245:
Army-operated anti-aircraft guns, positioned on suspected approach routes that would overfly the industries that put up the money for them. The Dutch Army
Cavalry, which did not have operational tanks, deployed several squadrons of armoured cars, mainly near strategic airfields. The German follow-up attacks overland were three-pronged (Frisia-Kornwerderzand, Gelderland-Grebbe Line, Brabant-Moerdijk) and were all stopped either fully or long enough to allow the Dutch army to demolish the German air-mobile divisions and mop up the lightly armed paratroopers and airborne troops around The Hague. That circumstance, together with the anti-aircraft guns, of which German intelligence had not been aware because they had been purchased by civilians, contributed to the failure of the German units of paratroopers and airborne infantry to capture the Dutch government and force a quick surrender.
546:", or National Assault Group, literally translated "brawl crew" or "goon squad"), with about 750 members in the summer of 1944 conducting sabotage operations and occasional assassinations. The LKP provided many of the ration cards to the LO through raids. Leendert Valstar ('Bertus'), Jacques van der Horst ('Louis') and Hilbert van Dijk ('Arie') organized local Assault Groups into the LKP in 1943. The number of members of the LKP is rather precise since their members were registered after the war. 2,277 was their number in September 1944. A third were members before this time. 514 members of the LKP died. Only one of the top LKP members survived the war – Liepke Scheepstra. Helena-Rietberg, one of the founders of the LO, was betrayed and died in Ravensbruck concentration camp.
229:. The day before, small groups of German troops wearing Dutch uniforms had entered the country. Many of them wore 'Dutch' helmets, some made of cardboard as they did not have enough originals. The Germans deployed about 750,000 men, three times the strength of the Dutch army; some 1,100 planes (Dutch Army Air Service: 125) and six armoured trains. They destroyed 80% of the Dutch military aircraft on the ground in one morning, mostly by bombing. The Dutch army, a cadre-militia consisting of professional officers and conscript NCOs and ranks, was inferior to the German Army in many respects: it was poorly equipped, had poor communications, and was poorly led. However, the Germans lost some 400 planes in the three days of the attack, 230 of them
381:
the case because the main goals of the Nazis were the
Nazification of the populace, the creation of a large-scale aerial attack and defense system, and the integration of the Dutch economy into the German economy. As Rotterdam was already Germany's main port, it remained so, and collaboration with the enemy was widespread. Since all government ministers had successfully evaded capture by the Germans, the secretaries-general staying behind had no alternative but to carry on as best as possible under the new German rulers. The open terrain and dense population, the densest in Europe, made it difficult to conceal illegal activities; unlike, for example, the
666:
1041:
56:
33:
1002:, the broadcasting service of the Dutch government-in-exile and Radio Herrijzend Nederland which broadcast from the Southern part of the country. Listening to either program was forbidden and after about a year the Germans decided to confiscate all Dutch radio receivers, with some listeners managing to replace their sets with homemade receivers. Surprisingly the authorities failed to outlaw the publication of magazine articles explaining how to build sets or the sale of the necessary materials until many months later. When they eventually did there were
440:, rationed food, and withheld food stamps as punishment. They started large-scale fortifications along the coast and built some 30 airfields, paying with money they claimed from the national bank at a rate of 100 million guilders a month (the so-called 'costs of the occupation'). They also forced males between the ages of 18 and 45 to work in German factories or on public work projects. In 1944 most trains were diverted to Germany, known as 'the great train robberies', and in total some 550,000 Dutch people were selected to be sent to Germany as
685:
citizens of
Amsterdam, regardless of their political affiliation, joined in a mass protest against the deportation of Jewish Dutch citizens. The next day, factories in Zaandam, Haarlem, IJmuiden, Weesp, Bussum, Hilversum and Utrecht joined in. The strike was largely put down within a day with German troops firing on unarmed crowds, killing nine people and wounding 24, as well as taking many prisoners. Opposition to the German occupation intensified as a result of the violence against non-combative Dutch people. The only other general strike in
360:
could not stop the German bombers but managed to negotiate a tactical, instead of national, capitulation, unlike France a few weeks later. As a result, the Dutch State, unlike the French State, remained at war with
Germany, and the Germans authorities had to ask every individual Dutch soldier to desist from further hostilities as a condition for their release from detention as a prisoner-of-war. The first act of resistance was, therefore, the refusal by members of the Dutch forces to sign any document to that effect.
5812:
872:. However, in reality, the Nazi's only saw Mussert and the NSB as a useful tools to enable general co-operation. Furthermore, Seyss-Inquart had assured Mussert after his December 1942 meeting with Hitler that general conscription was not on the agenda. However, CS-6 assessed that Seyffardt was the first person within the new institute eligible for an attack, after the heavily guarded Mussert.
1045:
628:
common struggle. In 1941, they jointly condemned the government's laws and actions, and formed ecumenical bonds that denounced anti-Semitism in all its forms. Many
Catholic and Reformed churches became the centre of resistance activities in all but name. The clergy also paid a high price: Forty-three reformed clergy were killed and forty-six Catholic priests lost their lives.
1042:
189:
anti-German sentiment was not as strong after the war as it was in other
European countries. The German ex-Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands in 1918 and lived there in exile. The German invasion, therefore, came as a great shock to many Dutch people. Nevertheless, the country had ordered general mobilization in September 1939. By November 1938, during the
1044:
813:(December 1944), they were repositioned on the line Aix-la-Chapelle to Liège (Luik). The first battalion from Limburg was an occupational force in Germany in the area between Cologne (Köln), Aix-la-Chapelle and the Dutch border. The second and third battalions from Limburg accompanied the American push into Germany in March 1945 up to
150:
million – was not considered resistance per se. Only active resistance in the form of spying, sabotage, or with arms was what the Dutch considered resistance. Nevertheless, thousands of members of all the 'non-resisting' categories were arrested by the
Germans and often subsequently jailed for months, tortured, sent to
444:. Males over the age of 14 were deemed 'able to work' and females over the age of 15. Over the next five years, as conditions became increasingly difficult, resistance became better organized and more forceful. The resistance managed to kill high-ranking collaborationist Dutch officials, such as General
91:, churches, and independent groups. Over 300,000 people were hidden from German authorities in the autumn of 1944 by 60,000 to 200,000 illegal landlords and caretakers. These activities were tolerated knowingly by some one million people, including a few individuals among German occupiers and military.
337:
Rotterdam, the bridges over the Maas River. Two school companies of Royal
Netherlands Marines managed to keep a complete German army at bay until the bombardment of Rotterdam forced the commanding officer, General Winkelman, to accept a partial surrender. Elsewhere, Dutch forces stayed in the war; in
765:
helped 200 men. In total, about 4,000 mainly French, some
Belgian, Polish, Russian and Czech ex-POWs were aided on their way south in the province of Limburg. The number of people cared for by the LO in July 1944 is estimated to be between 200,000 and 350,000. This activity was very risky, and 1,671
380:
and were more manipulative in the
Netherlands than in other occupied countries, which made the occupation seem mild at least at first. The occupation was run by the German Nazi Party rather than by the Armed Forces, which had terrible consequences for the Jewish citizens of the Netherlands. This was
188:
Prior to the German invasion, the Netherlands had adhered to a policy of strict neutrality. The country had strong bonds with Germany, and not so much with Britain. The Dutch had not engaged in war with any European nation since 1830. During World War I, the Dutch were not invaded by Germany and the
162:
of 1941, protesting the deportation of Jews from the Netherlands, the only such strike to ever occur in Nazi-occupied Europe, is usually not defined as resistance by the Dutch. The strikers, who numbered in the tens of thousands, are not considered resistance participants. The Dutch generally prefer
606:
In addition to these groups, the NSF ("Nationale Steun Fonds", or National Support Fund) financial organization received money from the exiled government to fund operations of the LO and KP. It also set up large-scale scams involving the national bank and the tax service that were never discovered.
