Netherlands in World War II

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and in May 1940 German officers placed their first orders with Dutch shipyards. The co-operation with the German industry was facilitated by the fact that due to the occupation the German market 'opened' and due to facilitating behaviour from the side of the partly pro-German elite. Many directors justified their behaviour with the argument that otherwise, the Germans would have closed down their company or would have replaced them with NSB members and so they could still exercise some limited influence. After the war, no heavy sentences were dealt to high officials and company directors.

1426: 363: 1157: 2251: 846: 8618: 2365: 2161: 2782: 2330: 986: 2182: 620: 1936: 1956:(literally, "hunger winter") or the Dutch famine of 1944. In response to a general railway strike ordered by the Dutch government-in-exile in expectation of a general German collapse near the end of 1944, the Germans cut off all food and fuel shipments to the western provinces in which 4.5 million people lived. Severe malnutrition was common and 18,000 people starved to death. Relief came at the beginning of May 1945. 1036: 1190:, sabotaged phone lines and railways, prepared maps, and distributed food and goods. After 1942 the National Organisation (LO) and National Force Units (LKP) organised national coordination. Some contact was established with the government in London. After D-day the existing national organisations, the LKP, the OD and the Council of Resistance merged into the internal forces under the command of 745:

was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways, a dedicated railway connection, major built-up and heated repair and overhaul facilities, extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces, and most had housing and facilities for 2,000 to 3,000 men. Each air base also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield, complete with mock-up planes made from plywood. The largest became

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country. There was also a pragmatic reason since the NSB offered insufficient candidates and had no great popular support. The German market went open, and Dutch companies benefited greatly from export to Germany even if that might be seen as collaboration if goods might be used for German war efforts. In any case, despite the British victory in the

728:. The German authorities lost more and more control over the situation as the population tried to keep what little they had away from German confiscations and were less inclined to co-operate now that it was clear that Germany would lose the war. Some Nazis prepared to make a last stand against the Allied troops, followed Berlin's 521:, between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed, and 25,000 homes were destroyed. The bombers' targets were the civilian areas of Rotterdam, rather than the town's defences. Under pressure from local officials, the garrison commander surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th with the permission of 785:, the drafting of civilians for forced labour, was imposed on the Netherlands. That obliged every man between 18 and 45 (530,000) to work in German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused were forced into hiding. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands, 305:, who held power from 1933 until 1939, believed that the Netherlands could never withstand an attack by a major power. Pragmatically, the government did not spend much on the military. Although military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939, amid rising international tensions, it constituted only 4% of 1185:

to the Dutch government-in-exile in London, the LKP ("Nationale Knokploeg", or National Force Units, literal translation "Brawl Crew"). This was one of the largest resistance groups, numbering around 550 active participants; it was also heavily targeted by Nazi intelligence for destruction due to its

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For the resistance to succeed, it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the Germans. After the war, that led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance, which was difficult because it was in the nature

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By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men, women and children had died of war-related causes. The Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all Nazi-occupied countries in Western Europe (2.36%). Over half (107,000) were Holocaust victims. There were also many thousands of non-Dutch Jews in

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to flood the island. Though the Allies had warned residents with pamphlets, 180 inhabitants of Westkappelle died. The coastal guns on Walcheren were silenced in the opening days of November and the Scheldt battle declared over. No German forces remained intact along the 64 mi (103 km) path

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was especially interested in the Netherlands, as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom. The Germans started construction of ten major military air bases on the day after the formal Dutch surrender, 15 May 1940. Each of them

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This afternoon Germany bombarded Rotterdam, while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction. In order to spare the civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern

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World War II left many lasting effects on Dutch society. On 4 May, the Dutch commemorate those who died during the war, and all wars since. Among the living, there are many who still bear the emotional scars of the war from both the first and the second generation. In 2000, the government was still

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The country's terrain, lack of wilderness and dense population made it difficult to conceal any illicit activities, and it was bordered by German-controlled territory, which offered no escape route except by sea. Resistance in the Netherlands took the form of small-scale decentralised cells engaged

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Another form of collusion was providing goods and services essential to the German war efforts. Especially in 1940 and 1941, when a German victory was still a possibility, Dutch companies were willing to provide such goods to the greedily-purchasing Germans. Strategic supplies fell in German hands,

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Initially, the Netherlands was placed under German military control. However, after the refusal of the Dutch government to return, the Netherlands was placed under control by a German civilian governor on 29 May 1940, unlike France or Denmark, which had their own governments, and Belgium, which was

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had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam, Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals. They decided that further resistance was futile and wanted to protect civilian residents. In the afternoon of 14 May, Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army to order them to surrender:

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landed on the Maas River and captured several bridges intact. The Germans hesitated to risk a tank attack on the city for fear of heavy casualties. Instead, the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city. He demanded the surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened

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Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants among local regions in the Netherlands, scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level. In part due to the well-organised population registers, about 70% of the country's Jewish population were

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After the war broke out, the NSB sympathised with the Germans but nevertheless advocated strict neutrality for the Netherlands. In May 1940, after the German invasion, 10,000 NSB members and sympathizers were put in custody by the Dutch government. Soon after the Dutch defeat, on 14 May 1940, they

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to process incoming refugees; in 1942 the German occupiers repurposed it to process outgoing Jews to labour and concentration camps. Over half of the total Jewish population—about 79,000—lived in Amsterdam; this number increased as Germans forcibly moved Dutch Jews into the city in preparation for

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had been unsuccessful in stopping their advance because the Japanese could not occupy a relatively-unguarded airstrip , the Dutch forces on Java surrendered on 7 March 1942. Some 42,000 Dutch soldiers were taken prisoner and interned in labour camps, but some were executed on the spot. Later, all

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refers to the month of the German invasion) were shunned by many existing members, who accused them of opportunist behaviour. The NSB played an important role in lower government and civil service. Every new mayor appointed by the German occupation government was a member of the NSB. However, for

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During the four-day campaign, about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded, and more than 3,000 Dutch civilians also died. The Germans lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded. In addition, 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign, many around The Hague, had been

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Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes examined the survival rates among the different regions of the Netherlands. They conclude that most of the hypotheses do not explain the data. They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying "ferocity" with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators

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Initially, Seyss-Inquart applied the 'velvet glove' approach; by appeasing the population he tried to win them for the National Socialist ideology. That meant that he kept repression and economic extraction as low as possible and tried to co-operate with the elite and government officials in the

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The Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and through the liberation of the country. Discovery by the Germans of

868:, a nationwide protest against the deportations, unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe. Although the strike did not accomplish much—its leaders were executed—it was an initial setback for Seyss-Inquart. He had intended both to deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause. 1994:

launching facilities that had been used to attack English cities. However, the pilots were issued with the wrong coordinates, so the navigational instruments of the bombers had been set incorrectly. Combined with fog and clouds which obscured their vision, the bombs were instead dropped on the

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The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was the only legal political party in the Netherlands from 1941 and was actively involved in collaboration with the German occupiers. In 1941, when Germany still seemed certain to win the war, about three per cent of the adult male population

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in 1939, in contrast to nearly 25% of Nazi Germany. The Dutch government believed it could rely on its neutrality or at least the informal support of foreign powers to defend its interests in case of war. The government began to work on plans for the defence of the country, which included the

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to destroy the city by aerial bombing if it did not accept. The ultimatum was returned on a technicality since it had not been signed by the German commander. While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted, Luftwaffe bombers, unaware that negotiations were ongoing, struck the city.

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Within a year, the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation. The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen (Allied and German) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country, an average of three per day during the five years of the war.

2262:), which would substantially increase the country's land area. The German population would be expelled or "Dutchified". The plan was dropped after an Allied refusal. Two small villages were added to the Netherlands in 1949 and returned in 1963. One successfully-implemented plan was 707:, many considered a German victory a realistic possibility and that it would therefore be wise to side with the winner. As a result, with the ban on other political parties, the NSB grew rapidly. Although gasoline pumps had been sealed in 1940, the occupation seemed tolerable. 910:. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands publicly condemned the government's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services. The Nazi government began to treat the Dutch more harshly, and notable socialists were imprisoned. Later in the war, Catholic priests, including 1796:

managed to defeat the remaining German forces west of the Meuse between late September and early December 1944 by destroying the German bridgehead between the Meuse and the Peel marshes. During the offensive, the only tank battle ever fought on Dutch soil took place at

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June 1944 to May 1945: Conditions deteriorated further, leading to starvation and lack of fuel. The German occupation authorities gradually lost control over the situation. Nazis wanted to make a last stand and commit acts of destruction. Others tried to mitigate the

1240:. The entire male population of Putten was deported and most were subjected to forced labour; 48 out of 552 survived the camps. The Dutch resistance attacked Rauter's car on March 6, 1945, unaware of the identity of its occupant, which in turn led to the killings at 718:, Germany increased economic extraction from its occupied territories, including the Netherlands. Economic extraction increased, and production was limited mostly to sectors relevant for the war effort. Repression increased, especially against the Jewish population. 2246:

were used to clear minefields and suffered losses accordingly. Others were sentenced by courts for treason. Some were proven to have been wrongly arrested and were cleared of charges, sometimes after they had been held in custody for a long period of time.

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A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military forcibly recruited women as prostitutes in the Dutch East Indies and concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women working in Japanese military brothels, "some sixty five were most certainly

891:—founded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933—were closed. The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping the Jews. 2122:

on 5 April 1945. Their rebellion was crushed by the German army after two weeks of battle. 565 Georgians, 120 inhabitants of Texel, and 800 Germans died. The 228 surviving Georgians were forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union when the war ended.

