4346:
almost all instances, they begin with the sound value represented by the associated letter. ... The fact that each rune represents a sound value and a word gives this writing system a multivalent quality that further distinguishes it from roman script. A roman letter simply represents its sound value. When used, for example, for the purpose of pagination, such letters can assume added significance, but this is localised to the context of an individual manuscript. Runic letters, on the other hand, are inherently multivalent; they can, and often do, represent several different kinds of information simultaneously. This aspect of runic letters is one that is frequently employed and exploited by writers and scribes who include them in their manuscripts.
2161:
2966:
4630:
94:
3796:
3591:
3357:
2194:
4754:
3150:
3659:
3866:
1141:
3791:
3759:
3727:
3586:
3522:
3392:
3352:
19059:
17641:
3834:
3695:
3623:
3554:
3456:
3320:
3256:
3224:
2041:
3192:
3488:
5104:
3288:
3114:
3082:
3424:
3031:
19049:
4174:
3909:
2540:
1980:
4237:
1674:
4907:
2635:
2516:
53:
4115:
276:
4310:
4739:
4186:
1698:
6198:
4247:
1961:
priest, if the consultation is a public one, or the father of the family, if it is private, prays to the gods and, gazing to the heavens, picks up three separate strips and reads their meaning from the marks scored on them. If the lots forbid an enterprise, there can be no further consultation about it that day; if they allow it, further confirmation by divination is required.
4323:
in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed." The
Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century. Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th
4221:
settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. They are divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and
Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions is a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference between them was functional (viz.,
2604:
evolved into its later language groups, the words assigned to the runes and the sounds represented by the runes themselves began to diverge somewhat and each culture would create new runes, rename or rearrange its rune names slightly, or stop using obsolete runes completely, to accommodate these
4345:
As well as being distinguished from the roman alphabet in visual appearance and letter order, the fuþorc is further set apart by the fact that, unlike their roman counterparts, runic letters are often associated not only with sound values but also with names. These names are often nouns and, in
1960:
For divination and casting lots they have the highest possible regard. Their procedure for casting lots is uniform: They break off the branch of a fruit tree and slice into strips; they mark these by certain signs and throw them, as random chance will have it, on to a white cloth. Then a state
1965:
As
Victoria Symons summarizes, "If the inscriptions made on the lots that Tacitus refers to are understood to be letters, rather than other kinds of notations or symbols, then they would necessarily have been runes, since no other writing system was available to Germanic tribes at this time."
2178:
3924:), are an extended alphabet, consisting of 29, and later 33, characters. It was probably used from the 5th century onwards. There are competing theories as to the origins of the Anglo-Saxon (also called Anglo-Frisian) Futhorc. One theory proposes that it was developed in
2631:), personal messages, business letters, and expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even of a vulgar nature. Following this find, it is nowadays commonly presumed that, at least in late use, Runic was a widespread and common writing system.
1926:
unity preceding the emergence of Proto-Norse proper from roughly the 5th century. An alternative suggestion explaining the impossibility of classifying the earliest inscriptions as either North or West
Germanic is forwarded by È. A. Makaev, who presumes a "special runic
2616:), which often contain solemn inscriptions about people who died or performed great deeds. For a long time it was presumed that this kind of grand inscription was the primary use of runes, and that their use was associated with a certain societal class of rune carvers.
4340:
While Roman script would ultimately replace runes in most contexts, it differed significantly from runic script. For example, on the differences between the use of Anglo-Saxon runes and the Latin script that would come to replace them, runologist
Victoria Symons says:
2502:
The lack of extensive knowledge on historical use of the runes has not stopped modern authors from extrapolating entire systems of divination from what few specifics exist, usually loosely based on the reconstructed names of the runes and additional outside influence.
2264:
The earliest runic inscriptions found on artifacts give the name of either the craftsman or the proprietor, or sometimes, remain a linguistic mystery. Due to this, it is possible that the early runes were not used so much as a simple writing system, but rather as
2354:
Elder
Futhark inscriptions as well as variants and abbreviations of them. Much speculation and study has been produced on the potential meaning of these inscriptions. Rhyming groups appear on some early bracteates that also may be magical in purpose, such as
2506:
A recent study of runic magic suggests that runes were used to create magical objects such as amulets, but not in a way that would indicate that runic writing was any more inherently magical, than were other writing systems such as Latin or Greek.