350:
The Dutch succeeded in stopping the German advance for four days. By then, the Germans had already invaded some 70% of the country but failed to enter the urban areas to the west. The eastern provinces were relatively easy to overrun because they had been deliberately left lightly defended in order
359:
on 14 May that destroyed much of the city centre, killed about 800 people, and left about 85,000 homeless. Furthermore, the Germans threatened to destroy every other major city until the Dutch forces capitulated. The Dutch military leadership, having lost the bulk of their air force, realized they
273:
to be wiped out in order to force an off-the-battlefield solution and stop the effective resistance by the Dutch forces. Before this terror bombardment, the Royal Netherlands Navy managed to ship some 1300 captured German shock troops to England, providing their allies with first-hand intelligence
1062:
in June 1944, the Dutch civilian population was put under increasing pressure by Allied infiltration and the need for intelligence regarding the German military defensive buildup, the instability of German positions and active fighting. Portions of the country were liberated as part of the Allied
627:
joined together in resisting Nazi occupation. The Netherlands was about 48 percent Reformed churches and 36 percent Catholic churches at that time. Previous to the war the split between the Reformed churches and Catholic churches was profound. The resistance brought the churches together in their
456:
could be distributed among the various religious organizations. Furthermore, shortly after Germany took over the government, they demanded all Dutch public servants fill out an "Aryan Attestation" in which they were asked to state in detail their religious and ethnic ancestry. The American author
248:
Instead, the Dutch government and queen managed to escape, and the Germans succeeded in imposing only a partial surrender. The Dutch state remained in the war as a combatant and immediately made its naval assets available for the joint allied war effort, starting with the evacuation from Dunkirk.
490:(CPN) held a meeting to organize their underground existence and resistance against the German occupiers. It was the first resistance organization in the country. As a result, some 2,000 communists were to lose their lives in torture rooms, concentration camps or by firing squad. On the same day
684:
on Amsterdam's Jewish population. The old Jewish quarter in Amsterdam had been cordoned off into a ghetto and as retaliation for a number of violent incidents that followed, 425 Jewish men were taken hostage by the Germans and eventually deported to extermination camps, just two surviving. Many
325:
and was held until ordered to capitulate. Dutch Army troops repelled wave after wave of German attackers, with support from the Royal Netherlands Navy cruising offshore on the North Sea. A small force of some 230 infantrymen stopped a complete German cavalry division in what become known as the
569:
Another, more radical group, was called 'CS 6'. It was probably named for the address where they were based, 6 Corelli street in Amsterdam. According to Loe de Jong, they were by far the most deadly of the resistance groups, committing some 20 assassinations. Having been started in 1940 by the
206:
Despite strict neutrality, which implied shooting down British as well as German planes crossing the border into the Netherlands, the country's large merchant fleet was severely attacked by the Germans after 1 September 1939, the beginning of World War II. The sinking of the passenger liner SS
149:
Public protests by individuals, political parties, newspapers, or churches were also not considered to be resistance. Publishing illegal papers – something the Dutch were very good at, with 1,100 separate titles appearing, some reaching circulations of more than 100,000 for a population of 8.5
700:
The February strike was also unusual for the Dutch resistance, which was more covert. Resistance in the Netherlands initially took the form of small-scale, decentralized cells engaged in independent activities, mostly small-scale sabotage (such as cutting phone lines, distributing anti-German
98:
of 1941 (which involved random police harassment and the deportation of over 400 Jews) greatly stimulated resistance. The first to organize themselves were the Dutch communists, who set up a cell-system immediately. Some other very amateurish groups also emerged, notably, De Geuzen, set up by
1097:
While the south was liberated, Amsterdam and the rest of the north remained under Nazi control until their official surrender on 5 May 1945. For these eight months Allied forces held off, fearing huge civilian losses, and hoping for a rapid collapse of the German government. When the Dutch
244:
The Dutch forces succeeded in defeating the Germans in the first-ever large-scale paratrooper-airborne attack in history and in recapturing the three German-occupied airfields surrounding the Hague at the end of the first the day of the attack. Noteworthy were the privately financed but
146:(lit. "under-divers"), people who were persecuted and therefore hid from the German occupiers, was recognized as an act of resistance, but more or less reluctantly so. Non-compliance with German rules, wishes or commands, or German-condoned Dutch rule, was also not considered resistance.
457:
Mark Klempner writes, "Though there was some protest, not just from the government employees, but from several churches and universities, in the end, all but twenty of 240,000 Dutch civil servants signed and returned the form." In addition, the country was occupied by the oppressive
157:
Up until the 21st century, the tendency existed in Dutch historical research and publications to not regard passive resistance as 'real' resistance. Slowly, this has started to change, in part due to the emphasis the RIOD has been putting on individual heroism since 2005. The Dutch
1018:
The Dutch managed to set up a remarkably large underground press that led to some 1,100 titles. Some of these were never more than hand-copied newsletters, while others were printed in larger runs and grew to become newspapers and magazines some of which still exist today, such as
657:, a philosopher who was then also a nun in a Dutch convent, led to special prosecution of those Jews, sister Stein being deported. After the war, captured documents showed that the Germans feared the role of the churches, especially when Catholics and Protestants worked together.
355:, who had expected the occupation to be completed in two hours or a maximum of two days (the invasion of Denmark in April 1940 had taken only one day), ordered Rotterdam to be annihilated to force a breakthrough as the attack was clearly failing on all fronts. That led to the
529:
National Organization for Helping People in Hiding (Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderduikers, LO); it became the most successful illegal organization in Europe, set up in 1942 by Helena Kuipers-Rietberg and Frits Slomp complete with its own illegal social services
425:). The increasing attacks against Dutch fascists and Germans led to large-scale reprisals, often involving dozens, even hundreds of randomly chosen people who, if not executed, were deported to concentration camps. For example, most of the adult males in the village of
395:
The first German round-up of Jews in February 1941 led to the first general strike against the Germans in Europe (and indeed one of only two such throughout occupied Europe), which shows that the general sentiment among the Dutch population was anti-German.
387:
in France, who had ample hiding places. Furthermore, the country was surrounded by German-controlled territory on all sides, offering few escape routes. The entire coast was forbidden territory for all Dutch people, which makes the phenomenon of
1043:
611:, whose activities were discovered by chance by the Nazis and who was shot at the age of 39. Because of Van Hall's work, the Dutch resistance was never short of money. A monument for van Hall was opened in Amsterdam in September 2010.
2242:
451:
In the Netherlands, the Germans managed to exterminate a relatively large proportion of the Jews. They were found more easily because before the war the Dutch authorities had required citizens to register their religion so that
1085:
in mid-September failed, partly because British forces disregarded intelligence offered by the Dutch resistance about German strength and position of enemy forces and declined help with communications from the resistance. The
2212:
494:
distributed leaflets protesting against the German occupation and called on the public to resist the Germans. This was the first public act of resistance. IJzerdraat started to build an illegal resistance organization called
652:
on 18 October 1943. Monseigneur De Jong, archbishop of Utrecht, was a steadfast leader of the Catholic community and an opponent of the German occupiers. The Catholic stance on the protection of converted Jews, among others
346:, assisted in the evacuation of allied troops. Van Hamel was first to parachute back into the Netherlands a few months later, with the mission to set up the resistance in the Netherlands. He was captured, tried and executed.
180:) to only 95 people, of whom only one was still alive when receiving the decoration, a number in stark contrast to the hundreds of thousands of Dutch men and women who performed illegal tasks at any moment during the war.
577:
They targeted the highest-ranking Dutch collaborators and traitors, but duly became the victim of the most dangerous Dutch traitor and German spy, Anton van der Waals. Included in the list of their victims was the Dutch
2186:
631:
Both denominations cooperated with many illegal organizations and made funds available, for instance, to save Jewish children. Many priests and ministers were arrested and deported; some died, such as Carmelite priest
538:
that paid a kind of dole on a regular basis throughout the war to all families in need, including relatives of sailors and hideaways. Of the 12,000 to 14,000 participants in the LO, 1,104 were killed or died in prison
518:. Its entire leadership was caught and executed in April 1942. The CPN and the RSAP were the only pre-war organizations that went underground and protested against the antisemitic action taken by the German occupiers.
935:, the village of Putten was raided by German forces. Several civilians were shot, the village was burned and 661 of the males of the town were deported to concentration camps, where the vast majority of whom died.
264:
The Hague and the area to the north of it. Dutch forces succeeded in decimating the two German airborne divisions that had landed with the task of capturing the Dutch government. These hostilities are known as the
909:
immediately ordered the murder of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. By accident the Dutch resistance had attacked Rauter's car on 6 March 1945, which in turn led to the killings at
471:
who were keen to show that they were 'good Germans' by implementing anti-Semitic policy. The Dutch public transport organization and the police collaborated to a large extent in the transportation of the Jews.
363:
The 2,000 Dutch soldiers who died defending their country, together with at least 800 civilians who perished in the flames of Rotterdam, were the first victims of a Nazi occupation that was to last five years.
