
1209:
The left itself had been neutralized after the demise of the two socialist states, and in such a way that there continued to be bad blood between the KPD and the SPD that prevented them from working together throughout
Germany. This lack of cooperation, with the communists seeing the social democrats
1201:
in March 1920. The tumultuous period of the People's State of
Bavaria and the Bavarian Soviet Republic was used by conservative and far-right circles to stoke fear and hatred of "bolshevism" among Bavarian society. The period was popularly remembered as a period in which both states existed as one of
1021:
These events caused unrest and lawlessness in
Bavaria, and a general strike was proclaimed by the soldiers' and workers' councils, which distributed guns and ammunition, provoking the declaration of a state of emergency. The assassination of Eisner created a martyr for the leftist cause, and prompted
917:
The new republic started out with many strikes against it. None of the leaders were native
Bavarians, and they were bohemians and intellectuals – many of them Jewish – who were conspicuous in their anti-bourgeois bias. Those from the right-wing called Eisner a "foreign, racially alien vagabond" and a
1082:
in
Northern Bavaria, which it declared as the new seat of government – although most of the ministers resigned. An attempt by troops loyal to the Hoffmann government to mount a counter-coup and overthrow the BSR was put down on 13 April by the new "Red Army" created from factory workers and members
564:
Eisner helped found the Munich branch of the
Independent Social Democratic Party and became known for his anti-war stance, which had garnered him eight months in jail after he organized a number of peace strikes in January 1918; he was released under a general amnesty in October 1918. Despite his
1343:
were tried on actual charges of high treason and received considerably milder sentences, of which they served only a small part. Fechenbach, on the other hand, did not even get his case reviewed by a higher court for four years. In the end, he was murdered by a Nazi death squad in
1132:, and arrested Countess Hella von Westarp, the society's secretary, and six others, to be held as hostages. Rudolf Egelhofer, panicked by Munich being surrounded by Hoffmann's forces, had these seven and three other hostages executed on 30 April. They included the well-connected
938:. Even cabinet ministers were dissatisfied with Eisner's leadership: one of them told him "You are an anarchist ... You are no statesman, you are a fool ... We are being ruined by bad management." An organized campaign for Eisner's removal from office was not long in coming.
988:", which held that Jews, socialists and other undesirable elements had caused Germany to lose World War I. As a Jew, a socialist, a Bohemian, and a Berliner, Eisner was the perfect target. Arco-Valley had been humiliated when a leftist mob tore off his
1102:
on 18 April when
Hoffmann's 8,000 soldiers met the Soviet Republic's 30,000. The BSR forces – led by, of all people, Ernst Toller – was victorious in the first battle at Dachau, but Hoffmann made a deal which gave him the services of 20,000 men of the
1042:
held governmental power. On 17 March 1919, the
Socialists' new leader, Johannes Hoffmann, an anti-militarist and former schoolteacher, patched together a parliamentary coalition government, but a month later, on the night of 6–7 April, communists and
1026:, the kidnapping of aristocrats, and the forced pealing of church bells. "Revenge for Eisner" rang through bullhorns in the streets. The support for the Left was greater than ever before, even greater than Eisner himself had been able to garner.
514:. The crowd marched to the army barracks and won over most of the soldiers; those who didn't go over to the revolution were too war-weary to mount any resistance to it. The combined group, estimated to be more than 100,000, then marched to the
443:
Munich, the capital of
Bavaria, was "an island of anarchic bohemianism and political radicalism in an otherwise predominantly Roman Catholic rural sea of small towns and timber houses scattered across the foothills of the Alps," according to
1334:
Fechenbach was tried in October 1922 for violation of a press law, although his acts were framed as "high treason". His sentence of 11 years in prison was a blatant miscarriage of justice, especially considering that in February 1924,
941:
As the new government was unable to provide basic services, it soon lost the support of the conservative Bavarian countryside, necessary for any government to hold together in the rural province. Eisner's USPD was defeated in the
1145:
broke through the Munich defenses on 1 May, and, after the execution of 1,000–1,200 suspected communists, Oven declared the city to have been secured on 6 May, ending the reign of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
549:. Eisner was a middle-class Jew who had been a drama critic in Berlin before he left his wife and family to come to Munich, where he took up with a female journalist, frequented the cafés of the
452:
writes that "Few towns in the Reich were as sensitive to the mood of unrest as Munich: its political atmosphere was unstable and exaggerated towards one extreme or the other," and, according to
1366:
58:
463:, under discussion between the royal government and all parliamentary groups since September 1917, were agreed to on 2 November 1918. These included, among other things, the introduction of
3165:
1670:
1206:. The separate strands of Bavarian right-wing extremism found a common enemy in despising the left, and Bavaria became profoundly "reactionary, anti-Republican, counter-revolutionary."
