31:
432:, which took place between 500 and 287 BC. Due to the patricians having the political status, the plebeian class had no representation in the government to advocate for their interests. By not having anyone advocating for their interests, this also meant that the plebeians did not always know the laws by which they had to abide. Since the patricians were of high social status, they did not want to lose this status; they were not in agreement with changing the structure of society by giving plebeians more status. Eventually, the plebeian class created their own governing body, the
290:
how important and advantaged the patrician class was over the plebeian class. He indicates the status difference between patricians and plebeians by detailing the specific shoes the patricians wore. Cassius states, "For the shoes worn by the patricians in the city were ornamented with laced straps and the design of the letter, to signify that they were descended from the original hundred men that had been senators." It is clear through
Cassius' account that these details mattered and represented the differentiation between classes.
420:. If a marriage was to occur between a patrician and a plebeian, the children of that marriage would then be given patrician status. This law was created to prevent the classes from mixing. In ancient Rome women did not have power in the household. However, according to Mathisen, having a recognized marriage, so not illegally marrying into the other class, was important. Having a legally recognized marriage ensured that the children born from the marriage were given Roman citizenship and any property they might inherit.
5496:
2232:
202:. There were quotas for official offices. One of the two consulships was reserved for plebeians. Although being a patrician remained prestigious, it was of minimal practical importance. With the exception of some religious offices which were devoid of political power, plebeians were able to stand for all of the offices that were open to patricians. Plebeians of the
449:
made political reforms, such as the introduction of the
Council of the Plebs and the tribunes of the plebs. These two political bodies were created to give the plebeians a voice. After the Conflict of the Orders, according to Mathisen, Plebeians were able to rise in politics and become members of the
308:
Many of the ancient patrician gentes whose members appear in the founding legends of Rome disappeared as Rome acquired its empire, and new plebeian families rose to prominence. A number of patrician families such as the
Horatii, Lucretii, Verginii and Menenii rarely appear in positions of importance
264:
Additionally, not only were the patricians of higher status in political offices but they also had the best land in ancient Rome. Having the best land allowed the patrician class to have more opportunities, such as being able to produce better agriculture. This view had political consequences, since
289:
While it was not illegal for a plebeian to run for political office, a plebeian would not have had the backing needed to win a seat. Since society was organized in this way, the patrician class was essentially in control of ancient Rome's government. In
Cassius' accounts of ancient Rome, he details
439:
Another advancement that came from the
Conflict of the Orders was the Twelve Tables. At this time in ancient Rome, the monarchy had been overthrown. The plebeians wanted to know the laws, which resulted in the written form of laws: the Twelve Tables. Even once these laws were written down, and the
396:
in ancient Rome was based purely on birth. Although modern writers often portray patricians as rich and powerful families who managed to secure power over the less-fortunate plebeian families, plebeians and patricians among the senatorial class were equally wealthy. As civil rights for plebeians
186:
The criteria for why
Romulus chose certain men for this class remains contested by academics and historians, but the importance of the patrician/plebeian distinction is accounted by all as paramount to ancient Roman society. The distinction between the noble class, the patricians, and the Roman
155:
gave them a noble status. That status is what separated the patricians from the plebeians. Some accounts detail that the one hundred men were chosen because of their wisdom. This would coincide with the idea that ancient Rome was founded on a merit-based ideal. According to other opinions, the
195:. Being of the noble class meant that patricians were able to participate in government and politics, while the plebeians could not. This privilege was important in ancient Roman history and eventually caused a large divide between the two classes.
80:. The status of patricians gave them more political power than the plebeians, but the relationship between the groups eventually caused the Conflict of the Orders. This time period resulted in changing of the social structure of ancient Rome.
190:
The patricians were given noble status when named to the Senate, giving them wider political influence than the plebeians, at least in the times of the early
Republic. The patricians in ancient Rome were of the same status as aristocrats in
444:
and
Patricians, controlled the majority of the vote. This meant, that while the plebeians were able to vote, if the patrician classes voted together, they could control the vote. Ancient Rome, according to Ralph Mathisen, author of
265:
in the beginning of the year or before a military campaign, Roman magistrates used to consult the gods. Livy reports that the first admission of plebeians into a priestly college happened in 300 BC with the passage of the
273:
raised their number from four to nine. After that, plebeians were accepted into the other religious colleges. By the end of the
Republic, only priesthoods with limited political importance, such as the
320:, which took a heavy toll on them. As a result, several illustrious patrician houses were on the verge of extinction during the 1st century BC, sometimes only surviving through adoptions, such as:
198:
During the middle and late
Republic, as this influence gradually eroded, plebeians were granted equal rights in most areas, and even greater in some. For example, only plebeians could serve as the
881:
No list of the gentes maiores has been discovered, and even their number is unknown. It has been suggested that the Aemilii, Claudii, Cornelii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii were amongst them. The
401:, many plebeian families had attained wealth and power while some traditionally patrician families had fallen into poverty and obscurity. However, no amount of wealth could change one's class.
309:
during the later republic. Many old families had patrician and plebeian branches, of which the patrician lines frequently faded into obscurity, and were eclipsed by their plebeian namesakes.
428:
Eventually, the plebeians became unsatisfied with being the lower class and not having the same rights and privileges as the patricians. This time in Roman history is called the
187:
populace, the plebeians, existed from the beginning of ancient Rome. This distinction became increasingly important in the society until the period of the late republic.
908:
suggests that the Alban families were also included among the gentes maiores, and that the gentes minores consisted of the families admitted to the patriciate under the
522:
76:, membership in the patriciate was of only nominal significance. The social structure of ancient Rome revolved around the distinction between the patricians and the
1145:, "first patrician") is also evidenced in the East from 367 to 711, possibly referring to the senior-most holder of the office and leader of the patrician order (
2405:
916:. In any case, the distinction cannot have been based entirely on priority, because the Claudii did not arrive at Rome until after the expulsion of the kings.
