451:
individual domiciled in
Pakistan automatically became a Pakistani citizen on 13 April 1951 if they were: born in Pakistan, born to at least one parent or grandparent who themself was born in Pakistan, born in India but domiciled in Pakistan, or naturalised as a British subject in Pakistan and had renounced their previous nationalities. Additionally, any other person who migrated to Pakistan from another part of the Indian subcontinent before the Act's commencement with the intention of permanently residing in Pakistan was granted citizenship.
495:
status within
Pakistani nationality law, they are not distinguished from non-Commonwealth foreign nationals for other purposes, including immigration. Following Pakistan's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1972, Pakistani citizens ceased to be Commonwealth citizens in British law after passage of the Pakistan Act 1973. Pakistanis reacquired this status after the country rejoined the organisation in 1989. As Commonwealth citizens, they are eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK.
39:
4512:
4540:
351:. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside of the Empire. A person with connections both to directly governed portions of British India and one of the princely states could be a British subject and British protected person simultaneously.
594:
treaties with participating states, which each separately agree with
Pakistan that the nationals of either country are not required to renounce their nationality before naturalising in the other. Despite official sanction of holding alternate nationalities with a limited set of countries, dual nationals are constitutionally prohibited from serving in the
365:. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether naturalisation rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreigners as subjects. Naturalisation in Britain was achieved through individual
668:. Children born overseas are automatically Pakistani citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent or is employed by the government of Pakistan. Individuals born to parents who are citizens by descent only may alternatively acquire citizenship if their births are registered at a
494:
Under the 1951 Pakistan
Citizenship Act, Commonwealth citizens were technically eligible to obtain Pakistani citizenship by registration in lieu of naturalisation, but no subsidiary legislation or regulations were published that made this pathway available. While Commonwealth citizens have a separate
450:
The partition resulted in large-scale population movements across the new borders separating
Pakistan and India. Provisions in the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951 reflect this and provided a pathway for migrants to automatically acquire a status matching the country of their choice post-partition. Any
373:
formalised a clear distinction between subjects who were naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who were naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalised in colonies
572:
during the partition of India, was particularly affected by
Bangladeshi independence. This group largely did not support the division of Pakistan and refused to acquire Bangladeshi nationality, but did not have the resources to resettle in West Pakistan. The vast majority of this minority group were
486:
or
Ireland. Britain somewhat relaxed these measures in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens. The UK later updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries
702:, investors receive an immigrant visa. Citizenship is then granted on their arrival in Pakistan. Foreign women married to (and widows formerly married to) Pakistani men are entitled to apply for citizenship, provided that their husbands did not acquire citizenship by naturalisation or registration.
693:
requirement, intend to reside permanently in the country or begin service in the
Pakistani government, and cannot hold citizenship of countries that bar Pakistani citizens from naturalisation. Commonwealth citizens may alternatively acquire citizenship by registration with a financial investment in
526:
after the end of armed conflict, although both
Pakistan and India claim sovereignty over the whole territory. Any person who migrated from the former princely state to permanently reside in Pakistan is a Pakistani citizen, as well as individuals considered to be Kashmiri subjects who hold Pakistani
269:
entered into decline in the 18th century, giving the company opportunity to gain further advantages by intervening in regional politics. The vast financial resources of the firm and its superior military enabled it to defeat rival
European trade companies and become the dominant power in India. The
714:
Naturalised citizens may be involuntarily deprived of the status if they fraudulently acquired it, are sentenced to imprisonment for more than 12 months in any jurisdiction in the world, or they wilfully perform an act that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state. Any citizen who continuously
446:
was defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenship of each Commonwealth country. Because Pakistan had not enacted citizenship regulations by the time the 1948 Act took effect, Pakistanis (and citizens of all other Dominions
711:
remained living in Pakistan at the time of their father's renunciation. Former citizens who renounced their status may subsequently apply to resume their Pakistani citizenship. There are no specific requirements for citizenship resumption other than making a written declaration to the government.
642:
issued a contradictory judgement in 2018, ruling that a child of Somali refugees had acquired Pakistani citizenship by virtue of birth in Pakistan and that the 1951 Act should be interpreted as written rather than in the method prescribed by the Peshawar court, along with a further ruling in 2022
469:
after 1949. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any Commonwealth citizens
593:
Restrictions on holding multiple nationalities were relaxed in 1972. Pakistani nationals who naturalise in the United Kingdom or any other country that the federal government specifies no longer automatically lose their Pakistani nationality. The government negotiates bilateral dual nationality
722:
has ruled that this process is not automatic and does not apply unless acquiring the foreign citizenship is conditional on renouncing Pakistani citizenship. Despite this lack of deprivation, Pakistan has concluded a series of bilateral agreements with other countries that explicitly allow dual
517:
was a princely state of British India with a local Hindu monarch who governed a population that was majority Muslim. This state initially remained independent at partition in 1947 but chose to join India later that year. The decision was unpopular among the local populace and triggered revolts
430:
in the post-partition period, using its Dominion status as a deterrent against possible Indian incursion. Pakistanis continued to be British subjects until independent Pakistan enacted its own nationality legislation. Subjects of the princely states were previously considered British protected
710:
Pakistani citizenship may be voluntarily relinquished by any person above age 18, provided that the applicant already holds (or has documentary assurance that they will soon acquire) another citizenship. Minor children of a father who gave up citizenship also cease to be citizens, unless they
637:
ruled that the provisions for citizenship by birthplace and descent in the 1951 Act should be interpreted together in a correct reading of the law. The effect of this reinterpretation limited the application of birthright citizenship only to children born to at least one Pakistani parent. The
557:. The Pakistan Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 1978 addressed the new political situation and removed citizenship from Pakistani citizens who were resident in East Pakistan prior to separation and remained domiciled there after independence and from those who had been domiciled in
281:
Legislation passed in 1852 allowed foreigners residing in territory governed by the East India Company to naturalise as British subjects by application to the government. There was no minimum residence requirement and candidates simply needed approval from a relevant official. The
672:. Children born before 18 April 2000 were entitled to citizenship by descent through their fathers only. However, minor children of Pakistani mothers could apply for registration as citizens in a separate process that was subject to discretionary approval of the government.