650:("enforced conformity" or "coordination") and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organisations. In 1940, the German regime more or less immediately outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the 928:

Germany was particularly effective at deporting and killing Jews in the Netherlands. By 1945, the Dutch Jewish population was about a quarter of what it had been (about 35,000). Of that number, about 8,500 escaped deportation by being in a

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to be one of the top five oil producers in the world at the time and to have the world's largest aircraft factory in the Interbellum (Fokker), which aided to the neutrality of the Netherlands and the success of its arms dealings in the

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In 1940, the German regime had outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the NSB, which openly collaborated with the occupation forces. Its membership grew to about 100,000. The newcomers

1008:, were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers. It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 to 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately murdered in the German 121:, although lower than in Lithuania. Declassified records revealed that the Germans paid a bounty to Dutch police and administration officials to locate and identify Jews, aiding in their capture. Communists in and around the city of 2126:

After being liberated, Dutch citizens began taking the law into their own hands, like in other liberated countries, such as France. Collaborators and Dutch women who had relationships with men of the German occupying force, called

8671: 297:, had managed to preserve Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the Interwar Period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its "Independence Policy" even after the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933. The 204:. The country was one of the richest in Europe and could easily have afforded a large and modern military . Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and centre-right political parties. From 1933, the 162:

liberated most of the south of the Netherlands in the second half of 1944. The rest of the country, especially the west and north, remained under German occupation and suffered from a famine at the end of 1944, known as the

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gave the royal family an opportunity to escape. Several days before the surrender, Princess Juliana, Prince Bernhard and their daughters (Princess Beatrix and Princess Irene) travelled from The Hague to London. On 13 May,

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means has succeeded in breaking our resistance. We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war. Your bearing and that of the forces was calm, firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands.

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The Dutch survival rate of 27% is much lower than in neighbouring Belgium, where 60% of Jews survived, and France, where 75% survived. Historians have offered several hypotheses for the low survival rate, including:

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and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. The government gradually mobilised the Dutch military from August 1939 that had reached its full strength by April 1940.

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After the Allied invasion of June 1944, the railroad strike and the frontline running through the Netherlands caused the Randstad to be cut off from food and fuel. That resulted in acute need and starvation, the

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After the German signing of surrender on 6 May 1945, the NSB was outlawed. Mussert was arrested the following day, and was executed on 7 May 1946. Many members of the NSB were arrested, but few were convicted.

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One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, Jewish families, underground operatives, draft-age Dutch, and others. Collectively these people were known as

967:, lists the 102,000 known victims of the persecution of Jewish, Sinti, and Roma people from the Netherlands; the book is published by Boom, Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Westerbork Remembrance Center. 9299: 8664: 1914:

The Dutch government had not wanted to use the old water line when the Germans had invaded in 1940. It was still possible to create an island out of the Holland region by destroying dikes and flooding the

1445:. Because of the significant number of Dutch submarines active in the Pacific Theatre of the war, the Dutch were named the "Fourth Ally" in the theatre, along with the Australians, the Americans, and the 1475:

Gradually, control of the Netherlands East Indies was wrested away from the Japanese. The largest Allied invasion of the Pacific Theatre took place in July 1945 with Australian landings on the island of

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The western provinces were not liberated until the surrender of German forces in the Netherlands was negotiated on the eve of 5 May 1945 (three days before the general capitulation of Germany), in the

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forces, which eventually led to the Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia under pressure of the United States. Many Dutch and Indonesians then emigrated or returned to the Netherlands.

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as well as German paratroopers of Battle Group Chill. German units composed of convalescents and the medically unfit were named for their ailment; thus, "stomach" units for soldiers with ulcers.

9309: 280:"The new Reich has endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland . It has not taken over any existing differences between the two countries and has not created any new ones." 1480:

to seize the strategic oil-fields from the Japanese forces, which were now cut off. At the time, the Japanese had already begun independence negotiations with Indonesian nationalists such as

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most higher functions, the Germans preferred to leave the existing elite in place since they knew that the NSB neither offered enough suitable candidates nor enjoyed enough popular support.

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that linked the north-eastern and the north-western parts of the Netherlands. The German forces advanced rapidly and, by the fourth day, were in control of most of the east of the country.

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and 4th Special Service Brigade all made attacks on Walcheren Island. Strong German defences made a landing very difficult, and the Allies responded by bombing the dikes of Walcheren at

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which took power in Germany in 1933, attempted to expand in 1935. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence. At the outbreak of the

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The winter of 1944–1945 was very harsh, which led to "hunger journeys" and many cases of starvation (about 30,000 casualties), exhaustion, cold and disease. The winter is known as the

1441:. As a part of the Allied forces, they were on the hunt for Japanese tankers on their way to Japan and the movement of Japanese troops and weapons to other sites of battle, including 1186:

links with the United Kingdom. Some small groups had absolutely no links to others. These groups produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published

753:(twelve former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments). Adjacent to Deelen, the large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands, Diogenes, was set up. 1232:, who ordered the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. On October 1 and 2, 1944, the Dutch resistance attacked German troops near the village of 817:, were evacuated because of that. In The Hague alone, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The 860:

of the Netherlands. In 1940, there were no deportations, and only small measures were taken against the Jews. In February 1941, the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to

2259: 9795: 9614: 9519: 960:(2005). He found in newly-declassified records that the Germans paid a bounty to police and other collaborators, such as the Colonnie Henneicke group, for tracking down Jews. 894:

In 1939 the Jewish population of the Netherlands was between 140,000 and 150,000, 24,000–34,000 of whom were refugees from Germany and German-controlled areas. That year, the

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was an enormous shock to the Dutch, who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups, particularly Catholic and Protestant, because of decades of

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Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands were invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a formal declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into

2037:, Canadian, British and Polish forces entered the Netherlands from the east and liberated the eastern and the northern provinces. Notable battles during the movement are the 413:, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, were caught largely unprepared. Much of their weaponry had not changed since the First World War. In particular, the 7189: 1472:

fighters, respectively. No. 18 Squadron conducted bombing raids from Australia to the Dutch East Indies. Both squadrons eventually also participated in their recapture.

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without any civilian casualties on 29 October 1944. The operation as a whole also broke the German positions that had defended the region along its canals and rivers.

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Parts of the southern Netherlands were not liberated by Operation Market Garden, which had established a narrow salient between Eindhoven and Nijmegen. In the east of

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The Dutch realised that neither British nor French troops could reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion, particularly with the speed of the

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Many Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with the German regime or joined the German armed forces, which usually would mean being placed in the

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to a non-Jew; about 16,500 hid or otherwise evaded detection by German authorities; and 7,000–8,000 escaped the Netherlands for the duration of the occupation.

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The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz. Knowing that the army was running low on supplies and ammunition and receiving news that the city of

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into the north of the Netherlands and Germany. However, the Allied forces did not reach the objective because they could not capture the Rhine bridge at the

1181:, however, organised resistance from the start of the war, as did the circle of liberal democratic resisters who were linked through Professor Dr. Willem or 4346:"Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië [Enforced prostitution of Dutch women in the former Dutch East Indies]" 10908: 9068: 9058: 6514: 6460: 5646: 4825: 4779: 2810: 2234:

After the war, some accused of collaborating with the Germans were lynched or otherwise punished without trial. Men who had fought with the Germans in the

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Poelgeest. Bart van, 1993, Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië 's-Gravenhage: Sdu Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat.

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increased (with ration books). At times, the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding.

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Report of a study of Dutch government documents on the forced prostitution of Dutch women in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese occupation.

1202:('under-divers'). Later in the war, this system of people-hiding was also used to protect downed Allied airmen. Reportedly, resistance doctors in 11184: 11167: 10314: 6594: 5906: 3121: 1923:. The Dutch government had decided that too many people would die to justify the flooding. However, Hitler ordered for Fortress Holland (German: 1461: 925:

as well. Eventually, with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service, the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps.

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During the interwar period, the government undertook a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation, including the

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and destroyed goods and property (destructions of the Amsterdam and Rotterdam ports, inundations), but others tried to mediate the situation.

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September 1939 to May 1940: After the war broke out, the Netherlands declared neutrality. The country was subsequently invaded and occupied.

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June 1941 to June 1944: As the war intensified, Germany demanded higher contributions from occupied territories, resulting in a decline of

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Diederichs, Monika. "Stigma and Silence: Dutch Women, German Soldiers and their children", in Kjersti Ericsson and Eva Simonsen, eds.

3820: 11380: 10871: 10651: 10641: 10259: 9444: 8533: 7161: 5551: 5509: 2748: 2564: 1749:("Mad Tuesday") since the Dutch began celebrating and believed that they were close to liberation. In September, the Allies launched 1402:

Dutch civilians (some 100,000 in total), were arrested and interned in camps, and some were deported to Japan or sent to work on the

1336: 1187: 768:, sound detection installations and later radar. The first German night-hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands. 3230: 2098: 568:, which had come under French control, continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May, when the bombardment of the town of 9921: 9456: 8690: 8382: 6201: 5975: 5738: 5604: 5415: 5277: 2803: 2758: 2060:

had been allowed to provide relief efforts, and Allied forces were allowed to airdrop food over the German-occupied territories in

1927:) to be held at any price. Much of the northern Netherlands remained in German hands until the Rhine crossings in late March 1945. 4543:

Moore, Bob. " Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance: Some Recent Publications on the Netherlands During the Second World War,"

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Dutch civilians, who suffered greatly during their internment, finally returned home to a land that had greatly suffered as well.

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residential neighbourhood. At the time, the neighbourhood was more densely populated than usual with evacuees from The Hague and

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at which Doorman gave the order to engage. During the ensuing battle, the Allied fleet suffered heavy losses. The Dutch cruisers

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In February 1943, a Dutch resistance cell rang the doorbell of the former head of the Dutch general staff and now-collaborating

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Twomey, Christina (2009). "Double Displacement: Western Women's Return Home from Japanese Internment in the Second World War".

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had agreed to do in France. De Geer wanted to accept that invitation, but the Queen refused it and dismissed him in favour of

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The Dutch in Wartime, survivors remember – Dutch immigrants to Canada and the USA share their memories of war and occupation

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in June 1944, the Western Allies rapidly advanced in the direction of the Dutch border. Tuesday, 5 September, is known as

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The Netherlands included religion in its national records, which reduced the opportunity for Jews to mask their identity.