992:
from his hat after the war, and then endured further humiliation when he was rejected from membership in the anti-Semitic Thule Society because of Jewish ancestry on his mother's side.
870:
releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly-formed Eisner government interpreted this as an abdication, although to date, no member of the royal
2098:
Bartolf, Christian; Miething, Dominique (2019). "Gustav Landauer and the Revolutionary Principle of Non-violent Non-cooperation". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.).
511:
416:
557:– although he later lost his job because he was part of the "revisionist right-wing" of the Social Democratic Party, which wanted the party to drop its attachment to
2400:
3399:
2797:
2290:
423:
in early November, they quickly spread the councils across Germany and with little bloodshed took power from the existing military, royal and civil authorities.
1997:
1000:
After the shooting, Arco-Valley was saved from lynching on the spot by the fast action of Eisner's secretary, Fechenbach. Instead, he was arrested and taken to
3463:
2802:
1167:
1214:, since only a parliamentary coalition of the KPD and SPD could have prevented the Nazis from coming to power. Even at the height of their influence in the
1210:
as betrayers of the revolution, and the social democrats seeing the communists as under the control of Moscow, was later to redound to the advantage of the
1513:
935:
943:
3458:
1112:
843:
2427:
3448:
968:
if he did not give up his office – forced him to. Finally, he set the legislature to meet on 21 February 1919, more than a month after the election.
3453:
3155:
1659:
3348:
3263:
765:
1128:
then took Dachau and surrounded Munich. Supporters of the BSR had, in the meantime, on 26 April, occupied the rooms of the Thule Society in the
2991:
858:
704:
628:
479:
456:, "No other city in Germany had been so shaken by the events and emotions of the revolution and the first postwar weeks as excitable Munich."
1592:
3478:
3040:
2604:
882:
3483:
3253:
2933:
2283:
482:(USPD) called for peace and demanded the release of detained leaders. On the afternoon of 7 November 1918, the first anniversary of the
3185:
2920:
1004:
where, coincidentally, he was put in the same cell that Eisner had served time in earlier. Despite the assassination of Eisner, the
3323:
3288:
3237:
3022:
2390:
2670:
533:
The next day, Eisner, having gotten the approval of the local revolutionary workers' and soldiers' councils, declared Bavaria a "
72:
3311:
2945:
2838:
2675:
2276:
3283:
2206:
2119:
1018:
and provoking nervous breakdowns in at least two ministers. From this point, there was effectively no government in Bavaria.
490:, an idealistic Independent Social Democratic Party politician addressed a crowd estimated to have been about 60,000 on the
391:
3160:
3135:
2682:
946:, coming in sixth place, with only 3 per cent of the vote, and only garnering three seats in the Bavarian Parliament (the
3443:
3438:
2940:
3328:
3017:
2955:
2374:
2349:
2344:
1194:
832:
780:
754:
728:
654:
639:
565:
gift for rhetoric and oratory, Eisner had no political or administrative experience when he became minister-president.
408:
3303:
3130:
3110:
3035:
2950:
2915:
2873:
2258:
2236:
2175:
2149:
2005:
1763:
1700:
1504:
1421:
3190:
3001:
2597:
1234:
1133:
1129:
426:
356:
63:
The location of the Free People's State of Bavaria (in red) shown with the rest of the Weimar Republic (in beige).
3195:
1060:
527:
518:. That night, King Ludwig, abandoned by the army, fled from the Palace with his family and took up residence in
3217:
3115:
3067:
2900:
2828:
2369:
1631:
981:
2910:
379:
was formed on 6 April 1919. After the Soviet Republic's end, the People's State of Bavaria developed into the
3488:
3227:
3125:
2905:
2382:
2299:
2185:
Heynen, Robert (2019). "The German Revolution and the Radical Right". In Kets, Gaard; Muldoon, James (eds.).
546:
2970:
2960:
2729:
931:
502:. He demanded an immediate peace, an eight-hour workday, relief for the unemployed, abdication of Bavarian
186:
984:, an aristocratic former cavalryman now a student at the University of Munich, who was a believer in the "
3468:
3316:
3222:
2996:
2590:
1302:
464:
3368:
2571:
3473:
3082:
2965:
2764:
2498:
2490:
2334:
1512:
Cite error: The named reference "bullock70" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
1412:
1068:
955:
507:
3333:
3205:
2521:
1048:
791:
3276:
3200:
2833:
2734:
2556:
2546:
2472:
1244:
1229:
1052:
930:, published papers from the official archives of Bavaria which showed the German complicity in the
376:
301:
1279:(the present-day official name of Bavaria); the name of the state has also been translated as the
3140:
2645:
2354:
2329:
1596:
1172:
534:
468:
368:
153:
1855:
3358:
3353:
3293:
2744:
2687:
2633:
2628:
2551:
2516:
1779:
Grau, Bernhard (13 October 2009). [Funeral of Kurt Eisner, Munich, 26 February 1919].