1411:
finds them difficult to justify for semantic or linguistic reasons. Because of this, some scholars have speculated that the
Germanic and Celtic words may have been a shared religious term borrowed from an unknown non-Indo-European language.
4270:
consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval
Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune forms, and some letters, such as
1874:
strokes: when carving a message on a flat staff or stick, it would be along the grain, thus both less legible and more likely to split the wood. This characteristic is also shared by other alphabets, such as the early form of the
4475:
This object was cut by thieves, damaging one of the runes. The identity of this rune was debated by scholars until a photograph of it was republished that, according to runologist
Bernard Mees, clearly indicates it to have been
4286:
Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of
Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in
1732:
No distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between long and short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spoken languages of the time. Similarly, there are no signs for
2378:
literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. There are at least three sources on divination with rather vague descriptions that may, or may not, refer to runes:
4972:
Runes play an important role in the horror story "Casting the Runes," by the academic Medievalist and ghost story author M. R. James, first published in his 1911 collection "More Ghost Stories of an Antiquary." In
4556:, for example, which would be of little or no use as an abbreviation because of its rarity. The practicality of using an abbreviation for a familiar noun such as 'man' is demonstrated clearly in the Old Norse poem
1931:", an early "literary Germanic" employed by the entire Late Common Germanic linguistic community after the separation of Gothic (2nd to 5th centuries), while the spoken dialects may already have been more diverse.
4817:", based on the Younger Futhark and runes of List's own introduction, which allegedly were revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after cataract operations on both eyes in 1902. The use of runes in
2300:
I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who breaks this (monument). I prophesy destruction / prophecy of destruction.
4652:
runestones, commonly found in Denmark and Sweden. Another large group are medieval runes, most commonly found on small objects, often wooden sticks. The largest concentration of runic inscriptions are the
2917:(noble)—by human women. These sons became the ancestors of the three classes of humans indicated by their names. When Jarl reached an age when he began to handle weapons and show other signs of nobility,
1922:, are considered unresolved and long having been the subject of discussion. In the early Runic period, differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small. Another theory presumes a
2475:, where there are three accounts of what some believe to be the use of runes for divination, but Rimbert calls it "drawing lots". One of these accounts is the description of how a renegade Swedish king,
1359:(linguistic siblings from a common origin), or if the Proto-Germanic form reflects an early borrowing from Celtic. Various connections have been proposed with other Indo-European terms (for example:
2424:, describes "signs" chosen in groups of three and cut from "a nut-bearing tree", although the runes do not seem to have been in use at the time of Tacitus' writings. A second source is the
5059:. They are used for a range of purposes including as names, symbols, decoration and on runestones that provide information about Nordic mythology and background for the game's narrative.
2627:. These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained information of an everyday nature—ranging from name tags, prayers (often in
1115:
The process of transmission of the script is unknown. The oldest clear inscriptions are found in Denmark and northern Germany. A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via
3932:, while another holds that Scandinavians introduced runes to England, where the futhorc was modified and exported to Frisia. Some examples of futhorc inscriptions are found on the
4295:). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are written in Latin.
6435:
6910:
2277:
itself, taken to mean "secret, something hidden", seems to indicate that knowledge of the runes was originally considered esoteric, or restricted to an elite. The 6th-century
2107:
Artifacts such as spear heads or shield mounts have been found that bear runic marking that may be dated to 200 AD, as evidenced by artifacts found across northern Europe in
1883:, but it is not universal, especially among early runic inscriptions, which frequently have variant rune shapes, including horizontal strokes. Runic manuscripts (that is
3006:
Most probably each rune had a name, chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself. The names are, however, not directly attested for the Elder Futhark themselves.
2466:(sacrificial chip), which was "marked, possibly with sacrificial blood, shaken, and thrown down like dice, and their positive or negative significance then decided."
6698:
4094:. Feoh, þorn, and sigel stood for , , and in most environments, but voiced to , , and between vowels or voiced consonants. Gyfu and wynn stood for the letters
2483:, but then changes his mind and asks the Danes to "draw lots". According to the story, this "drawing of lots" was quite informative, telling them that attacking
2132:
7043:
6922:
2371:(500–700 AD) gives a cryptic inscription describing the use of three runic letters followed by the Elder Futhark f-rune written three times in succession.
4222:
the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood).
4445:
In this inscription, several runes repeat in a sentence to form an unknown meaning. Various scholars have proposed that these runes represent repeated
262:
4552:
are all used on occasion. These are some of the most functional of the rune names, occurring relatively often in written language, unlike the elusive
13204:
12688:
2666:. The authenticity of some monuments bearing Runic inscriptions found in Northern America is disputed; most of them have been dated to modern times.