397:
and British India to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation, but did not prevent further grants of local naturalisation under local legislation. The continued application of local naturalisation allowed British Indian authorities to avoid adding
215:
and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. In the Pakistani context, these terms are used interchangeably.
715:
resides abroad for more than seven years are also subject to deprivation, unless they are employed by the government while overseas or have submitted a declaration of intent to retain citizenship at a Pakistani diplomatic mission.
2016:
1287:
643:
that any person born in Pakistan was entitled to Pakistani citizenship. There were 1.7 million undocumented Afghan refugees living in Pakistan without citizenship or residency in November 2023, when the government began a
684:
after residing in the country for at least four years within a seven-year period, followed by a further one year of residence immediately before application. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in at least one of the
561:
but had migrated to Bangladesh after 1971. East Pakistanis who were resident overseas at the time of separation could elect to remain Pakistani citizens by obtaining a certificate of citizenship from the government.
332:, which were areas ruled by local monarchs given limited autonomy in exchange for accepting British suzerainty. Provincial residents were British subjects, while subjects of princely state rulers were considered
1864:
Chaudhry, Ayesha Masood; Bilal, Muhammad (2020). "Migration, Diaspora and Citizenship: A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions of Pakistani Nationals towards the Political Rights of Pakistani Dual Citizens".
2005:
2614:
2581:
1958:
3862:
3767:
374:
were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory. For example, a subject locally naturalised in
390:
3777:
3595:
278:
in India, no comprehensive nationality statute existed to define which persons were subjects, leaving the status of native Indians ambiguous throughout this period.
435:
released those states from British vassalage. The states' subsequent accession to Pakistan meant that former protected persons became British subjects of Pakistan.
3902:
3892:
2504:
2056:
191:. Although Pakistan gained independence in 1947 and Pakistanis no longer hold British nationality, they continue to have favoured status when residing in the
581:
ruled that Biharis born in the country would be granted citizenship. While about 170,000 Biharis have since been repatriated to Pakistan, more than 400,000 "
343:
over both types of holdings, domestic law in the United Kingdom treated the princely states as foreign territory. British protected persons were treated as
3027:
1267:
718:
Although the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951 provides for the deprivation of citizenship from any Pakistani who becomes a citizen of another country, the
2678:
4565:
1655:
1509:
1383:
644:
3231:
1693:
578:
3093:
442:. The Act abandoned the common nationality used across the Empire and redefined British subject to mean any citizen of a Commonwealth country. A
386:. Like protected persons, locally naturalised British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of the Empire.
660:
Any person born in Pakistan since 13 April 1951 automatically receives Pakistani citizenship by birth except if they are the child of a foreign
3537:
2591:
2140:
Kumarasingham, Harshan (2013). "The 'Tropical Dominions': The Appeal of Dominion Status in the Decolonisation of India, Pakistan and Ceylon".
4281:
2558:
4277:
325:
389:
The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the
3582:
3141:
2971:
1947:
1360:
2043:
3591:
825:
1659:
211:
is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a
2437:
669:
4123:
3567:
3469:
3396:
2906:
2721:
2671:
2601:
1263:
622:
in 1979 have been routinely denied citizenship. Although these refugees were to be repatriated following agreement of the 1988
482:
arrangement, but moved to mirror Britain's restriction in 1962 by limiting this ability only to people born on the islands of
4285:
3098:
3022:
2458:
2379:
2257:
2130:
253:
on all English trade with Asia. Over the course of the 17th century, the company secured a strong commercial presence in the
2385:
2263:
2093:
3032:
1478:
1778:
Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act".
78:
3436:
519:
286:
administered to successful applicants required them to swear loyal service to the company, as well as allegiance to the
4560:
4153:
3822:
3509:
514:
17:
4329:
4248:
3919:
2896:
2664:
2087:
1867:
582:
540:
168:
as Pakistani citizens after residing in the country for at least five years and showing proficiency in at least one
2298:
Pachauri, S.K. (2010). "India's Decision to Remain in the Commonwealth – 1949 A Major Landmark in Foreign Policy".
475:
370:
98:
46:
629:
Pakistani courts have offered conflicting opinions on the application of birthright citizenship. In the 1999 case
4376:
4258:
4017:
3371:
3211:
3067:
2941:
2485:
2037:
2633:
478:. Ireland had continued to allow all British subjects free movement despite independence in 1922 as part of the
176:
who make a substantial financial investment in the state are eligible for a facilitated naturalisation process.
3406:
3386:
3286:
3134:
2931:
287:
527:
passports and reside overseas in the United Kingdom or any other country specified by the federal government.
270:
company itself ruled as the direct governing body from 1757 to 1858, though sovereignty was often shared with
195:; as Commonwealth citizens, Pakistanis are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there.
4273:
3837:
3722:
3587:
3401:
3246:
3103:
3052:
2946:
2280:
2214:
McKay, James (2008). "The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, a Case-Study of Backbench Power".
1829:
Bloom, Tendayi (2011). "Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries".
1727:
723:
nationality with the participating states. The 22 countries that have such an arrangement with Pakistan are:
4143:
4494:
3847:
3807:
3572:
3206:
3088:
2911:
488:
439:
432:
1501:
4364:
4319:
4238:
4233:
4213:
4158:
4148:
4113:
3842:
3762:
3697:
3494:
3381:
3331:
3201:
3062:
3057:
2936:
2926:
2881:
2761:
2736:
2637:
536:
465:
Commonwealth citizens initially continued to hold an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom and
357:
during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on past
4530:
4314:
4291:
4228:
4208:
4168:
4052:
4027:
4022:
3852:
3827:
3732:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3577:
3562:
3557:
3532:
3514:
3446:
3376:
3346:
3236:
3042:
3001:
2991:
2951:
2916:
2866:
2831:
2726:
2533:
2249:
1789:
1780:
1760:
1471:"Hearing plea by Afghan refugee, Islamabad court says every Pakistan-born child has citizenship right"
393:. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. This Act allowed
4183:
4067:
4042:
3997:
3992:
3942:
3867:
3792:
3787:
3757:
3712:
3702:
3662:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3527:
3504:
3479:
3416:
3336:
3261:
3226:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3127:
2956:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2806:
2776:
2751:
2741:
1831:
550:
383:
1691:
Ansari, Sarah (2013). "Subjects or Citizens? India, Pakistan and the 1948 British Nationality Act".