4572:
1765:
883:
1354:
440:
new Centuriate Assembly was created, the patrician class remained in power. The assembly separated citizens into classes, however, the top two classes,
521:. The last patrician families of the Republic went extinct in the Imperial period, and the latest known members of the "original" patrician houses are
2255:
2240:
1902:
1284:
904:
171:
Other noble families which came to Rome during the time of the kings were also admitted to the patriciate, including several who emigrated from
2097:
2292:
746:
2834:
526:
305:
of 342 BC, which required that at least one of the consuls be a plebeian (although this law was frequently violated for several decades).
5300:
5175:
2876:
2864:
1128:
2066:
5185:
2923:
297:
during the early Republic. Two laws passed during the fourth century BC began the gradual opening of magistrates to the plebeians: the
5443:
944:
title, not tied to any specific administrative position, and from the first limited to a very small number of holders. The historian
4341:
2839:
899:
then formed the nucleus of the gentes minores. These included the Julii, Tulii, Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curtii, and Cloelii.
5525:
5292:
5230:
4211:
2849:
229:
Patricians historically had more privileges and rights than plebeians. This status difference was marked at the beginning of the
5272:
4603:
4249:
4156:
2844:
2578:
1074:. However it remained one of the highest in the imperial hierarchy until the 11th century, being awarded to the most important
1020:
183:
were added to the ranks of the patricians after coming to Rome in 504 BC, five years after the establishment of the Republic.
5267:
4126:
2951:
2478:
2086:
1847:
1682:
1630:
1592:
1532:
1496:
1463:
959:, the title was sparingly used and retained its high prestige, being awarded, especially in the 5th century, to the powerful
88:
5277:
4216:
4091:
3244:
498:—now bind all people). Gradually, by the late Republic, most distinctions between patricians and plebeians had faded away.
317:
5310:
2797:
1039:(r. 527–565), the title proliferated and was consequently somewhat devalued, as the emperor opened it to all those above
5458:
5438:
5417:
2468:
409:
A marriage between a patrician and a plebeian was the only way to legally integrate the two classes. However, once the
210:
willingly arranged to be adopted by a plebeian family in order to qualify to be appointed as the tribune of the plebs.
1102:, whose ring A was inscribed in Greek XOBPATOY and ring C was inscribed XOBPATOY ПATPIKIOY, indicating the dignity of
5520:
5422:
5305:
5148:
4136:
2896:
2463:
2458:
2434:
2285:
2134:
2107:
5170:
4151:
2824:
2473:
2400:
2417:
2350:
2038:
The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
5160:
3171:
3096:
2854:
2077:
987:. The patrician title was occasionally used in Western Europe after the end of the Roman Empire; for instance,
179:. The last-known instance of a gens being admitted to the patriciate prior to the 1st century BC was when the
5530:
5453:
5225:
5220:
4704:
3667:
1770:
1000:
936:
patrician status, as it had been known in the Republic, ceased to have meaning in everyday life. The emperor
108:
5448:
5282:
5247:
5198:
4922:
3507:
3111:
2563:
2278:
1347:
1326:
219:
5402:
5392:
5259:
4467:
4206:
4131:
3890:
2946:
2829:
2375:
1559:
1308:
933:
34:
Romulus and his brother, Remus, with the she-wolf. Romulus is credited with creating the patrician class.
537:"Patrician" and "plebeian" are still used today to refer to groups of people of high and lower classes.
312:
The decline accelerated toward the end of the Republic, principally because of the civil wars, from the
5382:
4721:
4242:
4166:
3830:
3722:
3492:
3264:
3086:
2994:
2859:
2802:
866:. Whether this distinction had any legal significance is not known, but it has been suggested that the
17:
1127:
followed the fate of other titles: extensively awarded, it lost in status, and disappeared during the
5407:
5347:
4186:
3279:
3234:
3161:
3081:
3029:
3019:
2971:
2318:
2260:
339:
313:
5352:
5342:
4511:
3787:
3697:
3206:
3186:
3181:
3166:
3059:
3014:
2816:
1353:
Cite error: The named reference "livy1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
254:
147:), and the descendants of those men became the patrician class. This account is also described by
5499:
5397:
5332:
4196:
4176:
4116:
4106:
4096:
3502:
3191:
3091:
3071:
2986:
2976:
2681:
2621:
2601:
2313:
253:) were closed to non-patricians. There was a belief that patricians communicated better with the
207:
1706:
Steinberg, Michael (1982). "The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate".
5357:
4986:
4728:
4201:
4191:
4141:
4121:
3935:
3910:
3875:
3757:
3482:
3129:
2891:
2422:
2245:
1888:
429:
413:
were written down, a law was enacted which made the marriage between the two classes illegal.
119:
families had a similar meaning. Subsequently, "patrician" became a vague term used to refer to
69:
1082:(provincial governors and generals, allies) of the Empire. In the court hierarchy, the eunuch
860:, the greatest or perhaps the most noble houses. The other patrician families were called the
30:
5412:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5215:
4283:
4235:
4171:
4101:
3925:
3677:
3477:
3472:
3269:
3176:
3101:
3064:
3049:
3024:
3004:
2906:
937:
2218:
The laws of the Roman people: Public law in the expansion and decline of the Roman Republic.
5473:
5468:
5372:
5242:
5193:
4587:
4553:
4538:
4374:
4321:
4181:
4146:
3835:
3702:
3602:
3527:
3392:
3355:
2731:
2395:
2186:
1055:
956:
887:
suggests that the gentes maiores consisted of families that settled at Rome in the time of
334:
199:
84:
3825:
2056:
809:
originally belonged to the patricians but were known chiefly for their plebeian branches.
206:
were no less wealthy than patricians at the height of the republic. Originally patrician,
8:
4857:
4662:
4637:
4617:
4521:
4111:
3960:
3762:
3632:
3582:
2901:
2498:
2036:
1907:
1411:
Botsford, George Willis (1906). "The Social Composition of the Primitive Roman Populus".
