History of the Slavic languages

864: 843: 1227: 1324: 822: 1303: 965:

phonology and grammar. The phonology of Bulgarian and Macedonian is similar to East Slavic rather than their nearest Slavic neighbor Serbo-Croatian (suggesting an early East–West divide across the whole Slavic territory, before South Slavic was separated from the rest of the Slavic languages by the spread of Hungarian and Romanian). In grammar, Bulgarian and Macedonian have developed distinctly from all other Slavic languages, eliminating nearly all case distinctions (strongly preserved elsewhere), but preserving and even strengthening the older Indo-European aspectual system consisting of synthetic aorist and imperfect tenses (largely eliminated elsewhere in favor of the new Slavic aspectual system).

3459:, all of which existed in Common Slavic (CS), ranging from total preservation (Serbo-Croatian) to total loss (Polish). However, the surface occurrence of length, accent and/or tone in a given language does not necessarily correspond with the extent to which the corresponding CS phenomena can be reconstructed. For example, although all of the standard Serbo-Croatian literary forms have phonemic tone, they cannot be used to reconstruct Late CS tone; only some of the non-standard dialects (e.g. 2882: 313: 1658: 904: 24: 326: 1719:

phonemic, nearly doubling the number of phonemes present. The already palatal or palatalized sounds — the outcomes of the velar palatalizations and iotation — were unchanged. Newly palatalized sounds *l' *n' *r' merged with palatal *ľ *ň *ř from iotation. However, newly palatalized *t' *d' *s' *z' did not usually merge with existing *ť *ď (from iotation) or *č *š *(d)ž (from the first palatalization of velars).

3106: 3664:

monosyllables agrees closely with the most conservative Serbo-Croatian dialects (e.g. Chakavian). In multisyllabic words, all non-final stressed vowels were lengthened (acute and neoacute becoming long rising, while circumflex and original short become long falling), and all non-final unstressed vowels were shortened, which produced a prosodic pattern not unlike that found in modern

2518:: a copy of the vowel before the liquid consonant was inserted after it. However, *el became *olo rather than *ele. The situation in West Slavic is more mixed. Czech and Slovak follow the South Slavic pattern and have metathesis with lengthening. Polish and Sorbian underwent metathesis but without any lengthening, and the northwestern Lechitic languages ( 2423:. These originated from words like *větrъ "wind" or *ognь "fire", where the cluster occurred syllable-initially and there was no sonority violation. Again various outcomes are found in different languages, largely parallel to the above outcomes for word-initial clusters. In this case, when a cluster needed to be broken up, a strong yer was inserted as a 659:): This indicates the Late Common Slavic neoacute accent, which was pronounced as a rising accent, usually long but short when occurring on some syllable types in certain languages. This results from retraction of the accent, i.e. the Middle Common Slavic accent fell on the following syllable (usually specifically a weak 3531:

Short rising syllables (arising mostly from MCS acute accent) are relengthened in East Slavic, Bulgarian and Macedonian. It also occurs in Czech and Slovene in the initial syllable of disyllabic words, under certain conditions. This causes a general merger of MCS acute and neoacute in the East Slavic

3491:

As mentioned above, Middle Common Slavic (MCS) had a three-way tonal/length distinction on accented syllables (long rising, long falling, short). Long rising and falling tones continue Balto-Slavic acute and circumflex, respectively. Late Common Slavic (LCS) developed at first a four-way distinction,

2791:

Old Church Slavonic writes these as *lь, *lъ, *rь, *rъ, as if metathesis had occurred. However, various internal evidence indicates that these behaved differently from original Proto-Slavic *lь, *lъ, *rь, *rъ, and hence were probably actually pronounced as syllabic sonorants. (This is also consistent

2787:

As a result, there is a divergence of opinion, with some scholars assuming that the high-vowel liquid diphthongs evolved into syllabic sonorants early in the Common Slavic period (even before the metathesis of the mid-vowel liquid diphthongs), while others assume that the change to syllabic sonorants

2774:

The evolution of the liquid diphthongs with high vowels in the various daughter languages is more diverse. In some West Slavic and South Slavic languages, syllabic sonorants appear, and in others (e.g. Polish), either vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel sequences appear depending on the context, which

2501:

Proto-Slavic had eliminated most diphthongs creating either long monophthongs or nasal vowels. But it still possessed sequences of a short vowel followed by *l or *r and another consonant, the so-called "liquid diphthongs". These sequences went counter to the law of open syllables and were eliminated

1868:. A yer at the end of a word, or preceding a strong yer or non-yer vowel was weak, and a yer followed by a weak yer became strong. The pattern created sequences of alternating strong and weak yers within each word: in a sequence of yers, every odd yer encountered was weak, every even yer was strong. 1820:

Palatalization triggered a general merger of Common Slavic *y and *i. In East Slavic and Polish, the two sounds became allophones, with occurring after non-palatal sounds and after palatal or palatalized sounds. In Czech, Slovak and South Slavic, the two sounds merged entirely (although in Czech,

316:

Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The larger shaded area is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the sixth to seventh centuries, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic-speaking tribes of the time. The smaller shaded area indicates the core area of Slavic river names

2443:

and were handled specially. In languages other than Russian, they were sometimes raised, with *ьj *ъj becoming *ij *yj regardless of position. In Russian, the opposite sometimes happened, with *ij *yj sometimes lowering to *ьj *ъj, subsequently evolving normally as strong or weak yers. In languages

1718:

In most languages (but not Serbo-Croatian or Slovene), a general palatalization of consonants before front vowels (including the front yer ь), as well as of *r in *ьr, occurred at the end of the Common Slavic period, shortly before the loss of weak yers. The loss of the weak yers made these sounds

1644:

Slavonic manuscripts were written or copied). In Southwest Slavic (modern Serbo-Croatian and Slovene), this contrast remains to this day. In the other Slavic variants, however, regular *l *n *r developed palatalised variants before front vowels, and these merged with the existing iotated *ľ *ň *ř.

964:

The Slavic languages are generally divided into East Slavic, South Slavic and West Slavic. For most comparative purposes, however, South Slavic does not function as a unit. Bulgarian and Macedonian, while quite similar to each other, are radically different from the other South Slavic languages in

396:

Into the Common Era, the various Balto-Slavic dialects formed a dialect continuum stretching from the Vistula to the Don and Oka basins, and from the Baltic and upper Volga to southern Russia and northern Ukraine. Beginning around 500 CE, the Slavic speakers rapidly expanded in all directions

3524:

Compensatory lengthening of some short syllables occurs in some languages when immediately followed by a weak yer. This does not occur in South Slavic, nor in Russian. It is most common in words that will become monosyllabic after the loss of the yer. In Ukrainian, it is general in this position,

3516:

Initial short falling syllables followed by a final weak yer (i.e. words which will be monosyllabic upon loss of the yer and which in MCS had a short accent on the initial syllable) are lengthened. Such syllables become long falling (although this doesn't cause a merger with original long falling

3474:

In terms of which modern languages preserve which CS prosodic features, it is important to understand that length, tone and accent are intricately tied together. Middle CS did not have phonemic length, and Late CS length evolved largely from certain tonal and accentual changes. (In addition, some

3113:

The phonetic realization of *ě was also subject to phonetic variation across different dialects. In Early Proto-Slavic, *ě was originally distinguished from *e primarily by length. Later on, it appears that initially it was lowered to a low-front vowel and then diphthongized to something like .

2338:

Deletion of weak yers created many new closed syllables as well as many of the unusual consonant clusters that characterize the Slavic languages today. Many cases of "spurious vowels" also appeared because a yer had been weak in one form of a word but strong in another, causing it to disappear in

1921:

During the time immediately following the Common Slavic period, weak yers were gradually deleted. A deleted front yer ь often left palatalization of the preceding consonant as a trace. Strong yers underwent lowering and became mid vowels, but the outcomes differ somewhat across the various Slavic

1643:

In Proto-Slavic, iotated *ľ *ň *ř contrasted with non-iotated *l *n *r, including before front vowels. This distinction was still apparent in Old Church Slavonic, although they aren't always consistently marked (least for *ř, which may have already been merging with *r' at the time the Old Church

1032:

The outcome of the first regressive palatalization is uniform across all Slavic languages, showing that it happened fairly early. The outcome of the second regressive palatalization shows more variety. It is possible, however, that this is a later development. Many authors reconstruct a uniform

435:

Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with a macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not

3689:

In some dialects, a further leftward shift happens from original final-accented syllables to original short syllables. In the standard language, this happens specifically with *e *o, which become acute (long rising) with a low-mid quality (whereas other long mid vowels are normally reflected as

1785:

The same thing happened more broadly in Polish — paired palatalized sounds occur only before vowels, but original *r' *l' *t' *d' *s' *z' are reflected differently from *r *l *t *d *s *z even word-finally and before consonants, because all six pairs had diverged by the time any depalatalization

1782:) is found everywhere that *r followed by a front vowel is reconstructed in Late Common Slavic. This suggests that former *r' escaped depalatalization because it had evolved into a new sound — no longer paired with a corresponding non-palatal sound — by the time that depalatalization occurred. 3466:

Phonemic tone is found only in western South Slavic languages — Serbo-Croatian and some Slovene dialects (including one of the two literary standards). Phonemic length is found in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Czech and Slovak. Phonemic accent is found in Serbo-Croatian, the East Slavic languages,

3162:(often pronounced as ). The ijekavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian are in fact the only Slavic languages that consistently preserve a reflex of *ě distinct from all other Common Slavic sounds. (Elsewhere, at most only some cases of *ě, e.g. those in stressed syllables, have a distinct reflex.) 3663:

Slovene shows large dialectal diversity for its relatively small area of distribution. For example, only the central dialects and one of the two literary standards maintain tone, and some of the northwest dialects maintain original nasality. In the dialects maintaining tone, the prosody of

380:

loan words, especially relating to religious and cultural practices, have been seen as evidence of cultural influences. Subsequently, loan words of Germanic origin also appear. This is connected to the movement of east Germanic groups into the Vistula basin, and subsequently to the middle

3525:

while in Czech and Polish it is common but inconsistent. It results in a Czech and Polish pattern in masculine nouns in which long vowels in the nominative singular alternate with short vowels in the other case/number forms. This pattern is then often analogically extended to other words.