4515:
4268:
4138:
4128:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4057:
3967:
3947:
3932:
3782:
3752:
3707:
3692:
3652:
3642:
3617:
3547:
3542:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3221:
3181:
3171:
2976:
2961:
2886:
2871:
2841:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2731:
2371:
2149:
1948:
Nation and Citizenship from the Late Nineteenth Century Onwards: A Comparative European Perspective
1751:
333:
307:
188:
126:
4243:
4223:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4133:
4077:
4072:
4032:
4012:
4007:
3972:
3952:
3937:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3797:
3772:
3747:
3737:
3717:
3627:
3552:
3441:
3431:
3366:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3271:
3216:
3176:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2901:
2876:
2856:
2836:
2796:
2771:
2695:
2307:
2052:
1989:
820:
354:
348:
549:, a noncontiguous territory separated from the rest of the country by India. Following the 1971
447:
without citizenship laws) were provisionally classed as "British subjects without citizenship".
4481:
4263:
4253:
4218:
4118:
4062:
4047:
3982:
3977:
3962:
3857:
3832:
3802:
3727:
3687:
3519:
3391:
3326:
3311:
3296:
2966:
2921:
2826:
2816:
2786:
699:
595:
366:
225:
491:, which redefined the term "British subject" to no longer also include Commonwealth citizens.
347:
in the United Kingdom, but both Indian British subjects and protected persons could be issued
4324:
4082:
4037:
4002:
3987:
3957:
3812:
3742:
3499:
3047:
686:
623:
619:
236:
169:
153:. The primary law governing these requirements is the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951, which
4445:
4418:
4309:
3872:
3037:
2703:
2687:
2219:
1726:
Ashesh, Ashna; Thiruvengadam, Arun (July 2017). Report on Citizenship Law: India (Report).
1352:
690:
639:
460:
443:
427:
423:
173:
1023:
8:
4435:
4354:
3897:
2467:
1954:
1840:
1388:
987:
634:
626:, the vast majority have remained in Pakistan due to ongoing instability in Afghanistan.
254:
2323:
Parry, Clive (1954). "Citizenship in the Commonwealth with Special Reference to India".
369:
until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. In 1847, the
4334:
2537:
2491:
2429:
2352:
2344:
2311:
2202:
2169:
2161:
2114:
1913:
1909:
1852:
1817:
1801:
1714:
1651:
479:
415:
283:
242:
2402:
1747:"Missing Links: Data Stories from the Archive of British Settler Colonial Citizenship"
4476:
4428:
2500:
2417:
2375:
2356:
2253:
2239:
2173:
2126:
2083:
1980:(1999). "The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act".
1901:
1856:
1809:
1718:
719:
419:
375:
154:
4359:
3108:
3072:
2471:
2421:
2336:
2284:
2223:
2194:
2153:
2118:
1993:
1934:
1905:
1880:
1844:
1821:
1793:
1764:
1731:
1706:
599:
509:
399:
4544:
4440:
3150:
3017:
2713:
2618:
2585:
2365:
2332:
2243:
2235:
2190:
2077:
1876:
1848:
1710:
695:
615:
523:
471:
303:
275:
184:
1938:
1470:
4471:
4371:
2568:
2340:
1977:
1925:
Farhat, Syed Nadeem (2019). "Citizenship Laws of Pakistan: A Critical Review".
804:
681:
568:, a community of citizens who migrated to East Bengal from the Indian state of
565:
329:
324:
in 1858. Territories were broadly divided between two political groupings: the
321:
311:
192:
165:
2157:
1384:"Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh not Pakistan's responsibility, FO tells SC"
4554:
4501:
4450:
4382:
3924:
2279:
Nazir, Faryal (December 2016). Report on Citizenship Law: Pakistan (Report).
1283:
808:
574:
558:
483:
266:
246:
2425:
2004:
1029:
993:
4397:
2656:
1997:
1813:
1288:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
212:
38:
2122:
1769:
1746:
4455:
4413:
2475:
2181:
Lloyd, Trevor (1998). "Partition, within, Partition: The Irish Example".
2012:
796:
784:
780:
665:
546:
518:
organised by those who wanted the state to join Pakistan, leading to the
344:
340:
317:
299:
208:
204:
180:
146:
2348:
2315:
2206:
2165:
2516:
2433:
2068:
1917:
1884:
1805:
776:
554:
362:
258:
57:
2541:
2289:
1736:
2198:
2079:
Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain
1702:
1474:
891:
724:
358:
271:
2227:
4423:
4389:
3119:
1797:
1505:
1353:"Bangladesh court rules that young Biharis are Bangladesh citizens"
661:
611:
553:, Pakistan lost control of the region, which became independent as
394:
250:
161:
150:
88:
2596:
2563:
1356:
879:
764:
760:
756:
748:
740:
732:
728:
466:
379:
1035:
631:
Ghulam Sanai v. Assistant Director, National Registration Office
903:
792:
788:
772:
752:
736:
680:
Foreigners over the age of 18 may become Pakistani citizens by
598:. Since 2013, they have also been barred from public office in
265:, and Indian textiles. Operations became more lucrative as the
975:
867:
522:. Control of the state was split between the two sides by the
2367:
Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era
800:
768:
744:
569:
487:
of its remaining territory and overseas possessions with the
328:, which were administered by the British government, and the
262:
160:
With few exceptions, all individuals born in the country are
2651:
1083:
498:
2590:
1632:
1291:
1187:
1185:
1170:
2632:
2486:"Restrictive Citizenship Policies within the Commonwealth"
1011:
897:
614:
to virtually all persons born in the country, children of
1245:
1119:
963:
2526:
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law
1439:
1197:
1182:
1071:
1059:
1596:
1524:
1427:
1221:
939:
927:
219:
2524:
Wade, E.C.S. (1948). "British Nationality Act, 1948".