1015:
806:
680:
472:
355:
from 1918 to 1919. The People's State of Bavaria was established on 8 November 1918 during the
1749:
1086:
After a coup six days into Toller's regime, the KPD seized power, led by three Russian-German
2868:
2739:
2359:
1684:
1178:
985:
893:
380:
42:
2268:
1059:
as chief of state. Toller called on the non-existent "Bavarian Red Army" to support the new
958:
got 66 seats. Eisner, apparently because he was loath to give up power, delayed calling the
3387:
3120:
3030:
2853:
2781:
2749:
2699:
2694:
2508:
2477:
2457:
2314:
1117:
1023:
871:
542:
3363:
1308:
817:
8:
3150:
2858:
2709:
2662:
2650:
2462:
2339:
1809:
1071:(KPD) reluctantly took part in the newly formed soviet republic, with the KPD's chairman
964:
into session until public pressure from all quarters – including a death threat from the
99:
3145:
2724:
2714:
2190:
2103:
1239:
1064:
878:
483:
460:
360:
274:
167:
104:
3052:
2818:
2719:
2444:
2319:
2254:
2246:
2232:
2212:
2202:
2171:
2145:
2125:
2115:
1796:
1759:
1696:
1500:
1417:
1035:
1001:
225:
3298:
2843:
2566:
2194:
2159:
2137:
2107:
1340:
1155:
units which suppressed the Bavarian Soviet Republic included future members of the
927:
867:
445:
2885:
2111:
1665:
1452:
1182:
1099:
1098:
as the chairman of the Bavarian KPD. The rival governments clashed militarily at
889:
515:
503:
404:
344:
287:
92:
49:
2198:
1896:
1091:
3258:
2823:
2467:
2452:
2417:
1039:
491:
665:
3432:
3414:
3401:
3338:
3092:
2848:
2759:
2638:
2216:
2167:
2129:
1692:
1593:"The Unsung Hero: Bavaria's amnesia about the man who abolished the monarchy"
1460:
965:
896:
400:
260:
140:
1136:. The executions were carried out despite Toller's efforts to prevent them.
1083:
of the soldiers' and workers' councils. Twenty people died in the fighting.
3343:
3232:
3212:
2754:
1751:
Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
1492:
1407:
1336:
1203:
1056:
453:
449:
3072:
3057:
2704:
2224:
1198:
1160:
1011:
978:
923:
739:
613:
577:
519:
495:
487:
412:
364:
178:
128:
2582:
2537:
2409:
1211:
1156:
1095:
1087:
545:
dynasty, which had ruled Bavaria for over 700 years, and Eisner became
526:, for what he hoped would be a temporary stay. He was the first of the
2613:
1296:
1106:
1072:
1044:
885:
550:
431:
977:
to announce his resignation, Eisner was shot dead by the right-wing
2774:
1755:
538:
523:
459:
Extensive constitutional reforms of the governing structure of the
1966:
478:
Beginning on 3 November 1918, protests initiated by the socialist
3087:
2422:
2324:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1311:['Free State of Bavaria': Metamorphoses of a state name]
1220:, they did not have enough delegates to resist such a coalition.
1079:
989:
949:
558:
537:" – synonymous to "republic" – a declaration which overthrew the
372:
352:
330:
326:
2863:
2655:
2364:
499:
475:. However, events on the ground were outpacing these measures.
367:
until his assassination in February 1919. Its government under
82:
1872:
580:, the Minister-President of the Free People's State of Bavaria
573:
3077:
3047:
2298:
1478:. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58.
1416:(revised ed.). New York: Harper Torchbooks. p. 62.
16:
State in Bavaria, Germany during the revolutions of 1918–1919
2076:
2074:
1660:"Bavaria buries the royal dream Funeral of Prince Albrechty"
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1459:. Translated by Winston, Richard; Winston, Clara. New York:
1197:(SPD) returned to power, but was subsequently ousted in the
3062:
2986:
2928:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
919:
420:
2059:
1978:
1907:] (in German). Berlin-Britz: Fanal Verlag. p. 47.
1823:
1821:
1819:
415:
off the North Sea coast. After setting up a revolutionary
2071:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1520:
1923:
1911:
1838:
1836:
1714:
1712:
1555:
1390:
1388:
1075:
denouncing the republic as "revolutionary adventurism".