1870:
The angular shapes of the runes are shared with most contemporary alphabets of the period that were used for carving in wood or stone. There are no
13634:
13624:
13199:
11728:
11361:
7409:
1002:. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes beyond this period. Up until the early 20th century, runes were still used in rural
13614:
13604:
13194:
13189:
13184:
2487:
would bring bad luck and that they should attack a Slavic town instead. The tool in the "drawing of lots", however, is easily explainable as a
18575:
7564:
7110:
15330:
13619:
6493:
18103:
7032:. Aberystwyth Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.
12763:
6782:
5141:
The block as of Unicode 3.0 contained 81 symbols: 75 runic letters (U+16A0–U+16EA), 3 punctuation marks (Runic Single Punctuation U+16EB
7509:
6349:
1956:. Dating from around 98 CE, Tacitus describes the Germanic peoples as utilizing a divination practice involving rune-like inscriptions:
16551:
5735:
17677:
15362:
6903:
5185:'s mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes, and five for the "cryptogrammic" vowel symbols used in an inscription on the
4258:
In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the
7280:
Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (Mar 1994a). "The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. I: the beginnings to 1066".
4516:
In addition to the instances above, several different runes occur as ideographs in Old English and Old Norse manuscripts (featuring
1906:. This hypothesis is based on claiming that the earliest inscriptions of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, found in bogs and graves around
17598:
6427:
17616:
6182:
4837:, and not shared by the other members of the Nazi top echelon. Consequently, runes appear mostly in insignia associated with the
1950:
dating to around 50 AD, the earliest reference to runes (and runic divination) may occur in Roman Senator Tacitus's ethnographic
17967:
7470:
4898:
popularized this "Uthark" runic row, which he refers to as, the "night side of the runes", in the context of modern occultism.
14552:
5134:
long-branch and short-twig (but not the staveless) variants, in cases where cognate letters have the same shape resorting to "
18031:
16432:
12681:
7371:
7334:
7257:
7235:
7209:
7153:
7093:
7074:
6997:
6950:
15001:
7159:
5017:
4153:, and rather is an attempt of Carolingian scholars to represent all letters of the Latin alphabets with runic equivalents.
982:
The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from around AD 150, with a potentially earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and
17979:
14438:
12750:
9130:
8489:
6690:
6149:
1717:
stage linguistically, with a continuum of dialects not yet clearly separated into the three branches of later centuries:
293:
12974:
2995:'). The earliest known sequential listing of the full set of 24 runes dates to approximately AD 400 and is found on the
2058:
Runic inscriptions from the 400-year period 150–550 AD are described as "Period I". These inscriptions are generally in
18992:
18318:
18063:
5135:
4792:
7503:
7400:
4641:, Denmark, features the earliest known runic inscription (AD 150 to 200) and simply reads, ᚺᚨᚱᛃᚨ "Harja", a male name.
19113:
18313:
18058:
16697:
16200:
16186:
16156:
15295:
7037:
6978:
6792:
6507:
6192:
6003:
5975:
5882:
5849:
5776:
in masculine Proto-Norse would be resolved by assuming Roman (Rhineland) influences, while "the awkward ending -a of
2587:
2027:
4359:
In addition to their historic use as letters in the runic alphabets, runes were also used to represent their names (
4324:
centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory was used mainly for transcribing
4125:
A runic alphabet consisting of a mixture of Elder Futhark with Anglo-Saxon futhorc is recorded in a treatise called
2569:
2009:
18936:
18198:
18051:
18046:
18041:
16659:
16418:
15135:
14532:
12674:
12008:
11269:
10623:
7327:
Englisch: Eine Sprachgeschichte nach Texten von 350 bis 1992 : vom Nordisch-Westgermanischen zum Neuenglischen
5937:
698:
12979:
2317:. There also are some inscriptions suggesting a medieval belief in the magical significance of runes, such as the
19103:
18002:
17972:
17621:
16829:
14858:
14119:
7594:
7024:
5073:
5037:
3064:
562:
244:
6919:
5001:. Following Tolkien, historical and fictional runes appear commonly in modern popular culture, particularly in
2295:
Haidzruno runu, falahak haidera, ginnarunaz. Arageu haeramalausz uti az. Weladaude, sa'z þat barutz. Uþarba spa.