1403:
1321:
1160:
1158:
999:
951:
855:
650:
4528:
2557:
1502:"Pakistan begins mass deportation of Afghan refugees"
1271:
1095:
2403:"The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland"
1620:
1608:
1548:
1536:
1451:
1309:
1297:
1233:
1131:
1107:
1047:
418:
into two independent nations on 15 August 1947, the
3028:
British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland
1725:
1584:
1333:
1209:
1155:
1041:
915:
909:
885:
843:
2652:Directorate General of Immigration & Passports
2484:
2036:
1656:Directorate General of Immigration & Passports
1572:
1560:
1415:
655:
2456:Titshaw, Scott (2022). "Inheriting Citizenship".
1143:
705:
391:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914
203:The distinction between the meaning of the terms
4552:
2006:Historical background information on nationality
1694:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1030:Historical background information on nationality
994:Historical background information on nationality
647:to expel all illegal migrants from the country.
605:
3094:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983
1744:
981:
274:. Although legislation was enacted referencing
2234:
873:
438:British subject status was reformed under the
145:details the conditions by which a person is a
3135:
2672:
2139:
1892:Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971".
1863:
1638:
1089:
405:
4282:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
2686:
2142:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
618:who fled to Pakistan after the start of the
545:At the time of partition, Pakistan included
530:
402:requirements to the naturalisation process.
454:
410:
66:An Act to provide for Pakistan citizenship
3142:
3128:
2679:
2665:
2300:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1945:
945:
694:the country. After transferring 5,000,000
37:
2288:
2044:The British Yearbook of International Law
1768:
1735:
499:Territorial change and subsequent reforms
230:
4566:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations
2550:
2297:
2075:
1077:
1005:
969:
957:
826:Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens
675:
378:was a British subject there, but not in
2455:
1777:
1499:
1445:
1017:
588:
426:. Pakistan transitionally retained the
293:
14:
4553:
2482:
2216:Observatoire de la Société Britannique
1976:
1924:
1690:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1457:
1433:
1251:
1176:
1101:
861:
431:persons but lost that status when the
428:British sovereign as its head of state
3123:
3099:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
3023:British nationality law and Hong Kong
2660:
2459:Stanford Journal of International Law
2388:from the original on 26 December 2019
2322:
2278:
2266:from the original on 25 February 2021
2213:
2180:
2108:
2096:from the original on 25 December 2019
2034:
2022:from the original on 29 December 2018
1891:
1828:
1745:Bagnall, Kate; Sherratt, Tim (2021).
1662:from the original on 14 November 2023
1590:
1578:
1566:
1512:from the original on 16 November 2023
1481:from the original on 14 November 2023
1421:
1409:
1381:
1363:from the original on 14 November 2023
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1239:
1203:
1191:
1149:
1137:
1113:
1065:
1053:
933:
921:
849:
3149:
3033:British Overseas Territories citizen
2523:
2507:from the original on 23 October 2021
2400:
2363:
2059:from the original on 23 October 2021
1946:Gosewinkel, Dieter (15 April 2008).
1227:
1215:
1164:
1125:
610:Contrary to the 1951 Act's grant of
503:
220:National status within British India
2038:"Who are British Protected Persons"
651:Acquisition and loss of citizenship
24:
2443:from the original on 20 March 2023
1910:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x
1500:Mukhtar, Ahmad (3 November 2023).
1268:Minister of State for Home Affairs
32:The Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951
25:
4577:
2645:
2600:. Vol. 172. United Kingdom:
2567:. Vol. 353. United Kingdom:
2245:A Concise History of Modern India
1982:Twentieth Century British History
585:" remain resident in Bangladesh.
541:Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh
4538:
4511:
4510:
3232:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2917:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2634:"Indian Naturalisation Act 1852"
1964:from the original on 27 May 2019
1382:Malik, Haanaat (30 March 2015).
476:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
99:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
47:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
4377:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
2597:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2564:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2011:(Report). 1.0. United Kingdom:
1683:
1644:
1493:
1463:
1375:
1345:
1277:
1257:
1042:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
910:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
886:Ashesh & Thiruvengadam 2017
656:Entitlement by birth or descent
520:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
170:vernacular language of Pakistan
162:automatically citizens at birth
4214:Federated States of Micronesia
3578:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3053:Permanent resident (Australia)
2625:
898:Indian Naturalisation Act 1852
706:Relinquishment and deprivation
198:
13:
1:
3104:Canadian Citizenship Act 1946
2281:European University Institute
2111:Citizenship in a Global World
1728:European University Institute
831:
606:Refugee access to citizenship
470:originating from outside the
416:British India was partitioned
4495:British Overseas Territories
3089:British Nationality Act 1981
2109:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001).
1933:(2). Pluto Journals: 59–85.
1849:10.1080/00358533.2011.633381
1711:10.1080/03086534.2013.768094
836:
670:Pakistani diplomatic mission
489:British Nationality Act 1981
440:British Nationality Act 1948
433:Indian Independence Act 1947
7:
4365:Renunciation of citizenship
3063:UK Ancestry Entry Clearance
3058:Permanent resident (Canada)
2638:National Informatics Centre
1939:10.13169/polipers.16.2.0059
982:Bagnall & Sherratt 2021
814:
645:mass deportation initiative
537:Bangladeshi nationality law
181:ruled by the British Empire
10:
4582:
3043:Indefinite leave to remain
2534:Cambridge University Press
2483:Toxley, Walter W. (1967).