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granting 24,000 people an annual compensatory payment although that also includes victims from later wars, such as the

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May 1940 to June 1941: An economic boom caused by orders from Germany, combined with the "velvet glove" approach from

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fought on both sides of the estuary during the month to clear the waterways. Large battles were fought to clear the

1350:. His objections on the matter were overruled. The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the 11348: 11271: 10743: 10459: 10279: 10264: 10239: 10110: 9951: 9599: 8713: 8586: 7744: 7681: 6816: 6652: 5775: 5289: 5025: 4973: 4963: 4279: 4267: 2753: 2076: 1489: 918: 834: 805:, a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along the entire European coast from southwestern France to 9395: 8649: 6329: 5223: 760:

The Netherlands turned into the first line of western air defence for Germany and its industrial heartland of the

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Georg Tessin, Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS 1939–1945, Biblio Verlag, vol. 2 for

235:

Numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, which were inspired by

11430: 11318: 11047: 10656: 10395: 10390: 10365: 9640: 9635: 9256: 9144: 8955: 8556: 8489: 8440: 8371: 8196: 7702: 7653: 7417: 7410: 7013: 6774: 6565: 5618: 5000: 4985: 4908: 4878: 4855: 4697: 3418: 2929:

World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research

2732: 2526: 2379: 1657: 1272: 922: 595: 164: 9217: 3396: 2314:, and political prisoners during the war after the publication of a study that it had commissioned from the 11233: 11201: 10661: 10560: 10454: 10437: 10385: 10380: 10227: 10180: 9805: 9800: 9790: 9700: 9509: 9504: 9479: 9372: 8630: 8526: 7901: 7862: 6781: 6616: 6601: 6528: 6507: 6325: 6003: 5789: 5782: 5766: 5477: 5436: 5408: 5327: 5208: 5198: 5188: 5076: 4924: 4898: 4888: 4774: 2879: 2874: 2406: 1614: 1438: 1221: 715: 11298: 11276: 10888: 10706: 10646: 10619: 10535: 10444: 10345: 10333: 10212: 10155: 10043: 9944: 9764: 9675: 8975: 8593: 7917: 7869: 7487: 7459: 7312: 6927: 6906: 6427: 6090: 5996: 5486: 5218: 5178: 4903: 4835: 4341: 3423: 2612: 2273:

who were killed were still the subject of legal proceedings more than 70 years after the end of the war.

1975: 1965: 1947: 1286:, was invited by the Germans to return to the country and to form a pro-German puppet government, as the 1086:. The Nederlandsche SS was primarily a political formation but also served as manpower reservoir for the 564:

On 15 May, the Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany. Dutch forces in the province of

11400: 11368: 11333: 11077: 10762: 10716: 10597: 10568: 10545: 10498: 9986: 9978: 9774: 9769: 9494: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9098: 9008: 8391: 7887: 7806: 7751: 7639: 7595: 7245: 6871: 6795: 6697: 6574: 6446: 6439: 6399: 6372: 6104: 6037: 5632: 5443: 5373: 5294: 5252: 5240: 5213: 5168: 5101: 4845: 4820: 4747: 4732: 4727: 2824: 2691: 2644: 2356: 2266:, the deportation of all holders of German passports from the Netherlands, numbering several thousand. 2140:

the total, who had fled to the Netherlands from other countries, seeking safety, the most famous being

2119: 1662: 1453: 294: 101:, at first carried out by a minority, grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the 35: 3846: 598:

and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a

509:

Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since the first day of the campaign, when German infantrymen in

11387: 11308: 11109: 11099: 10624: 10520: 10484: 9999: 9705: 9391: 8293: 8210: 7995: 7855: 7827: 7660: 7565: 7355: 6788: 5862: 5516: 5230: 4995: 4815: 4769: 2743: 2516: 1888: 1576: 1257: 599: 481: 371: 79: 48: 6060: 4365: 3603:. Arnold Pomerans (translation). Wayne State University Press (reprint of 1968 translated edition). 3479: 3349: 11395: 11134: 10996: 10941: 10936: 10861: 10711: 10676: 10671: 9489: 8916: 8826: 8811: 8032: 8009: 7261: 7062: 7055: 6719: 6379: 6351: 6344: 5731: 5245: 5030: 5005: 4934: 4805: 3509: 3256: 2545: 2532: 1856: 1492:

on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalists, led by Sukarno declared Indonesian independence, and a

1452:

Many Dutch Army and Navy airmen escaped and, with aeroplanes provided by the Americans, formed the

694: 473: 417:

did not have comparable armoured forces and could mount only a limited number of armoured cars and

298: 106: 6076: 6053: 3144: 2091:

who were the first Allied troops to reach Friesland. The French successfully captured the crucial

11343: 11303: 11261: 11243: 11238: 11157: 11114: 11104: 11089: 11037: 10969: 10931: 10893: 10731: 10012: 9594: 9539: 9514: 8454: 8398: 8268: 8128: 7813: 7466: 7362: 7268: 6836: 6704: 6674: 6638: 6623: 6495: 6387: 6365: 6311: 6297: 6279: 5943: 5724: 5452: 5401: 5272: 5193: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5071: 5061: 4762: 4742: 4683: 4255: 3713: 3534:

Pack of Thieves: How Hitler and Europe Plundered the Jews and Committed the Greatest Theft in His

3030: 2393: 2288: 2192: 1750: 1729: 1553: 1165: 899: 880: 102: 4652: 2019:, the first major town in Netherlands to be liberated. Eindhoven was later bombed by the German 10913: 10427: 10100: 9245: 8846: 8146: 8039: 7841: 7792: 7695: 7588: 7558: 7341: 7229: 6955: 6746: 6337: 6318: 6288: 5835: 5805: 4929: 4883: 4800: 4752: 2472: 2364: 2131:

were abused and humiliated in public, usually by having their heads shaved and painted orange.

1737: 1716: 1368: 1362: 1351: 1347: 1127: 680: 414: 381: 159: 3532: 2927: 11119: 10515: 9426: 8988: 8960: 8637: 8360: 8203: 8099: 8069: 8025: 7765: 7730: 7723: 7646: 7544: 6985: 6962: 6809: 6420: 5957: 5697: 5683: 5366: 5035: 5010: 4968: 4737: 4707: 4042: 3707: 3636: 3584:

Vliegvelden in Oorlogstijd, Netherlands Institute for Military History (NIMH), The Hague 2009

3559: 2726: 2522: 2263: 2254:

1945 Dutch propaganda poster, depicting maximalist demands for "German soil without Germans".

1821: 1789: 1645: 1598: 1425: 350: 6255: 3136: 2900: 2676: 11211: 11084: 11072: 11062: 10956: 10921: 10771: 10207: 10125: 10105: 9918: 9877: 9840: 9569: 9350: 9003: 8965: 8886: 8881: 8801: 8461: 8316: 7967: 7924: 7894: 7820: 7630: 7609: 6535: 6012: 5690: 5045: 4602:

Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War – The Liberation of the Netherlands, 1944–1945

4316: 4148: 4141: 2507: 2477: 1681: 1267: 944:

Dutch authorities and the Dutch people were unusually co-operative with German authorities.

711: 638: 525:, the Dutch commander-in-chief. That opened up the German advance into "Fortress Holland". 466: 458: 434: 362: 140: 8983: 3456: 2102:

Dutch civilians waving to allied bombers during the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945.

8: 11216: 11129: 11057: 10981: 10736: 10350: 10269: 10140: 10120: 10115: 9650: 9177: 9088: 8993: 8781: 8766: 8756: 8579: 8353: 8231: 8187: 7709: 6843: 6609: 6136: 5966: 5950: 5899: 4311: 3632: 3137: 2869: 2599: 2584: 2487: 2482: 2424: 2038: 1884: 1825: 1686: 1651: 1619: 1609: 1442: 1386: 1156: 771:

Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war.

687:

thought very highly of the Dutch people, who were considered to be fellow members of the

580:, supported the Allies; the colonies were unaffected by the surrender. Many ships of the 569: 500: 306: 129:—a general strike (February 1941) to protest against the persecution of Jewish citizens. 90:. Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war. 4548: 4405:(3). Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice: 474–499. 2968:(3). Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice: 474–499. 2250: 1904: 857: 845: 10991: 10776: 10150: 10073: 9737: 9334: 9169: 9053: 8998: 8806: 8746: 8572: 8405: 8330: 8284: 8254: 8162: 8002: 7667: 7551: 7445: 7396: 7334: 7090: 7041: 6850: 6474: 6129: 5927: 4626: 4490: 4478:

Requiem for the Resistance: The Civilian Struggle Against Nazism in Holland and Germany

4462:

Foray, Jennifer L. "The 'Clean Wehrmacht' in the German-occupied Netherlands, 1940–5,"

4414: 4197: 4189: 4121: 4012: 3764: 3489: 3324: 3115: 3099: 3073: 2977: 2786: 2594: 2335: 2172:

being rounded up and publicly humiliated by resistance members following the Liberation

1872: 1674: 1638: 1628: 1566: 1244:, where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 1229: 1210: 822: 147: 83: 9182: 3952: 2830:

Chronological overview of the liberation of Dutch cities and towns during World War II

318:

that would be flooded. From 1939, fortified positions were constructed, including the

11286: 10817: 10145: 10095: 10077: 9845: 8871: 8796: 8563: 8447: 8337: 8277: 8238: 8171: 8153: 8119: 8062: 8016: 7960: 7785: 7523: 7515: 7452: 7305: 6899: 6431: 5892: 5871: 5581: 4757: 4530: 4357: 4240:

Boersma, Bauke (29 February 2020). "Met Franse para's begon bevrijding van Fryslân".

