433:
92:
302:
462:) are used interchangeably to describe the ancestor of Modern Dutch. Although almost from the beginning, several Middle Dutch variations emerged, the similarities between the different regional languages were likely much stronger than their differences, especially for written languages and various literary works of that time.
635:, as compared to other main Dutch dialects, had a big influence on the development of Standard Dutch. This was because Brabant was the dominant region in the Netherlands when standardization of the Dutch language started in the 16th century. The first major formation of standard Dutch also took place in
242:
The
Frankish language, also Old Frankish was the language of the Franks. Classified as a West Germanic language, it was spoken in areas covering modern France, Germany, and the Low Countries in Merovingian times, preceding the 6th/7th century. The Franks first established themselves in the
317:
remained between
Franconian and Saxon areas, as well as between Low Franconian and Middle or High Franconian. Old Dutch is considered a separate language mainly because it gave rise to the much later Dutch standard language, for contingent political and economic reasons.
312:
is the language ancestral to the Low
Franconian languages, including Dutch itself. It was spoken between the 6th and 11th centuries, continuing the earlier Old Frankish language. It did not participate in the High German Consonant Shift. In this period a perfect
592:, on purely linguistical grounds. The Dutch state border would later intersect these dialect areas and as a result regions west of it would use the Dutch standard language, the reason why they are subsumed under Middle Dutch.
618:
Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of
Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardization became much stronger in the 16th century, mainly based on the urban
639:, where a Brabantian dialect is spoken. The default language being developed around this time had therefore mainly Brabantian influences. The 16th-century Brabantian dialect is rather close to colloquial
683:
At the same time a process of standardisation took place in the areas in which High German was spoken. Ultimately, all regions east of the political border of the
Netherlands would adopt a single German
341:
document written around 510. From this document originated the oldest sentence that has been identified as Dutch: "Maltho thi afrio lito" as sentence used to free a serf. Other old segments of Dutch are
287:
Several readings have been presented in literature. Quak (2000) for example, reads "Ha(þu)þwas ann k(u)sjam log(u)ns", interpreting it as " of Haþuþewaz. I bestow upon the choosers of the swords".
755:
speaking, Dutch has evolved little since the late 16th century; differences in speech are considered to be negligible, especially when comparing the older form with modern regional accents.
189:
Germanic. Their exact relation is difficult to determine from the sparse evidence of runic inscriptions, and they remained mutually intelligible to some degree throughout the
410:
140:
which originated Proto-Germanic. These two laws define the basic differentiating features of
Germanic languages that separate them from other Indo-European languages.
660:
143:
There are no known documents in Proto-Germanic, which was unwritten, and virtually all our knowledge of this early language has been obtained by application of the
2856:
243:
Netherlands and
Flanders before they started to fight their way down south and east. The language had a significant impact on Old French. It evolved into
651:
language has evolved little since the 16th century. In 1637 a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the first major Dutch
3231:
2309:
1701:
663:
could understand. It used elements from various dialects, but the spoken form was mostly based on the urban dialects from the province of
3029:
360:" ("All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for"), dating around the year 1100, written by a Flemish
56:
51:, but it also became important as the tongue of an enterprising people, who, though comparatively few in number, made their mark on the
1928:
147:. All modern Germanic languages (such as English, German, Dutch, etc.) gradually split off from Proto-Germanic, beginning around the
4254:
443:
is a collective name for closely related dialects which were spoken and written between about 1150 and 1550 in the present-day
247:
in the north and it was replaced by French in the south, Old
Frankish is reconstructed from loanwords in Old French, and from
2846:
2240:
3758:
2110:
1914:
1878:
2021:
1904:
1765:
1621:
193:. This means some individual dialects are difficult to classify. The Western group would have formed as a dialect of
2302:
2224:
2192:
2011:
1986:
1852:
1832:
1694:
723:
De Aerde nu was woest ende ledich, ende duysternisse was op den afgront: ende de Geest Godts sweefde op de
Wateren.
2245:
2164:
2058:
2016:
1970:
1924:
1899:
1873:
1857:
2094:
2053:
2037:
1965:
1934:
1653:
23:
115:, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages.