253:

The period from the early centuries AD to the end of the Common Slavic period around 1000 AD was a time of rapid change, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking era. By the end of this period, most of the features of the modern Slavic languages had been established.

3463:) are useful in this regard. Similarly, although Macedonian has (marginal) phonemic accent, this does not continue the CS accent position. Contrariwise, although modern Polish lacks vowel length, some vowel quality differences (e.g. in nasal vowels) reflect former length differences. 2467:, which remained distinct from regular palatal consonants. In other languages, either the sequence compressed into a single palatal consonant or the palatal consonant was depalatalized. E.g. from Common Slavic *ustьje "estuary", when the yer was treated as weak the result is Russian 1832:

Researchers differ in whether the paired palatalized consonants should be analyzed as separate phonemes. Almost all analyses of Russian posit phonemic palatalized consonants due to their occurrence word-finally and before consonants, and due to the phonemic distinction between

1722:

The new sounds were later depalatalized to varying degrees in all Slavic languages, merging back into the corresponding non-palatal sound. This has happened the least in Russian and Polish: before another consonant, except for l', which was always preserved, as in сколько

543:

For consistency, all discussions of sounds up to (but not including) Middle Common Slavic use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels, while discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic (the phonology and grammar sections) and later dialects use the Slavic notation.

1348:

The phonemes *ť (from earlier *tj and *gt/kt) and *ď (from earlier *dj) generally merged into various other phonemes in the various Slavic languages, but they merged with different ones in each, showing that this was still a separate phoneme in Proto-Slavic. Compare:

2795:

The syllabic sonorants are retained unchanged in Czech and Slovak. In Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, syllabic r is retained but an epenthetic vowel was inserted before syllabic l. Bulgarian inserted an epenthetic ǎ before both. Serbo-Croatian also underwent

2792:

with evidence from later languages.) In the manuscripts, only a single vowel is found in this position, usually *ъ but also consistently *ь in a few manuscripts. This appears to indicate that the palatal(ized) syllabic sonorants had merged into the non-palatal ones.

3165:

In cases where the reflex has remained as a diphthong, it has most commonly developed to , often followed by merger of the with a previous consonant to form a palatal or palatalized consonant. In Czech, for example, the reflex of *ě is sometimes still spelled

3916:

Many terms of Greco-Roman cultural provenience have been diffused into Slavic by Gothic mediation, and analysis has shown that Germanic borrowings into Slavic show at least 4 distinct chronological strata, and must have entered Proto-Slavic in a long period.

3513:. When this accent fell on short *e and *o, they were lengthened, except in Serbo-Croatian and Slovene. At this stage, most neoacute syllables remained separate from original acute syllables because of the difference in length (long vs. short, respectively). 1228: 865: 844: 292:

and their followers. Because these texts were written during the Common Slavic period, the language they document is close to the ancestral Proto-Slavic language and is critically important to the linguistic reconstruction of Slavic-language history.

3520:

Long falling syllables are shortened everywhere except in Serbo-Croatian and Slovene. This undoes the previous step (if it occurred at all) and is responsible for MCS circumflex accent appearing as a short vowel in Czech, Slovak, Old Polish,

3201:'ice' (loans from Church Slavonic do not display this change: небо "sky", крест "cross", перст "finger" in elevated style). The result of the sound change may be expressed in the present-day spelling by means of a diaeresis over the letter 3075:

Long and short nasal vowels developed primarily from accentual differences. The neoacute accent always produced long vowels, but the outcome of the other accents (circumflex and old acute) depended on the dialect. See above for more

633:): This normally indicates the Balto-Slavic circumflex accent. In Late Common Slavic, it also indicates originally short (falling) accent that was lengthened in monosyllables. This secondary circumflex occurs only on the short vowels 2775:

is most easily derived by assuming an earlier stage with syllabic sonorants (with the former occurrence of ь or ъ transferred into palatalization or lack thereof). East Slavic, however, consistently has vowel-consonant sequences with

3620:

In some dialects of Macedonian, stress occurring on suffixes is moved onto the stem, but may otherwise appear on any syllable, while in others, including standard Macedonian, lexical stress accent is lost and replaced with fixed

3651:

dialects, the basis of all standard Serbo-Croatian registers), the stress is retracted one syllable when possible, producing a rising tone in the process (cf. the neoacute retraction). This reintroduces phonemic tone on initial

2444:

other than Russian, resulting sequences of *ijV or *yjV may contract to a single vowel (especially in Czech). The outcomes are not consistent and depend on various factors. For example, *ъj in long adjectives becomes contracted

3698:

Note that the overall effect of all these changes is that either the MCS acute, MCS circumflex or both have ended up shortened in various languages in various circumstances, while the LCS neoacute has generally remained long.

3694:

In West Slavic, esp. in Czech, a number of originally short vowels in monosyllables are lengthened. The conditions for this lengthening are incompletely understood and seem to involve good deal of analogy and dialect mixing.

3153:

dialects. An ijekavian dialect served as the basis of almost all the literary Serbo-Croatian forms (all except literary Serbian as used specifically within Serbia itself, which is ekavian). These dialects have short

3126:

with palatalization of the previous consonant) in certain contexts before hard consonants in Bulgarian and Polish; but in most areas it was raised to . This generally proceeded further in one of three directions:

2783:

as the vowel, which can be easily derived by assuming that the liquid diphthongs continued unchanged until the changes involving yers (assuming that the yers in these sequences were always treated as if strong).

3492:

where rising and falling tones could occur in both short and long syllables, as in modern Serbo-Croatian. Later changes of a complex nature produced the prosodic phenomena found in the various modern languages.

1922:

languages. Slovene in particular retains a distinct outcome that did not merge with any other vowels, albeit originally only in unstressed syllables, and Bulgarian has an outcome that merged only with nasal ǫ.

3517:

syllables because the two differ in vowel quality, i.e. *e *o *ь *ъ vs. other qualities). This is hypothesized to be pan-Slavic, but only visible in Serbo-Croatian and Slovene because of the following step.

1325: 1864:, were originally pronounced as short high vowels. During the late Proto-Slavic period, a pattern emerged in these vowels which characterised a yer as either "strong" or "weak". This change is known as 179:. Following this is the Common Slavic period (c. 500–1000 AD), during which the first dialectal differences appeared but the entire Slavic-speaking area continued to function as a single language, with 890:

calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 CE and the latest to the early thirteenth century.

1304: 3660:) maintain the original accentual system unchanged. Some Slovene dialects (see below) maintain all original properties of the accentual system, but with various changes in multisyllabic words. 1640:

The OCS and Bulgarian outcome is somewhat unusual as it is not an affricate but rather a fricative followed by a stop, having undergone metathesis. In Macedonian, the outcome is non-sibilant.

823: 165:

The first 2000 years or so consist of the pre-Slavic era: a long, stable period of gradual development during which the language remained unified, with no discernible dialectal differences.

1739:(cf. Polish wierzch). In many cases palatalization was analogically restored later, particularly in Russian. Russian has also introduced an unusual four-way distinction between non-palatal 3483:

before a lost yer, especially in Czech and Slovak.) Hence length distinctions in some languages (e.g. Czech) may correspond to tonal distinctions in other languages (e.g. Serbo-Croatian).

3928:, but their reconstruction is very unreliable due to the scarcity of the evidence and the relatively late attestation of both Slavic and Turkic languages. When the Turkic tribal union of 3686:

With non-initial original acute, or with any original final-accented syllable in a multisyllabic word, the accent shifts left onto original long syllables, becoming acute (long rising).

971:(OCS) data are especially important for the reconstruction of Late Common Slavic (LCS). The major exception is LCS accent, which can only be reconstructed from modern Slavic dialects. 3079:

The two outcomes listed in Czech occurred in hard and soft environments, respectively. "Hard environment" means preceding a hard (neither palatal nor palatalized) alveolar consonant.