4220: 4201: 4152: 4125: 4117: 4048: 3917: 3811: 3717: 3688: 3678: 3652: 3642: 3614: 3604: 3565: 3538: 3419:"Life During The Dutch Occupation – Part 2: May 1940, The Battle For The Netherlands" 3376: 3283: 3203: 3173: 3170:

Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945

3148: 3077: 2933: 2906: 2589: 2540: 2536: 2467: 2462: 2145: 2072: 2068: 2042: 2034: 1793: 1740: 1691: 1668: 1583: 1325: 1276: 1261: 1213: 1074:

was formed as "Afdeling XI" (Department XI) of the NSB. It was the equivalent to the

704: 577: 488: 454: 377: 228:

between 1933 and 1934. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the

192: 10866: 8751: 4495:

Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation 1940–1945

4418: 3768: 3200:

International Business and War Interests: Unilever between Reich and Empire, 1939–45

2981: 425:. Sixty-five of the Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign. 10974: 10961: 10926: 10666: 10135: 10086: 10021: 9994: 9913: 8791: 8761: 8679: 8482: 8475: 8419: 8083: 7848: 7834: 7737: 7674: 7625: 7438: 7291: 7238: 7048: 6999: 6913: 6143: 6120: 5653: 4712: 4512:

The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe

4467: 4406: 4181: 4113: 3792: 3756: 3065: 3005: 2969: 2834: 2512: 2411: 2384: 1769:. During Market Garden, substantial regions to the south were liberated, including 1766: 1571: 1374: 1340: 1291: 1283: 1216:

in the Hague. Seyffardt commanded the campaign to recruit Dutch volunteers for the

1182: 1161: 1147: 1070: 1005: 980: 581: 446: 302: 252: 213: 209: 98: 5662: 1275:

and key members of the Dutch government followed. The royal family were guests at

11328: 11028: 10319: 10202: 10081: 10053: 9579: 9197: 9187: 8816: 8705: 8505: 8217: 8132: 8090: 7988: 7931: 7799: 7581: 7572: 7101: 6683: 6659: 5913: 4990: 4610: 4583:

On to Victory: The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands, March 23 – May 5, 1945

3598: 3594: 2854: 2442: 2303: 2276:

The end of the war also meant the final loss of the Dutch East Indies. After the

2049: 1971: 1829: 1604: 1561: 1380: 1346:. On February 27–28, 1942, Doorman was ordered to take the offensive against the 1321: 1029: 952:

hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions. In 2002, Ad Van Liempt published

884: 865: 746: 669: 646: 537: 522: 518: 504: 259: 236: 201: 126: 75: 44: 9484: 8617: 4621: 4561:, 18 essays by experts; focus on home front economics, society, Resistance, Jews 1506: 956:(Bounty: Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943), published in English as 243:, but they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass movement. The 11206: 11149: 10883: 10130: 10068: 10063: 9619: 9554: 9192: 9013: 8512: 8048: 7974: 6026: 5885: 4500:

Hirschfeld, Gerhard. "Collaboration and Attentism in the Netherlands 1940–41,"

4185: 3069: 2763: 2500: 2452: 2285: 1896: 1411: 911: 781: 346: 323: 184: 4020: 1879:. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of 1753:, a failed attempt to advance from the Dutch-Belgian border across the rivers 1282:

Shortly after the German victory, the Dutch government, led by Prime Minister

947:

The flat, unforested Dutch landscape deprived Jews of potential hiding places.

11419: 10898: 10849: 10629: 10034: 9670: 9559: 8876: 8866: 8836: 8821: 8776: 8323: 6248: 6097: 5936: 4471: 4440:

Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation

4361: 4044:

The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan

3692: 3656: 3139:

The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914–1918

2859: 2686: 2671: 2577: 2311: 2160: 1876: 1837: 1785: 1754: 1745: 1465: 1419: 1403: 1394: 1343: 1076: 1021: 989: 802: 661: 510: 450: 393: 263: 229: 217: 113:

killed in the course of World War II—a much higher percentage than in either

4514:(2009) ch 3 is "Hunger: The Netherlands and the Politics of Food," pp 98–129 3618: 852:'s diary has been translated into some sixty languages since its publication 366:

Dutch soldiers guard the Holland Water Line shortly after mobilisation, 1939

11251: 11011: 10844: 10686: 10530: 9524: 8891: 8736: 8681: 8622: 8426: 6726: 6631: 6262: 5625: 5389: 5118: 4638:

De Oorlog – A NPS Documentary series about World War II and the Netherlands

4504:(1981) 16#3 pp 467–486. Focus on the "Netherlands Union" active in 1940–41 4284: 4172:

Banning, C. (1946). "Food Shortage and Public Health, First Half of 1945".

4068: 3998: 2864: 2839: 2696: 2557: 1996: 1987: 1758: 1725: 1721: 1469: 1287: 1241: 907: 814: 724: 684: 623: 573: 118: 60: 56: 985: 11016: 10835: 10249: 10016: 9967: 9830: 8851: 8786: 8261: 8247: 7909: 6585: 6406: 6391: 5745: 4429:

The Hunger Winter: Fighting Famine in the Occupied Netherlands, 1944–1945

4410: 3796: 3760: 3638:

The Ambiguity of Virtue: Gertrude van Tijn and the Fate of the Dutch Jews

3009: 2973: 2681: 2639: 2457: 2397: 2258:

The Dutch government initially developed plans to annex part of Germany (

2115: 2003:; 511 residents were killed and approximately 30,000 were left homeless. 1833: 1633: 1446: 1237: 1081: 1028:

in which he called for the Dutch to embrace the Germans and renounce the

1009: 821:

also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects, but a form of

729: 679:

A long-term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the

477: 428:

The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance. A

319: 267: 196: 67: 9564: 1164:, identified by their cloth armbands, with American paratroopers of the 1130:, with several soldiers receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, 714:

in June 1941 and the subsequent German defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad

10634: 9936: 9872: 8856: 8841: 8741: 7616: 7369: 7348: 6241: 5574: 5502: 4558: 4193: 3821:"De 102.000 Namen – Boek met alle namen vermoorde Joden, Sinti en Roma" 3056:

Hansen, Erik (1981). "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands, 1929–39".

2296: 2270: 2206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2141: 2053: 1983: 1892: 1860: 1053: 849: 761: 688: 4505: 1847:

By 31 October, resistance south of the Scheldt had collapsed, and the

1433:

The Dutch submarines escaped and resumed the war effort from bases in

11266: 11226: 11221: 11052: 10721: 10614: 10510: 8938: 8771: 8731: 7879: 7284: 7081: 6892: 6690: 6645: 5066: 4939: 2306:

offered its “deep apologies” for its failure to act to protect Jews,

2084: 2057: 2021: 2016: 2000: 1979: 1940: 1809: 1774: 1434: 1356: 1329: 1169: 1097: 1088: 993: 786: 741: 442: 438: 430: 418: 403: 398: 327: 315: 221: 122: 71: 40: 6166: 4091: 3999:"Digital Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund" 3916:(1st ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 182. 2181: 11094: 11042: 10903: 10525: 10090: 10039: 10030: 9887: 8831: 6150: 5878: 4392:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival'" 4147:(First paperback ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 2955:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival'" 2416: 1920: 1798: 1770: 1025: 872: 673: 619: 385: 216:

pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the

4637: 4553:

Sellin, Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation,"

3742:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival" 2925: 1484:, and Indonesian forces had taken control of sizeable portions of 1429:

Liberated Dutch prisoners in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) in 1945

132:

World War II occurred in four distinct phases in the Netherlands:

10058: 10008: 4682: 4340: 3985: 2447: 2401: 2088: 1935: 1880: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1485: 1481: 1245: 1203: 1153:

involvement in the resistance meant an immediate death sentence.

1126:

brigade participated in fighting on the Eastern Front during the

930: 813:, included the coastline of the Netherlands. Some towns, such as 806: 565: 545: 540:(centre), just after signing the Dutch capitulation, 15 May 1940. 422: 389: 335: 331: 114: 4598:

The liberation of the Netherlands with photos and video footage.

1804:

At the same time, the Allies also advanced into the province of

672:

were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been

10026: 10004: 9319: 6760: 5358: 4616: 3401:. London: Belgian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. pp. 32–36. 2420: 2389: 2080: 1916: 1496:

between the Netherlands and the Indonesian nationalists began.

1477: 1233: 1095:

Between 22,000 and 25,000 Dutchmen volunteered to serve in the

856:

Shortly after it was established, the military regime began to

810: 750: 603: 469:

and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border.

240: 87: 4607:

Administrators of the German occupied Netherlands during WW II

4555:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4454:

Holland at war against Hitler: Anglo-Dutch relations 1940–1945

4174:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

1035: 11067: 6948: 4595: 2307: 2148:, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese 2107: 2030: 1908: 1864: 1840:

Peninsula of German forces, primarily "stomach" units of the

1762: 3974:

Forgotten Campaign. The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

1335:

Dutch naval ships joined forces with the Allies to form the

1297: 255:, the NSB was already declining in both members and voters. 4019:. International Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from 1808:. At the start of October 1944, the Germans still occupied 1407: 765: 589: 480:, but their advance was slowed by the Dutch fortifications 262:. That resulted in the final draining of seawater from the 3791:, Volume CXXI, Issue 494, 1 December 2006, pp. 1562–1563, 3004:, Volume CXXI, Issue 494, 1 December 2006, pp. 1562–1563, 1112:

which saw action exclusively on the Eastern Front and the

954:

Kopgeld: Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden, 1943

384:. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the 247:(Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) supported by the 3900:

On to Victory: The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands

2149: 1991: 1020:

were set free by German troops. In June 1940, NSB leader

631:

under German military control. The civil government, the

4642: 3953:"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan" 3939:"Abdicating Dutch queen was a wartime Ottawa schoolgirl" 1320:

On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on the

3561:

Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe

3398:

Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939–40

2850:

Military history of the Netherlands during World War II

2095:. The region was successfully liberated shortly after. 1976:

bombed the densely populated Bezuidenhout neighbourhood

1820:. The crushing need for a large supply port forced the 1206:

concealed an entire hospital floor from German troops.

825:

took place there with people working slowly or poorly.

461:

in the Netherlands on the first day, which allowed the

421:. The air force had only 140 aircraft, mostly outdated 212:, which had begun in 1929. The incumbent government of 6020:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4485:

Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945

4217:

Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945

3172:(1st English ed.). Oxford: Berg. pp. 12–14. 2316:

NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

1080:

in Germany. In November 1942, its name was changed to

871:

Before the February strike, the Nazis had installed a

4307:"Dutch Red Cross apologizes for failing Jews in WWII" 1316:

Indonesian youths being trained by the Japanese Army.