142:(RIOD/NIOD), distinguished among several types of resistance. Going into hiding, was generally not categorized by the Dutch as resistance because of the passive nature of such an act. Helping these so-called
897:
agent Van der Waals, and after tracking him back through information, arrested him on 19 February. Two days later Kastein committed suicide so as not to give away Dutch Resistance information under torture.
883:, Seyffardt was shot twice by student Jan Verleun who had accompanied Kastein on the mission. A day later Seyffardt succumbed to his injuries in the hospital. A private military ceremony was arranged at the
1098:
government-in-exile asked for a national railway strike as a resistance measure, the German occupiers stopped food transports to the western Netherlands, and this set the stage for the "Hunger winter", the
2483:
1796:
701:
leaflets or tearing down posters). Some small groups had no links with others. They produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published underground papers such as
891:(Attorney for the national relations) H. Reydon and his wife. His wife died on the spot, while Reydon died on 24 August of his injuries. The gun used in this attack had been given to Kastein by
868:, concluded that the new institute would eventually lead to a National-Socialist government, which would then introduce general conscription to enable the call-up of Dutch nationals for the
2250:
981:. Van der Stok's RAF Spitfire was shot down over France and he was taken prisoner by the Germans. Van der Stok became one of only three successful escapees of 'the Great Escape' from
2220:
6145:
5865:
2190:
2529:
837:
as "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People) in December 1942, he was allowed to form a national government institute, a Dutch shadow cabinet called "
729:
One of the most widespread resistance activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, which included concealing Jewish families like that of
4383:
4128:
560:" or Order of Service), a group preparing for the return of the exiled Dutch government and its subgroup the GDN (Dutch Secret Service), the intelligence arm of the OD.
233:, the strategically essential transport for airborne infantry and paratroopers, a loss that they would never replenish and thwarted German plans for attacking England,
3736:
5734:
3752:
1573:
4072:
3675:
3647:
2791:
956:, named after some 200 who had travelled by boat across the North Sea; most of the other 1,500 went across land to neutral countries before crossing the water.
5999:
5713:
4392:
4079:
3213:
421:
139:
4695:
4058:
3367:
2992:
1804:
3708:
3654:
2840:
769:
On 22 September 1944, members of the LKP, RVV and a small number of the OD in the southern liberated part of the Netherlands became a Dutch army unit: the
6024:
5921:
5858:
4165:
3661:
3277:
2687:
1971:
887:, attended by family and friends and with Mussert in attendance, after which Seyffardt was cremated. On 7 February, CS-6 shot fellow institute member
5974:
5969:
4051:
3498:
3374:
2516:
1945:
850:
from February 1, 1943. The institute would consist of a number of deputies in charge of defined functions or departments within the administration.
741:
and her family were among those who successfully hid several Jews and resistance workers from the Nazis. The first people who went into hiding were
570:
brothers Gideon and Jan Karel ('Janka') Boissevain, the group grew quickly to some 40 members and made contact with the Dutch communist and surgeon
193:, many Dutch people received a foretaste of things to come; German synagogues could be seen burning, even from the Netherlands, (such as the one in
114:, beginning in 1944 and continuing until the Netherlands was fully liberated. Of the Jewish population, 105,000 out of 140,000 were murdered in the
6054:
3351:
2731:
1757:
620:
343:
3788:
3100:
299:, with heavy losses on both sides. Having taken the Grebbeberg, the German forces were confronted by the next setback: during the battle the old
5851:
3607:
2909:
977:, who, after fighting air battles over the Netherlands during the initial German attack, managed to escape and who became a squadron leader in
5606:
1828:
4399:
4362:
4339:
3860:
2782:
2752:
4114:
1847:
5982:
4492:
4348:
4332:
4304:
3552:
2759:
525:
historian Stewart Bentley, there were four major resistance organizations in the country by the middle of 1944, independent of each other:
1928:
875:
After approval from the Dutch government-in-exile, on the evening of Friday 5 February 1943, after answering a knock at his front door in
590:, and several police chiefs. However, the planned assassination of the best known Dutch traitor and collaborator, Dutch Nazi-party leader
6119:
6029:
5933:
5249:
4316:
4228:
4172:
4135:
3417:
789:. The third battalion from Brabant was incorporated into a Polish formation of the Canadian 2nd Army on the front line on the islands of
507:
6155:
6049:
4221:
2953:
2150:
84:
6064:
5727:
4355:
2745:
2703:
924:. After a car carrying officers of the German Army was ambushed near the village of Putten by the Dutch resistance, on the orders of
295:, fortified, with field guns, and extensive inundations. The Dutch only surrendered after three days of hard fighting, known as the
5576:
3395:
3169:
2932:
2798:
2609:
745:
who had arrived in the Netherlands before 1940. In the first weeks after the surrender, some British soldiers who could not get to
2542:
415:. Membership of an armed or military organized group could lead to prolonged stays in concentration camps, and after mid-1944, to
6069:
5954:
4471:
4268:
3305:
2805:
2717:
2653:
2169:
1193:
785:. The first and second battalions from Brabant were involved in guarding the front line along the Waal and Meuse rivers with the
2526:
693:. The Dutch struck four more times against the Germans: the students' strike in November 1940, the doctors' strike in 1942, the
6077:
4674:
4186:
3036:
2574:
2506:
467:
as in the other Western European countries, as well as the fact that the occupying forces were generally under the command of
5270:
5175:
4702:
4448:
4323:
3409:
3383:
3240:
2946:
2863:
2450:
1597:
733:, underground operatives, draft-age Dutchmen and, later in the war, Allied aircrew. Collectively these people were known as
6150:
5503:
4910:
4796:
3961:
3428:
3424:
3402:
3006:
2491:
1688:
864:, was announced through the press as “Deputy for Special Services”. As a result, the Communist resistance group CS-6 under
1109:. In total, some 2,000 Dutch resistance members were killed by the Germans. Their names are recorded in a memorial ledger
5418:
4882:
4214:
4200:
3413:
2039:
5889:
5627:
5496:
5374:
4952:
4667:
4618:
4376:
3931:
3183:
3022:
2870:
2724:
2432:
1153:, Jewish communist that sheltered Jews in Scheveningen from the Gestapo and hid weapons for the resistance in Friesland
677:
515:
487:
118:, most of whom were murdered in Nazi death camps. A number of resistance groups specialized in saving Jewish children.
88:
594:, was delayed and could never be accomplished. Their activities in eliminating Dutch collaborators prompted the 1943 '
269:. This unexpected setback caused panic in the German military leadership, which ordered the undefended city center of
5743:
4625:
4597:
4414:
3996:
3715:
3682:
2345:
1913:
1661:
1637:
1122:
690:
199:
126:
were killed by the Nazis, with the higher figure estimated as almost the entire pre-war population of Dutch Romanis.
2898:
5780:
4938:
4875:
4010:
3846:
2969:
1699:, lecture by Anthony Anderson at the University of Southern California on 17 October 1995. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
670:
115:
51:, September 1944. The resistance fighters are Bert van Roosmalen and Janus van de Meerakker from the village Eerde.
3523:
1006:
dropped from British planes containing instructions on building sets and directional aerials to circumvent German
5304:
5145:
5134:
4970:
4729:
4688:
4581:
4519:
3906:
3176:
3045:
3013:
3693:
3261:
5874:
5690:
5662:
5540:
5333:
4570:
4021:
3947:
3743:
3114:
2833:
2738:
2623:
2464:
2281:
1524:
2086:
Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP, Kok and Nelissen publishers at Kampen and Bilthoven, 1951
1949:
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5683:
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5390:
4896:
4847:
4611:
4604:
4207:
3968:
3759:
2812:
947:
110:
Dutch counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks eventually provided key support to
636:, a professor of philosophy and an early outspoken critic of Nazism, who eventually succumbed to illness in
6082:
5824:
5720:
5095:
5056:
3975:
3810:
3795:
3722:
3701:
3519:
3197:
2983:
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2960:
2671:
2630:
2602:
1979:
869:
943:
A little more than 1,700 Dutch people managed to escape to England and offered themselves to their exiled
6019:
6009:
5787:
5111:
5063:
4681:
4653:
4506:
4121:
4100:
3621:
3284:
3190:
2680:
1890:
1519:
1501:
1064:
1003:
944:
553:" or Council of Resistance), engaged in sabotage, assassinations, and the protection of people in hiding.