17611:
16879:
16684:
16544:
16425:
14991:
14630:
12188:
11217:
10579:
10314:
9929:
9328:
9275:
8687:
8634:
8071:
2948:
2565:
2005:
704:
5035:
Runes feature extensively in many video games that incorporate themes from early Germanic cultures, including
4189:
While also featuring a runic inscription detailing the erection of a bridge for a loved one, the 11th-century
17670:
15100:
14625:
13683:
7555:
1154:("dguest painted/wrote this runic inscription"), is the earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation of the term.
1105:
544:
13962:
16760:
16411:
16390:
13678:
13453:
12969:
12745:
11882:
10918:
10309:
10235:
9924:
9839:
7909:
7381:
Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1966–1967). "Frühgeschichtliche Sprachbewegungen im Kölner Raum (mit 8 Karten)".
5023:
1088:
The exact development of the early runic alphabet remains unclear but the script ultimately stems from the
382:
17:
6854:
6604:
6076:
5677:
The oldest known runic inscription dates to around AD 150 and is found on a comb discovered in the bog of
4603:(1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and travelled around the whole of Sweden to examine the
3881:
3849:
3813:
3774:
3742:
3710:
3674:
3638:
3606:
3569:
3537:
3503:
3471:
3439:
3407:
3372:
3335:
3303:
3271:
3239:
3207:
3167:
3129:
3097:
1844:
1097:
258:
254:
18869:
18605:
18208:
18020:
17626:
16639:
16291:
16270:
14950:
14945:
14640:
14542:
13064:
12755:
10240:
9843:
4983:(1937), the Anglo-Saxon runes are used on a map and on the title page to emphasize its connection to the
4758:
4149:, and hence traditionally, the alphabet is called "Marcomannic runes", but it has no connection with the
2985:, consists of 24 runes that often are arranged in three groups of eight; each group is referred to as an
1843:. Giuliano and Larissa Bonfante suggest that runes derived from some North Italic alphabet, specifically
1829:) having no counterpart in the Bolzano alphabet. Scandinavian scholars tend to favor derivation from the
6608:
2923:
returned and, having claimed him as a son, taught him the runes. In 1555, the exiled Swedish archbishop
18455:
18110:
16792:
16787:
16358:
14955:
14522:
13935:
12996:
11981:
10908:
10299:
9910:
9197:
8556:
7991:
7066:
6938:
3937:
2809:
1787:
1734:
13688:
13006:
19098:
18914:
18465:
18213:
17644:
16824:
16731:
16724:
16702:
16537:
14608:
14330:
13883:
13470:
12562:
12161:
11143:
10988:
10518:
10387:
9797:
9360:
9352:
8715:
7888:
7456:
5638:
5612:
3042:
3010:
1163:
768:
9037:
7104:
4665:
inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on
2703:, meaning "I prepare the suitable divine rune..." and in an attestation from the 9th century on the
1837:
dating to the 2nd century BC. This is in a northern Etruscan alphabet but features a Germanic name,
18570:
18517:
18323:
18073:
17899:
17712:
17663:
16864:
16849:
16664:
16649:
16108:
16094:
15399:
13982:
13785:
13001:
6219:
Rix, Robert W. (2011). "Runes and Roman: Germanic literacy and the significance of runic writing".
4860:
4708:
2970:
2550:
2526:
manuscript from approximately 1300 AD containing one of the oldest and best preserved texts of the
1990:
1718:
15713:
13129:
6620:
Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.