1368:
Botsford, George Willis (1906). "The Social Composition of the Primitive Roman Populus".
1290:
1226:
Botsford, George Willis (1906). "The Social Composition of the Primitive Roman Populus".
1035:
from holding it, although this restriction had been overturned by the 6th century. Under
996:
945:
329:
120:
96:
5014:
4996:
4991:
4979:
4813:
4632:
4612:
4582:
4364:
4336:
4161:
3885:
3692:
3547:
3487:
3407:
3350:
3214:
2450:
2429:
1820:
1812:
1731:
1436:
1393:
1251:
1095:
1024:
949:
474:
344:
298:
100:
3800:
5019:
4937:
4674:
4627:
4565:
4394:
3795:
3647:
3402:
3362:
3340:
2548:
2130:
2103:
2082:
2042:
1853:
1843:
1824:
1804:
1723:
1688:
1678:
1636:
1626:
1598:
1588:
1538:
1528:
1502:
1492:
1469:
1459:
1428:
1385:
1243:
551:
were regarded as patrician, although they may have had plebeian members or branches.
270:
112:
104:
301:
of 367 BC, which established the right of plebeians to hold the consulship; and the
162:) were those who could point to fathers, i.e., those who were members of the clans (
5463:
5337:
5237:
5067:
4875:
4765:
4716:
4689:
4442:
4437:
4290:
3860:
3820:
3752:
3687:
3612:
3607:
3379:
3302:
3249:
3044:
3039:
2928:
2787:
2736:
2696:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2568:
2515:
2508:
2493:
2488:
2412:
2340:
1796:
1715:
1420:
1377:
1235:
1058:, the title was further lowered in the court order of precedence, coming after the
1048:
962:
896:
433:
294:
250:
234:
176:
1185:"), which was a unique dignity conferred on the ladies-in-waiting of the empress.
948:
states that in Constantine's time, the holders of the title ranked even above the
5208:
4900:
4711:
4457:
4447:
3955:
3767:
3747:
3707:
3642:
3592:
3587:
3462:
3412:
3320:
3154:
3134:
3054:
2503:
2328:
2175:
Social struggles in Archaic Rome: New perspectives on the conflict of the orders.
992:
988:
972:
716:
324:
2183:
Social Struggles in Archaic Rome: New Perspectives on the Conflict of the Orders
928:, and Roman emperors routinely elevated their supporters to the patrician caste
5165:
5109:
4948:
4905:
4833:
4577:
4548:
4473:
4427:
4369:
4326:
4010:
3652:
3387:
3335:
3307:
3254:
3239:
3219:
3034:
3009:
2966:
2956:
2782:
2756:
2686:
2671:
2636:
2596:
2357:
1174:
1014:
to legitimize the latter's rule in Italy after his overthrow of the rebellious
1007:
976:
913:
766:
761:
726:
458:
A series of laws diminished the distinction between the two classes, including
398:
302:
238:
230:
192:
92:
65:
43:
2046:
1857:
1692:
1640:
1602:
1542:
1506:
1473:
1094:. The title was also granted to important allied foreign rulers, as the early
48:
5514:
5006:
4803:
4592:
4462:
4452:
4410:
4384:
4379:
4316:
4276:
3542:
3512:
3427:
2961:
2938:
2751:
2606:
2591:
2538:
2345:
2070:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 931–933.
2061:
1808:
1727:
1432:
1389:
1247:
1112:
1042:
1028:
924:
Patrician status still carried a degree of prestige at the time of the early
833:
828:
796:
791:
781:
751:
736:
711:
701:
646:
626:
591:
566:
502:
490:
410:
373:
365:
116:
61:
505:'s time so few of the patriciate were left that a special law was made, the
5039:
4966:
4745:
4735:
4654:
4404:
4311:
4261:
4020:
3880:
3325:
3274:
3229:
3224:
3076:
2886:
2772:
2716:
2711:
2483:
2367:
2301:
2122:
925:
909:
823:
813:
786:
776:
756:
721:
706:
691:
686:
681:
666:
661:
656:
631:
621:
616:
586:
581:
571:
561:
556:
460:
417:
377:
361:
357:
283:
246:
242:
180:
152:
73:
57:
53:
5203:
5034:
5024:
4974:
4956:
4867:
4828:
4622:
4533:
4516:
3815:
3437:
3259:
3149:
2543:
1199:
1036:
843:
818:
771:
741:
731:
696:
676:
651:
641:
606:
596:
576:
484:
266:
124:
1840:
Ancient Roman civilization : history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
1675:
Ancient Roman civilization : history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
1623:
Ancient Roman civilization : history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
1585:
Ancient Roman civilization : history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
1456:
Ancient Roman civilization : history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
5049:
4389:
4040:
3980:
3945:
3737:
3672:
3662:
3557:
3442:
3330:
2913:
2881:
2626:
2553:
2385:
2380:
2127:
The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
2032:
1735:
1440:
1397:
1255:
1069:
980:
892:
838:
671:
636:
611:
601:
381:
369:
172:
2270:
1816:
1784:
5095:
5090:
5057:
5029:
4917:
4912:
4848:
4823:
4770:
4684:
4399:
4331:
4070:
4065:
4025:
3950:
3920:
3900:
3777:
3717:
3627:
3577:
3572:
3497:
3457:
3345:
3315:
3124:
2999:
2792:
2676:
2651:
2530:
2204:
Public office in early Rome: Ritual procedure and political practice.