2341:10.1177/097492845401000201
2250:Cambridge University Press
1790:Cambridge University Press
1781:Journal of British Studies
1761:University of Hawaii Press
1678:
874:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
534:
507:
458:
406:Post-independence policies
326:provinces of British India
297:
234:
223:
4561:Pakistani nationality law
4490:
4464:
4406:
4347:
4300:
4201:
4091:
3918:
3911:
3680:
3605:
3462:
3455:
3164:
3157:
3081:
3011:Rights, issues, and visas
3010:
2712:
2694:
2158:10.1017/S0080440113000108
2082:. Frank Cass Publishers.
2035:Jones, J. Mervyn (1945).
1639:Chaudhry & Bilal 2020
551:Bangladesh Liberation War
531:Loss of eastern territory
334:British protected persons
189:British protected persons
183:and local residents were
143:Pakistani nationality law
132:
125:
120:
112:
104:
94:
84:
74:
52:
45:
36:
31:
3212:Central African Republic
2688:Commonwealth citizenship
2617:13 November 2023 at the
2584:13 November 2023 at the
2372:Cornell University Press
2150:Royal Historical Society
2076:Karatani, Rieko (2003).
1752:Journal of World History
1264:Lord Harris of Greenwich
455:Commonwealth citizenship
411:Partition and transition
349:British Indian passports
316:India was brought under
308:British protected person
179:Pakistan was previously
164:. Foreign nationals may
127:The Foreigners Act, 1946
4310:Commonwealth of Nations
2696:Commonwealth of Nations
2426:10.1111/1468-2230.00356
2364:Paul, Kathleen (1997).
2308:Indian History Congress
2053:Oxford University Press
1990:Oxford University Press
1868:International Migration
821:Visa policy of Pakistan
355:British nationality law
4124:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2401:Ryan, Bernard (2001).
612:birthright citizenship
596:Parliament of Pakistan
249:in 1600 and granted a
231:Company administration
226:Indian nationality law
4507:Partially recognized.
3372:São Tomé and Príncipe
3048:Irish nationality law
2907:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2722:Antigua & Barbuda
2592:"Pakistan Bill Lords"
2551:Parliamentary debates
2410:The Modern Law Review
2183:International Journal
2123:10.1057/9780333993880
1894:The Modern Law Review
1770:10.1353/jwh.2021.0025
1292:"Pakistan Bill Lords"
1179:, pp. 90, 94–95.
1128:, pp. 69–70, 73.
687:languages of Pakistan
676:Voluntary acquisition
579:Bangladesh High Court
577:until 2008, when the
237:Company rule in India
174:Commonwealth citizens
4446:Second-class citizen
4419:Multiple citizenship
3888:United Arab Emirates
3522:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3038:Commonwealth citizen
2704:Commonwealth citizen
2476:10.2139/ssrn.3958442
2220:University of Toulon
1998:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.67
1841:Taylor & Francis
640:Islamabad High Court
589:Multiple citizenship
461:Commonwealth citizen
444:Commonwealth citizen
424:Dominion of Pakistan
294:Direct imperial rule
4436:Permanent residency
4355:Loss of citizenship
4330:Caribbean Community
3583:Trinidad and Tobago
3568:St. Kitts and Nevis
3470:Antigua and Barbuda
2972:Trinidad and Tobago
2468:Stanford Law School
1955:European Parliament
1927:Policy Perspectives
1477:. 20 October 2022.
1389:The Express Tribune
1254:, pp. 498–499.
1230:, pp. 182–183.
1206:, pp. 515–516.
1194:, pp. 508–509.
1068:, pp. 106–107.
1020:, pp. 527–528.
936:, pp. 127–128.
635:Peshawar High Court
583:stranded Pakistanis
371:Imperial Parliament
255:Indian subcontinent
121:Related legislation
3510:Dominican Republic
3082:Acts of Parliament
2492:McGill Law Journal
2240:Metcalf, Thomas R.
2115:Palgrave Macmillan
1885:10.1111/imig.12717
1652:"Dual Nationality"
1090:Kumarasingham 2013
480:Common Travel Area
367:Acts of Parliament
339:Despite Britain's
284:oath of allegiance
243:East India Company
157:on 13 April 1951.
85:Territorial extent
79:Act No. II of 1951
18:Pakistani citizens
4526:
4525:
4500:Open border with
4343:
4342:
4197:
4196:
3676:
3675:
3596:US Virgin Islands
3523:
3247:Equatorial Guinea
3117:
3116:
3068:UK right of abode
2501:McGill University
2381:978-0-8014-8440-7
2259:978-0-521-68225-1
2132:978-0-333-80266-3
1605:, pp. 76–78.
1533:, pp. 65–67.
1448:, pp. 25–26.
1436:, pp. 65–66.
1412:, pp. 15–17.
1330:, pp. 10–11.
972:, pp. 55–56.
876:, pp. 44–55.
864:, pp. 60–61.
720:Lahore High Court
620:Soviet–Afghan War
515:Jammu and Kashmir
504:Jammu and Kashmir
257:through trade in
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
4573:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4514:
4513:
4360:Denaturalization
4249:Papua New Guinea
4234:Marshall Islands
3916:
3915:
3521:
3460:
3459:
3162:
3161:
3151:Nationality laws
3144:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3109:Ireland Act 1949
3073:Windrush scandal
2897:Papua New Guinea
2714:Nationality laws
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2640:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2602:House of Commons
2580:
2578:
2576:
2545:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2488:
2479:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2360:
2319:
2294:
2292:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2248:(2nd ed.).
2236:Metcalf, Barbara
2231:
2210:
2199:10.2307/40203326
2177:
2136:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2015:. 21 July 2017.