1058:.) In all dialects (except for Lechitic), was deaffricated to , but is still found in a few of the earlier Old Church Slavonic texts, where it is represented by the special letter 3647:

In the original eastern Serbo-Croatian dialects, phonemic tone is lost, with all accented syllables essentially gaining a falling tone. Later on, in a subset of these dialects (the

2889:

Nasal vowels were initially retained in most Slavic dialects, but soon underwent further changes. Nasality is preserved in modern Polish, as well as in some peripheral dialects of

2351:

sa in the genitive singular, with differing patterns of strong and weak yers. Following the deletion of weak yers and lowering of strong yers, this resulted in nominative Czech

3532:

and eastern South Slavic languages, leading to a two-way distinction of short falling vs. long rising. (This distinction is later lost, but revealed in some traces; see below.)

882:. Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur for a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarusian and South Russian) until after the application of 777:. The conditions for which yers were strong and which ones weak is the same across most or all Slavic languages, but the particular outcomes are drastically different. 754:

The breakup of Common Slavic was gradual and many sound changes (such as the second regressive palatalization) still propagated throughout what must have been by then a

3495:

In general, the history of Slavic accentuation is extremely complex and still incompletely understood. The following is a summary of the most important changes in LCS:

1774:

Czech underwent a general depalatalization in the 13th century. It might be argued that Czech never underwent palatalization at all in most cases, but the Czech sound

397:

from a homeland in eastern Poland and western Ukraine. By the eighth century CE, Proto-Slavic is believed to have been spoken uniformly from Thessaloniki to Novgorod.

795:

For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic—Proto-Slavic

198:

languages, and in the following centuries, i.e. 11–14th century, it broke up further into the various modern Slavic languages, of which the following are extant:

2514:: the liquid and vowel switched places, and the vowels were lengthened to *ě and *a respectively. The East Slavic languages instead underwent a process known as 3885:

from the languages of various tribes and peoples that the Proto-Slavic speakers came into contact with. These include mostly Indo-European speakers, chiefly

1735:/ czart "devil", but otherwise has been preserved in Polish and in many Russian dialects, as well as for some older standard speakers, who pronounce верх as 296:

This article covers the development of the Slavic languages from the end of the Common Slavic period (c. 1000 AD) to the present time. See the article on

1047:. (According to Aleksandar Belić, the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and West Slavic languages developed 1841:. In Polish and Bulgarian, however, many researchers treat some or all paired palatalized consonants as underlying sequences of non-palatal consonant + 1020:

The first palatalization (satemization) is reflected in all Balto-Slavic languages, while the rest are represented in nearly all Slavic languages. (The

349:

The development into Proto-Slavic probably occurred along the southern periphery of the Proto-Balto-Slavic continuum. This is concluded from Slavic

5793: 4336: 1679: 925: 41: 1817:. Velars are allophonically palatalized before front vowels in standard Bulgarian; the same thing happens to all consonants in Eastern Bulgarian. 1204: 1065:

The following table illustrates the differences between the different dialects as far as phonetic realization of the three velar palatalizations:

4340: 4729: 4892: 88: 60: 878: 652:): This indicates the Balto-Slavic short accent. In Late Common Slavic, this accent was lengthened in monosyllables (see preceding entry). 4947: 2913:). In other Slavic languages, however, the nasal vowels lost their nasality and merged with other vowels. The outcomes are as follows: 2386:

consonant on the outside of the cluster, a violation of the principle of rising sonority. These clusters were handled in various ways:

67: 3185:, the reflex of *ě simplified to , but this did not cause a merger with *e in stressed syllables, which was pronounced . Later, this 2393:

Convert the weak yer into a strong one, thereby breaking up the consonant cluster. This happened most consistently in Serbo-Croatian.

5163: 168:

The last stage in which the language remained without internal differences can be dated to around 500 AD and is sometimes termed

74: 3679:

With non-final original circumflex and short syllables, the accent shifts to the right, becoming circumflex (long falling) (the

5788: 4002: 2496: 3936:

conquered territories in the Ukrainian steppe belt between the 6th and 8th centuries AD, it is possible that such Turkisms as

4854: 4638: 4629: 4512: 4007: 353:, the most archaic of which are found between the northeastern rim of the Carpathian mountains in the west, along the middle 56: 3248:, but this did not cause a merger with either *e or *i in stressed syllables, because both sounds developed to a phoneme 1188:

Some dialects (in particular South Slavic), allowed the second regressive palatalization to occur across an intervening

765:(weak high vowels, derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic and ultimately Proto-Indo-European *i and *u). This ended the era of 5648: 4056: 2788:

was one of the last changes in the Common Slavic period and did not occur at all in many languages (e.g. East Slavic).

979:

At least six separate sound changes involving palatalization can be identified in the history of the Slavic languages:

5666: 4794: 4768: 4719: 4701: 4618: 4562: 4530: 4320: 4071: 4051: 3197:

with palatalization of the preceding consonant) when not followed by a palatalized consonant: cf. modern Russian лёд

2094:, but various other sounds often appear, unpredictably. In East and West Slovak dialects, both yers merge and become 1705: 1629:

The exact pronunciation of *ť and *ď in Proto-Slavic is unclear, but they may have sounded as geminate palatal stops

951: 107: 3505:

The accent is retracted (moved a syllable towards the beginning) in certain cases, e.g. when it fell on a weak yer (

1687: 933: 571:

Various strongly palatal or palatalized consonants (a more "hissing" quality) usually indicated by an acute accent (

261:

documents starting in the 6th century AD, when Slavic-speaking tribes first came in contact with the Greek-speaking

4918: 4905: 4031: 673: 412: 406: 4036: 3690:

high-mid). In some non-standard dialects, this also happens with *ǝ < strong yers (although it remains short).

1280: 1024:

did not undergo the second regressive palatalization, and underwent the progressive palatalization only partly.)

836: 3551:(as in English), and vowel length and tone are lost. Traces of these distinctions exist in a few circumstances: 1269: 857: 780:

The clusters *tl and *dl were lost in all but West Slavic, being normally simplified to *l. Exceptions are some

4940: 4823:

Belić, Aleksandar (1921), "Најмлађа (трећа) промена задњенепчаних сугласника k, g и h у прасловенском језику",

4066: 3234: 3093:

In Polish, original *ę and *ǫ can only be distinguished because the former palatalized the preceding consonant.

2821: 1683: 929: 45: 2370:

In some cases, however, deletion of weak yers would lead to an awkward consonant cluster such as word-initial

1220: 4026: 3557:

The position of the accent in original liquid diphthongs in East Slavic, when the vowel of the diphthong was

285: 81: 1341:

The outcomes of most cases of iotation are the same in all Slavic languages; for the chart of outcomes, see

5783: 3672:

Original acute became circumflex (long falling) in certain cases, e.g. prior to a lengthened syllable (the

1001: 987: 3628:

maintain phonemic stress accent). Phonemic length is eventually lost in Polish, although still present in

3608: 3600: 3476: 3419: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3123: 2870: 2861: 2754: 2464: 2436: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1814: 1803: 1799: 1787: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1634: 1630: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 867: 846: 825: 5778: 5406: 4973: 2510:

The situation for the mid vowels *e and *o is relatively straightforward. The South Slavic dialects used

994: 3141:

All three possibilities are found as variants within the Serbo-Croatian area, respectively known as the

1731:/ ćma "darkness", and before a pause for labials. r' was depalatalized early before dentals, as in чёрт 5813: 5251: 4081: 699:

Four-way Serbo-Croatian system, also used in Slovene and often in Slavic reconstructions: long rising (

672:

There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages (see

289: 4876: 3213:, which continued to be pronounced as , eventually merging with the surviving unaffected instances of 5878: 5570: 4933: 4748: 3906: 3096:

The two outcomes listed in Macedonian occurred in initial and non-initial environments, respectively.

781: 4747:, vol, vol. 1, Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, pp. 137–52, archived from 2068:

The front and back strong yers merged in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Czech and Upper and Lower Sorbian.

5610: 3668:. Length remained distinctive in final syllables only. But prior to this, various shifts happened: 3537: 3480: 3447:

The modern Slavic languages differ greatly in the occurrence of the prosodic phenomena of phonemic

2894: 2866: 2511: 1668: 914: 789: 257:

The first historical documentation of the Slavic languages is found in isolated names and words in

3588:

Words with a short falling vowel (MCS circumflex) tend to lose the accent to attached prefixes or

2857: 784:

where they instead changed to *kl and *gl respectively (today only traces of this remain) and the

5671: 5588: 5516: 5307: 5264: 4980: 4374:Букатевич, Н.И., С.А. Савицкая и Л.Я. Усачева. 1974. Историческая грамматика русского языка. P.90 4041: 3972: 3876: 3543:

Numerous further developments occur in individual languages. Some of the most notable ones are:

3418:

Some Ukrainian dialects, as well as some Northern Russian sub-dialects, preserve an earlier form

1672: 1247: 918: 301: 125: 34: 2403:

Insert a prothetic vowel before the cluster. This happened in some dialects of Belarusian, e.g.