4125:
2143:
2138:
1909:
1801:
1796:
1770:
728:
De aarde nu was woest en leeg, en duisternis was op de afgrond, en de Geest van God zweefde over de wateren.
4155:
3325:
3287:
3272:
2599:
584:
The last two of the Middle Dutch dialects mentioned above could also be considered part of, respectively,
4135:
3995:
3345:
3304:
3294:
2295:
2174:
1687:
217:
2511:
1919:
1643:
3852:
48:
4130:
4084:
4079:
4003:
3613:
3597:
3476:
3335:
3226:
3221:
1826:
186:
177:
From the time of their earliest attestation, the
Germanic dialects were divided into three groups,
284:
where V is a non-standard rune, apparently a vowel (variously read as e or u, or as "any vowel").
4069:
4013:
4008:
3928:
3601:
3551:
2851:
2669:
2425:
2353:
2341:
1894:
182:
178:
172:
108:
99:
culture(s) associated with Proto-Germanic, ca 500 BC–50 BC. The area south of Scandinavia is the
33:
4191:
3911:
3309:
4074:
3556:
3522:
3140:
2956:
2816:
2656:
2551:
2271:
2266:
2169:
1944:
1710:
555:
1679:
1628:
This long-standing, well-known article on the languages can be found in almost any edition of
4232:
4196:
3464:
3457:
3409:
3179:
3150:
3119:
3082:
3007:
2764:
2677:
2538:
2500:
2131:
1960:
1847:
764:
631:
to the Spanish army: many fled to Holland, influencing the urban dialects of that province.
547:
255:
3697:
2572:
4201:
4181:
4150:
4023:
3883:
3629:
3447:
3039:
2866:
2828:
2823:
2697:
2644:
2402:
2261:
2126:
1939:
1780:
1760:
1735:
577:
350:("Do you believe in God the almighty father"). The latter fragment was written around 900.
160:
45:
brandy, coleslaw, cookie, cruiser, dock, easel, freight, landscape, spook, stoop, and yacht
3857:
353:
Arguably the most famous text containing what is traditionally taken to be Old Dutch is: "
8:
4140:
3376:
3330:
3264:
3017:
2664:
2577:
2375:
400:
3687:
3532:
2779:
163:
spoken in Scandinavia after it had split as a local dialect from common Proto-Germanic.
4186:
4110:
4038:
4028:
3983:
3745:
3672:
3569:
3414:
3389:
3384:
3277:
3105:
2990:
2811:
2589:
2584:
2563:
2524:
2328:
2318:
2079:
1837:
1817:
1775:
1750:
1714:
670:
632:
585:
537:
515:
491:
355:
266:. It is a 5th-century Elder Futhark inscription on a metal mount for a sword scabbard.
244:
144:
129:
112:
96:
3340:
4160:
3959:
3875:
3868:
3823:
3767:
3527:
3517:
3500:
3495:
3399:
3161:
2961:
2922:
2902:
2740:
2632:
2614:
2466:
2208:
2148:
2063:
1822:
1755:
1740:
1649:
1617:
1608:
652:
644:
615:
607:
589:
551:
448:
322:
314:
205:
148:
220:, and the relatively conservative (in respect to common West Germanic) ancestors of
128:, commonly assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in
4115:
3906:
3840:
3796:
3791:
3751:
3740:
3732:
3537:
3505:
3452:
3441:
3354:
3063:
3002:
2792:
2774:
2609:
2370:
2362:
2089:
1991:
1842:
1645:
Chronologisch woordenboek. De ouderdom en herkomst van onze woorden en betekenissen
759:
has been somewhat simplified, but a great deal of the grammar lost in contemporary
674:
469:
190:
3952:
643:. The standard Dutch language has mainly developed from Brabantian and later some
4145:
4105:
3938:
3845:
3828:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3510:
3419:
3404:
3359:
3211:
3174:
3166:
3145:
3132:
3112:
3098:
2861:
2838:
2769:
2759:
2751:
2531:
694:
656:
628:
561:
511:
507:
392:
369:
198:
137:
100:
396:
151:. As the earliest surviving Germanic writing, there are a few inscriptions in a
4226:
4120:
4100:
4052:
3944:
3818:
3488:
3255:
3194:
2973:
2930:
2887:
2804:
2799:
2688:
2638:
2489:
2440:
2395:
2388:
760:
648:
640:
601:
444:
194:
133:
124:
119:
29:
4248:
4176:
4018:
3774:
3725:
3542:
3481:
3394:
3299:
3237:
3184:
3068:
2995:
2084:
533:
529:
499:
485:
481:
330:
18:"History of Dutch" redirects here. For the history of the Dutch people, see
4045:
3469:
3433:
3366:
3189:
3012:
2985:
2968:
2912:
2871:
2453:
2432:
477:
473:
427:
237:
208:, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of
152:
37:
19:
3692:
43:
Among the words with which Dutch has enriched the English vocabulary are:
3862:
3835:
3653:
3561:
3243:
3204:
2787:
2482:
2446:
2381:
752:
611:
495:
213:
209:
156:
132:. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of
64:
3707:
3702:
3682:
3047:
2717:
2418:
569:
565:
543:
388:
221:
1669:
76:
3888:
3636:
3282:
3199:
2980:
2935:
2907:
2733:
2287:
688:, breaking the dialect continuum around the 19th century and onward.