1251: 472:

In the eastern Netherlands, the Germans succeeded in

4180:(The Netherlands during German Occupation): 93–110. 2325: 1982:. The British bomber crews had intended to bomb the 345:

In late 1939, with war already declared between the

3887:

History of the Holocaust: a handbook and dictionary

3530: 4383:(Mokeham Publishing, Oakville, Ontario 2011–2017) 4140: 4069:"Women made to become comfort women – Netherlands" 3370: 3277: 3143:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 2278:surrender of the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies 388:and to lure British and French forces deeper into 171:led to the final liberation of the whole country. 9168: 5021:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 4447:Children of World War II: The Hidden Enemy Legacy 3784:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews 3600:Ashes in the Wind: the Destruction of Dutch Jewry 3371:Amersfoort, Herman; Kamphuis, Piet, eds. (2005), 3282:(in Dutch), Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, p. 64, 3278:Amersfoort, Herman; Kamphuis, Piet, eds. (2005), 2997:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews 2152:. Dutch civilians were also held in these camps. 1779:German counterattack against the Nijmegen salient 1536: 958:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews 879:). This was a board of Jews, headed by Professor 93:German occupation lasted in some areas until the 74:(Case Yellow). On 15 May 1940, one day after the 11417: 3557: 2926:Loyd E. Lee and Robin D. S. Higham, ed. (1997). 2898: 2845:List of Dutch military equipment of World War II 887:. Independent Jewish organisations, such as the 406:to launch air raids against the United Kingdom. 3344: 3342: 2667:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) 1324:. On 10 January 1942, the Japanese invaded the 774: 614: 559:Proclamation of General Winkelman, 14 May 1940. 402:needed to take over the Dutch airfields on the 392:and to pre-empt a possible British invasion in 31:Timeline of the Netherlands during World War II 10947:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 10819:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 4634:, a project led by the Dutch National Archives 4566:The hunger winter: occupied Holland, 1944–1945 3914:The hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944–1945 3373:Mei 1940 – De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied 3280:Mei 1940 – De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied 1959: 1337:American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Fleet 1266:The Dutch army's successful resistance in the 977:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 652:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 285:German guarantee of neutrality, 6 October 1939 245:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 143:, resulted in a comparatively mild occupation. 10803: 9952: 8665: 5374: 4684:History of World War II by region and country 4668: 4350:Handelingen Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal 3936: 3672: 3641:. Harvard University Press. pp. 98–100. 3412: 3410: 3408: 3161: 3089: 3087: 3031:"The Netherlands between the Wars, 1929–1940" 2804: 1522: 1119:which fought in Belgium and the Netherlands. 644:The German occupiers implemented a policy of 437:, aimed at capturing the Dutch government in 9735: 8936: 8711: 8703: 4527:Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in W.O. II 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3339: 2902:The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940–1945 2236: 1781:(the Island) was defeated in early October. 1372:. The other Allied cruisers, the Australian 1304:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 992:, leader of the NSB, speaking at a rally in 602:. Princess Juliana and her children went to 584:in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom. 4576:The Dutch under German Occupation 1940–1945 4379:Bijvoet, Tom and Van Arragon Hutten, Anne. 4282:[Deep apologies of the Red Cross]. 4280:"Diepe verontschuldigingen' van Rode Kruis" 4047:. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. 3911: 3631: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3120:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2166: 1986:("Forest of the Hague") district where the 10810: 10796: 10193:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands 9959: 9945: 8672: 8658: 5381: 5367: 4675: 4661: 4627:World War II: Dutch aftermath and recovery 3885:Abraham J. Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit, 3494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3405: 3231:"Dutch Army Strategy and Armament in WWII" 3167: 3084: 2811: 2797: 1816:estuary and its approaches to the port of 1529: 1515: 457:. However, the German forces succeeded in 4268:World War II casualties#endnote Indonesia 3438: 3416: 3134: 2222:Learn how and when to remove this message 1298:Dutch East Indies and war in the Far East 9966: 4381:The Dutch in Wartime, Survivors Remember 3735: 3733: 3673:Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (2013). 3375:, Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, p. 192, 3186: 2249: 2159: 2097: 2010: 1934: 1875:was launched in conjunction to liberate 1715: 1424: 1311: 1155: 1034: 984: 914:, were deported to concentration camps. 844: 693: 618: 532: 361: 249:National Socialist German Workers' Party 178: 34: 10188:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence 4617:The invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 4239: 4214: 4171: 3593: 3587: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 1494:four-year armed and diplomatic struggle 1462:120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadrons 1366:were lost, together with the destroyer 1101:. The most notable formations were the 906:In May 1942, Jews were ordered to wear 494: 14: 11418: 9327: 9152: 8948: 8724: 7228: 7206:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4103: 3986:Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1994 3668: 3666: 3477: 3055: 2645:constituent country within the kingdom 841:History of the Jews in the Netherlands 453:that the Germans would need for their 220:, which resulted in workers' riots in 10791: 9940: 8653: 8077:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7509:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7155:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7111:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6216:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5362: 4656: 4389: 3739: 3730: 3705: 3699: 3202:. London: Routledge. pp. 61–62. 3093: 2952: 1792:, British and American forces during 1510: 7199:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6231:Rape during the liberation of France 4524: 4138: 3941:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 3303:"Dutch Armoured Cars type Landsverk" 3295: 3216: 3197: 3014: 2204:adding citations to reliable sources 2175: 1871:After the offensive on the Scheldt, 1393:After Japanese troops had landed on 716:in the Eastern Front of World War II 626:from the German-occupied Netherlands 609: 78:, the Dutch forces surrendered. The 11125:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 4431:(Cambridge University Press, 2020) 4040: 3677:. Taylor and Francis. p. 119. 3663: 3394: 3255:. World War 2 Today. Archived from 2280:, Indonesian nationalists fought a 2015:Civilians dancing in the square of 1899:was taken by the Canadians and the 1141: 862:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp 572:forced them to surrender also. The 24: 11323: 7425:German invasion of the Netherlands 5705:Weather events during World War II 4373: 3564:. Simon and Schuster. p. 33. 3417:Teeuwisse, Joeri (17 March 2006). 1895:were liberated by British forces. 1399:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1252:Dutch government and army in exile 1179:Communist Party of the Netherlands 917:Concentration camps were built at 666:Catholic Church in the Netherlands 637:, was headed by the Austrian Nazi 528: 482:on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway 435:parachute assault on the first day 357: 169:German surrender at Lüneburg Heath 49:German invasion of the Netherlands 25: 11452: 11441:World War II occupied territories 10879:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 9107:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 8056:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4589: 4519:The Netherlands at war: 1940–1945 4442:(Rochester NY: Camden House 2010) 4342:Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1414:; only 52,000 of those survived. 1220:and the German war effort on the 664:. The process was opposed by the 266:polder and the completion of the 10975:Russian Liberation People's Army 9595:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 8616: 5388: 4613: (archived January 24, 2004) 4118:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01566.x 3937:Janet Davison (April 29, 2013). 3537:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 103. 3253:"The Germans attack in the West" 3096:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression" 2780: 2363: 2328: 2180: 2114:, serving in the German army as 2075:. To support the advance of the 2071:, Allied troops advanced to the 1930: 1039:Dutch recruiting poster for the 970: 835:The Holocaust in the Netherlands 796: 793:of the job to keep it a secret. 588:shipped to Britain and remained 301:'s conservative prime minister, 10987:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 9575:Norway (Administrative Council) 4502:Journal of Contemporary History 4464:Journal of Contemporary History 4299: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4233: 4208: 4165: 4132: 4097: 4084: 4075: 4061: 4034: 4011: 4005: 3991: 3979: 3966: 3945: 3930: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3863: 3839: 3801: 3775: 3625: 3578: 3551: 3524: 3502: 3471: 3388: 3364: 3327:. Totally History. 12 June 2013 3317: 3271: 3245: 2191:needs additional citations for 1853:British 52nd (Lowland) Division 1538: 1177:in independent activities. The 1114:SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade 465:to outflank the nearby Belgian 411:armed forces of the Netherlands 326:, to protect the key cities of 191:The Dutch colonies such as the 8303:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6013:Territorial changes of Germany 5921:Indonesian National Revolution 4399:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3912:Van der Zee, Henri A. (1998). 3749:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3135:Abbenhuis, Maartje M. (2006). 3128: 3049: 2988: 2962:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2946: 2919: 2892: 1849:Canadian 2nd Infantry Division 1308:Indonesian National Revolution 1248:prisoners executed elsewhere. 1004:. Others, like members of the 634:Reichskommissariat Niederlande 338:and Amsterdam, and creating a 293:, the Dutch government, under 195:(modern Indonesia) caused the 103:majority of the country's Jews 13: 1: 11048:Collaborationist Chinese Army 10213:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 9600:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 7703:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7654:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7418:German invasion of Luxembourg 5799:Mediterranean and Middle East 4648:Liberation of the Netherlands 4632:Beeldbankwo2 (Photobank WWII) 4585:(D & M Publishers, 2010.) 4557:Vol. 245, May, 1946 pp i–180 4390:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006). 3740:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006). 3675:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 3098:. Vol. I. Archived from 2953:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006). 2905:. Stanford UP. pp. 5–7. 2885: 2380:Prehistory of the Netherlands 2282:four-year war of independence 2144:. Another 30,000 died in the 2134: 2083:paratroopers were dropped in 2006: 1970:On 3 March 1945, the British 1540:Liberation of the Netherlands 1502: 1410:were taken to other parts of 896:Committee for Jewish Refugees 889:Committee for Jewish Refugees 864:. The Dutch reacted with the 273: 232:and to devalue the currency. 174: 18:Liberation of the Netherlands 9373:Army Group Rear Area Command 8680:Administrative divisions in 7610:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7299:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6617:Independent State of Croatia 4568:(U of Nebraska Press, 1998) 4041:Soh, Chunghee Sarah (2008). 3531:Richard Z. Chesnoff (2011). 3168:Hirschfeld, Gerhard (1988). 2880:Liberation Day (Netherlands) 2875:Canada-Netherlands relations 1939:Malnourished Dutch child in 1901:Polish 1st Armoured Division 1706:Chronology of the liberation 1132:Nazi Germany's highest award 1032:, which had fled to London. 