1845:. Researchers who do this in Polish also generally treat the sounds and as separate phonemes. 990:(PIE) front velars *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵh into Balto-Slavic *ś, *ź, *ź, and further into Slavic *s, *z, *z. 5508: 5441: 5436: 5401: 5360: 5131: 3992: 2902: 1154: 810: 334: 273: 195: 626:): This indicates the Balto-Slavic acute accent in Late Common Slavic, where it was shortened. 5701: 5655: 5580: 5558: 5473: 5462: 5270: 5242: 5221: 5032: 4987: 4541:

On the Place of the Progressive Palatalization of Velars in the Relative Chronology of Slavic

1161: 1129: 604: 416: 191: 187: 3209:), but generally isn't. In contrast, the sound change did not affect the reflex of original 415:

for much more detail on the uses of the most commonly encountered diacritics for indicating

5717: 5211: 5181: 5140: 5060: 4482: 4076: 4021: 2463:

In Russian, when the yer in *ьj was weak, the result was a sequence of palatal consonant +

1252: 1021: 806: 8: 5818: 5727: 5526: 5493: 5394: 5384: 5353: 5153: 5040: 5003: 4992: 3997: 3982: 3925: 3632:. In Polish, some former long/short pairs have evolved to different sounds; e.g. *ō > 3506: 2523: 2519: 1275: 968: 785: 390: 269: 239: 199: 151: 1763:(only across a clear morpheme boundary, when a prefix is followed by a morpheme-initial 5389: 5326: 5301: 5148: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5069: 4664: 4330: 4061: 3977: 3886: 3625: 3468: 3456: 3452: 2898: 1264: 1258: 1166: 235: 227: 211: 135: 5803: 1865: 883: 723:), indicating its normal origin in the Late Common Slavic neoacute accent (see above). 5838: 5828: 5689: 5605: 5543: 5446: 5428: 5411: 5368: 5342: 5288: 5283: 5206: 5171: 5090: 5013: 4886: 4850: 4790: 4764: 4715: 4697: 4634: 4614: 4558: 4526: 4508: 4426: 4316: 4046: 3375: 2527: 755: 680:

Three-way system of Proto-Slavic, Proto-Balto-Slavic, modern Lithuanian: Acute tone (

386: 231: 5190: 4668: 1016:

General palatalization of all consonants before front vowels (not in all languages).

719:

dialect and other archaic dialects, the long rising accent is notated with a tilde (

300:

for a description of the Proto-Slavic language of the late first millennium AD, and

5823: 5759: 5563: 5277: 5228: 5216: 5201: 5080: 5075: 4956: 4656: 4581: 4365:Горшкова, К.В. и Г.А. Хабургаев. 1981. Историческая грамматика русского языка. P.87 3987: 3921: 3910: 3665: 3612: 3593: 3408: 3238: 2890: 1317: 1236: 1215: 642: 262: 247: 203: 139: 3174:, which become pronounced as palatal sounds ; in other cases the reflex is simply 5843: 5641: 5600: 5593: 5347: 5337: 5312: 5295: 5085: 5053: 5008: 4998: 4778: 4685: 4575:, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, vol. 4, Leiden: Brill 4552: 3894: 3890: 1779: 1296: 1291: 774: 377: 281: 268:

The first continuous texts date from the late 9th century AD and were written in

223: 219: 3624:

Phonemic tone and accent are lost in West Slavic (although some dialects of the

1342: 1241: 5858: 5833: 5626: 5548: 5538: 5481: 5259: 5196: 5099: 4803:

Verweij, Arno (1994), "Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak",

4782: 4689: 4602:

Problems in the Theory of Phonology, I: Russian phonology and Turkish phonology

4548: 3920:

Of non-Indo-European languages, possible connections have been made to various

3547:

In East Slavic, Bulgarian and Macedonian, the pitch accent is converted into a

2834: 2797: 1795: 1312: 608: 362: 258: 243: 215: 207: 147: 143: 4660: 3366:. The reflex between the Bulgarian and Macedonian versions forms an important 2390:

Allow them to exist unchanged. This happened especially in Russian and Polish.

5872: 5808: 5798: 5498: 5374: 5119: 5045: 3929: 3648: 3548: 2339:

some forms of the word but not others. For example, the word for "dog" was *p

1798:

consonants; and in the case of *l', non-palatal *l evolved into a back velar

1055: 770: 638: 619:): This indicates the Balto-Slavic acute accent in Middle Common Slavic only. 382: 354: 312: 4710:

Schenker, Alexander M. (1993), Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G (eds.),

4430: 3644:

reflects a long nasal. (The two original nasals *ę and *ǫ merged in Polish.)

2881: 815: 758:. However, several changes were more restricted, or had different outcomes. 603:

For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate

5416: 4422:

The evolution of fixed stress in Slavic (Book, 1999) [WorldCat.org]

3967: 3902: 3898: 3499:

Short-accented syllables develop into specifically short falling syllables.

3448: 3383: 2906: 983: 591: 358: 297: 277: 180: 170: 159: 121: 2396:

Convert the sonorant into a syllabic sonorant. This happened with initial

5745: 5732: 4420: 3950: 3471:

dialects, marginally in Slovene, and even more marginally in Macedonian.

3182: 1813:

In Bulgarian, distinctively palatalized consonants are found only before

5486: 2502:

by the end of the Proto-Slavic period, but differently in each dialect.

5682: 5661: 5553: 4872: 3629: 3581:

etc., while a long rising accent (MCS acute and LCS neoacute) produces

3387: 373: 155: 4915:

Zarys dialektologii południowosłowiańskiej z wyborem tekstów gwarowych

3944: 3259:

The following table shows the development of *ě in various languages:

2840:

later occurred in Belarusian and Ukrainian: for example, Proto-Slavic

5707: 5533: 5521: 4902:

Zarys dialektologii wschodniosłowiańskiej z wyborem tekstów gwarowych

4647:

Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",

4521:

Andersen, Henning (2003), "Slavic and the Indo-European Migrations",

3657: 3460: 3142: 2515: 2239: 716: 369: 350: 4503:

Andersen, Henning (1998), "Slavic", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone (ed.),

3881:

The lexical stock of the Slavic languages also includes a number of

3554:

Vowel length in early borrowings of Slavic words, e.g. into Finnish.

2411:

A similar problem occurred with awkward word-final clusters such as

1657: 903: 23: 5752: 5676: 5634: 4925: 3882: 3502:

Long rising (acute) syllables are shortened, becoming short rising.

3371: 3367: 2910: 2383: 1872: 1825:

prior to the merger, and in Slovak, it triggered palatalization of

1010: 802: 436:

clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences:

376:

expanded their control into the forest steppe. Consequently, a few

325: 2065:

An apostrophe indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant.

761:

The end of the Common Slavic period occurred with the loss of the

557: 5739: 5695: 3933: 3150: 3146: 2460:

in the old literary pronunciation and some dialects) in Russian.

813:( → ). This remains in some modern languages: for example, Czech 552:

Other marks used within Balto-Slavic and Slavic linguistics are:

134:

stretches over 3000 years, from the point at which the ancestral

3938: 3589: 3379: 3189:(also including reflexes of the strong front yer) changed into 2232: 2225: 2218: 2090:

In Central (standard) Slovak, the normal outcomes of *ь *ъ are

737:

Stress only, as in Russian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian: stressed (

583: 3252:. (However, in some instances, former *o is also reflected as 4863:

Moszyński, Leszek (1984), "Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej",

2885:

Main outcomes of the ǫ vowel in Eastern South Slavic dialects

676:

for more details). The most important for this article are:

4714:(1 ed.), London, New York: Routledge, pp. 60–121, 3217:

as late as the 1700s (seen, respectively, in the words хлеб

3105: 4311:

Corbett (1), Comrie (2), Greville (1), Bernard (2) (1993).

3577:. A short falling accent (MCS circumflex) is reflected as 3509:). The new syllables developed a rising accent, termed the 3347:

only when stressed and before a (formerly) hard consonant,

337:

correlating to speakers of Balto-Slavic in the Bronze Age (

4141: 3393:

Serbo-Croatian shows great dialectal diversity; see above.

3343:

Bulgarian (apart from the Western Bulgarian dialects) has

3565:. Such sequences develop into bisyllabic sequences with 3536:

Note that steps 3, 4 and 6 can all be viewed as types of

3362:

Macedonian (and the Western Bulgarian dialects) has only

2762: 1860: 1059: 762: 660: 517: 469: 454: 4523:

Language contacts in prehistory: studies in stratigraphy

3244:

Similarly, in Ukrainian, the reflex of *ě simplified to

3170:, but this in fact indicates after labials, and after 2842: 1755:(from Common Slavic *Cьj with weak ь), and the sequence 1196: 1189: 1048: 1041: 1034: 796: 186:

By around 1000 AD, the area had broken up into separate

4573:

Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

4310: 2108:

Examples (nom. and gen. sg. given except as indicated)

1202:"star", which developed into Middle-Late Common Slavic 547: 4454: 4452: 3596:

added onto the end of Bulgarian and Macedonian words).