620:
525:
334:
326:
309:
296:
259:
225:
3712:
91:
55:
community through trade and empire. Dutch is also among some of the
3677:
3025:
519:
432:
72:
1616:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993.
3718:
3314:
3216:
2276:
756:
678:
664:
636:
624:
573:
503:
373:
365:
68:
3021:
1709:
447:-speaking region. There was at that time as yet no overarching
338:
301:
60:
2939:
248:
80:
52:
465:
Within Middle Dutch five large groups can be distinguished:
63:. Countries that have Dutch as an official language are the
361:
263:
86:
409:
254:
The singular direct attestation from Old Frankish is the
47:. Dutch is noteworthy as the language of an outstanding
358:
nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu
735:
Ende Godt seyde: Daer zy Licht: ende daer wert Licht.
451:, but they were all probably mutually intelligible.
711:
Inden beginne schiep Godt den Hemel, ende de Aerde.
595:
494:was the language of the area covered by the modern
122:) of all contemporary Germanic languages is called
1607:
747:
546:, spoken by the people in the district of modern
4246:
740:En God zei: Laat er licht zijn! En er was licht.
564:, spoken in the area of the modern provinces of
258:, that was found in 1996 near the Dutch town of
659:, was published that people from all over the
2303:
1695:
1641:
1609:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"
716:In het begin schiep God de hemel en de aarde
554:and in the neighbouring regions of Germany (
528:was mainly used in the present provinces of
22:. For the history of the Dutch culture, see
1485:
2310:
2296:
1702:
1688:
1035:
346:("A fish was swimming in the water") and
274:ha?VþV??s : ann : kVsjam :
159:dated to c. 200. It obviously represents
667:. A linguistic saying therefore is that
614:, especially under the influence of the
408:
300:
90:
87:Relation to the Germanic languages group
118:This common, but not direct, ancestor (
4247:
2317:
480:), was spoken in the modern region of
3981:
3595:
2339:
2291:
1683:
967:
964:
943:
940:
647:dialects from post 16th century. The
348:"Gelobistu in got alamehtigan fadaer"
767:dating back to or before that time.
231:
2872:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
305:Area in which Old Dutch was spoken.
13:
4231:Languages between parentheses are
3596:
431:
14:
4266:
1600:
1670:"Taal in Nederland .:. Brabants"
669:"The Dutch language was born in
596:Standardization and Modern Dutch
379:The oldest known single word is
333:that were first recorded in the
166:
1642:Van der Sijs, Nicoline (2001).
1614:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
763:is preserved in many much-used
421:
344:"Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"
269:The inscription can be read as
4235:of the language on their left.
1662:
1635:
748:Development of Germanic sounds
111:, Dutch is grouped within the
1:
4255:History of the Dutch language
4126:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3982:
1593:
1160:
1071:-o:w- / -o:- (before hiatus)
472:, (sometimes subdivided into
4156:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
2847:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
290:
7:
4136:High German consonant shift
218:High German consonant shift
109:Indo-European language tree
57:earliest recorded languages
36:, that originated from the
10:
4271:
2674:Westlauwers–Terschellings
2327:According to contemporary
1648:. L.J. Veen. p. 100.