1077:
1061:
941:
77:
1719:
1424:
1381:
1239:
111:
were once again formally defined groups of leading families. In the
5104:
5076:
5062:
4929:
4895:
4853:
4838:
4798:
4543:
4030:
4015:
4005:
3990:
3905:
3895:
3865:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3742:
3657:
3537:
3522:
3452:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3397:
3196:
2777:
2741:
2631:
2558:
2390:
2118:
1800:
1194:
968:
518:
510:
469:
2231:
1525:
Ancient Roman civilization: history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
1489:
Ancient Roman civilization: history and sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE
991:
granted the title "Patricius of the Romans" to the Frankish ruler
932:. This prestige gradually declined further, and by the end of the
5100:
5085:
5081:
4843:
4793:
4785:
4775:
4679:
4667:
4526:
4422:
4416:
4050:
4045:
4035:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3930:
3915:
3732:
3727:
3712:
3682:
3637:
3617:
3597:
3552:
3284:
3139:
2918:
2726:
2721:
2611:
2119:"Danube Bulgaria and Khazaria as part of the Byzantine oikoumene"
2055:
1011:
984:
888:
441:
237:, and only patricians could hold high political offices, such as
203:
140:
5072:
4885:
4818:
4758:
4753:
4560:
4227:
4060:
3940:
3870:
3810:
3805:
3772:
3532:
3517:
3467:
3447:
2869:
2746:
2641:
1099:
1032:
895:. The noble Alban families that settled in Rome in the time of
478:(367 BC; which made restrictions on possession of public lands—
279:
258:
148:
872:, or Speaker of the Senate, was traditionally chosen from the
450:
Senate, which previously had been exclusively for patricians.
4880:
4808:
4359:
3845:
3567:
3294:
2586:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
509:, for the enrollment of new patricians. This was followed by
393:
275:
168:) whose members originally comprised the whole citizen body.
257:, so they alone could perform the sacred rites and take the
4890:
4432:
4055:
3622:
3562:
3144:
2520:
1903:
Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities
1883:
1342:
1321:
1286:
Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities
1272:
1121:
inscribed tablets. During the 11th century, the dignity of
482:—and also made sure that one of the consuls was plebeian),
136:
1979:
940:(r. 306–337) reintroduced the term as the empire's senior
2616:
1106:(Patrician) that he had achieved in the Byzantine world.
854:
Among the patricians, certain families were known as the
523:
Servius Cornelius Dolabella Metilianus Pompeius Marcellus
488:(300 BC; plebeians received access to priest posts), and
72:(494 BC to 287 BC). By the time of the late Republic and
2168:
Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state.
2152:
From the Patrician State to the Patricio-Plebeian State.
1991:
1766:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
884:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
151:. The appointment of these one hundred men into the
2195:Rosenstein, Nathan and Robert Morstein-Marx. 2010.
1088:enjoyed higher precedence, coming before even the
919:
5512:
447:Ancient Roman Civilization: History and Sources,
60:. The distinction was highly significant in the
2211:The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher.
995:. The revival of patrician classes in medieval
87:fell, the term "patrician" continued as a high
4243:
2286:
1171:; it is not to be confused with the title of
139:, the first 100 men appointed as senators by
5147:
4927:
1943:Constantine, Roman Emperor, Christian Victor
999:, and also north of the Alps, is covered in
905:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
849:
233:: patricians were better represented in the
213:
2213:Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
1040:
1015:
960:
873:
867:
861:
855:
804:
546:
387:
351:
163:
157:
4250:
4236:
2293:
2279:
2099:Byzantium and the Avars 6th-9th Century AD
517:, and continued by later emperors such as
2199:Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
1705:
494:(287 BC; verdicts of plebeian assemblies—
423:
286:, were filled exclusively by patricians.
5135:
2180:
2157:
2116:
2095:
1997:
1985:
1837:
1785:"Composition of the Senate, A.D. 68-235"
1672:
1620:
1582:
1522:
1486:
1453:
1410:
1367:
1225:
1131:in the early 12th century. The title of
891:, or at least before the destruction of
453:
29:
2300:
2074:
1782:
1338:
1336:
392:The distinction between patricians and
14:
5513:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1518:
1516:
293:Few plebeian names appear in lists of
5134:
4491:
4231:
2274:
1760:
1758:
1554:
1552:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1278:
540:
397:increased during the middle and late
143:were referred to as "fathers" (Latin
2053:
2031:
1333:
1315:
1268:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
527:Cornelii Scipiones Salvidieni Orfiti
464:(445 BC; which allowed the marriage—
416:This was repealed in 445BC with the
350:However, large gentes with multiple
68:, but its relevance waned after the
2220:Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
2206:Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
2041:. London: Oxford University Press.
1913:
1874:(London: MacMillan, 1901), page 12.
1831:
1647:
1609:
1576:
1560:"Cassius Dio — Fragments of Book 2"
1513:
1480:
1352:
1117:, the insignia of the dignity were
175:, after that city was destroyed by
27:Hereditary nobility of ancient Rome
24:
4493:
4492:
2197:A Companion to the Roman Republic.
2144:
1755:
1549:
1404:
1361:
1296:
1109:According to the late 9th-century
380:all continued to thrive under the
25:
5542:
2224:
2162:. University of California Press.
1748:Tellegen-Couperus, O. E. (1993).
1447:
1212:
967:who dominated the state, such as
5495:
5494:
4257:
2230:
2170:Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
2160:A Critical History of Early Rome
2075:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
2012:
2003:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1895:
1877:
1864:
1776:
1742:
1708:Journal of the History of Ideas
1699:
1047:rank, i.e. the majority of the
1027:in 476. In the Eastern Empire,
920:Late Roman and Byzantine period
356:seem to have coped better; the
249:, and all priesthoods (such as
5526:Social classes in ancient Rome
5136:
2078:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1262:
912:and in the early years of the
13:
1:
2173:Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. 2004.
1870:Greenidge, Abel Hendy Jones,
1205:
532:
52:) were originally a group of
2865:Frontiers and fortifications
2181:Raaflaub, Kurt, ed. (2005).
1789:The Journal of Roman Studies
1750:A short history of Roman law
1181:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1147:
1133:
1111:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
316:to the proscriptions of the
220:Social class in ancient Rome
7:
2924:Decorations and punishments
2166:Mitchell, Richard E. 1990.