522:
481:
5994:
5904:
5585:
5081:
5000:
4945:
4833:
4789:
4439:
4065:
3989:
3891:
3768:
3640:
3633:
3593:
3566:
3298:
3231:
2826:
2637:
2567:
6140:
5487:
5404:
5189:
5049:
5021:
4854:
4759:
4549:
3982:
3056:
2710:
2056:
1413:
794:
637:
327:
253:
in 1941, the British, American and Australian Navies were led by a Dutch naval officer: Rear Admiral
220:
171:
17:
3254:
2549:– an account (in Dutch) of the 'forgotten' resistance to the Japanese occupation of the East Indies.
5938:
5226:
5203:
4455:
4256:
4249:
3913:
3573:
3545:
3538:
2925:
2025:
1825:
1262:
1147:, member who helped organize and execute the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
960:
665:
296:
3270:
3247:
1229:, executed for his role in carrying out the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
197:). An anti-fascist movement started to gain popularity – as did the fascist movement, notably the
5648:
5592:
5462:
5322:
5007:
4660:
4556:
4462:
4030:
3898:
3868:
3832:
3817:
3689:
3581:
3559:
3505:
3491:
3473:
3137:
2918:
2646:
2595:
2111:
1844:
1507:
1461:, sculptor and resistance leader in Amsterdam, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
1367:
1068:
774:
598:' covert murder reprisals by the Dutch SS. By 1944 treason and strain had decimated their ranks.
330:. The exposed stretch of dam leading to the bunker-complex became known among the Germans as the
176:
48:
44:
87:
during World War II can be mainly characterized as non-violent. The primary organizers were the
5340:
5233:
5035:
4986:
4889:
4782:
4752:
4535:
4423:
4149:
3940:
3531:
3512:
3482:
3029:
2999:
1925:
932:
111:
2335:
1629:
1622:
985:, and the only one to succeed in returning to England to rejoin the fight as a fighter pilot.
167:('illegality') for all those activities that were illegal, contrary, underground, or unarmed.
6034:
5831:
5554:
5397:
5293:
5263:
5219:
4959:
4924:
4917:
4840:
4738:
4179:
4156:
4003:
3614:
3151:
2891:
2877:
2560:
1674:
1587:
1408:
1329:
1087:
926:
902:
782:
726:
They also sabotaged phone lines and railways, produced maps, and distributed food and goods.
383:
5843:
3449:
2147:
1361:
1127:
Alphabetically ordered to the Dutch system with the IJ after the X, and adverbs not counted
920:
prisoners were executed elsewhere. On 1–2 October 1944, a similar war crime occurred in the
27:
Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II
6101:
5899:
5655:
5510:
5161:
5118:
5088:
5014:
4824:
4803:
3729:
3206:
2884:
1486:
1253:, 'banker of the resistance', considered one of the leading figures in the Dutch resistance
1099:
1059:
978:
847:
686:
491:
266:
100:
2425:
The Dutch Resistance 1940–45: World War II Resistance and Collaboration in the Netherlands
2068:
Het Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP, Kok and Nelissen publishers, 1951
901:
Seyffardt and Reydon's deaths led to massive reprisals in the occupied Netherlands, under
8:
5959:
5773:
5547:
5425:
5381:
4903:
4037:
3803:
3330:
3160:
3144:
3093:
2536:– his personal account of his participation in non-violent Dutch Resistance as an author.
2379:
Orange Blood, Silver Wings: The Untold Story of the Dutch Resistance During Market-Garden
1458:
1452:
1449:, a medical student who smuggled resistance supplies and hid Jewish refugees in her house
1346:
810:
412:
55:
32:
1173:
6096:
6091:
5964:
5909:
5766:
5599:
5524:
5478:
5448:
5356:
5196:
4861:
4745:
4639:
4590:
4528:
4284:
4235:
4044:
3668:
3323:
3121:
2539:
1710:
1188:
965:
914:, where 117 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147
906:
437:
250:
226:
151:
2511:
2166:
2077:
Marjan Schwegman, director of NIOD, Lecture on Dutch Resistance, NIOD, Amsterdam, 2010
1220:
225:
On May 10, 1940, German troops started a surprise attack on the Netherlands without a
6106:
6004:
5894:
5757:
5641:
5531:
5471:
5432:
5365:
5347:
5313:
5256:
5210:
5154:
4979:
4717:
4709:
4646:
4499:
4093:
3625:
3086:
3065:
2775:
2460:
2446:
2428:
2341:
2277:
1909:
1751:
1657:
1633:
1593:
1441:
1428:, an armed resistance leader in The Hague, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office
1340:
1306:
1250:
1144:
994:
974:
893:
857:
798:
694:
645:
608:
579:
535:
445:
416:
339:
1141:, resistance member in Amsterdam, bombed the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
1105:
374 Dutch resistance fighters are buried in the Field of Honour in the Dunes around
6059:
6014:
5987:
5676:
5669:
5613:
5277:
5042:
5028:
4931:
4868:
4819:
4632:
4485:
4432:
4242:
4107:
3337:
3314:
2847:
2500:
1865:
1480:
1392:
1334:
1326:, lawyer who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
1273:
1156:
786:
587:
400:
300:
2856:
1771:
680:
called for a general strike, the 'February strike', in response to the first Nazi
5926:
5699:
5411:
5326:
5284:
5182:
5125:
4993:
4775:
4766:
4295:
3877:
3853:
3107:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2495:
2173:
2154:
2115:
1932:
1851:
1832:
1692:
1476:
1470:
1388:
1381:, who operated under the codename Leopold Vindictive 200 and was beheaded by the
1373:
1337:, poet who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
1161:
1150:
1138:
982:
952:
843:
806:
758:
750:
738:
648:, who operated under the codename Leopold Vindictive 200 and was beheaded by the
624:
583:
404:
389:
356:
159:
95:
5811:
2488:
2473:(Abelard-Schuman, London, New York, Toronto, 1970) Library of Congress: 68-14569
1685:
107:). Most had great trouble surviving betrayal in the first two years of the war.
5706:
5242:
5168:
3220:
3079:
2512:
On war atrocities in the Netherlands, some in revenge for resistance activities
1419:
1404:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1238:
1209:
1033:
970:
865:
818:
754:
715:
633:
571:
511:
307:
76:
2028:
from Website Instituut Voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
1226:
6134:
5517:
3442:
3291:
3130:
2443:
Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation
1530:
1431:
1398:
1378:
1317:
1311:
1244:
1232:
1203:
1007:
834:
778:
641:
591:
322:
254:
230:
190:
41:
2317:"Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940-1945 | Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940-1945"
2176:, from GoDutch.com, first published 23 October 1994. Retrieved 11 April 2008
2135:
103:, as well as some military-styled groups, such as the Order Service (Dutch:
5816:
5620:
3920:
3825:
3456:
2819:
2583:
1513:
1464:
1446:
1351:
1300:
1268:
1256:
998:
911:
876:
822:
500:
441:
419:(as a result of Hitler's orders to shoot resistance members on sight – the
352:
292:
1395:
who helped plan the bombing of the Amsterdam Public Records Office in 1943
963:, whose life was described in his book and made into a film and a musical
5455:
5441:
5103:
3779:
3600:
3585:
2939:
1425:
1356:
1323:
1167:
1132:
1106:
921:
742:
703:
681:
669:
Plaque honouring the Dutch resistance members executed by the Germans at
654:
595:
430:
313:
279:
135:
1401:, "the girl with the red hair", communist resistance assassination agent
4810:
4563:
4542:
3435:
2768:
2696:
2410:
1214:
1197:
1027:
730:
721:
453:
377:
373:
288:
283:, a north-south line some 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the capital
5073:
4478:
4275:
4086:
3884:
3839:
1343:, family doctor; organizer of escape routes to Sweden and Switzerland
1179:
1074:
993:
A major role in keeping the Dutch resistance alive was played by the
884:
880:
814:
802:
762:
468:
463:
408:
318:
284:
270:
234:
3360:
2484:
CIA paper on the Dutch resistance and the OSS on the Wayback machine
1826:
Resistance from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands
1170:, Anarchist and feminist, saved Jews and was deported to Ravensbruck
797:. The second and third battalions from Limburg were included in the
3344:
3072:
2405:
Sellin, Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation,"
1732:
1364:(1876–1943), smuggled hundreds of Jewish children out of her crèche
1196:, husband of Miep Gies and her fellow helper who hid and cared for
1078:
486:
As early as 15 May 1940, the day after the Dutch capitulation, the
1845:
Genocide from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands
777:. Three battalions, without any military training, were formed in
5916:
1382:
1277:
1091:
916:
746:
649:
123:
60:
2517:"A true story of a Scout in times of War, by Piet J Kroonenberg"
2386:
Our Mother's War: A Biography of a Child of the Dutch Resistance
2057:
Corrie ten Boom from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1241:, sculptor executed for his role in the Dutch resistance in 1945
1113:, kept in the Dutch parliament and available online since 2010.