1507:ald/uld/old – alt/ult/olt
1174:Middle & Modern Dutch
599:
425:
383:, attested in the toponym
294:
235:
212:(Anglo-Saxon) and related
170:
17:
4218:
4169:
4093:
4062:
3994:
3990:
3977:
3926:
3899:
3853:Southern Schleswig Danish
3784:
3665:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3591:
3432:
3375:
3263:
3254:
3159:
3131:
3090:
3081:
3056:
3038:
2949:
2921:
2895:
2886:
2837:
2750:
2725:
2716:
2655:
2550:
2499:
2474:
2465:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2325:
2254:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2157:
2119:
2103:
2072:
2046:
2030:
2004:
1979:
1953:
1887:
1866:
1810:
1789:
1728:
1721:
1397:
1394:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1299:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1224:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1093:
1090:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1009:ei̯ (i-umlaut/irregular)
1003:
1000:
994:
989:
986:
959:
956:
929:
926:
915:
912:
869:
839:
836:
833:
830:
807:
791:
786:
783:
770:
693:
439:Linguistically speaking,
4131:West Germanic gemination
4085:Ancient Belgian language
4080:Germanic parent language
4024:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3146:Austrian Standard German
2340:
1576:vr- (Still spelled wr-)
677:and reached maturity in
130:Iron Age northern Europe
968:œy & yː (before r)
930:ɛi & iː (before r)
454:In historic literature
329:dialects spoken in the
173:West Germanic languages
4192:Preterite-present verb
4075:Proto-Germanic grammar
4029:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3141:German Standard German
2817:East Frisian Low Saxon
1486:Specific sound changes
1398:-d-, -∅-* (d syncope)
1036:Specific sound changes
556:North Rhine-Westphalia
436:
418:
306:
201:(ca. 1st century BC).
104:
34:West Germanic language
4197:Grammatischer Wechsel
3180:Namibian Black German
3151:Swiss Standard German
3120:Early New High German
2678:Mainland West Frisian
2539:Harlingerland Frisian
1085:-u:- (before hiatus)
1057:-ɛ:- (before hiatus)
435:
412:
304:
256:Bergakker inscription
94:
4202:Indo-European ablaut
4182:Germanic strong verb
4151:Germanic spirant law
3288:Southeast Limburgish
2784:Gelders-Overijssels
2413:Irish Middle English
2403:Early Modern English
4170:Synchronic features
4141:Germanic a-mutation
4094:Diachronic features
3444:in the broad sense
3377:East Central German
3331:Lorraine Franconian
3305:Transylvanian Saxon
3265:West Central German
3040:East Low Franconian
2950:West Low Franconian
705:Contemporary Dutch
4187:Germanic weak verb
3996:Language subgroups
3346:Pennsylvania Dutch
3295:Moselle Franconian
3273:Central Franconian
3106:Middle High German
2857:Central Pomeranian
2812:Northern Low Saxon
2525:Wangerooge Frisian
2319:Germanic languages
1504:ald/uld – alt/ult
586:Middle High German
458:and Middle Dutch (
437:
419:
415:Hebban olla vogala
356:Hebban olla vogala
321:The present Dutch
307:
245:Old Low Franconian
145:comparative method
113:Germanic languages
105:
97:Pre-Roman Iron Age
4242:
4241:
4227:extinct languages
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4161:Great Vowel Shift
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3922:
3921:
3768:Greenlandic Norse
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3518:Southern Bavarian
3501:Northern Bavarian
3477:Highest Alemannic
3428:
3427:
3162:standard variants
3077:
3076:
2923:Standard variants
2882:
2881:
2741:Middle Low German
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2512:Saterland Frisian
2285:
2284:
2000:
1999:
1715:world's languages
1591:
1590:
1483:
1482:
1329:-b-, -p* (final)
1158:
1157:
1033:
1032:
745:
744:
653:Bible translation
590:Middle Low German
449:standard language
323:standard language
315:dialect continuum
232:Frankish language
206:Early Middle Ages
149:Early Middle Ages