3475:

long vowels evolved from contraction of vowels across

1767:); however, only dentals show a clear contrast before 594:(in modern standard Lithuanian this is historic only). 3656:

Only some conservative Serbo-Croatian dialects (e.g.

3351:

otherwise (e.g. *tělo "body" produces singular тя́ло

2850: 304:

for the earlier linguistic history of this language.

4437: 4153: 4449: 3233:resulting from other sources in spelling until the 1875:) is shown here as an example, with strong yers in 1727:"how many", and dentals before labials, as in тьма 138:language broke up (c. 1500 BC) into the modern-day 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4258: 4256: 2382:(as in the example of *mъxъ "moss" above), with a 1858:The two vowels ь and ъ, known as (front and back) 1786:occurred. *r' evolved as in Czech, later becoming 564:), indicating a "hushing" quality , as in English 272:—the first Slavic literary language, based on the 4241: 4231: 4229: 3958:found their way into the Common Slavic language. 3486: 5870: 4194: 4192: 1027: 607:distinctions, based on the standard notation in 4758: 4383: 4353: 4298: 4274: 4262: 4253: 3599:In East Slavic, stressed long *ō was raised to 183:tending to spread throughout the entire area. 4849:(in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 4847:Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika 4226: 2530:) retained *or without any metathesis at all. 2479:; when treated as strong, the result is Czech 4941: 4899: 4485:, pg. 321. University of Toronto Press, 1993. 4189: 4147: 2829:), similarly to the merger of *el and *ol as 2803:East Slavic reflects original *ьr and *ъr as 2742:in Serbo-Croatian, are dialectal differences. 2075:arose from this merged result when stressed, 1013:, which palatalized all consonants before *j. 427:, etc.) in different Balto-Slavic languages. 368:From around 500 BCE to 200 CE, the 4626: 4335:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4203: 3909:(mostly pertaining to religious sphere) and 3442: 3229:continued to be represented distinctly from 749: 667: 318: 4871: 2876: 2333: 1871:The name *sъmolьnьskъ (the Russian city of 1686:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1033:outcome *ś, which only later resolves into 932:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 769:(when most, originally all, syllables were 726:Length only, as in Czech and Slovak: long ( 423:) and various other phonetic distinctions ( 407:Proto-Balto-Slavic language § Notation 4948: 4934: 4891:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4776: 4407: 4339:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1002:second regressive palatalization of velars 4862: 4844: 4805:Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 4627:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997), 4579: 4198: 3540:before a lost (or about-to-be-lost) yer. 1706:Learn how and when to remove this message 1647: 1007:The progressive palatalization of velars. 995:first regressive palatalization of velars 952:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 4835: 4759:Sussex, Roland; Cubberley, Paul (2006), 4727: 4709: 4683: 4649:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 4599: 4520: 4502: 4458: 4183: 4171: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 3104: 2880: 2811:respectively, but merges *ьl and *ъl as 2490: 2407:"flax (gen. sg.)" (Common Slavic *lьnu). 893: 887: 385:, associated with the appearance of the 329:Area of Balto-Slavic dialect continuum ( 324: 311: 4912: 4802: 4789:, London: Routledge, pp. 827–886, 4674: 4646: 4633:, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 4570: 4538: 4470: 4443: 4395: 4235: 4209: 4159: 2749:in Ukrainian are due to a sound change 1853: 5871: 5789:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 4696:, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124, 4551:; Corbett, Greville. G., eds. (2002), 4547: 4003:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 2497:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 2483:(with contraction of *ije), Bulgarian 4929: 4822: 4630:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4525:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 4220: 4008:Outline of Slavic history and culture 3640:reflects a former short nasal, while 3237:, and is still distinguished in some 4955: 4878:Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 4608: 4604:, Edmonton: Linguistic Research, inc 4582:"From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic" 4286: 4247: 1684:adding citations to reliable sources 1651: 1336: 930:adding citations to reliable sources 897: 876:, which developed from Proto-Slavic 674:Proto-Balto-Slavic language#Notation 598: 548:Other vowel and consonant diacritics 413:Proto-Balto-Slavic language#Notation 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 3611:. This is still reflected in some 2765:under certain accentual conditions. 1848: 1195:. For example, Early Common Slavic 142:which are today natively spoken in 13: 4507:, London and New York: Routledge, 3607:), while all other *o remained as 3100: 2347:in the nominative singular, but *p 14: 5890: 4900:Kuraszkiewicz, Władysław (1963). 4483:Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Volume 5 3400:before a (formerly) hard dental, 2400:in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian. 974: 788:of Slovene (with traces in other 641:(i.e. when not forming part of a 430: 57:"History of the Slavic languages" 4785:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), 4692:; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), 4589:Journal of Indo-European Studies 3901:or some early Romance dialects, 1656: 902: 453:Short front closed vowel (front 22: 4838:Russische Historische Grammatik 4684:Schenker, Alexander M. (2002), 4476: 4464: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4347: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4214: 1821:*i triggered palatalization of 1794:. *t' *d' *s' *z' evolved into 773:) by creating large numbers of 345:dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms 132:history of the Slavic languages 33:needs additional citations for 5649:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 4763:, Cambridge University Press, 4600:Lightner, Theodore M. (1972), 4177: 4165: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 3905:and, to a much lesser extent, 3487:Development from Common Slavic 2769: 468:Short back closed vowel (back 1: 4919:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 4906:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 4491: 4014:Individual language histories 3374:, running approximately from 2761:was lengthened before a lost 2505: 2430: 1028:Velar palatalization outcomes 286:Christianization of the Slavs 5784:Slavic second palatalization 4913:Sławski, Franciszek (1962). 4836:Kiparsky, Valentin (1963) , 4728:Shevelov, George Y. (1977), 4580:Kortlandt, Frederik (1994), 4384:Sussex & Cubberley (2006 4354:Sussex & Cubberley (2006 4299:Sussex & Cubberley (2006 4275:Sussex & Cubberley (2006 4263:Sussex & Cubberley (2006 3870: 2427:between the two consonants. 2209:mȃh ~ mȃha/mahȗ; mèh ~ méha 2083:was later often replaced by 7: 5779:Slavic first palatalization 4611:Old Church Slavonic grammar 4505:The Indo-European Languages 3961: 3954:'high rank' and the suffix 3114:This is still reflected as 2158:*mъ̂xъ/mъ̃xъ ~ *mъxà/*mъxȁ 2141:*mъ̏xъ/mъxъ̏ ~ *mъxá/mъ̏xa 2102: 1203: 877: 400: 10: 5895: 4840:(in German), vol. 1–3 4677:The phoneme jat' in Slavic 4082:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian 3874: 2851: 2844: 2820: 2494: 2166:pes ~ pséta, pésove (pl.) 404: 290:Saints Cyril and Methodius 119: 5852: 5769: 5716: 5625: 5579: 5571:Slavic dialects of Greece 5507: 5472: 5461: 5427: 5325: 5250: 5241: 5180: 5162: 5139: 5130: 5031: 4963: 4845:Matasović, Ranko (2008), 4777:Timberlake, Alan (2002), 4745:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 4675:Samilov, Michael (1964), 3443:Modern prosodic phenomena 3437: 3082:In Slovak, short *ę > 3047: 3044: 3041: 3029: 3023: 3020: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2865: 2856: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2175:măx ~ mắxa, mắxove (pl.) 1279: 1268: 1219: 1173: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1128: 1105: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1070: 856: 835: 782:Northern Russian dialects 750:Dialectal differentiation 668:Other prosodic diacritics 319:Mallory & Adams (1997 307: 4539:Channon, Robert (1972), 4087: 3538:compensatory lengthening 3481:compensatory lengthening 3467:Bulgarian, the northern 3235:spelling reforms of 1918 2895:Carinthian dialect group 2877:The nasal vowels ę and ǫ 2334:Clusters and fill vowels 566:kitchen, mission, vision 494:Long front closed vowel 393:cultures, respectively. 