2037:
2035:
1816:
395:
Munich soldiers after the proclamation of the republic
2047:
1724:
2020:
1942:
1833:
1709:
1385:
1309:"'Freistaat Bayern': Metamorphosen eines Staatsnamen"
908:
On 7 January 1919, a Provisional State Constitution (
2032:
1543:
1271:(Free People's State of Bavaria) or later simply as
1193:
After the Bavarian Soviet Republic was crushed, the
430:
Postage stamp of Bavaria's King Ludwig III with the
359:, as an attempt at a socialist state to replace the
1954:
1658:
3430:
866:On 12 November 1918, King Ludwig III signed the
553:district of the city, and wrote reviews for the
2097:
1998:"Timebase Multimedia Chronology: Timebase 1919"
1972:
1883:
888:, declaring that his government would protect
480:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
3464:States and territories disestablished in 1919
2598:
2284:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1265:
1215:
1177:was enacted on 14 August 1919, creating the
1150:
1140:
1123:
1104:
1005:
972:
959:
947:
909:
900:
434:
1691:. Translated by Steinberg, Jean. New York:
1487:
1485:
1369:[From Empire to Republic 1918/19].
399:The roots of the People's State lay in the
3459:States and territories established in 1918
2605:
2591:
2291:
2277:
2187:The German Revolution and Political Theory
2100:The German Revolution and Political Theory
995:
124:• 8 November 1918 – 21 February 1919
57:
2251:Why Hitler? The Genesis of the Nazi Reich
3449:Former states and territories of Bavaria
2612:
2136:
2080:
1735:
1482:
1394:
899:served as People's Commissar for Trade (
874:has ever formally renounced the throne.
572:
425:
390:
3454:Former countries of the interwar period
2245:
2223:
2065:
2053:
2026:
1984:
1948:
1936:
1917:
1842:
1718:
1683:
1613:
1609:
1590:
1549:
1537:
1491:
1406:
3431:
2184:
2041:
1895:
1827:
1747:
1656:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1400:
1367:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19"
1287:; for further discussion of the terms
1029:
2586:
2272:
2158:
1629:
1617:
1578:
1371:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
1364:
1960:
1778:
1595:. The Atlantic Times. Archived from
1473:
1451:
1365:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
1317:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
1306:
881:, Eisner distanced himself from the
568:
149:• 17 March 1919 – 6 April 1919
136:• 1 March 1919 – 17 March 1919
3479:Aftermath of World War I in Germany
1630:Bauer, Franz J. (11 January 2024).
1511:
1430:
1022:demonstrations, the closing of the
936:assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
13:
2253:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
1634:[Eisner Cabinet 1918/19].
1339:and the other participants in the
1195:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
3500:
1748:Newton, Michael (17 April 2014).
1673:from the original on 25 May 2022.
1591:Schuler, Thomas (December 2008).
1497:Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
1476:Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History
2399:
1463:. pp. 109–111, 774–775 n.1.
1134:Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis
1078:The Hoffmann government fled to
1034:For a month, a Central Council (
510:, and proposed the formation of
306:
292:
267:
253:
41:
2090:
1990:
1889:
1848:
1772:
1741:
1677:
1650:
1623:
1603:
1584:
1499:. New York: Knopf. p. 70.
1328:
1061:dictatorship of the proletariat
1049:communist revolution in Hungary
512:workers' and soldiers' councils
3484:German Revolution of 1918–1919
3111:Azerbaijan People's Government
2189:. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms.
2142:The Third Reich: A New History
1467:
1358:
1257:
982:Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley
467:and the transformation of the
417:workers' and soldiers' council
411:. At the end of October 1918,
409:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2300:States of the Weimar Republic
2164:The Coming of the Third Reich
1657:Karacs, Imre (13 July 1996).
1351:
1063:and ruthlessly deal with any
1047:, energized by the news of a
911:Vorläufiges Staatsgrundgesetz
892:. For a few days, the Munich
584:The government consisted of:
547:Minister-President of Bavaria
528:monarchs in the German Empire
386:
2112:10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_11
1781:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1636:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
1281:People's Republic of Bavaria
1235:German Revolution of 1918–19
1188:
971:As he was on his way to the
932:Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
813:Ministry of Military Affairs
7:
3151:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
2199:10.1007/978-3-030-13917-9_3
2144:. New York: Hill and Wang.
1973:Bartolf & Miething 2019
1884:Bartolf & Miething 2019
1223:
1149:Active participants in the
687:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
465:proportional representation
439:(People's State of Bavaria)
10:
3505:
3444:Former socialist republics
3439:Former countries in Europe
1632:"Kabinett Eisner, 1918/19"
1413:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
1069:Communist Party of Germany
926:, and, with his secretary
839:Ministry of Social Welfare
787:Ministry of Transportation
3385:
3246:
3178:
3103:
3010:
2979:
2893:
2882:
2811:
2790:
2621:
2534:
2507:
2489:
2443:
2436:
2408:
2397:
2307:
2229:Hitler: Hubris: 1889-1936
1860:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1474:Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006).