4262:
4019:Elbe (Irminonic)
3992:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3907:Mainland Gutnish
3797:Swedish dialects
3759:Middle Icelandic
3733:Middle Norwegian
3622:Historical forms
3619:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3593:
3592:
3552:South Franconian
3538:Hutterite German
3506:Central Bavarian
3326:Rhine Franconian
3261:
3260:
3091:Historical forms
3088:
3087:
3003:Surinamese Dutch
2896:Historical forms
2893:
2892:
2726:Historical forms
2723:
2722:
2475:Historical forms
2472:
2471:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2175:Standard Chinese
1726:
1725:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1611:
1604:
1581:xl- / xr- / xw-
1490:
1489:
1265:-∅- (h syncope)
1165:
1164:
1074:-uo:i- / -uo:w-
1040:
1039:
890:y, ø (i-umlaut)
800:Closed Syllable
794:Closed Syllable
775:
774:
702:Dutch from 1637
691:
690:
661:United Provinces
460:Middelnederlands
325:is derived from
191:Migration Period
4270:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4206:
4165:
4146:Germanic umlaut
4111:Holtzmann's law
4089:
4058:
3986:
3965:
3918:
3895:
3829:South Jutlandic
3814:Danish dialects
3780:
3661:
3604:
3575:
3557:East Franconian
3511:Viennese German
3424:
3405:Silesian German
3371:
3360:Central Hessian
3250:
3175:Namibian German
3164:
3155:
3133:Standard German
3127:
3113:New High German
3099:Old High German
3073:
3052:
3034:
2945:
2917:
2878:
2862:East Pomeranian
2852:Brandenburgisch
2839:East Low German
2833:
2760:Dutch Low Saxon
2752:West Low German
2746:
2704:
2670:Schiermonnikoog
2651:
2546:
2532:Wursten Frisian
2495:
2461:
2344:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2286:
2281:
2250:
2229:
2213:
2197:
2181:
2153:
2115:
2099:
2068:
2042:
2026:
1996:
1975:
1949:
1883:
1862:
1806:
1785:
1717:
1708:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1493:Proto Germanic
1488:
1196:Between vowels
1184:Between vowels
1168:Proto Germanic
1163:
1077:-u:i̯- / -ɑu̯-
1043:Proto-Germanic
1038:
778:Proto-Germanic
773:
750:
657:Statenvertaling
610:started in the
608:standardization
604:
598:
552:Belgian Limburg
522:capital region;
518:as well as the
512:Flemish Brabant
508:Walloon Brabant
430:
424:
299:
293:
279:: logVns :
240:
234:
199:Jastorf culture
175:
169:
101:Jastorf culture
89:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:Proto-Germanic
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3945:Crimean Gothic
3934:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3819:Insular Danish
3816:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3802:Rinkebysvenska
3799:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3648:Old East Norse
3645:
3643:Old West Norse
3633:
3625:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3605:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:South Tyrolean
3515:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3465:High Alemannic
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3256:Central German
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3195:Barossa German
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:French Flemish
2966:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:Low Franconian
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:Westereendersk
2683:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2490:Middle Frisian
2486:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:Modern English
2392:
2389:Middle English
2385:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2031:Other European
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1661:
1654:
1634:
1622:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:-o:i̯- / -ɑu-
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:-yu̯- / -ɑu̯-
1092:
1091:-yu̯- / -ɑu̯-
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:-ui̯- / -ɑu̯-