4917:(in Polish). Warszawa: 4904:(in Polish). Warszawa: 4881:(in German), Heidelberg 4661:10.1023/A:1021879906505 3973:History of Proto-Slavic 3877:Proto-Slavic borrowings 2448:in Czech, but stressed 2250:p'os (< p'es) ~ psa 1887:Nominative singular: *s 1198: 1191: 1050: 1043: 1036: 798: 684:) vs. circumflex tone ( 516:Long front open vowel ( 505:Long back closed vowel 421:á, à, â, ã, ȁ, a̋, ā, ă 302:history of Proto-Slavic 276:dialects spoken around 126:History of Proto-Slavic 4825:Јужнословенски филолог 4787:The Slavonic Languages 4730:"On the Chronology of 4712:The Slavonic languages 4694:The Slavonic Languages 4571:Derksen, Rick (2008), 4554:The Slavonic Languages 4313:The Slavonic Languages 3993:Balto-Slavic languages 3411:dialects have *ě > 3131:Remain as a diphthong. 3110: 2886: 2740:lije/le/li, rije/re/ri 2169:den ~ déna, dni (pl.) 1802:and then further into 1648:General palatalization 1316: 1295: 1257: 1251: 1240: 814: 811:voiced velar fricative 483:Short back open vowel 346: 322: 5702:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 4867:(in Polish), Warszawa 4827:(in Serbo-Croatian), 4613:, Mouton de Gruyter, 4609:Lunt, Horace (2001), 4557:, London: Routledge, 3108: 2884: 2849:> Old East Slavic 2491:The liquid diphthongs 1905:Genitive singular: *s 1343:Iotation#Sound change 894:Overview of languages 531:Long back open vowel 328: 315: 4761:The Slavic Languages 3086:after labials, else 2172:săn ~ sắništa (pl.) 2129:Middle Proto-Slavic 1854:Strong vs. weak yers 1790:, but still written 1680:improve this section 1022:Old Novgorod dialect 926:improve this section 807:voiced velar plosive 692:) vs. short accent ( 590:), indicating vowel 154:as well as parts of 42:improve this article 5728:Pan-Slavic language 5527:Burgenland Croatian 5407:Marcho-Magdeburgian 5004:Old Church Slavonic 4679:, The Hague: Mouton 4543:, The Hague: Mouton 3998:Proto-Slavic accent 3983:Old Church Slavonic 3636:. Similarly, nasal 3528:Weak yers are lost. 2405:lënu ~ l'nu ~ il'nú 2109: 988:Proto-Indo-European 969:Old Church Slavonic 790:Carinthian dialects 786:Gail Valley dialect 767:syllabic synharmony 365:river in the east. 270:Old Church Slavonic 152:Southeastern Europe 5814:Illič-Svityč's law 5794:Monophthongization 5302:Camaldolese Slovak 5115:Canadian Ukrainian 4981:Up to Proto-Slavic 4974:Proto-Balto-Slavic 4817:In other languages 4148:Kuraszkiewicz 1963 3978:Proto-Balto-Slavic 3779:*pórgъ "doorsill" 3626:Kashubian language 3415:, as in Ukrainian. 3225:'oven'). Original 3111: 2887: 2738:in Bulgarian, and 2203:dȃn ~ dnẹ̑/dnẹ̑va 2146:Late Proto-Slavic 2107: 986:, which converted 741:) vs. unstressed ( 711:), short falling ( 347: 323: 177:Early Proto-Slavic 136:Proto-Balto-Slavic 5866: 5865: 5859:extinct languages 5690:Solombala English 5621: 5620: 5544:Prekmurje Slovene 5457: 5456: 5237: 5236: 5091:Doukhobor Russian 5014:Glagolitic script 4856:978-953-150-840-7 4640:978-1-884964-98-5 4514:978-0-415-06449-1 3868: 3867: 3681:progressive shift 3425:Slovak has short 3355:and plural тела́ 3340: 3339: 3221:'bread' and печь 3072: 3071: 2819:> East Slavic 2731: 2730: 2359:, Serbo-Croatian 2331: 2330: 2062: 2061: 1879:and weak yers in 1759:of non-palatal + 1716: 1715: 1708: 1627: 1626: 1337:Iotation outcomes 1186: 1185: 962: 961: 954: 756:dialect continuum 707:), long falling ( 703:), short rising ( 599:Prosodic notation 541: 540: 335:material cultures 234:in the West, and 232:Sorbian languages 118: 117: 110: 92: 5886: 5879:Slavic languages 5760:Slavonic-Serbian 5611:Cieszyn Silesian 5482:Carpathian Rusyn 5470: 5469: 5248: 5247: 5137: 5136: 5022:Modern languages 4957:Slavic languages 4950: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4868: 4859: 4841: 4832: 4812: 4799: 4773: 4755: 4753: 4742: 4724: 4706: 4686:"Proto-Slavonic" 4680: 4671: 4643: 4623: 4605: 4596: 4586: 4576: 4567: 4544: 4535: 4517: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4417: 4411: 4408:Timberlake (2002 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4326: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199:Kortlandt (1994) 4196: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 3988:Slavic languages 3942:'kagan, ruler', 3705: 3704: 3613:Northern Russian 3610: 3602: 3594:definite article 3478: 3421: 3409:Northern Russian 3262: 3261: 3239:Northern Russian 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3125: 2916: 2915: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2824: 2756: 2533: 2532: 2466: 2438: 2367:(in all three). 2235:soništa, sništa 2135:*dь̏nь ~ *dь̏ne 2110: 2106: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 1928: 1927: 1849:The yers ь and ъ 1844: 1840: 1836: 1816: 1806:, still written 1805: 1801: 1789: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1660: 1652: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1352: 1351: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1283: 1272: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1201: 1194: 1068: 1067: 1053: 1046: 1039: 957: 950: 946: 943: 937: 906: 898: 875: 874: 873: 872: 870: 869: 860: 854: 853: 852: 851: 849: 848: 839: 833: 832: 831: 830: 828: 827: 801: 775:closed syllables 643:liquid diphthong 439: 438: 333:) with proposed 284:—as part of the 263:Byzantine Empire 140:Slavic languages 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5848: 5771: 5765: 5719: 5712: 5642:Bohemian Romani 5627:Mixed languages 5617: 5594:Pannonian Rusyn 5575: 5517:Banat Bulgarian 5503: 5465: 5453: 5423: 5321: 5313:Pannonian Rusyn 5233: 5176: 5158: 5126: 5086:Alaskan Russian 5061:Old Novgorodian 5054:Old East Slavic 5027: 5009:Cyrillic script 4999:Church Slavonic 4959: 4954: 4884: 4883: 4857: 4797: 4783:Comrie, Bernard 4771: 4751: 4740: 4722: 4704: 4690:Comrie, Bernard 4641: 4621: 4584: 4565: 4549:Comrie, Bernard 4533: 4515: 4494: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 3964: 3907:Eastern Iranian 3897:), speakers of 3895:Old High German 3879: 3873: 3489: 3445: 3440: 3103: 3101:The yat vowel ě 2879: 2855:> Ukrainian 2815:(Proto-Slavic * 2772: 2508: 2499: 2493: 2433: 2363:, but genitive 2336: 2259:mox ~ mxa/móxa 2180:Serbo-Croatian 2155:*sъ̃nъ ~ *sъnà 2152:*dь̑nь ~ *dьnȅ 2149:*pь̃sь ~ *pьsà 2138:*sъnъ̏ ~ *sъná 2132:*pьsь̏ ~ *pьsá 2105: 1856: 1851: 1780:fricative trill 1712: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1677: 1661: 1650: 1339: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1288:unpalatalized: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1077: 1076:2nd regressive, 1073:1st regressive 1030: 977: 958: 947: 941: 938: 923: 907: 896: 888:Shevelov (1977) 866: 863: 862: 861: 845: 842: 841: 840: 824: 821: 820: 819: 752: 670: 648:Short falling ( 601: 573:ć ǵ ḱ ĺ ń ŕ ś ź 560:on consonants ( 550: 433: 409: 403: 378:Eastern Iranian 310: 282:Greek Macedonia 128: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5839:Van Wijk's law 5836: 5834:Ruki sound law 5831: 5829:Pedersen's law 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5724: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5672:Romano-Serbian 5669: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5589:Eastern Slovak 5585: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5476: 5467: 5463:Microlanguages 5459: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5334:East Lechitic 5331: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5308:Eastern Slovak 5305: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5289:White Croatian 5286: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5265:Biblical Czech 5256: 5254: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5197:Serbo-Croatian 5194: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5073: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4910: 4897: 4869: 4860: 4855: 4842: 4833: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4800: 4795: 4774: 4769: 4756: 4725: 4720: 4707: 4702: 4681: 4672: 4644: 4639: 4624: 4619: 4606: 4597: 4577: 4568: 4563: 4545: 4536: 4531: 4518: 4513: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4459:Schenker (2002 4448: 4436: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4346: 4321: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4213: 4210:Derksen (2008) 4202: 4188: 4184:Shevelov (1977 4176: 4172:Schenker (2002 4164: 4152: 4140: 4136:Andersen (2003 4128: 4124:Andersen (2003 4116: 4112:Andersen (2003 4104: 4100:Andersen (1998 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4062:Serbo-Croatian 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3875:Main article: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828:*kõrľь "king" 3826: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3815:"the doorsill" 3810: 3805: 3795: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3738: 3737:*gôrdъ "town" 3735: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3677: 3674:neo-circumflex 3654: 3653: 3645: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3597: 3586: 3555: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3503: 3500: 3488: 3485: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3423: 3416: 3405: 3394: 3391: 3360: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3080: 3077: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2878: 2875: 2798:l-vocalization 2771: 2768: 2767: 2766: 2743: 2736:le/lja, re/rja 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2507: 2504: 2495:Main article: 2492: 2489: 2432: 2429: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098:, as in Czech. 