931:(Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht in the Netherlands) General
174:('Verzetskruis', not to be confused with the much lower ranking
3954:
2552:
1082:
1081:, but the attempt to secure bridges and transport lines around
790:
426:
211:
in November 1939, with 84 dead, especially shocked the nation.
194:
37:
2407:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
134:
The Dutch themselves, especially their official war historian
5873:
4142:
1021:
709:
311:, with a bunker-complex that defended the eastern end of the
238:
64:
2136:
The 'SILBERTANNE' murders from Niederlanders in de Waffen-SS
1297:, only University of Groningen student executed by the Nazis
1094:, liberated the south-west Netherlands the following month.
2316:
2003:, Kok and Nelissen publishers at Kampen and Bilthoven, 1951
1206:, composer and conductor and resistance member in Amsterdam
586:. They also managed to assassinate an assistant minister,
94:
The Dutch resistance developed relatively slowly, but the
2148:
The Hins' World War II Collection – Memorial Woeste Hoeve
1926:
Bernardus IJzerdraat from Erepeloton Waalsdorp (in Dutch)
1479:, a schoolteacher and Christian anarchist, leader of the
1435:
2031:
2014:
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
1574:
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
1223:, Jewish construction worker, communist and Soviet agent
828:
6146:
Military history of the Netherlands during World War II
2299:
The Intelligencer: Journal of U.S. Intelligence Studies
2001:
Het Grote Gebod, gedenkboek van het verzet in LO en LKP
1116:
458:
260:
The major areas of intensive military resistance were:
3214:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2297:
Klinkert, Wim (Fall 2019). "Operation Market Garden".
950:
for service against the Germans. They were called the
766:
members of the LO-LKP organizations lost their lives.
761:
passed through the Netherlands. One single-family in
2489:
Homepage of the Dutch Resistance Museum in Amsterdam
2457:
Memoirs of the Dutch Underground, 1940–1945: Why me?
2400:
Clouds: Episode of Dutch Wartime Resistance, 1940–45
2167:
The brute force hit small Dutch town fifty years ago
506:
A few months after the German invasion, a number of
2527:
Jan de Hartog's speech given at Weber State College
2507:
Discussion of the Netherlands under Nazi occupation
1908:, p. 145, ed. Bob Moore, Oxford : Berg, 2000,
1731:MARIJNISSEN, HARO HIELKEMA; HANS (15 August 1995).
737:('people in hiding' or literally: 'under-divers').
1621:
1247:, dancer who was sent to Dachau concentration camp
801:and were involved in guarding the front line from
47:in Veghel in front of the Lambertus church during
2276:. London: Mandarin Paperbacks. pp. 184–186.
757:. In the winter of 1940–1941 many French escaped
436:The Nazis deported the Jews to concentration and
6132:
2422:
2274:SOE: The Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946
1555:Church Resistance to Nazism in Norway, 1940-1945
1200:, her family, and the others in hiding with them
1049:Train with exhibition about the resistance, 1949
342:) to Dunkirk, where a Dutch Royal Navy officer,
2040:"The Amsterdam General Strike of February 1941"
938:
860:, already head of the Dutch SS volunteer group
607:The principal figure of the NSF was the banker
170:After the war, the Dutch created and awarded a
1557:. University of Washington Press. p. 274.
5859:
2568:
1067:. The unsuccessful Allied airborne Operation
691:general strike in occupied Luxembourg in 1942
2417:The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945
2337:The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945
1756:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1568:
1566:
1564:
1467:, socialist politician and resistance leader
429:were sent to concentration camps during the
1730:
499:, named after a group who rebelled against
392:an even more remarkable act of resistance.
5866:
5852:
2575:
2561:
2423:Wenting, Michel; Castelein, Klaas (2022).
2340:. Stanford University Press. p. 229.
582:, who was used by the Germans to head the
475:
274:about this novel type of airborne warfare.
2333:
1561:
1182:, Christian resistance member, author of
338:Europe the fight continued from Zeeland (
2296:
1619:
1303:, Afro-Dutch communist resistance leader
1291:, surgeon and communist activist in CS 6
1039:
959:Some figures are especially noteworthy:
664:
660:
367:
303:had been inundated and thus reactivated.
54:
31:
1592:. Oxford University Press. p. 42.
1552:
1090:, aimed at opening the Belgian port of
14:
6133:
4422:
4400:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2037:
508:Revolutionary Socialist Worker's Party
5847:
5271:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
4703:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
4349:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4305:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3410:Rape during the occupation of Germany
2556:
2445:(Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2010).
1772:"MARKETGARDEN.COM - A BRIDGE TOO FAR"
1585:
889:Gemachtigde Voor de Volksvoorlichting
829:Reprisals under Operation Silbertanne
140:State Institute for War Documentation
4393:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
3425:Rape during the liberation of France
2503:– history and practical information.
2271:
1863:
1711:"Maritime Disasters of World War II"
1579:
1548:
1546:
1117:Main figures in the Dutch resistance
85:German occupation of the Netherlands
2540:Vergeten verzet in Nederlands-Indië
2243:"Verzetsmuseum – The illegal press"
2089:
1656:, Columbia University Press, 2000,
1654:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
1628:. U.S.: The Pilgrim Press. p.
1370:, pathologist executed for sabotage
853:On February 4, retired General and
120:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
24:
4619:German invasion of the Netherlands
2899:Weather events during World War II
2384:Fiske, Mel, and Christina Radich.
2364:
2016:, Den Haag, Staatsuitgeverij, 1975
1797:"The Dutch Resistance and the OSS"
1708:
1416:, a resistance leader in Groningen
678:Communist Party of the Netherlands
488:Communist Party of the Netherlands
376:considered the Dutch to be fellow
214:
25:
6167:
6156:World War II resistance movements
5250:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
2477:
2471:The Netherlands at War: 1940-1945
2419:(Stanford University Press, 1963)
1733:"De Beste stelling die we hadden"
1543:
1455:, the female leader of Group 2000
1123:Category:Dutch resistance members
1111:Erelijst van Gevallenen 1940–1945
1053:
200:Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging
5810:
2582:
2372:The Dutch Resistance and the OSS
2026:Biografie van Hall, Walraven van
1314:, sculptor and resistance member
1164:, Christian resistance organizer
1135:, Royal Netherlands Navy officer
697:and the railway strike in 1944.
671:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
59:Resistance group operating near
2409:Vol. 245, May 1946 pp I to 180
2327:
2309:
2290:
2265:
2235:
2205:
2187:"Verzetsmuseum - (en) Hand in?"
2179:
2160:
2141:
2129:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2050:
2038:Dawsey, Jason (10 April 2018).
2019:
2006:
1994:
1964:
1938:
1919:
1899:
1884:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1789:
1764:
5875:Resistance during World War II
5497:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
3207:Territorial changes of Germany
3115:Indonesian National Revolution
1724:
1702:
1679:
1667:
1646:
1613:
1525:Resistance during World War II
862:Vrijwilligerslegioen Nederland
40:Resistance with troops of the
13:
1:
4897:Japanese invasion of Thailand
4848:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4612:German invasion of Luxembourg
2993:Mediterranean and Middle East
2459:(England, UK: Amazon, 2017).
2112:"Hendrik Alexander Seyffardt"
1697:Holland Under the Third Reich
1537:
1473:, Communist resistance leader
129:
122:estimates that 215–500 Dutch
4804:Invasion of the Soviet Union
4493:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
3811:Independent State of Croatia
2523: (archived 23 July 2008)
2213:"Verzetsmuseum – Cooperate?"
1906:Resistance in Western Europe
1489:, one of the first to resist
1265:; student and a secret agent
7:
6151:Netherlands in World War II
5788:End of World War II in Asia
5628:Western invasion of Germany
5135:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
5112:Second Battle of El Alamein
4682:Hundred Regiments Offensive
4654:Battle of the Mediterranean
4507:Italian invasion of Albania
2681:Air warfare of World War II
2393:The Dutch Resistance Museum
1972:"Verzetsmuseum – LO en LKP"
1946:"Verzetsmuseum - LO en LKP"
1520:Netherlands in World War II
1502:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
1494:
1422:, Marxist resistance leader
1065:Drive to the Siegfried Line
839:Gemachtigden van den Leider
614:
482:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
351:to create strategic depth.