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
908:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
850:
849:
846:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
803:Open Syllable
801:
798:
797:Open Syllable
795:
792:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
772:
769:
753:Linguistically
749:
746:
743:
742:
737:
731:
730:
725:
719:
718:
713:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
649:Standard Dutch
602:Dutch language
600:Main article:
597:
594:
582:
581:
559:
541:
523:
489:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
282:
281:
276:
236:Main article:
233:
230:
195:Proto-Germanic
171:Main article:
168:
165:
125:Proto-Germanic
120:proto-language
88:
85:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4267:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Germanic verb
4175:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:Sievers's law
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:Reconstructed
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3876:Middle Danish
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3752:Old Icelandic
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3726:Old Norwegian
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3543:Gottscheerish
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:Walser German
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:Low Alemannic
3446:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:High Prussian
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Erzgebirgisch
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Luxembourgish
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:Klezmer-loshn
3235:
3233:
3232:Scots Yiddish
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3069:Meuse-Rhenish
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:Kleverlandish
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:Central Dutch
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Stellingwarfs
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:Wood Frisian
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2552:North Frisian
2549:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Anglo-Frisian
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:Austroasiatic
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:Indo-European
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1623:0-85229-571-5
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1587:l- / r- / w-
1586:
1584:l- / r- / w-
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:Modern Dutch
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:-oi̯- / -ɑu-
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:Modern Dutch
1051:
1049:Middle Dutch
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1007:
997:
993:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
971:
963:
955:
951:
948:
947:
937:
934:
933:
923:
920:
919:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
847:
844:
843:
828:ɛ (i-umlaut)
827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:Modern Dutch
784:Middle Dutch
780:
777:
776:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
692:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
673:, grew up in
672:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
606:A process of
603:
593:
591:
587:
579:
576:and parts of
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
539:
536:and parts of
535:
534:South Holland
531:
527:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:provinces of
505:
501:
500:North Brabant
497:
493:
490:
487:
486:East Flanders
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
434:
429:
416:
411:
407:
405:
404:
398:
394:
391:), meaning a
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
357:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
331:Low Countries