1794:
is often advanced as a candidate for the origin of the runes, with only five Elder Futhark runes (
1601:, meaning 'poem', is an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic, and the source of the term for rune,
93:
19034:
18660:
17997:
17889:
16979:
16869:
16859:
16854:
16674:
16654:
16611:
16397:
15425:
14382:
14059:
14038:
13918:
13898:
13730:
13401:
13305:
12782:
12740:
12697:
10244:
9847:
4809:
3054:
2877:
another origin is related of how the runic alphabet became known to humans. The poem relates how
2554:
1994:
1899:
1833:
itself over Rhaetic candidates. A "North Etruscan" thesis is supported by the inscription on the
1726:
1722:
306:
289:
2306:
2278:
2198:
2137:
716:
19108:
18887:
18391:
18036:
18012:
17962:
17381:
16814:
16809:
16736:
16631:
15115:
14054:
14044:
13977:
13487:
12920:
8977:
8970:
8795:
8379:
8372:
8196:
5651:
5055:
4524:
runes respectively). Runologist Thomas Birkett summarizes these numerous instances as follows:
1428:
1173:, which may be translated as 'secret, mystery; secret conversation; rune'. It is the source of
1108:
as candidates. At the time, all of these scripts had the same angular letter shapes suited for
240:
18243:
7026:
Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West
2374:
Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": although
18178:
18142:
17957:
17758:
16679:
16569:
16499:
16404:
16193:
16142:
15602:
15524:
15288:
15227:
15212:
14781:
14660:
14402:
14362:
14094:
13770:
12954:
12942:
12915:
12900:
7502:
5827:
5196:
5098:
5064:
4989:
4843:("SS"), the paramilitary organization led by Himmler. Wiligut is credited with designing the
4246:
3945:
2561:
2001:
841:
128:
31:
15207:
14412:
2704:
19012:
18904:
18089:
18082:
17753:
16770:
16741:
16644:
16263:
16014:
15691:
15187:
14842:
14806:
14211:
14134:
13967:
13715:
13705:
13544:
13527:
12843:
12645:
7498:
5996:
Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental
4984:
4692:
4682:
4654:
4612:
4564:
rune is used a total of forty-five times, saving a significant amount of space and effort (
4485:
4375:
and the frequency of their use by ancient rune-writers remains controversial. The topic of
4292:
2620:
2314:
2282:
1903:
1033:(800–1100). The Younger Futhark is divided further into the long-branch runes (also called
636:
317:
123:
2160:
2142:, in northern Germany; these include brooches and combs found in graves, most notably the
1867:
people could have adopted the Venetic alphabet within the 3rd century BC or even earlier.
8:
18899:
18396:
18285:
18248:
18223:
18026:
17877:
17606:
16819:
15090:
14986:
14708:
14231:
12937:
12035:
11410:
10565:
10392:
10010:
8029:
7619:
7587:
5127:
5080:
4634:
3795:
2987:
2965:
2605:
changes. Thus, the Anglo-Saxon futhorc has several runes peculiar to itself to represent
1911:
1630:
1612:
1124:
1089:
987:
649:
451:
401:
133:
13253:
4629:
4209:, consisting of only 16 characters. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when
3590:
3356:
885:, and for specialised purposes thereafter. In addition to representing a sound value (a
19093:
19052:
18565:
18545:
18535:
18408:
18346:
18303:
18117:
17989:
17949:
17904:
17819:
17804:
17702:
17697:
16989:
16841:
16780:
16669:
16601:
16577:
16249:
16226:
15860:
15749:
15739:
15631:
15574:
15560:
15517:
15222:
15105:
14940:
14832:
14791:
14745:
14740:
14635:
14617:
14285:
14216:
14181:
14129:
13942:
13930:
13341:
13263:
13164:
12719:
12625:
11393:
9429:
9425:
9414:
7537:
7313:
7297:
7224:
6931:
6920:
Preprints to The 7th International Symposium on Runes and Runic Inscriptions, Oslo 2010
6891:
6355:
5622:
5069:
5043:
5002:
4826:
4818:
4700:
4624:
4454:
4325:
4259:
4251:
4214:
4134:
4133:
and preserved in 8th- and 9th-century manuscripts mainly from the southern part of the
3007:
2679:
2375:
2266:
2217:
attribute to runes the power to bring that which is dead back to life. In this stanza,
2044:
1947:
1923:
1880:
1580:
976:
968:
878:
680:
590:
345:
105:
15482:
15140:
5963:
2880:
2493:(lot-twig), which according to Foote and Wilson would be used in the same manner as a
1408:
19088:
19017:
18931:
18610:
18485:
18228:
17882:
17793:
17787:
17748:
17736:
16765:
16616:
16591:
16372:
16365:
16101:
16087:
15999:
15888:
15798:
15777:
15756:
15684:
15616:
15475:
15433:
15385:
15120:
15110:
14755:
14750:
14655:
14650:
14557:
14512:
14335:
14315:
14305:
14295:
14290:
14226:
14221:
14149:
14084:
14069:
14019:
14014:
13957:
13893:
13851:
13693:
13579:
13502:
13018:
13013:
12890:
12211:
9474:
8740:
8141:
7541:
7440:
7367:
7330:
7305:
7253:
7231:
7205:
7149:
7089:
7070:
7033:
6993:
6974:
6946:
6788:
6503:
6495:
West over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300
6188:
5999:
5971:
5878:
5794:
assume a period of "Proto-Nordic-Westgermanic" unity down to the 5th century and the
5627:
5617:
4670:
4517:
4313:
4304:
3903:
3149:
3039:
2368:
2182:
1738:
1702:
1535:
1341:
1101:
1078:
1026:
945:
862:
762:
630:
376:
178:
143:
7519:
7476:
4190:
1928:
1112:, which would become characteristic of the runes and related scripts in the region.