828: 775:Forced labour and resistance 735: 615:Life in occupied Netherlands 7: 11426:Netherlands in World War II 10889:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 9755:Belgium and Northern France 9378:Belgium and Northern France 8594:End of World War II in Asia 8434:Western invasion of Germany 7941:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7918:Second Battle of El Alamein 7488:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7460:Battle of the Mediterranean 7313:Italian invasion of Albania 5487:Air warfare of World War II 4449:(Oxford U.P. 2005), 151–64. 3827:(in Dutch). 26 January 2018 3325:"Battle of the Netherlands" 2321: 2284:against Dutch and at first 1966:Bombing of the Bezuidenhout 1960:Bombing of the Bezuidenhout 1083:Germaansche SS in Nederland 489:German advance into Belgium 455:planned invasion of Britain 10: 11457: 11078:First Indian National Army 9979:Kingdom of the Netherlands 9257:Civil Administration Areas 8862:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 8520:Naval bombardment of Japan 7888:First Battle of El Alamein 7807:Battle of Christmas Island 7752:Japanese invasion of Burma 7516:Italian invasion of Greece 7432:German invasion of Belgium 7404:German invasion of Denmark 7377:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7246:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5510:Comparative military ranks 4545:European History Quarterly 4334: 4219:. Toronto: Dundurn Group. 4186:10.1177/000271624624500114 3709:Histories of the Holocaust 3070:10.1177/026569148101100304 3035:History of the Netherlands 2932:. Greenwood. p. 277. 2825:Netherlands in World War I 2749:Inventions and discoveries 2692:Whaling in the Netherlands 2357:History of the Netherlands 2155: 1963: 1945: 1454:Royal Australian Air Force 1301: 1255: 1145: 974: 838: 832: 764:, complete with extensive 498: 369: 314:", an area to the east of 295:Pieter Cort van der Linden 70:on 10 May 1940 as part of 28: 11147: 11027: 10843: 10833: 10829: 10756: 10605: 10596: 10559: 10506: 10497: 10341: 10332: 10305:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta 10235: 10226: 10049:Development urban centers 9985: 9975: 9906: 9865: 9858: 9823: 9783: 9747: 9734: 9714: 9628: 9472: 9465: 9437: 9363: 9343: 9318: 9255: 9244: 9210: 9143: 9127:North Brabant and Limburg 9122:South Holland and Zeeland 9117:North Holland and Utrecht 9112:Gelderland and Overijssel 9097: 9026: 8974: 8935: 8905: 8702: 8689: 8609: 8441:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8381: 8372:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8109: 7996:Allied invasion of Sicily 7950: 7856:Aleutian Islands campaign 7828:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7775: 7766:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7661:Second Battle of Changsha 7566:German invasion of Greece 7534: 7411:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7386: 7324: 7219: 7100: 6826: 6736: 6584: 6287: 6278: 6036: 5861: 5753:North and Central Pacific 5714: 5476: 5469: 5396: 5303: 5054: 4917: 4871: 4793: 4690: 4017:"Japan's 'Comfort Women'" 3988:, pp. 6–9, 11, 13–14 3810:; Amsterdam: Boom, 2018. 3789:English Historical Review 3558:Samuel P. Oliner (1992). 3484:. London. pp. 24–25. 3002:English Historical Review 2899:Werner Warmbrunn (1963). 2056:. Previously the Swedish 1548: 1258:Dutch government-in-exile 592:for the rest of the war. 441:and the key airfields at 372:Battle of the Netherlands 342:(or "Fortress Holland"). 11436:Politics of World War II 10997:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 10942:National Republican Army 10937:Latvian Auxiliary Police 10862:Albanian Fascist Militia 9365:Military administrations 8897:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 8033:Allied invasion of Italy 8010:Solomon Islands campaign 7759:Third Battle of Changsha 7356:First Battle of Changsha 7262:Second Sino-Japanese War 6202:German military brothels 6068:United States war crimes 4472:10.1177/0022009410375178 4139:Ryan, Cornelius (1995). 3847:"Waffen-SS (in numbers)" 3094:TC-32 (6 October 1939). 2110:, nearly 800 men of the 1420:forced into prostitution 299:Anti-Revolutionary Party 107:Nazi concentration camps 11115:Royal Thai Armed Forces 11105:Manchukuo Imperial Army 11090:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 11038:Burma Independence Army 10970:Russian Liberation Army 10932:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 10894:Belarusian Home Defence 10858:Albanian collaborators 8455:Second Guangxi campaign 8310:Philippines (1944–1945) 7814:Battle of the Coral Sea 7717:Fall of the Philippines 7363:Battle of South Guangxi 7269:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6675:Italian Social Republic 4622:Dutch Resistance Museum 4570:excerpt and text search 4547:(1991) 211 pp 109–118. 4529:. Alkmaar: De Alk b.v. 4458:excerpt and text search 4256:World War II casualties 4215:Goddard, Lance (2005). 3714:Oxford University Press 3058:European Studies Review 3037:. World History at KLMA 1948:Dutch famine of 1944–45 1751:Operation Market Garden 1730:Operation Market Garden 1166:101st Airborne Division 1068:In September 1940, the 900:Westerbork transit camp 698:Amsterdam in April 1944 459:crossing the Maas river 11100:Malayan Volunteer Army 10966:Russian collaborators 10914:Finnish Defence Forces 10652:Decorations and medals 10101:Burgundian Netherlands 9736: 9466:Puppet administrations 9270:Carinthia and Carniola 8937: 8712: 8704: 8684:and German occupations 8040:Armistice of Cassibile 7842:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7793:Battle of the Java Sea 7696:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7596:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7589:Battle of South Shanxi 7559:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7342:Battle of the Atlantic 6956:Korean Liberation Army 6669:(until September 1943) 6626:(until September 1944) 6604:(until September 1944) 4564:van der Zee, Henri A. 4510:Hitchcock, William I. 4368:on September 27, 2007. 4288:(in Dutch). 2017-11-01 4090:Poelgeest, Bart van. " 3510:"The Royal Dutch Navy" 3481:The Netherlands at War 2787:Netherlands portal 2620:Sovereign Principality 2473:Burgundian Netherlands 2255: 2237: 2173: 2167: 2103: 2045:, both in April 1945. 2026: 1943: 1919:, which contained the 1907:liberated the city of 1733: 1430: 1352:Battle of the Java Sea 1348:Imperial Japanese Navy 1317: 1188:underground newspapers 1173: 1044: 997: 853: 699: 681:Greater Germanic Reich 627: 562: 541: 474:pushing the Dutch back 415:Royal Netherlands Army 367: 282: 188: 52: 11120:Russian Fascist Party 10909:Croatian Armed Forces 10647:Customs and etiquette 8917:Reichsfestung Belgrad 8204:Second Battle of Guam 8100:Bengal famine of 1943 8070:Second Battle of Kiev 8026:Battle of the Dnieper 7731:Battle of Wake Island 7603:East African campaign 7545:Battle of South Henan 7190:atrocities by Germans 6963:Korean Volunteer Army 5944:Occupation of Germany 5698:Music in World War II 4071:. Asian Women's Fund. 3478:Ashton, H.S. (1941). 2523:Dutch colonial empire 2269:The bank balances of 2264:Operation Black Tulip 2260:the Bakker-Schut Plan 2253: 2163: 2101: 2093:Stokersverlaat Bridge 2014: 1978:in the Dutch city of 1938: 1822:Battle of the Scheldt 1719: 1698:Manna & Chowhound 1428: 1339:, commanded by Dutch 1315: 1159: 1038: 1016:belonged to the NSB. 988: 848: 710:After the failure of 697: 622: 551: 536: 365: 278: 182: 38: 11431:Jewish Dutch history 11085:Inner Mongolian Army 11073:Indian National Army 10957:Royal Hungarian Army 10952:Romanian Land Forces 10682:Orders of knighthood 10315:World Heritage Sites 10218:Coronavirus pandemic 10208:European debt crisis 10181:Dutch Liberation Day 10106:Habsburg Netherlands 9919:Strength Through Joy 9878:Weather Station Kurt 9580:Norway (Quisling II) 8827:Munich–Upper Bavaria 8812:March of Brandenburg 8490:Surrender of Germany 7968:Battle of West Hubei 7925:Guadalcanal campaign 7895:Battle of Stalingrad 7821:Battle of Madagascar 6595:Albania protectorate 6382:(formerly Swaziland) 6091:Wehrmacht war crimes 5907:Expulsion of Germans 5691:Art and World War II 5589:British contribution 5538:Governments in exile 4578:(Stanford U.P. 1963) 4525:Mark, Chris (1997). 4385:The Dutch in Wartime 4344:(January 24, 1994). 3633:Wasserstein, Bernard 3457:"May 14 – Rotterdam" 3102:on 27 September 2013 2478:Habsburg Netherlands 2200:improve this article 1488:and Java. After the 1268:Battle for The Hague 963:A 2018 publication, 908:Star of David badges 712:Operation Barbarossa 639:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 576:, in particular the 495:Bombing of Rotterdam 206:Netherlands were hit 141:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 76:bombing of Rotterdam 11130:Takasago Volunteers 11058:Gando Special Force 10982:Security Battalions 10290:Mountains and hills 10141:Batavian Revolution 10121:Spanish Netherlands 10116:Seventeen Provinces 9738:Reichskommissariats 9570:Norway (Quisling I) 9500:Chechnya-Ingushetia 9160:Bohemia and Moravia 9145:Partial annexations 8956:Danzig–West Prussia 8580:Potsdam Declaration 8469:Italy (Spring 1945) 8232:Liberation of Paris 7689:Siege of Sevastopol 6707:(until August 1944) 6610:Wang Jingwei regime 6432:from September 1943 6392:from September 1944 6330:from September 1944 6190:Romanian war crimes 6181:Persecution of Jews 6167:Croatian war crimes 6137:Japanese war crimes 5951:Occupation of Japan 5900:First Indochina War 5612:Military production 5524:Declarations of war 5133:Carpathian Ruthenia 4574:Warmbrunn, Werner. 4497:(Oxford U.P., 1998) 4491:Hirschfeld, Gerhard 4476:Friedhoff, Herman. 4452:Foot, Michael, ed. 4427:De Zwarte, Ingrid. 4312:The Times of Israel 4013:Soh, Chunghee Sarah 3875:Landstorm Nederland 3706:Stone, Dan (2010). 3512:. Waroverholland.nl 3459:. Waroverholland.nl 3352:. Waroverholland.nl 3305:. Waroverholland.nl 3233:. Waroverholland.nl 2870:Maurice Frankenhuis 2600:First French Empire 2585:Batavian Revolution 2488:Spanish Netherlands 2483:Seventeen Provinces 2039:Battle of Groningen 2029:After crossing the 1826:First Canadian Army 1741:landing in Normandy 1384:, and the American 1116:Landstorm Nederland 689:Aryan "master race" 668:, and in 1941, all 600:government-in-exile 501:Battle of Rotterdam 312:New Dutch Waterline 10992:Slovene Home Guard 10541:Telecommunications 10151:Kingdom of Holland 9170:General Government 8847:Schleswig-Holstein 8573:Surrender of Japan 8406:Battle of Iwo Jima 8255:Belgrade offensive 7668:Siege of Leningrad 7552:Battle of Shanggao 7481:British Somaliland 7446:Dunkirk evacuation 7397:Norwegian campaign 7335:Invasion of Poland 7162:Japanese prisoners 6130:Italian war crimes 6061:British war crimes 5976:Soviet occupations 5760:South-West Pacific 5647:Allied cooperation 5605:Military equipment 4723:French West Africa 4703:British Somaliland 4596:Canada and Holland 4411:10.1093/hgs/dcl022 4106:Gender and History 3797:10.1093/ehr/cel364 3782:Tim Cole, Review: 3761:10.1093/hgs/dcl022 3259:on 21 January 2015 3198:Wubs, Ben (2008). 3010:10.1093/ehr/cel364 2995:Tim Cole, Review: 2974:10.1093/hgs/dcl022 2677:Amsterdam Entrepôt 2595:Kingdom of Holland 2336:Netherlands portal 2256: 2174: 2164:Collaborators and 2104: 2027: 1944: 1873:Operation Pheasant 1812:and dominated the 1734: 1490:Japanese surrender 1431: 1404:Thai-Burma Railway 1318: 1230:Hanns Albin Rauter 1211:Lieutenant general 1174: 1056:or Maybugs, where 1045: 998: 903:mass deportation. 858:persecute the Jews 854: 823:passive resistance 700: 628: 542: 451:transport aircraft 368: 291:During World War I 189: 167:". On 5 May 1945, 53: 11413: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11392: 11248: 11143: 11142: 11031:collaborationists 11007:Wehrmacht foreign 11002:Waffen-SS foreign 10918: 10852:collaborationists 10785: 10784: 10752: 10751: 10592: 10591: 10493: 10492: 10470:Political parties 10406:Foreign relations 10328: 10327: 10198:Same-sex marriage 10146:Batavian Republic 10126:Eighty Years' War 10096:Holy Roman Empire 9934: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9854: 9853: 9824:Other occupations 9819: 9818: 9730: 9729: 9445:Adriatic Littoral 9438:Operational Zones 9359: 9358: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9206: 9205: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9022: 9021: 8931: 8930: 8647: 8646: 8605: 8604: 8448:Battle of Okinawa 8347:Burma (1944–1945) 8181:Mariana and Palau 7961:Tunisian campaign 7786:Fall of Singapore 7710:Fall of Hong Kong 7453:Battle of Britain 7306:Operation Himmler 7215: 7214: 6879:Dutch East Indies 6522:Southern Rhodesia 6274: 6273: 6174:Genocide of Serbs 6077:German war crimes 6054:Soviet war crimes 6047:Allied war crimes 5893:Division of Korea 5872:Chinese Civil War 5670:Strategic bombing 5582:Manhattan Project 5356: 5355: 4947:Dutch East Indies 4785:Southern Rhodesia 4718:French Somaliland 4319:. 1 November 2017 4054:978-0-226-76777-2 3723:978-0-19-956680-8 3209:978-0-415-41667-2 2821: 2820: 2590:Batavian Republic 2508:Eighty Years' War 2468:Holy Roman Empire 2463:Lower Lotharingia 2232: 2231: 2224: 2146:Dutch East Indies 2106:On the island of 2077:II Canadian Corps 2073:North Netherlands 2069:Operation Amherst 2043:Battle of Otterlo 1794:Operation Aintree 1732:, September 1944. 