328:
324:
319:
316:
311:
303:
298:
288:
285:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
251:(Old Dutch).
250:
246:
239:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
174:
167:West Germanic
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
116:
114:
110:
102:
98:
93:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
39:
35:
31:
25:
24:Dutch culture
21:
16:
4222:
4106:Verner's law
4051:
4046:Gotho-Nordic
4044:
4037:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3927:
3912:Fårö Gutnish
3874:
3867:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3750:
3731:
3724:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3568:
3470:Swiss German
3434:Upper German
3367:Amana German
3341:Volga German
3310:Hunsrückisch
3236:
3190:Unserdeutsch
3185:Berlinerisch
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3057:Cover groups
3013:Mohawk Dutch
3008:Jersey Dutch
2986:East Flemish
2969:West Flemish
2913:Middle Dutch
2867:Low Prussian
2739:
2732:
2698:Terschelling
2682:Clay Frisian
2657:West Frisian
2645:Wiedingharde
2637:
2625:
2585:Heligolandic
2562:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2501:East Frisian
2488:
2481:
2454:Middle Scots
2452:
2445:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2158:Sino–Tibetan
2120:Austronesian
1954:Indo-Iranian
1745:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1613:
1602:
1518:-egi-/-ehi-
1515:-egi-/-ehi-
1510:ɑu̯d – ɑu̯t
1409:þ- (> ð)
751:
739:
734:
727:
722:
715:
710:
685:
668:
629:Antwerp fell
605:
583:
498:province of
478:East Flemish
464:
459:
455:
453:
441:Middle Dutch
440:
438:
428:Middle Dutch
422:Middle Dutch
414:
402:
384:
380:
378:
354:
352:
347:
343:
320:
308:
286:
283:
278:
273:
268:
253:
241:
238:Old Frankish
203:
197:in the late
176:
153:runic script
142:
138:Verner's law
123:
117:
106:
44:
42:
38:Old Frankish
28:
20:Dutch people
15:
4121:Kluge's law
4101:Grimm's law
3884:Dalecarlian
3863:Perkerdansk
3836:East Danish
3654:Old Gutnish
3630:Proto-Norse
3570:Langobardic
3562:Vogtlandian
3390:Upper Saxon
3244:Lachoudisch
3205:Lotegorisch
3083:High German
2829:Westphalian
2824:Eastphalian
2788:Achterhooks
2665:Hindeloopen
2600:Bökingharde
2569:Föhr–Amrum
2483:Old Frisian
2447:Early Scots
2382:Old English
2272:Interlingue
2267:Interlingua
2255:constructed
2170:Gan Chinese
2047:Afroasiatic
1202:Word final
1199:Geminated*
1190:Word final
765:expressions
686:Hochsprache
623:dialect of
612:Middle Ages
395:(where one
214:Old Frisian
210:Old English
204:During the
161:Proto-Norse
157:Scandinavia
134:Grimm's law
107:Within the
95:Map of the
65:Netherlands
3953:Burgundian
3869:Old Danish
3858:Gøtudanskt
3841:Bornholmsk
3703:Vestlandsk
3683:Kebabnorsk
3420:Halcnovian
3385:Thuringian
3048:Limburgish
3018:Stadsfries
2991:Brabantian
2718:Low German
2564:Eiderstedt
2419:Fingallian
2111:Vietnamese
1961:Hindustani
1929:in Ukraine
1915:Macedonian
1895:Belarusian
1879:Lithuanian
1848:Portuguese
1655:9020420453
1630:Britannica
1594:References
1496:Old Dutch
1421:-s- / -t-
1187:Geminated
1171:Old Dutch
1161:Consonants
1046:Old Dutch
781:Old Dutch
645:Hollandish
633:Brabantian
627:. In 1585
616:Burgundian
570:Overijssel
566:Gelderland
544:Limburgish
492:Brabantian
401:Tacitus's
389:Wadenoijen
49:literature
40:dialects.
4233:varieties
4225:indicate
4039:Northwest
3984:Philology
3889:Elfdalian
3824:Jutlandic
3746:Icelandic
3721:(written)
3715:(written)
3693:Trøndersk
3673:Norwegian
3637:Old Norse
3458:Coloniero
3442:Alemannic
3415:Wymysorys
3283:Colognian
3278:Ripuarian
3200:Rotwelsch
3030:Midslands
2981:Zeelandic
2962:Hollandic
2936:Afrikaans
2908:Old Dutch
2734:Old Saxon
2633:Karrharde
2615:Goesharde
2596:Mainland
2329:philology
2262:Esperanto
2218:Iroquoian
2144:Sundanese
2085:Malayalam
2073:Dravidian
2022:Hungarian
1945:Ukrainian
1905:Bulgarian
1766:Norwegian
1761:Icelandic