2129:. Brill. pp. 339–362.
2117:Vachkova, Veselina (2008).
2096:Kardaras, Georgios (2018).
2081:. Oxford University Press.
2054:Clay, Agnes Muriel (1911).
1842:. Oxford University Press.
1838:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1677:. Oxford University Press.
1673:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1625:. Oxford University Press.
1621:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1587:. Oxford University Press.
1583:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1527:. Oxford University Press.
1523:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1491:. Oxford University Press.
1487:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1458:. Oxford University Press.
1454:Mathisen, Ralph W. (2019).
1413:Political Science Quarterly
1370:Political Science Quarterly
1309:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1228:Political Science Quarterly
1188:
1054:In the 8th century, in the
1010:(r. 474–491) granted it to
404:
10:
5547:
4342:Weberian (three-component)
3831:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2406:historiography of the fall
2261:Collier's New Encyclopedia
2216:Williamson, Callie. 2005.
2102:. Brill. pp. 99–100.
2025:
1161:
1141:
217:
109:medieval patrician classes
97:medieval Italian republics
5490:
5431:
5323:
5291:
5258:
5184:
5156:
5143:
5130:
5048:
5005:
4965:
4947:
4866:
4784:
4744:
4653:
4646:
4601:
4504:
4500:
4487:
4350:
4304:
4300:
4271:
4212:External wars and battles
4079:
3973:
3786:
3378:
3371:
3293:
3205:
3110:
2985:
2937:
2815:
2765:
2704:
2695:
2577:
2529:
2449:
2366:
2336:
2327:
2309:
2209:Tatum, W. Jeffrey. 1999.
2177:2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
2154:Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert.
2125:; Kovalev, Roman (eds.).
1165:) denoted the spouses of
850:Gentes maiores et minores
224:
214:Roman Republic and Empire
130:
5521:Ancient Roman patricians
5464:Pre-industrial East Asia
2202:Stewart, Roberta. 1998.
1151:). The feminine variant
468:—between patricians and
388:Patricians vs. plebeians
4512:Administrative detainee
4207:Roman–Iranian relations
2682:Optimates and populares
2158:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
2150:Ferenczy, Endre. 1976.
2067:Encyclopædia Britannica
1932:Kazhdan (1991), p. 1600
1783:Hammond, Mason (1957).
1123:
1090:
208:Publius Clodius Pulcher
4928:
4217:Civil wars and revolts
3483:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3130:Conflict of the Orders
2489:Legislative assemblies
2246:Encyclopedia Americana
1041:
1016:
961:
874:
868:
862:
856:
805:
547:
475:Leges Liciniae Sextiae
430:Conflict of the Orders
424:Conflict of the Orders
352:
164:
158:
70:Conflict of the Orders
47:
35:
5469:Pre-industrial Europe
3926:Simplicius of Cilicia
3678:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2907:Siege in Ancient Rome
2516:Executive magistrates
2235:Texts on Wikisource:
1564:penelope.uchicago.edu
938:Constantine the Great
454:Fading of distinction
218:Further information:
33:
5531:Ancient Roman titles
5326: or countries
5137:By country or region
4375:Class discrimination
3936:Stephanus Byzantinus
3841:Eusebius of Caesaria
3703:Sidonius Apollinaris
3393:Ammianus Marcellinus
2732:Tribune of the plebs
2187:Blackwell Publishing
1271:, p. 931 cites
1056:Eastern Roman Empire
1031:(r. 408–450) barred
1006:The eastern emperor
957:Western Roman Empire
434:Council of the Plebs
200:tribune of the plebs
4858:Vanniar (Chieftain)
4112:Distinguished women
3763:Velleius Paterculus
3603:Nicolaus Damascenus
3583:Marcellus Empiricus
2972:Republican currency
1976:Bury (1911), p. 124
1908:Harry Thurston Peck
1752:. Psychology Press.
1291:Harry Thurston Peck
997:Italian city-states
950:praetorian prefects
127:in many countries.
5439:18th-century Spain
5293:Standard of living
4997:Upper middle class
4992:Lower middle class
4583:Political prisoner
4365:Chattering classes
4337:Spoon class theory
3886:Phlegon of Tralles
3693:Seneca the Younger
3167:Naming conventions
2897:Personal equipment
2430:Later Roman Empire
2057:"Patricians"
2018:Bury (1911), p. 28
2009:Bury (1911), p. 22
1967:Bury (1911), p. 27
1906:, Second Edition,
1289:, Second Edition,
1025:Romulus Augustulus
934:3rd-century crisis
803:A number of other
541:Patrician families
345:Servilii Caepiones
299:Lex Licinia Sextia
36:
5508:
5507:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5319:
5318:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5020:Lumpenproletariat
4522:illegal immigrant
4483:
4482:
4395:Classless society
4225:
4224:
4187:Pontifices maximi
3969:
3968:
3826:Diogenes Laërtius
3648:Pliny the Younger
3403:Asconius Pedianus
3363:Romance languages
3235:Civil engineering
2977:Imperial currency
2850:Political control
2811:
2810:
2445:
2444:
2088:978-0-19-504652-6
1988:, p. 99-100.
1941:Paul Stephenson,
1872:Roman Public Life
1849:978-0-19-084960-3
1684:978-0-19-084960-3
1632:978-0-19-084960-3
1594:978-0-19-084960-3
1534:978-0-19-084960-3
1498:978-0-19-084960-3
1465:978-0-19-084960-3
1312:, 2nd ed. (1970).