902:Volkskommissar für Handel
838:
812:
792:Heinrich von Frauendorfer
786:
760:
734:
710:
686:
660:
634:
608:
603:
341:People's State of Bavaria
322:
232:
221:
217:
207:
197:
193:
173:
163:
159:
147:
134:
122:
118:
110:
98:
88:
78:
68:
56:
38:
33:
23:People's State of Bavaria
21:
1267:Freier Volksstaat Bayern
1263:Also referred to as the
1250:
1245:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1230:Aftermath of World War I
1053:Bavarian Soviet Republic
934:in July 1914, after the
735:Ministry of the Interior
506:and the German emperor,
377:Bavarian Soviet Republic
302:Bavarian Soviet Republic
187:Revolutions of 1917–1923
3161:North Korea (1947–1948)
3156:North Korea (1946–1947)
2002:humanitas-international
1689:The German Dictatorship
1307:Merz, Johannes (1997).
1130:Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten
996:After the assassination
956:Bavarian People's Party
894:social market economist
469:constitutional monarchy
413:German sailors mutinied
363:. The state was led by
2883:Current and historical
2247:Mitcham, Samuel W. Jr.
1685:Bracher, Karl Dietrich
1295:
1289:
1274:
1266:
1216:
1151:
1141:
1124:
1105:
1006:
973:
960:
948:
910:
901:
877:Though he advocated a
581:
494:– current site of the
473:parliamentary monarchy
440:
435:
396:
348:
209:• Disestablished
1905:From Eisner to Leviné
1901:Von Eisner bis Leviné
1179:Free State of Bavaria
1094:as head of state and
1065:counter-revolutionary
986:stab-in-the-back myth
944:January 1919 election
576:
429:
394:
381:Free State of Bavaria
89:Common languages
3489:Communism in Germany
3388:History of socialism
2350:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2345:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2231:. New York: Norton.
2106:. pp. 215–236.
2008:on 29 September 2006
1758:. pp. 131–132.
1612:, pp. 112–116;
1599:on 19 December 2013.
1168:Bamberg Constitution
1024:University of Munich
872:House of Wittelsbach
351:) was a republic in
3411: /
3324:Estonia (1918–1919)
3218:Hungary (1949–1989)
2068:, pp. 114–115.
1987:, pp. 109–110.
1975:, pp. 230–231.
1581:, pp. 158–161.
1540:, pp. 112–116.
1303:Free state: Germany
1030:Hoffmann government
914:) was promulgated.
761:Ministry of Justice
711:Ministry of Culture
661:Ministry of Finance
588:
371:went into exile in
199:• Established
3469:History of Bavaria
3289:Byelorussia (1919)
2193:. pp. 45–68.
2191:Palgrave Macmillan
2104:Palgrave Macmillan
1620:, pp. 158–161
1616:, p. 11, 30;
1240:History of Bavaria
1111:under Lt. General
879:socialist republic
609:Minister-President
587:
582:
484:Russian revolution
461:Kingdom of Bavaria
441:
397:
361:Kingdom of Bavaria
275:Kingdom of Bavaria
168:Landtag of Bavaria
111:Minister-President
105:Socialist republic
73:Unrecognized state
3474:History of Munich
3415:48.133°N 11.567°E
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3174:
3173:
2916:Congo-Brazzaville
2812:Regional variants
2580:
2579:
2530:
2529:
2208:978-3-030-13917-9
2160:Evans, Richard J.
2138:Burleigh, Michael
2121:978-3-030-13917-9
2083:, pp. 40–41.
1939:, pp. 34–35.
1920:, pp. 32–33.
1830:, pp. 52–53.
1285:Bavarian Republic
1113:Burghard von Oven
1002:Stadelheim Prison
864:
863:
844:Hans Unterleitner
818:Albert Roßhaupter
715:Johannes Hoffmann
640:Johannes Hoffmann
601:Left office
598:Took office
569:Eisner government
508:Kaiser Wilhelm II
436:Volksstaat Bayern
403:'s defeat in the
369:Johannes Hoffmann
357:German Revolution
349:Volksstaat Bayern
337:
336:
318:
317:
314:
313:
280:
279:
226:German Papiermark
154:Johannes Hoffmann
27:Volksstaat Bayern
3496:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3244:
3243:
3101:
3100:
2891:
2890:
2886:socialist states
2765:African-American
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2482:
2441:
2440:
2403:
2387:
2379:
2370:Schaumburg-Lippe
2293:
2286:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2242:
2220:
2181:
2155:
2133:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:. Archived from
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1453:Fest, Joachim C.