10:
6172:
5905:June Uprising in Lithuania
5714:Naval bombardment of Japan
5082:First Battle of El Alamein
5001:Battle of Christmas Island
4946:Japanese invasion of Burma
4710:Italian invasion of Greece
4626:German invasion of Belgium
4598:German invasion of Denmark
4571:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
4440:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2704:Comparative military ranks
2334:Warmbrunn, Werner (1963).
2157:. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
2138:. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
2059:. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
1935:. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
1896:. Retrieved 9 October 2012
1835:. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
1589:Histories of the Holocaust
1285:, lawyer and Olympic rower
1120:
833:After Hitler had approved
809:(Aachen/Aken). During the
516:Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front
479:
218:
183:
5947:
5883:Anti-communist resistance
5882:
5803:
5635:Bratislava–Brno offensive
5575:
5566:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
5303:
5190:Allied invasion of Sicily
5144:
5050:Aleutian Islands campaign
5022:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4969:
4960:Greek famine of 1941–1944
4855:Second Battle of Changsha
4760:German invasion of Greece
4728:
4605:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
4580:
4518:
4413:
4294:
4020:
3930:
3778:
3481:
3472:
3230:
3055:
2947:North and Central Pacific
2908:
2670:
2663:
2590:
2391:van der Horst, Liesbeth.
1931:27 September 2007 at the
1854:. Retrieved 11 April 2008
1414:Pieter Meindert Schreuder
1235:, Jewish communist leader
676:On 25 February 1941, the
638:Dachau concentration camp
510:(RSAP) members including
328:Battle of the Afsluitdijk
221:Battle of the Netherlands
5227:Allied invasion of Italy
5204:Solomon Islands campaign
4953:Third Battle of Changsha
4550:First Battle of Changsha
4456:Second Sino-Japanese War
3396:German military brothels
3262:United States war crimes
2532:12 February 2012 at the
2494:19 November 2013 at the
2172:19 December 2007 at the
2153:15 February 2005 at the
2044:The National WWII Museum
1263:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
1013:
988:
961:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
695:April–May strike in 1943
297:Battle of the Grebbeberg
5948:Anti-fascist resistance
5649:Second Guangxi campaign
5504:Philippines (1944–1945)
5008:Battle of the Coral Sea
4911:Fall of the Philippines
4557:Battle of South Guangxi
4463:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
3869:Italian Social Republic
2545:30 October 2012 at the
2501:Dutch Resistance Museum
2398:Schaepman, Antoinette.
1831:8 February 2009 at the
1620:Klempner, Mark (2006).
1508:Dutch underground press
1368:Joannes Cassianus Pompe
775:Operation Market Garden
564:
476:Resistance organization
177:Verzetsherdenkingskruis
49:Operation Market Garden
45:101st Airborne Division
5234:Armistice of Cassibile
5036:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4987:Battle of the Java Sea
4890:Attack on Pearl Harbor
4790:Syria–Lebanon campaign
4783:Battle of South Shanxi
4753:Invasion of Yugoslavia
4536:Battle of the Atlantic
4150:Korean Liberation Army
3863:(until September 1943)
3820:(until September 1944)
3798:(until September 1944)
1894:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1850:22 August 2010 at the
1553:Hassing, Arne (2014).
1184:Things We Couldn't Say
1176:, active in Leeuwarden
1050:
933:Friedrich Christiansen
841:", which would advise
673:
601:
241:with airborne forces.
80:
68:
52:
5398:Second Battle of Guam
5294:Bengal famine of 1943
5264:Second Battle of Kiev
5220:Battle of the Dnieper
4925:Battle of Wake Island
4797:East African campaign
4739:Battle of South Henan
4384:atrocities by Germans
4157:Korean Volunteer Army
3138:Occupation of Germany
2892:Music in World War II
2427:. Osprey Publishing.
1870:The Heart Has Reasons
1691:29 March 2005 at the
1686:"A Forgotten Chapter"
1624:The Heart Has Reasons
1409:Valkenburg resistance
1330:Geertruida Middendorp
1307:Aart Gerardus Lekskes
1088:Battle of the Scheldt
1048:
927:Wehrmachtbefehlshaber
903:Operation Silbertanne
668:
661:Resistance activities
532:Nationaal Steun Fonds
503:in the 16th century.
368:Initial German policy
58:
35:
5900:Lithuanian partisans
5684:Surrender of Germany
5162:Battle of West Hubei
5119:Guadalcanal campaign
5089:Battle of Stalingrad
5015:Battle of Madagascar
3789:Albania protectorate
3576:(formerly Swaziland)
3285:Wehrmacht war crimes
3101:Expulsion of Germans
2885:Art and World War II
2783:British contribution
2732:Governments in exile
2272:Foot, M.R.D (1990).
1982:on 28 September 2013
1866:"Background chapter"
1487:Bernardus IJzerdraat
1100:Dutch famine of 1944
979:No. 322 Squadron RAF
848:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
753:hid with farmers in
687:Nazi-occupied Europe
544:Landelijke Knokploeg
492:Bernardus IJzerdraat
422:Niedermachungsbefehl
267:Battle for The Hague
101:Bernardus IJzerdraat
5983:Bohemia and Moravia
5774:Potsdam Declaration
5663:Italy (Spring 1945)
5426:Liberation of Paris
4883:Siege of Sevastopol
3901:(until August 1944)
3804:Wang Jingwei regime
3626:from September 1943
3586:from September 1944
3524:from September 1944
3384:Romanian war crimes
3375:Persecution of Jews
3361:Croatian war crimes
3331:Japanese war crimes
3145:Occupation of Japan
3094:First Indochina War
2806:Military production
2718:Declarations of war
2415:Warmbrunn, Werner.
2193:on 12 November 2014
1952:on 10 November 2011
1872:. The Pilgrim Press
1586:Stone, Dan (2010).
1459:Gerrit van der Veen
1453:Jacoba van Tongeren
1347:Mona Louise Parsons
929:in den Niederlanden
811:Battle of the Bulge
438:extermination camps
413:resistance movement
152:concentration camps
5910:Estonian partisans
5767:Surrender of Japan
5600:Battle of Iwo Jima
5449:Belgrade offensive
4862:Siege of Leningrad
4746:Battle of Shanggao
4675:British Somaliland
4640:Dunkirk evacuation
4591:Norwegian campaign
4529:Invasion of Poland
4356:Japanese prisoners
3324:Italian war crimes
3255:British war crimes
3170:Soviet occupations
2954:South-West Pacific
2841:Allied cooperation
2799:Military equipment
2377:Bentley, Stewart.
2370:Bentley, Stewart.
2253:on 26 January 2021
1807:on 29 October 2013
1675:Ten Days' Campaign
1652:Niewyk, Donald L.
1385:on 18 October 1943
1362:Henriëtte Pimentel
1320:, a Jewish officer
1189:Jack van der Geest
1051:
966:Soldaat van Oranje
939:"England-Voyagers"
907:Hanns Albin Rauter
773:. This was during
674:
644:, a priest in the
501:Spanish occupation
251:Battle of Java Sea
227:declaration of war
138:, director of the
69:
53:
6128:
6127:
5895:Latvian partisans
5841:
5840:
5799:
5798:
5642:Battle of Okinawa
5541:Burma (1944–1945)
5375:Mariana and Palau
5155:Tunisian campaign
4980:Fall of Singapore
4904:Fall of Hong Kong
4647:Battle of Britain
4500:Operation Himmler
4409:
4408:
4073:Dutch East Indies
3716:Southern Rhodesia
3468:
3467:
3368:Genocide of Serbs
3271:German war crimes
3248:Soviet war crimes
3241:Allied war crimes
3087:Division of Korea
3066:Chinese Civil War
2864:Strategic bombing
2776:Manhattan Project
2469:Maass, Walter B.