2010:
2001:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1921:
1888:
1860:
1825:
1774:
1772:
1741:
1739:
1722:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1281:
1275:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
696:Pakistani rupees
510:Kashmir conflict
400:English language
276:British subjects
185:British subjects
41:
29:
28:
21:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4486:
4460:
4441:Right of return
4402:
4339:
4302:
4296:
4259:Solomon Islands
4193:
4159:Northern Cyprus
4154:North Macedonia
4087:
3922:
3907:
3672:
3601:
3451:
3153:
3148:
3118:
3113:
3077:
3018:Belonger status
3006:
2942:Solomon Islands
2708:
2690:
2685:
2648:
2643:
2628:
2623:
2619:Wayback Machine
2607:
2605:
2586:Wayback Machine
2574:
2572:
2559:"Pakistan Bill"
2553:
2548:
2510:
2508:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2405:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2333:SAGE Publishing
2325:India Quarterly
2269:
2267:
2260:
2228:10.4000/osb.433
2191:SAGE Publishing
2133:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2062:
2060:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2008:
1978:Hansen, Randall
1967:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1877:Wiley-Blackwell
1832:The Round Table
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1359:. 18 May 2008.
1351:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:, pp. 8–9.
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1282:
1278:
1272:"Pakistan Bill"
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:, pp. 2–3.
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:, p. 1135.
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
946:Gosewinkel 2008
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
888:, pp. 3–4.
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
852:, pp. 2–3.
848:
844:
839:
834:
817:
708:
678:
658:
653:
616:Afghan refugees
608:
591:
543:
533:
524:Line of Control
512:
506:
501:
472:British Islands
463:
457:
413:
408:
384:New South Wales
330:princely states
314:
304:British subject
296:
288:British monarch
245:was founded by
239:
233:
228:
222:
201:
155:came into force
95:Enacted by
70:
67:
62:
61:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4548:
4547:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:Naturalization
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Nordic Council
4322:
4317:
4315:European Union
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4278:American Samoa
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4189:United Kingdom
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4092:Rest of Europe
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Czech Republic
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3920:European Union
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Western Sahara
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Congo Republic
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:United Kingdom
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2646:External links
2644:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2588:
2569:House of Lords
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2521:
2480:
2453:
2398:
2380:
2361:
2320:
2295:
2276:
2258:
2232:
2211:
2178:
2137:
2131:
2106:
2088:
2073:
2032:
2002:
1974:
1943:
1922:
1889:
1861:
1826:
1798:10.1086/386266
1775:
1742:
1723:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1492:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1374:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1306:, p. 654.
1296:
1276:
1256:
1244:
1242:, p. 640.
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 181.
1208:
1196:
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 862.
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1116:, p. 107.
1106:
1104:, p. 287.
1094:
1092:, p. 224.
1082:
1070:
1058:
1056:, p. 102.
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
984:, p. 286.
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
924:, p. 124.
914:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
823:
816:
813:
805:United Kingdom
707:
704:
691:good character
682:naturalisation
677:
674:
657:
654:
652:
649:
624:Geneva Accords
607:
604:
590:
587:
566:Bihari Muslims
532:
529:
505:
502:
500:
497:
456:
453:
420:Union of India
412:
409:
407:
404:
322:British Empire
312:Princely state
295:
292:
232:
229:
221:
218:
200:
197:
193:United Kingdom
138:
137:
130:
129:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
69:
68:
65:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
42:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4578:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4502:Schengen Area
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Statelessness
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:Ius sanguinis
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4335:African Union
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:organizations
4301:International
4299:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4274:United States
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Liechtenstein
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:Schengen Area
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:United States
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Guinea-Bissau
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2616:
2604:. 14 May 1990
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2571:. 9 July 1974
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:: 1134–1143.
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2089:0-7146-8298-5
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1641:, p. 60.
1640:
1635:
1629:, p. 74.
1628:
1623:
1617:, p. 75.
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1593:, p. 10.
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1557:, p. 68.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 67.
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1460:, p. 66.
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1342:, p. 11.
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Tim Sainsbury
1280:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1078:Pachauri 2010
1074:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1032:, p. 10.
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1008:, p. 55.
1007:
1006:Karatani 2003
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
970:Karatani 2003
966:
960:, p. 41.
959:
958:Karatani 2003
954:
948:, p. 13.
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
851:
846:
842:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
812:
810:
809:United States
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
648:
646:
641:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:West Pakistan
556:
552:
548:
542:
538:
528:
525:
521:
516:
511:
496:
492:
490:
485:
484:Great Britain
481:
477:
473:
468:
462:
452:
448:
445:
441:
436:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
403:
401:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
309:
305:
301:
291:
289:
285:
279:
277:
273:
268:
267:Mughal Empire
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:royal charter
244:
238:
227:
217:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
116:13 April 1951
115:
111:
108:13 April 1951
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
48:
44:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
4516:
4482:Soviet Union
4477:Ancient Rome
4472:Nazi Germany
4398:Repatriation
4388:
4381:
4348:By procedure
3883:Turkmenistan
3838:Saudi Arabia
3817:
3402:South Africa
3387:Sierra Leone
3192:Burkina Faso
3158:By continent
2947:South Africa
2932:Sierra Leone
2891:
2606:. Retrieved
2595:
2573:. Retrieved
2562:
2529:
2525:
2515:– via
2509:. Retrieved
2496:
2490:
2463:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2413:
2409:
2390:. Retrieved
2366:
2328:
2324:
2303:
2299:
2268:. Retrieved
2244:
2215:
2186:
2182:
2145:
2141:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2078:
2067:– via
2061:. Retrieved
2048:
2042:
2024:. Retrieved
1985:
1981:
1966:. Retrieved
1930:
1926:
1897:
1893:
1872:
1866:
1836:
1830:
1785:
1779:
1756:
1750:
1698:
1692:
1684:Publications
1664:. Retrieved
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1581:, p. 8.
1574:
1569:, p. 7.
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1465:
1453:
1446:Titshaw 2022
1441:
1429:
1424:, p. 5.
1417:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1279:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1172:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1044:, p. 5.
1037:
1025:
1018:Baldwin 2001
1013:
1001:
996:, p. 8.
989:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
917:
912:, p. 4.
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
717:
713:
709:
689:, satisfy a
679:
659:
630:
628:
609:
592:
564:
544:
513:
493:
464:
449:
437:
414:
388:
353:
338:
315:
280:
240:
213:nation state
202:
178:
159:
142:
141:
133:
56:
26:
4456:Travel visa
4414:Citizenship
4239:New Zealand
4083:Switzerland
4038:Netherlands
3848:South Korea
3828:Philippines
3808:North Korea
3688:Afghanistan
3592:Puerto Rico
3515:El Salvador
3407:South Sudan
3292:Ivory Coast
2912:Saint Lucia
2882:New Zealand
2732:The Bahamas
2626:Legislation
2608:13 November
2575:13 November
2503:: 494–502.
2447:13 November
2420:: 855–874.
2335:: 101–125.
2193:: 505–521.
2152:: 223–245.
2055:: 122–145.
2013:Home Office
1904:: 508–524.
1843:: 639–654.
1792:: 522–556.
1763:: 281–300.
1705:: 285–312.
1666:13 November
1627:Farhat 2019
1615:Farhat 2019
1603:Farhat 2019
1555:Farhat 2019
1543:Farhat 2019
1531:Farhat 2019
1516:21 November
1485:14 November
1458:Farhat 2019
1434:Farhat 2019
1395:13 November
1367:13 November
1252:Toxley 1967
1177:Hansen 1999
1102:Ansari 2013
862:Farhat 2019
797:Switzerland
785:New Zealand
781:Netherlands
547:East Bengal
341:sovereignty
318:direct rule
300:British Raj
209:nationality
205:citizenship
199:Terminology
4555:Categories
4169:San Marino
4149:Montenegro
4114:Azerbaijan
4028:Luxembourg
3893:Uzbekistan
3863:Tajikistan
3768:Kyrgyzstan
3763:Kazakhstan
3723:East Timor
3698:Bangladesh
3520:Greenland
3495:Costa Rica
3397:Somaliland
3382:Seychelles
3347:Mozambique
3332:Mauritania
3317:Madagascar
3272:The Gambia
3207:Cape Verde
2927:Seychelles
2867:Mozambique
2797:The Gambia
2737:Bangladesh
2517:HeinOnline
2511:21 October
2392:21 October
2290:1814/44544
2270:20 October
2222:: 89–108.
2100:21 October
2069:HeinOnline
2063:20 October
1953:(Report).
1737:1814/47124
1591:Nazir 2016
1579:Nazir 2016
1567:Nazir 2016
1422:Nazir 2016
1410:Nazir 2016
1340:Nazir 2016
1328:Nazir 2016
1316:Nazir 2016
1304:Bloom 2011
1240:Bloom 2011
1204:Lloyd 1998
1192:Evans 1972
1150:McKay 2008
1138:Nazir 2016
1114:Parry 1954
1066:Parry 1954
1054:Parry 1954
934:Jones 1945
922:Jones 1945
850:Kondo 2001
832:References
807:, and the
777:Luxembourg
700:State Bank
555:Bangladesh
535:See also:
508:See also:
459:See also:
363:common law
298:See also:
259:indigo dye
235:See also:
224:See also:
166:naturalise
58:Long title
4407:By result
4209:Australia
4023:Lithuania
3853:Sri Lanka
3843:Singapore
3823:Palestine
3733:Indonesia
3668:Venezuela
3613:Argentina
3573:St. Lucia
3558:Nicaragua
3533:Guatemala
3337:Mauritius
2952:Sri Lanka
2937:Singapore
2862:Mauritius
2727:Australia
2536:: 67–75.
2357:155297198
2174:162954437
1992:: 67–95.
1879:: 58–73.
1857:154726067
1719:143661406
1703:Routledge
1475:Arab News
1228:Paul 1997
1216:Paul 1997
1165:Ryan 2001
1126:Wade 1948
837:Citations
725:Australia
664:or enemy
575:stateless
474:with the
395:Dominions
359:precedent
336:instead.
272:the Crown
263:saltpeter
113:Commenced
4545:Pakistan
4517:Category
4429:Internal
4424:Passport
4390:Ius soli
4320:Mercosur
4229:Kiribati
4068:Slovenia
4063:Slovakia
4053:Portugal
3943:Bulgaria
3873:Thailand
3818:Pakistan
3793:Mongolia
3788:Malaysia
3713:Cambodia
3658:Suriname
3648:Paraguay
3633:Colombia
3543:Honduras
3505:Dominica
3480:Barbados
3456:Americas
3447:Zimbabwe
3417:Tanzania
3262:Ethiopia
3257:Eswatini
3237:Djibouti
3202:Cameroon
3187:Botswana
3002:Zimbabwe
2957:Tanzania
2892:Pakistan
2852:Maldives
2847:Malaysia
2832:Kiribati
2782:Eswatini
2777:Dominica
2762:Cameroon
2752:Botswana
2742:Barbados
2615:Archived
2582:Archived
2505:Archived
2470:: 1–62.
2438:Archived
2386:Archived
2349:45068608
2316:44147757
2264:Archived
2242:(2006).
2207:40203326
2166:23726109
2094:Archived
2057:Archived
2017:Archived
1968:7 August
1959:Archived
1814:18161209
1660:Archived
1510:Archived
1506:CBS News
1479:Archived
1361:Archived
815:See also
662:diplomat
251:monopoly
151:Pakistan
147:national
89:Pakistan
75:Citation
4465:Defunct
4292:Vanuatu
4202:Oceania
4184:Ukraine
4139:Moldova
4129:Georgia
4119:Belarus
4109:Andorra
4104:Armenia
4099:Albania
4058:Romania
4003:Ireland
3998:Iceland
3993:Hungary
3983:Germany
3973:Finland
3968:Estonia
3963:Denmark
3948:Croatia
3938:Belgium
3933:Austria
3898:Vietnam
3798:Myanmar
3783:Lebanon
3693:Bahrain
3663:Uruguay
3638:Ecuador
3618:Bolivia
3548:Jamaica
3528:Grenada
3475:Bahamas
3427:Tunisia
3392:Somalia
3377:Senegal
3362:Nigeria
3352:Namibia
3342:Morocco
3307:Liberia
3302:Lesotho
3252:Eritrea
3222:Comoros
3197:Burundi
3172:Algeria
2992:Vanuatu
2887:Nigeria
2872:Namibia
2837:Lesotho
2822:Jamaica
2807:Grenada
2532:(3/4).