1449:
1428:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1345:
1341:Beer Hall Putsch
1332:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1300:
1292:
1277:
1275:Freistaat Bayern
1269:
1261:
1219:
1176:
1154:
1144:
1127:
1121:
1110:
1009:
976:
963:
953:
928:Felix Fechenbach
913:
904:
868:Anif declaration
852:21 February 1919
826:21 February 1919
800:21 February 1919
774:21 February 1919
748:21 February 1919
722:21 February 1919
698:21 February 1919
674:21 February 1919
648:21 February 1919
622:21 February 1919
589:
586:
446:Michael Burleigh
438:
407:and the ensuing
310:
309:
296:
295:
284:
283:
271:
270:
257:
256:
250:
249:
234:
233:
189:
61:
45:
19:
18:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3373:
3354:Slovakia (1919)
3254:Alsace-Lorraine
3242:
3170:
3099:
3006:
2975:
2884:
2878:
2807:
2786:
2617:
2611:
2581:
2576:
2536:
2526:
2503:
2485:
2480:
2478:Weimar-Eisenach
2432:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2377:
2303:
2297:
2267:
2261:
2239:
2209:
2178:
2152:
2122:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:, pp. 115.
2052:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:. p. 137.
1682:
1678:
1666:The Independent
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1521:
1507:
1490:
1483:
1472:
1468:
1450:
1431:
1424:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1312:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1226:
1191:
1183:Weimar Republic
1181:within the new
1170:
1122:. Oven and the
1115:
1032:
998:
890:property rights
849:8 November 1918
846:
823:8 November 1918
820:
797:8 November 1918
794:
771:8 November 1918
768:
745:8 November 1918
742:
719:8 November 1918
716:
695:8 November 1918
692:
671:8 November 1918
668:
645:8 November 1918
642:
619:8 November 1918
616:
571:
530:to be deposed.
516:Residenz Palace
504:King Ludwig III
405:First World War
389:
375:when the rival
307:
293:
288:Weimar Republic
268:
254:
210:
203:8 November 1918
200:
177:
150:
137:
125:
64:
52:
47:
46:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3420:48.133; 11.567
3392:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Hungary (1919)
3331:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3201:Czech Republic
3196:Czechoslovakia
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Inner Mongolia
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:East Turkestan
3113:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:United Kingdom
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2755:United Kingdom
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2221:
2207:
2182:
2176:
2156:
2150:
2134:
2120:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2031:
2019:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1922:
1910:
1888:
1886:, p. 225.
1871:
1847:
1832:
1815:
1771:
1764:
1740:
1723:
1708:
1701:
1676:
1649:
1622:
1614:Mitcham (1996)
1610:Kershaw (1999)
1602:
1583:
1554:
1542:
1519:
1505:
1481:
1466:
1429:
1422:
1399:
1384:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1327:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1190:
1187:
1067:behavior. The
1040:Ernst Niekisch
1031:
1028:
1010:convened, and
997:
994:
862:
861:
856:
853:
850:
847:
842:
840:
836:
835:
830:
827:
824:
821:
816:
814:
810:
809:
804:
801:
798:
795:
790:
788:
784:
783:
778:
775:
772:
769:
764:
762:
758:
757:
752:
749:
746:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
712:
708:
707:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
684:
683:
678:
675:
672:
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:
652:
649:
646:
643:
638:
636:
635:Vice President
632:
631:
626:
623:
620:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
570:
567:
555:Münchener Post
492:Theresienwiese
388:
385:
335:
334:
324:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
304:
298:
297:
290:
281:
278:
277:
272:
264:
263:
258:
246:
245:
240:
230:
229:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
175:
174:Historical era
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
148:
145:
144:
138:
135:
132:
131:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
35:
31:
30:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3501:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3389:
3384:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3304:Crimea (1919)
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3166:South Vietnam
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3093:North Vietnam
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2803:United States
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:United States
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:New Australia
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2523:
2522:Sondershausen
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2262:
2260:0-275-95485-4
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:0-393-04671-0
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2177:0-14-303469-3
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:0-8090-9325-1
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2081:Burleigh 2000
2077:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2044:, p. 53.
2043:
2038:
2036:
2029:, p. 35.
2028:
2023:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1963:, p. 58.
1962:
1957:
1951:, p. 33.
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:Mühsam, Erich
1892:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1845:, p. 32.
1844:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1798:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1765:9781610692861
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1738:, p. 40.
1737:
1736:Burleigh 2000
1732:
1730:
1728:
1721:, p. 31.
1720:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1702:0-14-013724-6
1698:
1694:
1693:Penguin Books
1690:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1552:, p. 11.