1736:Afrikaans
1711:Histories
621:Brabantic
578:Groningen
562:Low Saxon
526:Hollandic
403:Histories
370:Rochester
335:Salic law
327:Old Dutch
310:Old Dutch
297:Old Dutch
291:Old Dutch
260:Bergakker
226:Old Dutch
222:Low Saxon
4249:Category
3960:Vandalic
3903:Gutnish
3708:Vikværsk
3688:Sognamål
3678:Bergensk
3528:Cimbrian
3496:Bavarian
3453:Alsatian
3400:Lusatian
3336:Palatine
3026:Amelands
2903:Frankish
2793:Sallaans
2775:Gronings
2626:Southern
2619:Northern
2610:Halligen
2559:Insular
2376:dialects
2225:Cherokee
2202:Koreanic
2193:Japanese
2132:Filipino
2012:Estonian
1987:Albanian
1853:Romanian
1833:Galician
1729:Germanic
1551:mb / mm
1540:xs / ss
1193:Initial
1181:Initial
671:Flanders
520:Brussels
502:and the
417:fragment
387:(modern
339:Frankish
73:Suriname
4223:Italics
3846:Scanian
3792:Swedish
3741:Faroese
3719:Nynorsk
3698:Valdris
3533:Mòcheno
3489:Swabian
3355:Hessian
3315:Hunsrik
3227:Western
3222:Eastern
3217:Yiddish
3167:creoles
3064:Bergish
2780:Drèents
2770:Tweants
2622:Central
2604:Mooring
2467:Frisian
2426:Kildare
2371:English
2246:Turkish
2186:Japonic
2165:Chinese
2149:Cebuano
2127:Tagalog
2080:Kannada
2059:Aramaic
2017:Finnish
1971:Persian
1940:Slovene
1925:Russian
1900:Bosnian
1874:Latvian
1858:Spanish
1838:Italian
1818:Catalan
1781:Yiddish
1776:Swedish
1751:English
1713:of the
1066:-ai̯:-
1063:-ai̯:-
757:Grammar
695:Genesis
679:Holland
675:Brabant
665:Holland
637:Antwerp
625:Antwerp
574:Drenthe
548:Limburg
538:Utrecht
516:Antwerp
504:Belgian
470:Flemish
374:England
366:convent
262:, near
77:Curaçao
69:Belgium
3939:Gothic
3809:Danish
3713:Bokmål
3212:Yenish
3022:Bildts
2805:Veluws
2800:Urkers
2639:Strand
2363:Anglic
2234:Turkic
2209:Korean
2095:Telugu
2064:Hebrew
2054:Arabic
2038:Basque
2005:Uralic
1966:Nepali
1935:Slovak
1920:Polish
1888:Slavic
1867:Baltic
1827:Quebec
1823:French
1811:Italic
1790:Celtic
1756:German
1741:Danish
1652:
1620:
1455:-z(-)
1383:d ~ ð
1308:b ~ β
1259:h ~ x
1233:g ~ ɣ
1154:-iu̯-
1151:-iu̯-
1148:-iuw-
1145:-iuw-
1134:-aww-
1131:-aww-
1126:-eww-
1123:-eww-
1118:-iww-
1115:-iww-
1110:-ɛːw-
1107:-ɛːw-
1102:-i:w-
1099:-i:w-
771:Vowels
697:1:1–3
655:, the
399:), in
216:, the
185:, and
61:Europe
4053:South
4004:North
3614:North
3598:North
2940:Kaaps
2931:Dutch
2578:Amrum
2519:Weser
2441:Scots
2241:Azeri
2139:Malay
2090:Tamil
1992:Greek
1980:other
1910:Czech
1843:Latin
1802:Welsh
1797:Irish
1771:Scots
1746:Dutch
1521:-ɛi-
1435:-ss-
1415:-þþ-
1392:-dd-
1366:-tt-
1346:-ff-
1317:-bb-
1291:-pp-
1268:-xx-
1242:-gg-
1216:-kk-
1088:-u:-
1060:-a:-
873:u, o
761:Dutch
641:Dutch
530:North
496:Dutch
456:Diets
445:Dutch
397:wades
385:vadam
364:in a
249:Diets
187:North
155:from
81:Aruba
53:world
32:is a
30:Dutch
4014:West
4009:East
3929:East
3785:East
3775:Norn
3666:West
3602:East
3600:and
3165:and
3160:Non-
2590:Sylt
2573:Föhr
2508:Ems
2433:Yola
2342:West
1650:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1573:wr-
1570:wr-
1473:-r-
1467:-Ø*
1461:-r-
1447:-s-
1444:-z-
1432:-s-
1412:-þ-
1401:-d-
1389:-d-
1375:-t-
1363:-t-
1352:-f-
1343:-f-
1326:-v-
1314:-v-
1300:-p-
1288:-p-
1277:-x-
1274:-∅-
1251:-ɣ-
1239:-ɣ-
1225:-k-
1213:-k-
588:and
532:and
514:and
484:and
482:West
476:and
474:West
413:The
393:ford
362:monk
337:, a
264:Tiel
224:and
183:East
179:West
136:and
79:and
2277:Ido
1562:ŋg
1559:ŋg
1548:mb
1537:xs
1532:xt
1529:ft
1526:ft
1479:-r
1464:-*
1450:-s
1441:z-
1438:-s
1429:s-
1418:-þ
1395:d-
1386:d-
1378:-t
1372:t-
1369:-t
1360:t-
1349:v-
1340:f-
1332:-f
1323:b-
1320:-f
1311:b-
1303:-p
1297:p-
1294:-p
1285:p-
1271:h-
1262:h-
1254:-x
1248:ɣ-
1245:-x
1236:ɣ-
1228:-k
1222:k-
1219:-k
1210:k-
1029:oː
1026:oː
1023:oː
1020:au
1015:ɛi
1012:ɛi
1004:eː
1001:eː
998:eː
995:ai
987:uə
984:uo
981:oː
976:yː
973:uː
965:yː
960:iu
957:iu
952:io
949:eu
941:iə
938:ie
935:eː
927:iː
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