2088: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1903: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1796:alveolopalatal 1714: 1713: 1664: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1310: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1262: 1248:Serbo-Croatian 1245: 1234: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106:Common Slavic 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1029: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 998: 991: 976: 975:Palatalization 973: 960: 959: 910: 908: 901: 895: 892: 751: 748: 747: 746: 735: 724: 697: 669: 666: 665: 664: 653: 646: 629:Long falling ( 627: 622:Short rising ( 620: 609:Serbo-Croatian 600: 597: 596: 595: 580: 575:) or a haček ( 569: 549: 546: 539: 538: 535: 532: 528: 527: 524: 521: 513: 512: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 476: 473: 465: 464: 461: 458: 450: 449: 446: 443: 432: 431:Vowel notation 429: 405:Main article: 402: 399: 363:upper Dniester 309: 306: 250:in the South. 244:Serbo-Croatian 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5891: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Meillet's law 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5640:20th century 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Slavomolisano 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5499:West Polesian 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442:Lower Sorbian 5440: 5438: 5437:Upper Sorbian 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5402:West Lechitic 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5361:Middle Polish 5358: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5222:Slavomolisano 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5191:Alpine Slavic 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5120:Simple speech 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5046:Simple speech 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4875:(1950–1958), 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4796:0-415-28078-8 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4772: 4770:9780521223157 4766: 4762: 4757: 4754:on 2008-10-31 4750: 4746: 4739: 4738:in Ukrainian" 4737: 4733: 4726: 4723: 4721:0-415-04755-2 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4703:0-415-28078-8 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4620:3-11-016284-9 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4564:0-415-28078-8 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4532:1-58811-379-5 4528: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4471:Derksen (2008 4467: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4444:Verweij (1994 4440: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4396:Derksen (2008 4392: 4385: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4322:9781136861444 4318: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4236:Channon (1972 4232: 4230: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4162:, p. 40. 4161: 4156: 4150:, p. 50. 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3930:Volga Bulgars 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3711:Common Slavic 3710: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649:neoshtokavian 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3606: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549:stress accent 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370:known as the 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265:Proto-Slavic 3264: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137:Simplify to . 3136: 3134:Simplify to . 3133: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919:Proto-Slavic 2918: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2905:(e.g. around 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2864:, Belarusian 2859: 2848: 2839: 2838:-vocalization 2837: 2832: 2828: 2825:> Russian 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2745:The variants 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734:The variants 2733: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2536:Proto-Slavic 2535: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2498: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452:, unstressed 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439:are known as 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2326: 2323: 2321:dzień ~ dnia 2320: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293:mach ~ machu 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2276:mech ~ mechu 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253:d'en' ~ dn'a 2252: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087:analogically. 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1931:Proto-Slavic 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1846: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1758: 1751:of palatal + 1750: 1747:the sequence 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1665:This section 1663: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357:Proto-Slavic 1356: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212:palatalized: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1025: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 989: 985: 982: 981: 980: 972: 970: 966: 956: 953: 945: 935: 931: 927: 921: 920: 916: 911:This section 909: 905: 900: 899: 891: 889: 885: 881: 880: 871: 859: 850: 838: 834:, Belarusian 829: 818: 817: 812: 808: 804: 800: 793: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 744: 740: 736: 733: 730:) vs. short ( 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 678: 677: 675: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 644: 640: 639:open syllable 636: 632: 628: 625: 621: 618: 615:Long rising ( 614: 613: 612: 610: 606: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554: 553: 545: 536: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 510: 507: 504: 503: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 481: 477: 474: 471: 467: 466: 462: 459: 456: 452: 451: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 428: 426: 425:ą, ẹ, ė, š, ś 422: 418: 414: 408: 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 383:Dnieper basin 379: 375: 372:and then the 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 320: 314: 305: 303: 299: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 260: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 214:in the East; 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 184: 182: 181:sound changes 178: 174: 172: 166: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 127: 123: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 5854: 5844:Winter's law 5804:Havlík's law 5758: 5751: 5744: 5700: 5688: 5681: 5656:Mednyj Aleut 5654: 5647: 5639: 5509:South Slavic 5466:and dialects 5373: 5359: 5352: 5300: 5276: 5271:Czechoslovak 5269: 5252:Czech-Slovak 5189: 5164:Transitional 5132:South Slavic 5068: 5059: 5052: 5021: 5020: 4988:Proto-Slavic 4986: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4914: 4901: 4877: 4864: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4786: 4760: 4749:the original 4744: 4735: 4734:and the New 4731: 4711: 4693: 4676: 4655:(1): 39–87, 4652: 4648: 4628: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4572: 4553: 4540: 4522: 4504: 4478: 4466: 4439: 4421: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4349: 4312: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4243: 4216: 4205: 4179: 4167: 4160:Sławski 1962 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 3968:Proto-Slavic 3955: 3949: 3948:'hero', and 3943: 3937: 3919: 3915: 3903:Middle Greek 3899:Vulgar Latin 3880: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3680: 3673: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3604: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3542: 3535: 3510: 3494: 3490: 3473: 3465: 3449:vowel length 3446: 3430: 3426: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3384:Thessaloniki 3363: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3140: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3087: 3083: 2907:Thessaloniki 