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1506:0-394-58601-8
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Bullock, Alan
1488:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1461:Vintage Books
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1423:0-06-131123-5
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:Bullock, Alan
1403:
1397:, p. 39.
1396:
1395:Burleigh 2000
1391:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1319:(in German).
1318:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:, declared a
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
980:
975:
969:
967:
966:Thule Society
962:
957:
954:), while the
952:
951:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
912:
906:
903:
898:
897:Lujo Brentano
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:Johannes Timm
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
611:
607:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
585:
579:
575:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
437:
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:German Empire
393:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
328:
325:
323:Today part of
321:
305:
303:
300:
299:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
276:
273:
266:
265:
262:
261:German Empire
259:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
206:
202:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
146:
142:
141:Martin Segitz
139:
133:
130:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
60:
55:
51:
44:
37:
32:
28:
20:
3396:
3271:
3264:Baranya–Baja
3233:Soviet Union
3213:East Germany
2911:Burkina Faso
2561:
2535:Unrecognized
2481:(until 1920)
2386:(until 1929)
2250:
2228:
2225:Kershaw, Ian
2186:
2166:. New York:
2163:
2141:
2099:
2091:Bibliography
2066:Kershaw 1999
2061:
2054:Kershaw 1999
2049:
2027:Mitcham 1996
2022:
2012:23 September
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
2001:
1992:
1985:Bracher 1970
1980:
1968:
1956:
1949:Mitcham 1996
1944:
1937:Mitcham 1996
1918:Mitcham 1996
1913:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1862:. Retrieved
1857:Ernst Toller
1856:
1850:
1843:Mitcham 1996
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1774:
1750:
1743:
1719:Mitcham 1996
1688:
1679:
1664:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1625:
1618:Evans (2003)
1605:
1597:the original
1586:
1550:Mitcham 1996
1545:
1538:Kershaw 1999
1496:
1475:
1469:
1456:
1411:
1402:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1337:Adolf Hitler
1330:
1320:
1316:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1208:
1204:middle class
1192:
1165:
1159:, including
1148:
1138:
1092:Eugen Leviné
1085:
1077:
1057:Ernst Toller
1055:(BSR), with
1033:
1020:
1016:Centre Party
999:
970:
940:
916:
907:
876:
865:
583:
563:
554:
532:
477:
458:
454:Joachim Fest
450:Alan Bullock
442:
398:
340:
338:
243:Succeeded by
242:
237:
213:6 April 1919
182:
26:
3418: /
3247:Short-lived
3104:Short-lived
3073:South Yemen
3058:North Korea
3018:Afghanistan
2735:New Zealand
2730:Netherlands
2572:Würzburg SR
2547:Bavarian SR
2509:Schwarzburg
2410:City-states
2391:Württemberg
2378:(from 1920)
2302:(1919–1933)
2042:Heynen 2019
1828:Heynen 2019
1783:(in German)
1638:(in German)
1373:(in German)
1199:Kapp Putsch
1171: [
1161:Rudolf Hess
1116: [
1012:Erhard Auer
979:nationalist
924:Switzerland
807:Independent
740:Erhard Auer
691:Kurt Eisner
681:Independent
666:Edgar Jaffé
614:Kurt Eisner
578:Kurt Eisner
543:Wittelsbach
520:Anif Palace
496:Oktoberfest
488:Kurt Eisner
365:Kurt Eisner
238:Preceded by
179:World War I
164:Legislature
129:Kurt Eisner
3433:Categories
3359:Tarnobrzeg
3284:Bessarabia
3238:Yugoslavia
2961:Seychelles
2956:Mozambique
2951:Madagascar
2874:Vietnamese
2869:Venezuelan
2859:Nicaraguan
2854:Melanesian
2771:Venezuela
2683:Kuomintang
2676:since 1978
2646:Bangladesh
2622:By country
2616:by country
2557:Bottleneck
2538:separatist
2517:Rudolstadt
2473:Saxe-Gotha
2437:Until 1920
1806:|url=
1579:Evans 2003
1352:References
1323:: 121–142.
1290:Volksstaat
1212:Nazi Party
1157:Nazi Party
1096:Max Levien
1088:Bolsheviks
1045:anarchists
886:Bolsheviks
561:ideology.