2451:978-1-57113-493-6
2247:verzetsmuseum.org
2217:verzetsmuseum.org
1976:verzetsmuseum.org
1891:"The Netherlands"
1599:978-0-19-956680-8
1442:Bram van der Stok
1391:, curator at the
1341:Allard Oosterhuis
1251:Walraven van Hall
1145:Frieda Belinfante
1060:Normandy invasion
1046:
975:Bram van der Stok
894:Sicherheitsdienst
858:Hendrik Seyffardt
799:9th American Army
646:CICM Missionaries
625:Catholic churches
621:Reformed churches
609:Walraven van Hall
580:General Seyffardt
536:Walraven van Hall
446:Hendrik Seyffardt
417:summary execution
340:Battle of Zeeland
81:Nederlands verzet
16:(Redirected from
6163:
6141:Dutch resistance
5868:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5817:World portal
5815:
5814:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5677:Prague offensive
5672:
5670:Battle of Berlin
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5614:Vienna offensive
5609:
5602:
5595:
5593:Battle of Manila
5588:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5467:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5334:Korsun–Cherkassy
5329:
5318:
5296:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5176:Bombing of Gorky
5171:
5164:
5157:
5137:
5130:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5043:Battle of Midway
5038:
5031:
5029:Battle of Gazala
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4939:Battle of Borneo
4934:
4932:Malayan campaign
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4876:Bombing of Gorky
4871:
4869:Battle of Moscow
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4721:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4633:Battle of France
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4486:Munich Agreement
4481:
4474:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4442:
4435:
4420:
4419:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4371:Soviet prisoners
4365:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4335:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4311:German prisoners
4307:
4287:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3849:
3847:French Indochina
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3791:
3771:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3694:from August 1944
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3420:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3338:Nanjing Massacre
3333:
3326:
3317:
3315:Nuremberg trials
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2919:Asia and Pacific
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2848:Mulberry harbour
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2441:Dewulf, Jeroen.
2438:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:on 13 April 2014
2219:. Archived from
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1978:. Archived from
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1948:. Archived from
1942:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1864:Klempner, Mark.
1861:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:. Archived from
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1776:Marketgarden.com
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1709:Duncan, George.
1706:
1700:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1483:resistance group
1481:Westerweel Group
1393:Stedelijk Museum
1335:Martinus Nijhoff
1276:, Archbishop of
1274:Johannes de Jong
1174:Esmée van Eeghen
1157:Christiaan Boers
1047:
953:Engelandvaarders
855:Rijkscommissaris
795:Sint Philipsland
787:British 2nd Army
759:prisoners of war
749:(Duinkerken) in
588:Hermannus Reydon
461:rather than the
411:who started the
401:social democrats
301:Dutch Water Line
172:Resistance Cross
163:to use the term
73:Dutch resistance
21:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6113:
5979:Czechoslovakia
5975:Channel Islands
5943:
5927:Cursed soldiers
5878:
5872:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5809:
5807:
5795:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5733:
5728:Atomic bombings
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5571:
5564:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5470:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5431:
5424:
5419:Eastern Romania
5417:
5412:Warsaw Uprising
5410:
5405:Tannenberg Line
5403:
5396:
5391:Western Ukraine
5389:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5321:
5312:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5183:Battle of Kursk
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5140:
5133:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4994:St Nazaire Raid
4992:
4985:
4978:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4818:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4776:Anglo-Iraqi War
4774:
4767:Battle of Crete
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4696:Eastern Romania
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4514:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4431:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4331:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4257:Western Ukraine
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4201:Northeast China
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3907:Slovak Republic
3905:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3878:Empire of Japan
3876:
3867:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3580:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3464:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3423:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3390:Sexual violence
3389:
3382:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3108:Greek Civil War
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2933:South-East Asia
2931:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:Military awards
2790:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2679:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2547:Wayback Machine
2534:Wayback Machine
2521:Wayback Machine
2496:Wayback Machine
2480:
2455:Manheim, Jack.
2435:
2367:
2365:Further reading
2362:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2321:www.erelijst.nl
2315:
2314:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2174:Wayback Machine
2165:
2161:
2155:Wayback Machine
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2116:TracesOfWar.com
2110:
2109:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:Wayback Machine
1924:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1858:
1852:Wayback Machine
1843:
1839:
1833:Wayback Machine
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1693:Wayback Machine
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1497:
1492:
1477:Joop Westerweel
1471:Gerben Wagenaar
1389:Willem Sandberg
1374:Gerard Reeskamp
1221:Daniël Goulooze
1162:Corrie ten Boom
1151:Carolina Bunjes
1139:Willem Arondeus
1125:
1119:
1056:
1040:
1016:
991:
983:Stalag Luft III
941:
912:De Woeste Hoeve
844:Reichskommissar
831:
807:Aix la Chapelle
751:French Flanders
739:Corrie ten Boom
663:
617:
604:
584:Dutch SS-legion
567:
551:Raad van Verzet
484:
478:
442:forced laborers
390:Engelandvaarder
370:
357:Rotterdam Blitz
223:
217:
215:German invasion
186:
160:February strike
132:
96:February strike
89:Communist Party
67:and Lemelerveld
36:Members of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6169:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6072:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5886:
5884:
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5744:South Sakhalin
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5169:Battle of Attu
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4918:Battle of Guam
4914:
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4841:Battle of Kiev
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4340:United Kingdom
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3744:British Empire
3737:United Kingdom
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3553:Czechoslovakia
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3450:Rape of Manila
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3221:United Nations
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3080:Decolonization
3076:
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2753:United Kingdom
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2479:
2478:External links
2476:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2453:
2439:
2434:978-1472848024
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1420:Henk Sneevliet
1417:
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1405:Pierre Schunck
1402:
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1295:Anda Kerkhoven
1292:
1289:Gerrit Kastein
1286:
1283:Ernst de Jonge
1280:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1239:Frits van Hall
1236:
1230:
1224:
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1210:Frans Goedhart
1207:
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1177:
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1165:
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1148:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1058:Following the
1055:
1054:After Normandy
1052:
1034:Vrij Nederland
1015:
1012:
990:
987:
971:Peter Tazelaar
940:
937:
866:Gerrit Kastein
830:
827:
755:Dutch Flanders
716:Vrij Nederland
662:
659:
634:Titus Brandsma
616:
613:
603:
600:
572:Gerrit Kastein
566:
563:
562:
561:
554:
547:
540:
512:Henk Sneevliet
477:
474:
369:
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344:Lodo van Hamel
335:
308:Kornwerderzand
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219:Main article:
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5890:Baltic States
5888:
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5876:
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5864:
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5751:Kuril Islands
5748:
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5518:Syrmian Front
5515:
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5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5476:
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5466:
5465:
5464:Market Garden
5460:
5457:
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5323:Monte Cassino
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4690:
4689:Baltic states
4686:
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4672:
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4333:United States
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4270:
4269:Quốc dân Đảng
4266:
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3998:
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3969:Liechtenstein
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3753:United States
3750:
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3443:Comfort women
3440:
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3427: /
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3292:The Holocaust
3289:
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3131:Marshall Plan
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2015:
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1997:
1981:
1977:
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1951:
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1914:1-85973-279-8
1911:
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1662:0-231-11200-9
1659:
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1639:0-8298-1699-2
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1430:
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1399:Hannie Schaft
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1243:
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1233:Paul de Groot
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
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1216:
1212:, founder of
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:Jan van Gilse
1202:
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1070:Market Garden
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905:. SS General
904:
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871:
870:Eastern Front
867:
863:
859:
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845:
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836:
835:Anton Mussert
826:
824:
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800:
796:
792:
788:
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781:and three in
780:
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642:Father Raskin
639:
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629:
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592:Anton Mussert
589:
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575:
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559:
555:
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548:
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541:
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528:
527:
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521:According to
519:
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323:North Holland
320:
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255:Karel Doorman
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209:Simon Bolivar
204:
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196:
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191:Kristallnacht
181:
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155:
154:, or killed.
153:
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112:Allied forces
108:
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102:
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82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
57:
50:
46:
43:
42:United States
39:
34:
30:
19:
6060:Soviet Union
6039:
5825:Bibliography
5808:
5621:Project Hula
5586:Vistula–Oder
5555:
5488:
5479:
5463:
5433:
5382:
5366:
5357:
5348:
5314:
5211:
5126:
5102:
5072:
4823:
4716:
4661:North Africa
4363:Soviet Union
4317:Soviet Union
4243:Soviet Union
4193:
4011:Vatican City
3921:Vichy France
3826:German Reich
3723:Soviet Union
3709:South Africa
3702:Sierra Leone
3655:Newfoundland
3474:Participants
3457:Marocchinate
3161:
3152:
3122:
3000:North Africa
2961:Indian Ocean
2820:Nazi plunder
2711:Cryptography
2584:World War II
2470:
2456:
2442:
2424:
2416:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2351:. Retrieved
2336:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2246:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2221:the original
2216:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2181:
2162:
2143:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2064:
2052:
2043:
2033:
2021:
2013:
2012:L. de Jong,
2008:
2000:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1975:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1940:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1869:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1800:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1704:
1696:
1681:
1669:
1653:
1648:
1623:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1588:
1581:
1572:L. de Jong:
1554:
1529:
1514:Englandspiel
1512:
1500:
1465:Koos Vorrink
1447:Tina Strobos
1352:Jaap Penraat
1301:Anton de Kom
1269:Jan van Hoof
1257:Rachel Harel
1213:
1183:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1069:
1057:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1017:
999:Radio Oranje
997:
992:
964:
958:
951:
942:
925:
915:
900:
892:
888:
877:Scheveningen
874:
861:
854:
852:
842:
838:
832:
823:Oschersleben
771:Stoottroepen
770:
768:
735:onderduikers
734:
728:
720:
714:
708:
702:
699:
675:
630:
618:
605:
576:
568:
557:
550:
543:
531:
520:
505:
496:
485:
462:
454:church taxes
450:
435:
420:
398:
394:
382:
371:
362:
353:Adolf Hitler
349:
331:
312:
306:
278:
259:
247:
243:
231:Junkers 52/3
224:
208:
205:
198:
187:
175:
169:
165:illegaliteit
164:
156:
148:
144:onderduikers
143:
133:
119:
109:
104:
93:
72:
70:
29:
6040:Netherlands
5556:Bodenplatte
5442:Gothic Line
4668:West Africa
4215:Philippines
4194:Netherlands
4059:Czech lands
3997:Switzerland
3941:Afghanistan
3892:Philippines
3760:Puerto Rico
3676:Philippines
3662:New Zealand
3648:Netherlands
3601:Free France
3352:Prosecution
3153:Osoaviakhim
3023:West Africa
3007:East Africa
2654:Conferences
2305:(2): 61–62.