2888: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2509: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435:Yers before 2434: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2327:mech ~ mchu 2304:den' ~ dn'a 2228:denovi, dni 2221:pci, pcišta 2095: 2091: 2071:In Slovene, 1924: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1866:Havlík's law 1859: 1857: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1807: 1791: 1784: 1778:(an unusual 1775: 1773: 1768: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1702: 1693: 1678:Please help 1666: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1347: 1340: 1187: 1155:South Slavic 1078:Progressive 1064: 1054:later on by 1031: 1019: 984:Satemization 978: 967: 963: 948: 939: 924:Please help 912: 884:Havlík's law 855:, Ukrainian 794: 779: 766: 760: 753: 742: 738: 731: 727: 720: 712: 708: 704: 700: 693: 689: 685: 681: 671: 656: 649: 634: 630: 623: 616: 602: 592:nasalization 587: 576: 572: 565: 561: 551: 542: 434: 424: 420: 410: 395: 367: 348: 342: 338: 330: 298:Proto-Slavic 295: 278:Thessaloniki 274:South Slavic 267: 256: 252: 196:South Slavic 185: 176: 171:Proto-Slavic 169: 167: 164: 160:Central Asia 131: 129: 122:Proto-Slavic 104: 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 5819:Ivšić's law 5746:Army Slavic 5733:Interslavic 5718:Constructed 5581:West Slavic 5474:East Slavic 5243:West Slavic 5212:Montenegrin 5033:East Slavic 4873:Vasmer, Max 4221:Belić (1921 3734:Circumflex 3507:Ivšić's law 3396:Polish has 3372:jat' border 3315:(i)je, e, i 3183:Old Russian 2770:High vowels 2318:pies ~ psa 2310:moh ~ mohu 2240:uncount. n. 2214:Macedonian 2206:sǝ̀n ~ snà 2200:pǝ̀s ~ psà 2192:mȃh ~ mȁha 2186:dȃn ~ dȃna 2079:otherwise. 1162:West Slavic 1130:East Slavic 1083:Pre-Slavic 391:Chernyakhov 192:West Slavic 188:East Slavic 5809:Hirt's law 5799:Dybo's law 5770:Historical 5683:Russenorsk 5662:Ponaschemu 5554:Shtokavian 5494:Podlachian 5395:Slovincian 5385:Pomeranian 5354:Old Polish 5154:Macedonian 5041:Belarusian 4497:In English 4492:References 4287:Lunt (2001 4248:Lunt (2001 4057:Macedonian 4042:Belarusian 3859:"the king" 3766:"the town" 3652:syllables. 3630:Old Polish 3592:(e.g. the 3404:otherwise. 3388:Aegean Sea 3382:to Solun ( 3241:dialects. 3109:Yat border 2903:Macedonian 2893:(e.g. the 2662:rije/re/ri 2589:lije/le/li 2524:Slovincian 2520:Pomeranian 2512:metathesis 2506:Mid vowels 2475:, Slovene 2441:tense yers 2431:Tense yers 2425:fill vowel 2324:sen ~ snu 2307:son ~ snu 2301:pes ~ psa 2298:Ukrainian 2290:sen ~ sna 2287:deň ~ dňa 2284:pes ~ psa 2273:sen ~ snu 2270:den ~ dne 2267:pes ~ psa 2256:son ~ sna 2189:sȁn ~ snȁ 2183:pȁs ~ psȁ 2163:Bulgarian 1743:, palatal 1276:Macedonian 715:). In the 655:Neoacute ( 635:e, o, ь, ъ 374:Sarmatians 361:, and the 240:Macedonian 200:Belarusian 156:North Asia 120:See also: 68:newspapers 5857:indicate 5772:phonology 5720:languages 5708:Trasianka 5534:Kajkavian 5522:Chakavian 5447:Schleifer 5390:Kashubian 5172:Torlakian 5149:Bulgarian 5105:Ukrainian 5070:Ruthenian 4811:: 493–567 4779:"Russian" 4473::178,413) 4446::493–567) 4331:cite book 4301::116–117) 4250::187–188) 4102::415–416) 4072:Ukrainian 4052:Bulgarian 3883:loanwords 3871:Loanwords 3825:Neoacute 3726:Bulgarian 3714:Chakavian 3702:Example: 3658:Chakavian 3615:dialects. 3603:(notated 3469:Kashubian 3461:Chakavian 3386:) on the 3143:ijekavian 2899:Bulgarian 2727:oro, ori 2613:olo, oli 2516:pleophony 2471:, Polish 2355:, Polish 2040:o (e,a,á) 2019:strong *ъ 1996:e (a,á,o) 1975:strong *ь 1925:Compare: 1696:June 2018 1667:does not 1265:Bulgarian 942:June 2018 913:does not 868:/ɦoloˈwa/ 847:/ɣalaˈva/ 717:Chakavian 577:ď ľ ň ř ť 387:Przeworsk 370:Scythians 351:hydronyms 321::524ff)). 236:Bulgarian 228:Kashubian 212:Ukrainian 98:June 2018 5873:Category 5753:Iazychie 5677:Runglish 5635:Balachka 5606:Silesian 5564:Bunjevac 5412:Polabian 5369:Silesian 5348:dialects 5343:Masurian 5327:Lechitic 5284:Moravian 5207:Croatian 5110:dialects 5081:dialects 4887:citation 4669:13470826 4595:: 91–112 4431:42430960 4114::49, 50) 4032:Croatian 3962:See also 3887:Germanic 3857:králj-at 3764:grad-ǎ́t 3760:"castle" 3754:"castle" 3748:"castle" 3729:Russian 3511:neoacute 3368:isogloss 3223:/pʲet͡ɕ/ 3076:details. 2911:Kastoria 2757:, where 2747:oli, ori 2528:Polabian 2384:sonorant 2247:Russian 2197:Slovene 2121:"dream" 2103:Examples 1873:Smolensk 1513:Written 1398:Written 1253:zvijezda 1167:Lechitic 1011:Iotation 605:prosodic 401:Notation 230:and the 5855:Italics 5740:Lydnevi 5696:Surzhyk 5429:Sorbian 5278:Knaanic 5229:Slovene 5217:Serbian 5202:Bosnian 5182:Western 5141:Eastern 5076:Russian 4965:History 4831:: 18–39 4461::78–79) 4289::38–39) 4077:Slovene 4037:Russian 4022:Bosnian 3945:bahatyr 3934:Khazars 3813:prág-ǎt 3717:Slovene 3666:Italian 3621:stress. 3590:clitics 3429:, long 3378:on the 3376:Nikopol 3219:/xlʲeb/ 3158:, long 3151:ikavian 3147:ekavian 2891:Slovene 2315:Polish 2281:Slovak 2124:"moss" 1881:italics 1827:t d n l 1725:skol'ko 1688:removed 1673:sources 1297:gwiazda 1237:Slovene 1216:Russian 1205:*gvězda 1199:gvaizdā 1060:Dze (Ѕ) 1056:analogy 934:removed 919:sources 858:голова́ 837:галава́ 826:/ɦlava/ 805:from a 803:lenited 478:ŭ or ъ 463:ĭ or ь 448:Slavic 445:IE/B-S 417:prosody 355:Dnieper 317:(after 248:Slovene 204:Russian 148:Central 144:Eastern 82:scholar 5667:Quelia 5549:Resian 5338:Polish 5296:Slovak 4993:Accent 4853: 4793: 4767: 4718: 4700: 4667: 4637: 4617: 4561: 4529: 4511: 4429: 4398::8–12) 4319: 4067:Slovak 4047:Polish 3922:Turkic 3911:Celtic 3891:Gothic 3863:koról' 3844:(gen. 3800:(gen. 3790:(gen. 3776:Acute 3723:Slovak 3708:Accent 3601:/⁽ᵘ⁾o/ 3453:accent 3438:Accent 3380:Danube 3327:ie, ia 3295:Russ. 3286:Slvk. 3283:Czech 3280:Slvn. 3271:Bulg. 3199:/lʲod/ 3193:(i.e. 3122:(i.e. 2949:Russ. 2940:Slvk. 2937:Czech 2934:Slvn. 2925:Bulg. 2897:) and 2871:/vowk/ 2862:/wowk/ 2845:vь̑lkъ 2656:re/rja 2583:le/lja 2569:Russ. 2563:Kash. 2557:Slvk. 2554:Czech 2551:Slvn. 2542:Bulg. 2473:ujście 2264:Czech 2231:son ~ 2224:den ~ 2217:pes ~ 2118:"day" 2115:"dog" 1967:Russ. 1961:LSorb 1958:USorb 1952:Slvk. 1949:Czech 1946:Slvn. 1937:Bulg. 1393:Russ. 1390:Rusyn 1378:Slvk. 1375:Czech 1372:Slvn. 1363:Bulg. 1318:hvězda 1292:Polish 1281:ѕвезда 1270:звезда 1259:zvézda 1242:zvézda 1221:звезда 1179:Other 879:*golvà 637:in an 584:ogonek 442:Vowel 359:Pripet 357:, the 331:purple 308:Origin 224:Polish 220:Slovak 173:proper 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 5601:Goral 5539:Pomak 5487:Lemko 5260:Czech 5100:Rusyn 4781:, in 4752:(PDF) 4741:(PDF) 4688:, in 4665:S2CID 4585:(PDF) 4410::834) 4386::120) 4356::118) 4277::127) 4265::113) 4186::137) 4088:Notes 4027:Czech 3939:kahan 3846:krále 3837:králj 3832:králj 3819:poróg 3802:prahu 3792:prága 3770:górod 3720:Czech 3583:-oró- 3579:-óro- 3575:-olo- 3571:-ere- 3567:-oro- 3420:/i̯e/ 3407:Some 3353:tjálo 3298:Ukr. 3292:Bel. 3289:Pol. 3274:Mac. 3172:t d n 3024:ja, a 2966:ja, e 2952:Ukr. 2946:Bel. 2943:Pol. 2928:Mac. 2852:вълкъ 2843:* 2827:волна 2822:вълна 2817:vьlna 2753:> 2572:Ukr. 2566:Bel. 2560:Pol. 2545:Mac. 2485:ústie 2477:ûstje 2469:úst'e 2238:mov ( 1970:Ukr. 1964:Bel. 1955:Pol. 1940:Mac. 1839:/C'j/ 1823:t d n 1815:/aou/ 1737:ver'h 1387:Ukr. 1384:Bel. 1381:Pol. 1366:Mac. 1313:Czech 1197:* 1190:* 1049:* 1042:* 1035:* 816:hlava 809:to a 797:* 588:ą ę ǫ 562:č š ž 558:haček 339:white 259:Greek 216:Czech 208:Rusyn 89:JSTOR 75:books 5417:Rani 5375:Lach 4893:link 4851:ISBN 4791:ISBN 4765:ISBN 4716:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4635:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4527:ISBN 4509:ISBN 4427:OCLC 4341:link 4337:link 4317:ISBN 4223::31) 4174::74) 4138::49) 4126::48) 3956:-čij 3932:and 3926:Avar 3924:and 3893:and 3852:kráľ 3842:král 3808:prah 3798:práh 3788:pràg 3783:prȁg 3758:hrad 3752:hrad 3746:grȃd 3741:grȃd 3585:etc. 3521:etc. 3457:tone 3455:and 3357:telá 3324:(i)e 3309:ja/e 3277:S-C 3268:OCS 3191:/jo/ 3149:and 3004:á, í 2978:a, ä 2975:a, ě 2931:S-C 2922:OCS 2909:and 2867:воўк 2858:вовк 2807:and 2686:ere 2548:S-C 2539:OCS 2526:and 2481:ústí 2357:pies 1981:e, ă 1943:S-C 1934:OCS 1877:bold 1837:and 1835:/C'/ 1733:čort 1729:t'ma 1671:any 1669:cite 1635:/ɟː/ 1633:and 1631:/cː/ 1562:ɟ(ː) 1557:IPA 1447:c(ː) 1442:IPA 1369:S-C 1360:OCS 1000:The 993:The 917:any 915:cite 771:open 763:yers 582:The 556:The 411:See 389:and 246:and 210:and 194:and 158:and 150:and 130:The 124:and 61:news 4865:PWN 4657:doi 4238::9) 3951:ban 3609:/ɔ/ 3573:or 3561:or 3479:or 3477:/j/ 3256:.) 3231:/e/ 3227:yat 3215:/ɛ/ 3211:yat 3195:/o/ 3187:/ɛ/ 3181:In 3160:ije 3124:/a/ 3118:or 3010:ią 2995:*ę̄ 2990:ja 2831:olo 2779:or 2763:yer 2755:/i/ 2724:oro 2721:oro 2691:*or 2683:ere 2680:ere 2677:rze 2674:rze 2671:rie 2650:*er 2645:ło 2618:*ol 2610:olo 2607:olo 2598:lie 2577:*el 2465:/j/ 2437:/j/ 2421:-sm 2419:or 2417:-gn 2413:-tr 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