295:Roman magistrates
271:College of Augurs
113:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
5538:
5498:
5497:
5325:
5226:Mexican-American
5154:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5132:
5131:
4933:
4876:Business magnate
4766:Knowledge worker
4651:
4650:
4539:dual or multiple
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4443:Social exclusion
4438:Social cleansing
4352:
4302:
4301:
4291:Economic classes
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4177:Magistri equitum
4092:Cities and towns
4085:
4011:Constantinopolis
3821:Diodorus Siculus
3753:Valerius Maximus
3688:Seneca the Elder
3608:Nonius Marcellus
3376:
3375:
2929:Hippika gymnasia
2892:Infantry tactics
2798:Consular tribune
2788:Magister equitum
2737:Military tribune
2702:
2701:
2662:Pontifex maximus
2657:Princeps senatus
2647:Magister militum
2413:Byzantine Empire
2334:
2333:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2234:
2190:
2163:
2140:
2113:
2092:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1892:, i. 30, ii. 16.
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1780:
1774:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1670:
1645:
1644:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1331:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1129:Komnenian period
1126:
1116:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1046:
1019:
1017:magister militum
966:
963:magistri militum
897:Tullus Hostilius
877:
871:
869:princeps senatus
865:
859:
808:
550:
525:or possibly the
355:
330:Manlii Torquatii
251:pontifex maximus
235:Roman assemblies
204:senatorial class
177:Tullus Hostilius
167:
161:
99:, especially in
21:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5478:
5427:
5315:
5287:
5254:
5238:Underprivileged
5180:
5139:
5138:
5114:
5044:
5001:
4961:
4943:
4862:
4780:
4740:
4642:
4597:
4496:
4495:
4479:
4458:Social position
4448:Social mobility
4346:
4296:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4226:
4221:
4083:
4081:
4075:
3965:
3801:Aëtius of Amida
3782:
3768:Verrius Flaccus
3748:Valerius Antias
3708:Silius Italicus
3643:Pliny the Elder
3588:Marcus Aurelius
3463:Cornelius Nepos
3413:Aurelius Victor
3367:
3289:
3201:
3135:Secessio plebis
3106:
2981:
2933:
2807:
2761:
2691:
2573:
2525:
2441:
2362:
2323:
2305:
2299:
2253:
2238:
2227:
2147:
2145:Further reading
2137:
2110:
2089:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1914:
1910:, Editor (1897)
1900:
1896:
1889:Ab Urbe Condita
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1720:10.2307/2709429
1704:
1700:
1685:
1671:
1648:
1633:
1619:
1610:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1499:
1485:
1481:
1466:
1452:
1448:
1425:10.2307/2140599
1409:
1405:
1382:10.2307/2140599
1366:
1362:
1348:Ab Urbe Condita
1341:
1334:
1327:Ab Urbe Condita
1320:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1293:, Editor (1897)
1283:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1240:10.2307/2140599
1224:
1213:
1208:
1191:
1091:anthypatoi-Latn
993:Pepin the Short
989:Pope Stephen II
973:Constantius III
922:
852:
801:
543:
535:
456:
426:
421:
407:
390:
340:Postumii Albini
335:Papirii Masones
227:
222:
216:
133:
123:and the higher
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5544:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5459:Ottoman Empire
5456:
5451:
5446:
5444:Ancient Greece
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5418:United Kingdom
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5311:Home-ownership
5308:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:American Dream
5163:
5157:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4578:Migrant worker
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4494:By demographic
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4474:Status Anxiety
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Ranked society
4425:
4420:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Class conflict
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4353: topics
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4327:Mudsill theory
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Pomponius Mela
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Aelius Donatus
3384:
3382:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:Ecclesiastical
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3097:Toys and games
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Vigintisexviri
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Cursus honorum
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:Western Empire
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2251:
2226:
2225:External links
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2072:
2062:Chisholm, Hugh
2051:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2002:
2000:, p. 343.
1990:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1912:
1894:
1876:
1863:
1848:
1830:
1801:10.2307/298569
1795:(1/2): 74–81.
1775:
1754:
1741:
1714:(3): 379–396.
1698:
1683:
1646:
1631:
1608:
1593:
1575:
1548:
1533:
1512:
1497:
1479:
1464:
1446:
1419:(3): 498–526.
1403:
1376:(3): 498–526.
1360:
1332:
1314:
1295:
1277:
1261:
1234:(3): 498–526.
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1175:zostē patrikia
1142:πρωτοπατρίκιος
1135:prōtopatrikios
977:Flavius Aetius
921:
918:
875:gentes maiores
863:gentes minores
857:gentes maiores
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
545:The following
542:
539:
534:
531:
455:
452:
425:
422:
415:
406:
403:
399:Roman Republic
389:
386:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Julii Caesares
226:
223:
215:
212:
132:
129:
93:Eastern Empire
89:honorary title
85:Western Empire
64:and the early
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5543:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5423:United States
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:Other regions
5322:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:United States
5146:
5142:
5133:
5129:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Socioeconomic
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Social stigma
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Social orphan
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:Nouveau riche
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Class traitor