1956:1 September
1426:Han Stijkel
1357:Henri Pieck
1324:Lau Mazirel
1227:Karl Gröger
1168:Wieke Bosch
1133:Aart Alblas
1107:Bloemendaal
973:and Bob or
922:Putten raid
743:German Jews
704:De Waarheid
655:Edith Stein
596:Silbertanne
558:Orde Dienst
514:formed the
431:Putten raid
399:It was the
317:connecting
314:Afsluitdijk
280:Grebbe line
249:During the
136:Loe de Jong
6135:Categories
6092:Yugoslavia
6035:Luxembourg
5877:by country
5656:West Hunan
5489:Pointblank
4825:Silver Fox
4811:Summer War
4564:Winter War
4543:Phoney War
4324:Azerbaijan
4285:Yugoslavia
4180:Luxembourg
4022:Resistance
3769:Yugoslavia
3634:Luxembourg
3436:Sook Ching
3232:War crimes
2834:Technology
2827:Opposition
2769:Lend-Lease
2746:Australian
2739:Home front
2697:Blitzkrieg
2647:Casualties
2638:Commanders
2610:Operations
2465:1521902240
2283:0749303786
2257:21 January
2227:21 January
1811:21 January
1538:References
1215:Het Parool
1198:Anne Frank
1121:See also:
1073:liberated
1028:Het Parool
948:Wilhelmina
731:Anne Frank
722:Het Parool
480:See also:
409:communists
289:Amersfoort
130:Definition
105:Ordedienst
6116:See also:
6102:Macedonia
6030:Lithuania
5721:Manchuria
5607:Indochina
5383:Bagration
4834:Lithuania
4479:Anschluss
4276:Viet Minh
4173:Lithuania
4115:Hong Kong
3885:Manchukuo
3840:Azad Hind
3499:Australia
3299:Aftermath
3162:Paperclip
3057:Aftermath
2857:Total war
2725:Diplomacy
2688:In Europe
1742:1 October
1664:page 422.
1259:, courier
1180:Diet Eman
1075:Eindhoven
885:Binnenhof
881:The Hague
819:Brunswick
815:Magdeburg
803:Roosteren
763:Oldenzaal
497:De Geuzen
469:Austrians
464:Wehrmacht
405:Catholics
319:Friesland
285:Amsterdam
271:Rotterdam
235:Gibraltar
116:Holocaust
83:) to the
18:Knokploeg
6107:Slovenia
6083:Taganrog
5988:Slovakia
5970:Bulgaria
5917:Bulgaria
5832:Category
5781:document
5691:document
5548:Ardennes
5532:Budapest
5480:Crossbow
5358:Overlord
5197:Smolensk
4415:Timeline
4250:Slovakia
4236:Thailand
4087:Ethiopia
4052:Bulgaria
3976:Portugal
3914:Thailand
3796:Bulgaria
3574:Eswatini
3567:Ethiopia
3520:Bulgaria
3345:Unit 731
3306:Response
3123:Keelhaul
3073:Cold War
3046:Americas
3037:timeline
3030:Atlantic
2910:Theaters
2543:Archived
2530:Archived
2492:Archived
2411:in JSTOR
2353:21 April
2197:12 April
2170:Archived
2151:Archived
1986:21 April
1929:Archived
1876:21 April
1848:Archived
1829:Archived
1781:10 March
1752:cite web
1689:Archived
1605:21 April
1495:See also
1194:Jan Gies
1079:Nijmegen
1004:leaflets
689:was the
623:and the
615:Churches
332:Totendam
6097:Croatia
6074:Russia
6070:Moldova
6065:Belarus
6055:Romania
6010:Germany
6000:Estonia
5995:Denmark
5965:Belgium
5960:Austria
5955:Albania
5939:Ukraine
5934:Romania
5758:Shumshu
5525:Hungary
5472:Estonia
5456:Lapland
5434:Dragoon
5367:Neptune
5349:Ichi-Go
5315:Tempest
5257:Changde
5212:Cottage
5104:Jubilee
4820:Finland
4718:Compass
4424:Prelude
4377:Finland
4263:Vietnam
4229:Romania
4101:Germany
4080:Estonia
4066:Denmark
4045:Belgium
4038:Austria
4031:Albania
3962:Ireland
3948:Andorra
3932:Neutral
3899:Romania
3833:Hungary
3818:Finland
3690:Romania
3582:Finland
3560:Denmark
3506:Belgium
3492:Algeria
3198:Romania
3184:Hungary
2940:Pacific
2664:General
2618:Leaders
2603:Battles
2596:Outline
2519:at the
2121:5 April
1801:cia.gov
1407:of the
1383:Gestapo
1278:Utrecht
1092:Antwerp
1008:jamming
917:Gestapo
783:Limburg
779:Brabant
747:Dunkirk
650:Gestapo
534:run by
291:to the
287:, from
203:(NSB).
184:Prelude
124:Romanis
61:Dalfsen
6120:Jewish
6078:Crimea
6050:Poland
6045:Norway
6025:Latvia
6015:Greece
6005:France
5922:Poland
5735:Debate
5707:Taipei
5700:Borneo
5278:Tarawa
4472:Europe
4433:Africa
4222:Poland
4208:Norway
4187:Malaya
4166:Latvia
4108:Greece
4094:France
3990:Sweden
3955:Bhutan
3683:Poland
3669:Norway
3641:Mexico
3608:Greece
3594:France
3532:Canada
3513:Brazil
3483:Allies
3429:Serbia
3418:Poland
3191:Poland
3177:Baltic
2970:Europe
2672:Topics
2624:Allied
2463:
2449:
2431:
2402:(1982)
2395:(2000)
2388:(2007)
2381:(2007)
2374:(2012)
2344:
2280:
1912:
1716:15 May
1660:
1636:
1596:
1083:Arnhem
1031:, and
791:Tholen
719:, and
640:, and
549:RVV ("
542:LKP ("
539:camps.
427:Putten
407:, and
384:Maquis
378:Aryans
195:Aachen
38:Veghel
6020:Italy
5511:Leyte
5341:Narva
5327:Anzio
5285:Makin
5243:Burma
5127:Torch
5096:Rzhev
5057:Kiska
4143:Korea
4129:Japan
4122:Italy
4004:Tibet
3983:Spain
3861:Italy
3622:Italy
3615:India
3539:China
3414:Japan
3014:Italy
2926:China
2878:Women
1737:Trouw
1438:agent
1022:Trouw
1014:Press
989:Radio
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710:Trouw
556:OD ("
374:Nazis
239:Malta
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5577:1945
5305:1944
5146:1943
5074:Blue
5064:Attu
4971:1942
4730:1941
4582:1940
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4449:Asia
4296:POWs
4136:Jews
3854:Iraq
3780:Axis
3730:Tuva
3546:Cuba
2631:Axis
2461:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2355:2016
2342:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2259:2015
2229:2015
2199:2014
2123:2013
1988:2016
1958:2013
1910:ISBN
1878:2016
1813:2015
1783:2017
1758:link
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1718:2011
1673:See
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1634:ISBN
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1077:and
821:and
793:and
682:raid
619:The
565:CS 6
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