1713: 1712: 1326:Dutch East Indies 1277:Buckingham Palace 1262:Free Dutch Forces 1214:Hendrik Seyffardt 1103:4th SS Volunteer 1024:held a speech in 705:Battle of Britain 610:German occupation 578:Dutch East Indies 307:national spending 193:Dutch East Indies 99:Active resistance 16:(Redirected from 11448: 11390: 11246: 10962:Royal Iraqi Army 10916: 10841: 10840: 10831: 10830: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10788: 10765: 10603: 10602: 10574:Public transport 10504: 10503: 10339: 10338: 10233: 10232: 10059:Frankish Kingdom 10022:Migration Period 9961: 9954: 9947: 9938: 9937: 9863: 9862: 9745: 9744: 9741: 9470: 9469: 9457:Alpine Foothills 9325: 9324: 9275:Gebiet Bialystok 9253: 9252: 9166: 9165: 9150: 9149: 9095: 9094: 9009:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 8972: 8971: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8887:Westphalia-South 8882:Westphalia-North 8802:Magdeburg-Anhalt 8722: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8674: 8667: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8623:World portal 8621: 8620: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8483:Prague offensive 8478: 8476:Battle of Berlin 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8420:Vienna offensive 8415: 8408: 8401: 8399:Battle of Manila 8394: 8374: 8365: 8356: 8349: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8289: 8280: 8273: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8183: 8176: 8167: 8158: 8149: 8142: 8140:Korsun–Cherkassy 8135: 8124: 8102: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8058: 8051: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8012: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7982:Bombing of Gorky 7977: 7970: 7963: 7943: 7936: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7849:Battle of Midway 7844: 7837: 7835:Battle of Gazala 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7745:Battle of Borneo 7740: 7738:Malayan campaign 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7682:Bombing of Gorky 7677: 7675:Battle of Moscow 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7527: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7439:Battle of France 7434: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7292:Munich Agreement 7287: 7280: 7271: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7241: 7226: 7225: 7208: 7201: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7177:Soviet prisoners 7171: 7164: 7157: 7148: 7141: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7117:German prisoners 7113: 7093: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6653:French Indochina 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6577: 6568: 6561: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6500:from August 1944 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6383: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6285: 6284: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6226: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6144:Nanjing Massacre 6139: 6132: 6123: 6121:Nuremberg trials 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5725:Asia and Pacific 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5654:Mulberry harbour 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5496: 5489: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5107:Military history 4861:Native Americans 4677: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4540: 4517:Maas, Walter B. 4483:Goddard, Lance. 4466:2010 45:768–787 4438:Dewulf, Jeroen. 4422: 4396: 4369: 4364:. Archived from 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4146: 4143:A Bridge Too Far 4136: 4130: 4129: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3808:De 102.000 namen 3805: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3453: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3424:Armchair General 3414: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3227: 3214: 3213: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3142: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3027: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2896: 2835:Dutch resistance 2813: 2806: 2799: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2727:Colonial history 2717:Military history 2658:Economic history 2513:Dutch Golden Age 2448:Frankish Kingdom 2412:Migration Period 2367: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2240: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2184: 2176: 2170: 1885:'s-Hertogenbosch 1767:Battle of Arnhem 1593:Nijmegen salient 1543: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1464:, equipped with 1292:Pieter Gerbrandy 1288:Vichy government 1284:Dirk Jan de Geer 1273:Queen Wilhelmina 1183:Wim Schermerhorn 1172:, September 1944 1162:Dutch Resistance 1148:Dutch resistance 1142:Dutch resistance 1071:Nederlandsche SS 1006:Henneicke Column 981:Nederlandsche SS 965:De 102.000 namen 898:established the 596:Queen Wilhelmina 582:Royal Dutch Navy 560: 303:Hendrikus Colijn 286: 253:Second World War 214:Hendrikus Colijn 210:Great Depression 183:A bunker of the 148:living standards 95:German surrender 80:Dutch government 57:Dutch neutrality 21: 11456: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11405: 11168:Italian Albania 11139: 11023: 10848: 10825: 10816: 10786: 10781: 10768: 10761: 10748: 10702:Public holidays 10588: 10555: 10489: 10324: 10320:Zuiderzee Works 10222: 10203:Great Recession 10082:Frisian Freedom 10054:Frisian Kingdom 9995:Germanic tribes 9981: 9971: 9965: 9935: 9926: 9922:holiday resorts 9902: 9850: 9815: 9779: 9726: 9710: 9624: 9461: 9433: 9355: 9339: 9314: 9247: 9232: 9202: 9164: 9131: 9093: 9018: 8970: 8927: 8901: 8782:Halle-Merseburg 8767:Electoral Hesse 8757:Eastern Hanover 8694: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8615: 8613: 8601: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8539: 8534:Atomic bombings 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8377: 8370: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8336: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8276: 8267: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8237: 8230: 8225:Eastern Romania 8223: 8218:Warsaw Uprising 8216: 8211:Tannenberg Line 8209: 8202: 8197:Western Ukraine 8195: 8186: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8127: 8118: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7989:Battle of Kursk 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7946: 7939: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7907: 7900: 7893: 7886: 7877: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7800:St Nazaire Raid 7798: 7791: 7784: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7624: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7582:Anglo-Iraqi War 7580: 7573:Battle of Crete 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7530: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7502:Eastern Romania 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7320: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7244: 7237: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7144: 7137: 7128: 7121: 7116: 7109: 7096: 7089: 7080: 7073: 7068: 7063:Western Ukraine 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7007:Northeast China 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6713:Slovak Republic 6711: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6684:Empire of Japan 6682: 6673: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6593: 6580: 6573: 6564: 6557: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6386: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6270: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6229: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6196:Sexual violence 6195: 6188: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6119: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5914:Greek Civil War 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5857: 5850: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5739:South-East Asia 5737: 5730: 5723: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5598:Military awards 5596: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5492: 5485: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5357: 5352: 5348:Pacific Islands 5343:Solomon Islands 5323:Gilbert Islands 5305: 5299: 5278:Channel Islands 5050: 4913: 4867: 4789: 4686: 4681: 4611:Wayback Machine 4592: 4581:Zuehlke, Mark. 4537: 4394: 4376: 4374:Further reading 4337: 4332: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4242:Friesch Dagblad 4238: 4234: 4227: 4213: 4209: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4137: 4133: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3910: 3906: 3902:, (2010) p. 187 3897: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3819: 3806: 3802: 3780: 3776: 3744: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3704: 3700: 3685: 3671: 3664: 3649: 3630: 3626: 3611: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3487: 3486: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3415: 3406: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3217: 3210: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3133: 3129: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3085: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3015: 2993: 2989: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2855:Corrie ten Boom 2817: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2735: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2660: 2650: 2649: 2615: 2605: 2604: 2580: 2570: 2569: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2443:Frisian Kingdom 2438: 2430: 2429: 2385:Germanic tribes 2375: 2351: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2304:Dutch Red Cross 2228: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2197: 2185: 2158: 2137: 2112:Georgian Legion 2062:Operation Manna 2050:Hotel de Wereld 2009: 1972:Royal Air Force 1968: 1962: 1950: 1933: 1925:Festung Holland 1903:led by General 1830:Breskens Pocket 1777:. A subsequent 1714: 1709: 1703: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1505: 1322:Japanese Empire 1310: 1302:Main articles: 1300: 1264: 1254: 1192:Prince Bernhard 1160:Members of the 1150: 1144: 1128:Battle of Narva 1105:Panzergrenadier 983: 973: 885:Abraham Asscher 866:February strike 843: 837: 831: 799: 777: 747:Deelen Air Base 738: 670:Roman Catholics 658:Gleichschaltung 647:Gleichschaltung 617: 612: 561: 558: 538:Henri Winkelman 531: 529:Dutch surrender 523:Henri Winkelman 519:Rotterdam Blitz 507: 505:Rotterdam Blitz 497: 467:Fort Ében-Émael 374: 360: 358:German invasion 340:Vesting Holland 324:Peel-Raam Lines 288: 284: 276: 260:Zuiderzee Works 237:Italian fascism 202:First World War 187:, built in 1939 177: 127:February strike 33: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11454: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11163:German Albania 11154: 11152: 11150:Axis countries 11145: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11135:Vanguard Youth 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11034: 11032: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10884:Armistice Army 10881: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10867:Balli Kombëtar 10864: 10855: 10853: 10838: 10827: 10826: 10823:Imperial Japan 10815: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10767: 10766: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10642:Cultural icons 10639: 10638: 10637: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10584:Road transport 10581: 10579:Rail transport 10576: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475:Prime Minister 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10450:Municipalities 10447: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10425: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10356:Climate change 10353: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10260:Extreme points 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10178: 10168: 10166:United Kingdom 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10131:Dutch Republic 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10084: 10071: 10069:Lower Lorraine 10066: 10064:Middle Francia 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10037: 10024: 10019: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: articles 9964: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9742: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9620:Zuyev Republic 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9510:Czechoslovakia 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9476: 9474: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9452: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9369: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9331: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9250: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9156: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8943: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8807:Main Franconia 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8747:Cologne–Aachen 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8719: 8697: 8691:Administrative 8687: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8553: 8550:South Sakhalin 8546: 8545: 