535:free state
522:in nearby
387:Background
100:Government
3317:1939–1940
3272:1918–1919
3041:1982–1992
3036:1979–1992
3031:1975–1979
3027:Cambodia
3002:Nicaragua
2934:1987–1991
2929:1974–1987
2925:Ethiopia
2864:Tanzanian
2745:Sri Lanka
2688:Hong Kong
2671:Communist
2634:Australia
2629:Argentina
2614:Socialism
2552:Bremen SR
2540:movements
2468:Meiningen
2453:Altenburg
2375:Thuringia
2355:Oldenburg
2330:Brunswick
2217:2524-7131
2130:2524-7131
1961:Gaab 2006
1514:help page
1297:Freistaat
1217:Reichstag
1189:Aftermath
1152:Freikorps
1142:Freikorps
1125:Freikorps
1107:Freikorps
1073:Paul Levi
592:Portfolio
551:Schwabing
432:overprint
34:1918–1919
3369:Würzburg
3344:Naissaar
3308:Finland
3268:Bavaria
3206:Slovakia
3191:Bulgaria
3121:Far East
3068:Mongolia
2980:Americas
2844:European
2775:Chavismo
2740:Pakistan
2249:(1996).
2227:(1999).
2162:(2003).
2140:(2000).
1899:(1929).
1797:cite web
1787:8 August
1756:ABC-CLIO
1687:(1970).
1671:Archived
1495:(1991).
1455:(1973).
1410:(1984).
1377:24 March
1224:See also
1038:) under
595:Minister
539:monarchy
524:Salzburg
222:Currency
143:(acting)
3406:11°34′E
3403:48°08′N
3339:Ireland
3329:Galicia
3228:Romania
3186:Albania
3141:Jiangxi
3088:Vietnam
2992:Grenada
2966:Somalia
2849:Israeli
2839:Chinese
2834:Burmese
2829:British
2819:African
2791:History
2782:Vietnam
2750:Tunisia
2700:Finland
2695:Estonia
2567:Rhenish
2562:Bavaria
2423:Hamburg
2383:Waldeck
2360:Prussia
2325:Bavaria
2168:Penguin
1808:value (
1642:10 June
1090:, with
1080:Bamberg
1007:Landtag
990:cockade
974:Landtag
961:Landtag
950:Landtag
883:Russian
559:Marxist
541:of the
471:into a
373:Bamberg
353:Bavaria
331:Bavaria
327:Germany
79:Capital
3349:Saxony
3294:Bremen
3223:Poland
3179:Europe
3146:Kuwait
3126:Fujian
2941:Guinea
2901:Angola
2894:Africa
2710:Greece
2705:France
2667:China
2663:Canada
2656:Lulism
2651:Brazil
2458:Coburg
2445:Ernest
2428:Lübeck
2418:Bremen
2365:Saxony
2315:Anhalt
2308:States
2257:
2235:
2215:
2205:
2174:
2148:
2128:
2118:
1864:17 Feb
1804:Check
1762:
1699:
1503:
1457:Hitler
1420:
1301:, see
1100:Dachau
1036:soviet
855:
829:
803:
777:
751:
725:
701:
677:
651:
625:
604:Party
500:Munich
345:German
183:·
181:
114:
93:German
83:Munich
69:Status
3364:Užice
3299:Bihać
3259:Banat
3131:Gilan
3078:Syria
3048:China
3023:Burma
2997:Chile
2971:Sudan
2946:Libya
2921:Egypt
2906:Benin
2725:Italy
2715:India
2499:Reuss
2491:Reuss
2463:Gotha
2340:Lippe
2335:Hesse
2320:Baden
1903:[
1344:1933.
1313:(PDF)
1251:Notes
1175:]
1120:]
498:– in
185:
3312:1918
3277:1919
3083:Tuva
3063:Laos
3053:Iraq
3011:Asia
2987:Cuba
2824:Arab
2720:Iran
2255:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2213:ISSN
2203:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2126:ISSN
2116:ISBN
2014:2006
1866:2012
1810:help
1789:2024
1760:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1644:2024
1501:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1379:2024
1305:and
1293:and
1283:and
1166:The
1139:The
920:Bern
859:USPD
705:USPD
629:USPD
421:Kiel
339:The
50:Flag
2195:doi
2108:doi
905:).
833:SPD
781:SPD
755:SPD
729:SPD
655:SPD
419:at
228:(ℳ)
3435::
2211:.
2201:.
2170:.
2124:.
2114:.
2102:.
2073:^
2034:^
2000:.
1925:^
1874:^
1835:^
1818:^
1801::
1799:}}
1795:{{
1754:.
1726:^
1711:^
1669:.
1663:.
1557:^
1522:^
1516:).
1484:^
1432:^
1387:^
1321:45
1315:.
1185:.
1173:de
1163:.
1118:de
922:,
486:,
448:.
383:.
347::
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2292:e
2285:t
2278:v
2263:.
2241:.
2219:.
2197::
2180:.
2154:.
2132:.
2110::
2016:.
1868:.
1812:)
1791:.
1768:.
1705:.
1646:.
1509:.
1426:.
1381:.
1325:.
343:(
333:)
329:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