4383:
4381:
4380:Class society
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Gilbert model
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Julius Paulus
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Fabius Pictor
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Amphitheatres
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Deforestation
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Siege engines
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Establishment
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:Extraordinary
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Promagistrate
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Twelve Tables
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2136:9789004163898
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:Curta, Florin
2120:
2115:
2111:
2109:9789004382268
2105:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1998:Vachkova 2008
1994:
1987:
1986:Kardaras 2018
1982:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1956:Historia Nova
1951:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1771:William Smith
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:Kletorologion
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Theodosius II
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:patricianship
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
964:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
879:
876:
870:
864:
858:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
549:
538:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Julius Caesar
499:
497:
493:
492:
491:Lex Hortensia
487:
486:
481:
480:ager publicus
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
462:
451:
448:
443:
437:
435:
431:
419:
414:
412:
411:Twelve Tables
402:
400:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
319:
315:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
193:Greek society
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
166:
160:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:According to
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:Grand Burgher
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Roman Kingdom
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
32:
19:
5474:Soviet Union
5449:Ancient Rome
5306:Homelessness
5231:Upper Middle
5103: /
5084: /
5075: /
5040:Working poor
4936:
4923:Robber baron
4746:Intellectual
4736:Royal family
4700:Ancient Rome
4699:
4554:second-class
4472:
4415:
4414: /
4409:
4405:High society
4312:Elite theory
4289:
4282:
4275:
4262:Social class
4157:Institutions
4021:Leptis Magna
3974:Major cities
3881:Philostratus
3668:Quadrigarius
3488:Rufus Festus
3351:Contemporary
3119:
3072:Romanization
2995:Architecture
2602:Collegiality
2451:Constitution
2302:Ancient Rome
2259:
2244:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2126:
2098:
2076:
2065:
2037:
2014:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1884:Titus Livius
1879:
1871:
1866:
1839:
1833:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1674:
1622:
1584:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1524:
1488:
1482:
1455:
1449:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1346:
1343:Titus Livius
1325:
1322:Titus Livius
1317:
1307:
1285:
1280:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1154:
1134:
1108:
1103:
1053:
1023:and his son
1005:
955:In the late
954:
929:
926:Roman Empire
923:
903:
901:
882:
880:
853:
802:
544:
536:
514:
506:
500:
495:
489:
483:
479:
473:
466:ius connubii
465:
461:Lex Canuleia
459:
457:
446:
438:
427:
418:Lex Canuleia
408:
391:
349:
311:
307:
303:Genucian Law
292:
288:
284:Rex Sacrorum
263:
228:
197:
189:
185:
170:
156:patricians (
144:
134:
82:
58:ancient Rome
56:families in
54:ruling class
39:
37:
5393:New Zealand
5110:Untouchable
5035:Proletariat
5025:Pea-pickers
4975:Bourgeoisie
4663:Aristocracy
4549:naturalized
4544:native-born
4152:Geographers
3836:Dioscorides
3816:Cassius Dio
3438:Cassiodorus
3341:Renaissance
2947:Agriculture
2919:Auxiliaries
2860:Engineering
2697:Magistrates
2549:Citizenship
2544:Mos maiorum
2479:Late Empire
2033:Bury, J. B.
1945:, 2010:240.
1269:Clay (1911)
1200:Aristocracy
1037:Justinian I
485:Lex Ogulnia
267:Lex Ogulnia
125:bourgeoisie
121:aristocrats
5515:Categories
5383:Luxembourg
5273:Inequality
4938:Superclass
4729:Hereditary
4705:Post-Roman
4696:Patrician
4566:adolescent
4390:Classicide
4041:Mediolanum
3981:Alexandria
3946:Themistius
3911:Porphyrius
3738:Tertullian
3673:Quintilian
3663:Propertius
3558:Lactantius
3508:Fulgentius
3443:Censorinus
3265:Sanitation
3250:Metallurgy
3207:Technology
3172:Demography
3120:Patricians
3087:Spectacles
3045:Literature
3040:Hairstyles
2877:Technology
2627:Praefectus
2579:Government
2569:Litigation
2554:Auctoritas
2499:Centuriate
2386:Principate
2381:Pax Romana
2341:Foundation
2241:Patricians
2047:1046639111
1858:1137838429
1693:1137838429
1641:1137838429
1603:1137838429
1569:2020-02-23
1543:1137838429
1507:1137838429
1474:1137838429
1206:References
1070:anthypatos
981:Bonifacius
893:Alba Longa
717:Quinctilia
533:Modern day
515:Lex Saenia
513:under the
507:Lex Cassia
496:plebiscita
382:Principate
314:Social War
282:, and the
255:Roman gods
173:Alba Longa
95:. In many
83:After the
40:patricians
18:Patricians
5408:Sri Lanka
5301:Education
5268:Household
5161:Affluence
5096:Rat tribe
5058:Ant tribe
5030:Precariat
5015:Lazzaroni
4957:Bohemians
4918:Overclass
4913:Old money
4849:Spartiate
4824:Kshatriya
4814:Hashashin
4771:Professor
4712:Political
4685:Oligarchy
4675:Hanseaten
4593:Stateless
4573:Convicted
4505:By status
4468:Subaltern
4400:Euthenics
4332:New class
4197:Quaestors
4127:Empresses
4117:Dynasties
4107:Dictators
4082:and other
4071:Volubilis
4066:Vindobona
4026:Londinium
3951:Theodoret
3921:Procopius
3901:Polyaenus
3876:Pausanias
3778:Vitruvius
3723:Symmachus
3718:Suetonius
3628:Petronius
3613:Obsequens
3578:Macrobius
3573:Lucretius
3498:Frontinus
3473:Eutropius
3458:Columella
3408:Augustine
3398:Appuleius
3346:Neo-Latin
3321:Classical
3312:Versions
3220:Aqueducts
3162:Patronage
3082:Sexuality
3055:Mythology
3030:Education
3020:Cosmetics
2845:Campaigns
2840:Structure
2793:Decemviri
2652:Imperator
2351:overthrow
2256:Patrician
1958:, II.40.2
1954:Zosimus,
1825:162954014
1809:0075-4358
1773:, Editor.