8544: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8350: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8184: 8177: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8087: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7975:Battle of Attu 7971: 7964: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7866: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7724:Battle of Guam 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7647:Battle of Kiev 7643: 7636: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7330: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7265: 7251: 7250: 7249: 7234: 7232: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7158: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146:United Kingdom 7142: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7114: 7106: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550:British Empire 6543:United Kingdom 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6359:Czechoslovakia 6355: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6256:Rape of Manila 6252: 6245: 6238: 6227: 6212: 6205: 6193: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6094: 6087: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6027:United Nations 6023: 6016: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5886:Decolonization 5882: 5875: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5832: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5559:United Kingdom 5555: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:British Empire 5263:United Kingdom 5260: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5236:Basque Country 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5112:Basque Country 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:Czechoslovakia 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4590:External links 4588: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4562: 4551: 4549:Online at Sage 4541: 4535: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4460: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4424: 4423: 4387: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4298: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4232: 4225: 4207: 4164: 4157: 4131: 4112:(3): 670–684. 4096: 4083: 4074: 4060: 4053: 4033: 4004: 3990: 3978: 3965: 3944: 3929: 3922: 3904: 3898:Mark Zuehlke, 3891: 3878: 3873:, vol. 14 for 3862: 3838: 3818:. Reviewed in 3800: 3774: 3755:(3): 474–499. 3729: 3722: 3716:. p. 42. 3698: 3683: 3662: 3647: 3624: 3609: 3595:Presser, Jacob 3586: 3577: 3570: 3550: 3543: 3523: 3501: 3470: 3437: 3404: 3387: 3381: 3363: 3350:"Capitulation" 3338: 3316: 3294: 3288: 3270: 3244: 3215: 3208: 3185: 3178: 3160: 3153: 3127: 3083: 3048: 3013: 2987: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2911: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630:Modern history 2627: 2625:United Kingdom 2622: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2543: 2520: 2510: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2453:Middle Francia 2450: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2323: 2320: 2230: 2229: 2188: 2186: 2179: 2157: 2154: 2136: 2133: 2129:"Moffenmeiden" 2035:Wesel and Rees 2008: 2005: 1990:had installed 1964:Main article: 1961: 1958: 1946:Main article: 1932: 1929: 1897:Bergen Op Zoom 1711: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1658:Kapelsche Veer 1655: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1470:P-40 Kittyhawk 1447:New Zealanders 1412:Southeast Asia 1378:, the British 1299: 1296: 1253: 1250: 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1030:Dutch Monarchy 972: 969: 949: 948: 945: 942: 931:mixed marriage 912:Titus Brandsma 873:Jewish Council 833:Main article: 830: 827: 819:Arbeitseinsatz 798: 795: 782:Arbeitseinsatz 776: 773: 737: 734: 616: 613: 611: 608: 556: 530: 527: 496: 493: 370:Main article: 359: 356: 347:British Empire 277: 275: 272: 226:a naval mutiny 185:Peel-Raam Line 176: 173: 156: 155: 151: 144: 137: 125:organised the 45:German bombing 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11453: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11175:Baltic states 11173: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11146: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11063:Golden Square 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10922:Golden Square 10920: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10899:Blue Division 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10872:Cham Albanian 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10813: 10808: 10806: 10801: 10799: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10558: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10460:Republicanism 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10265:Flood control 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10225: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10176:Nazi invasion 10174: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10156:Incorporation 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9733: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681:Russia (KONR) 9679: 9677: 9676:Russia (ODNR) 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9396:zone réservée 9393: 9392:Atlantic Wall 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9243: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:Burgundy (SS) 9216: 9215: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8934: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8872:Upper Silesia 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797:Lower Silesia 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8708: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8688: 8683: 8675: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557:Kuril Islands 8554: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8324:Syrmian Front 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270:Market Garden 8266: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8129:Monte Cassino 8126: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7495:Baltic states 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139:United States 7136: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7075:Quốc dân Đảng 7072: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6775:Liechtenstein 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559:United States 6556: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249:Comfort women 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6233: / 6232: 6228: 6225: 6222: / 6221: 6218: / 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209:Camp brothels 6206: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098:The Holocaust 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084:forced labour 6081: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937:Marshall Plan 5934: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5790:Eastern Front 5787: 5784: 5783:Western Front 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677:Puppet states 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619:Naval history 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5566:United States 5563: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5159:Liechtenstein 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Latin America 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872:South America 4870: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831:United States 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794:North America 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Belgian Congo 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4536:9789060135228 4532: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4226:1-55002-547-3 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4158:0-684-80330-5 4154: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4070: 4064: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4023:on 2013-11-06 4022: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3923:0-8032-9618-5 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3889:(1994) p. 411 3888: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3816:9789024419739 3813: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3684:9781135969509 3680: 3676: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3648:9780674281387 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3610:9780814320365 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3581: 3573: 3571:9781439105382 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3544:9780307766946 3540: 3536: 3535: 3527: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3391: 3384: 3382:90-12-08959-X 3378: 3374: 3367: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3326: 3320: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3289:90-12-08959-X 3285: 3281: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3179:0-85496-146-1 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3154:90-5356-818-2 3150: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3064:(3): 33–385. 3063: 3059: 3052: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2939:9780313293252 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2914: 2912:9780804701525 2908: 2904: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860:Jan de Hartog 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2778: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2754:Flood control 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2687:Dutch disease 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672:Dutch guilder 2670: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578:French period 2574: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302:In 2017, the 2300: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2226: 2223: 2215: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2189:This section 2187: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1931:Hunger Winter 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:North Brabant 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1838:Zuid-Beveland 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:North Brabant 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1746:Dolle dinsdag 1742: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:Sherman tanks 1718: 1708: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555:Market Garden 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1466:B-25 Mitchell 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Karel Doorman 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:Eastern Front 1219: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1139: 1135: 1134:for bravery. 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1077:Allgemeine SS 1073: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:Anton Mussert 1017: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 990:Anton Mussert 987: 982: 978: 971:Collaboration 968: 966: 961: 959: 955: 946: 943: 940: 939: 938: 934: 932: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 904: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 851: 847: 842: 836: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:Atlantic Wall 797:Atlantic Wall 794: 790: 788: 784: 783: 772: 769: 767: 763: 758: 754: 752: 748: 743: 733: 731: 727: 726: 719: 717: 713: 708: 706: 696: 692: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:pillarisation 659: 655: 653: 649: 648: 642: 640: 636: 635: 625: 624:Ration stamps 621: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 591: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 555: 550: 547: 539: 535: 526: 524: 520: 515: 512: 506: 502: 492: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 432: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 400: 395: 394:North Holland 391: 387: 383: 379: 373: 364: 355: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 281: 271: 269: 265: 264:Wieringermeer 261: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 230:gold standard 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 198: 194: 186: 181: 172: 170: 166: 165:Hunger Winter 161: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 110: 108: 104: 100: 97:in May 1945. 96: 91: 89: 86:relocated to 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 27: 19: 11359:Soviet Union 11247:(until 1944) 11012:Afrika Korps 10917:(until 1944) 10727:Coat of arms 10697:Prostitution 10610:Architecture 10551:Trade unions 10531:Polder model 10516:Central bank 10485:Water boards 10411:Human rights 10401:Homelessness 10371:Demographics 10361:Constitution 10171:World War II 10170: 10161:Principality 9977:Part of the 9883:Schatzgräber 9305:West Prussia 9285:Lower Styria 9223:Holland (SS) 8994:Upper Danube 8989:Lower Danube 8792:Hesse-Nassau 8762:East Prussia 8732:Baden-Alsace 8695:Nazi Germany 8693:divisions of 8682:Nazi Germany 8631:Bibliography 8614: 8427:Project Hula 8392:Vistula–Oder 8361: 8294: 8285: 8269: 8239: 8188: 8172: 8163: 8154: 8120: 8017: 7932: 7908: 7878: 7629: 7522: 7467:North Africa 7169:Soviet Union 7123:Soviet Union 7049:Soviet Union 6817:Vatican City 6727:Vichy 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