2434:1097196
2026:3 April
1918:1094478
1839:(417).
1822:5762190
1806:3070746
1679:Sources
1357:Reuters
765:Ireland
761:Iceland
757:Germany
749:Finland
741:Denmark
733:Belgium
729:Bahrain
698:to the
467:Ireland
380:England
320:of the
136:Amended
134:Status:
105:Enacted
4531:Portal
4269:Tuvalu
4179:Turkey
4174:Serbia
4164:Russia
4144:Monaco
4134:Kosovo
4078:Sweden
4048:Poland
4043:Norway
4013:Latvia
3988:Greece
3978:France
3953:Cyprus
3912:Europe
3878:Turkey
3868:Taiwan
3773:Kuwait
3758:Jordan
3748:Israel
3708:Brunei
3703:Bhutan
3643:Guyana
3623:Brazil
3563:Panama
3553:Mexico
3490:Canada
3485:Belize
3442:Zambia
3432:Uganda
3367:Rwanda
3322:Malawi
3282:Guinea
3177:Angola
3165:Africa
2997:Zambia
2982:Uganda
2977:Tuvalu
2902:Rwanda
2842:Malawi
2812:Guyana
2772:Cyprus
2767:Canada
2757:Brunei
2747:Belize
2542:754289
2540:
2432:
2378:
2355:
2347:
2314:
2256:
2205:
2172:
2164:
2129:
2086:
1916:
1855:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1717:
803:, the
793:Sweden
789:Norway
779:, the
773:Jordan
753:France
737:Canada
633:, the
600:Punjab
376:Bengal
345:aliens
310:, and
4264:Tonga
4254:Samoa
4244:Palau
4224:Nauru
4073:Spain
4033:Malta
4008:Italy
3903:Yemen
3858:Syria
3833:Qatar
3803:Nepal
3753:Japan
3728:India
3718:China
3628:Chile
3606:South
3538:Haiti
3463:North
3412:Sudan
3357:Niger
3312:Libya
3297:Kenya
3277:Ghana
3267:Gabon
3242:Egypt
3182:Benin
2967:Tonga
2922:Samoa
2877:Nauru
2857:Malta
2827:Kenya
2817:India
2802:Ghana
2792:Gabon
2538:JSTOR
2466:(1).
2441:(PDF)
2430:JSTOR
2418:Wiley
2416:(6).
2406:(PDF)
2353:S2CID
2345:JSTOR
2331:(2).
2312:JSTOR
2218:(6).
2203:JSTOR
2189:(3).
2170:S2CID
2162:JSTOR
2020:(PDF)
2009:(PDF)
1988:(1).
1962:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1914:JSTOR
1902:Wiley
1900:(5).
1875:(1).
1853:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1802:JSTOR
1788:(4).
1759:(2).
1715:S2CID
1701:(2).
801:Syria
769:Italy
745:Egypt
666:alien
570:Bihar
4286:Guam
4219:Fiji
3923:and
3813:Oman
3778:Laos
3743:Iraq
3738:Iran
3681:Asia
3653:Peru
3500:Cuba
3422:Togo
3327:Mali
3217:Chad
2962:Togo
2787:Fiji
2610:2023
2577:2023
2513:2021
2449:2023
2394:2021
2376:ISBN
2272:2021
2254:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2102:2021
2084:ISBN
2065:2021
2028:2019
1970:2021
1810:PMID
1668:2023
1518:2023
1487:2023
1397:2023
1369:2023
539:and
422:and
382:nor
361:and
241:The
207:and
187:and
2472:doi
2422:doi
2337:doi
2285:hdl
2224:doi
2195:doi
2154:doi
2119:doi
1994:doi
1935:doi
1906:doi
1881:doi
1845:doi
1837:100
1794:doi
1765:doi
1732:hdl
1707:doi
149:of
4557::
4284:,
4280:,
3594:,
2636:,
2594:.
2561:.
2530:30
2528:.
2499:.
2497:13
2495:.
2489:.
2464:58
2462:.
2436:.
2428:.
2414:64
2412:.
2408:.
2384:.
2374:.
2370:.
2351:.
2343:.
2329:10
2327:.
2306:.
2304:70
2302:.
2283:.
2262:.
2252:.
2238:;
2201:.
2187:53
2185:.
2168:.
2160:.
2148:.
2146:23
2144:.
2125:.
2117:.
2113:.
2092:.
2051:.
2049:22
2047:.
2041:.
1986:10
1984:.
1957:.
1931:16
1929:.
1912:.
1898:35
1896:.
1873:59
1871:.
1851:.
1835:.
1816:.
1808:.
1800:.
1786:40
1784:.
1757:32
1755:.
1749:.
1730:.
1713:.
1699:41
1697:.
1658:.
1654:.
1508:.
1504:.
1473:.
1386:.
1355:.
1290:,
1286:,
1270:,
1266:,
1184:^
1157:^
811:.
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
763:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
602:.
306:,
302:,
290:.
261:,
172:.
4533::
4504:.
4497:.
4288:)
4276:(
3598:)
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3129:v
2680:e
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2666:v
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2579:.
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2478:.
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2451:.
2424::
2396:.
2359:.
2339::
2318:.
2293:.
2287::
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2230:.
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2197::
2176:.
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2121::
2104:.
2071:.
2030:.
2000:.
1996::
1972:.
1941:.
1937::
1920:.
1908::
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1859:.
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1721:.
1709::
1670:.
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20:)
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