1728:0022-5037
1433:0032-3195
1390:0032-3195
1355:help page
1351:, Book I
1330:, Book II
1248:0032-3195
1179:("girded
1168:patrikioi
1124:patrikios
1104:Patrikios
1096:Bulgarian
1085:patrikioi
1078:strategoi
1062:magistros
1043:illustris
942:honorific
902:However,
767:Tarquitia
762:Tarquinia
727:Sempronia
470:plebeians
394:plebeians
318:Triumvirs
269:when the
78:plebeians
49:patricius
5500:Category
5432:Historic
5353:Colombia
5343:Cambodia
5278:Personal
5176:Mobility
5105:Freedman
5091:Plebeian
5077:Prisoner
5063:Commoner
4949:Creative
4930:Seigneur
4896:Nobility
4854:Vanniyar
4839:Pendekar
4799:Cossacks
4433:Snobbery
4305:Theories
4202:Tribunes
4192:Praetors
4142:Generals
4122:Emperors
4031:Lugdunum
4016:Eboracum
4006:Carthage
3991:Aquileia
3906:Polybius
3896:Plutarch
3866:Libanius
3856:Josephus
3851:Herodian
3743:Tibullus
3658:Priscian
3633:Phaedrus
3593:Manilius
3538:Jordanes
3523:Hydatius
3453:Claudian
3433:Catullus
3423:Boëthius
3418:Ausonius
3336:Medieval
3308:Alphabet
3280:Theatres
3255:Numerals
3240:Concrete
3230:Circuses
3197:Bagaudae
3187:Adoption
3182:Marriage
3155:Assembly
3060:Religion
3035:Folklore
3015:Clothing
3010:Calendar
2967:Currency
2957:Commerce
2855:Strategy
2817:Military
2803:Triumvir
2783:Dictator
2778:Interrex
2757:Governor
2742:Quaestor
2705:Ordinary
2687:Province
2677:Tetrarch
2667:Augustus
2632:Vicarius
2622:Officium
2559:Imperium
2509:Plebeian
2469:Republic
2391:Dominate
2358:Republic
2319:Timeline
2035:(1911).
1195:Nobility
1189:See also
1182:patrikia
1162:πατρικία
1155:patrikia
1066:and the
979:, Comes
969:Stilicho
930:en masse
914:Republic
910:Tarquins
834:Hostilia
829:Curiatia
797:Volumnia
792:Vitellia
782:Verginia
752:Sulpicia
737:Servilia
712:Quinctia
702:Postumia
647:Lucretia
627:Herminia
592:Cornelia
567:Aquillia
519:Claudius
511:Augustus
405:Marriage
374:Sulpicii
366:Cornelii
280:Flamines
259:auspices
239:dictator
231:Republic
159:patricii
66:Republic
5403:Romania
5398:Nigeria
5283:Poverty
5186:Classes
5171:History
5082:Peasant
5068:Outcast
5007:Working
4987:Burgher
4844:Samurai
4834:Ocēlōtl
4794:Chhetri
4786:Warrior
4776:Scholar
4690:Russian
4680:Magnate
4668:Aristoi
4647:By type
4534:Citizen
4527:refugee
4423:Poverty
4417:Parvenu
4351:Related
4322:Marxian
4284:Stratum
4172:Legions
4132:Fiction
4102:Consuls
4097:Climate
4051:Ravenna
4046:Pompeii
4036:Lutetia
4001:Bononia
3996:Berytus
3986:Antioch
3961:Zosimus
3956:Zonaras
3931:Sozomen
3916:Priscus
3891:Photius
3733:Terence
3728:Tacitus
3713:Statius
3698:Servius
3683:Sallust
3638:Plautus
3618:Orosius
3598:Martial
3553:Juvenal
3528:Hyginus
3513:Gellius
3372:Writers
3303:History
3285:Thermae
3275:Temples
3225:Bridges
3192:Slavery
3140:Equites
3112:Society
3092:Theatre
3065:Deities
3025:Cuisine
3005:Bathing
2987:Culture
2962:Finance
2939:Economy
2830:Borders
2825:History
2727:Tribune
2722:Praetor
2612:Legatus
2607:Emperor
2494:Curiate
2464:Kingdom
2459:History
2435:History
2418:decline
2376:History
2346:Kingdom
2329:History
2314:Outline
2264:. 1921.
2249:. 1920.
2064:(ed.).
2026:Sources
1736:2709429
1441:2140599
1398:2140599
1256:2140599
1033:eunuchs
1021:Orestes
1012:Odoacer
985:Ricimer
946:Zosimus
889:Romulus
824:Cominia
814:Antonia
787:Veturia
777:Valeria
757:Tarpeia
722:Romilia
707:Potitia
692:Pinaria
687:Papiria
682:Numicia
667:Minucia
662:Metilia
657:Menenia
632:Horatia
622:Genucia
617:Gegania
587:Cloelia
582:Claudia
572:Aternia
562:Aemilia
557:Aebutia
442:Equites
378:Valerii
362:Claudii
358:Aemilii
353:stirpes
181:Claudii
141:Romulus
91:in the
5358:France
5338:Belize
5333:Africa
5260:Income
5216:Middle
5209:Gentry
5073:Outlaw
4980:Petite
4967:Middle
4901:Landed
4886:Gentry
4819:Knight
4759:Priest
4754:Clergy
4717:Family
4655:Ruling
4604:collar
4561:Clique
4277:Status
4182:Nomina
4167:Legacy
4147:Gentes
4084:topics
4080:Lists
4061:Smyrna
3941:Strabo
3871:Lucian
3861:Julian
3811:Arrian
3806:Appian
3796:Aelian
3773:Vergil
3548:Justin
3533:Jerome
3518:Horace
3503:Fronto
3493:Florus
3468:Ennius
3448:Cicero
3428:Caesar
3326:Vulgar
3150:Tribes
3077:Romans
2887:Legion
2870:castra
2747:Aedile
2717:Censor
2712:Consul
2672:Caesar
2642:Lictor
2564:Status
2504:Tribal
2484:Senate
2474:Empire
2368:Empire
2304:topics
2133:
2106:
2085:
2045:
1856:
1846:
1823:
1817:298569
1815:
1807:
1734:
1726:
1691:
1681:
1639:
1629:
1601:
1591:
1541:
1531:
1505:
1495:
1472:
1462:
1439:
1431:
1396:
1388:
1275:ii. 56
1254:
1246:
1100:Kubrat
1098:ruler
1049:Senate
983:, and
844:Marcia
819:Cassia
806:gentes
772:Tullia
747:Siccia
742:Sestia
732:Sergia
697:Pollia
677:Nautia
652:Manlia
642:Lartia
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