19062:
18926:
18772:
18628:
18597:
18298:
18096:
17866:
17768:
17707:
17188:
16560:
16506:
16444:
16337:
16298:
16284:
16242:
16117:
16063:
16044:
15978:
15970:
15956:
15949:
15874:
15670:
15645:
15581:
15553:
15468:
15454:
15371:
15344:
15281:
15192:
15095:
14917:
14760:
14387:
14367:
14357:
14352:
14236:
13992:
13925:
13913:
13878:
13873:
13856:
13795:
13760:
13720:
13522:
13517:
13465:
13416:
13300:
13234:
13174:
13124:
13069:
12986:
12964:
12949:
12895:
12885:
12819:
9624:
7527:
7436:
7289:
7245:
6883:
6499:
6228:
5991:
5658:
5182:
5085:
4997:
rune-like alphabet invented by Tolkien, used to write the language of the Dwarves,
4974:
4967:
4947:
4914:
4868:
4834:
3933:
2687:
2392:
2351:
2273:, there is no direct evidence to suggest they were ever used in this way. The name
1864:
1771:
The formation of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the
1710:
1608:
1592:
1247:
995:
874:
781:
692:
666:
654:
624:
596:
582:
471:
463:
18450:
16344:
15539:
15165:
14816:
14186:
5122:
for Runic alphabets is U+16A0–U+16FF. It is intended to encode the letters of the
4363:). Such instances are sometimes referred to by way of the modern German loan word
3658:
2969:
Detail of the Elder Futhark inscription on a replica of one of the 5th-century AD
1690:
1050:
19007:
18555:
18153:
17928:
17871:
16797:
16775:
16719:
16689:
16573:
16330:
16022:
15963:
15909:
15902:
15881:
15867:
15851:
15829:
15784:
15677:
15652:
15624:
15609:
15532:
15510:
15503:
15461:
15421:
15392:
15080:
15050:
14873:
14796:
14562:
14492:
14397:
14345:
14325:
14261:
14251:
14241:
14206:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14074:
14029:
14024:
13908:
13903:
13750:
13740:
13594:
13559:
13554:
13534:
13428:
13386:
13326:
13209:
13179:
13089:
13049:
12991:
12925:
12905:
12853:
12836:
12824:
12655:
10024:
9451:
7139:
7127:"Norse mythology in video games : part of immanent Nordic regional branding"
6926:
6914:
5131:
4925:
4895:
4876:
4864:
4649:
4584:
4521:
4424:
4288:
4178:
4168:
4130:
3865:
3487:
3022:
2675:
2386:
2165:
1860:
1742:
1714:
1686:
1657:
1234:
1216:
1174:
1127:. Runes continue to be used in a wide variety of ways in modern popular culture.
1093:
1070:
1030:
999:
939:⟩, corresponding to the Latin letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨þ⟩/⟨th⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨r⟩, and ⟨k⟩. The
756:
750:
744:
618:
602:
573:
556:
354:
174:
14527:
13710:
7126:
4205:
The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian Futhark, is a reduced form of the
3790:
3758:
3726:
3585:
3521:
3391:
3351:
2437:
2146:, and are supposed to have the earliest markings resembling runic inscriptions.
831:
388:
19083:
18987:
18982:
18480:
18308:
18258:
18183:
18007:
17844:
17763:
17471:
17255:
16919:
16606:
16467:
16351:
16235:
16215:
16124:
15992:
15923:
15822:
15770:
15763:
15595:
15588:
15567:
15546:
15447:
15440:
15247:
15202:
15130:
15125:
14976:
14960:
14935:
14878:
14868:
14863:
14703:
14577:
14537:
14507:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14417:
14392:
14340:
14280:
14246:
14196:
14144:
14109:
14064:
14034:
13987:
13947:
13846:
13800:
13755:
13673:
13609:
13564:
13549:
13512:
13492:
13460:
13448:
13396:
13391:
13381:
13371:
13366:
13283:
13268:
13258:
13224:
13214:
13159:
13144:
13109:
12959:
12863:
12811:
12701:
10637:
7580:
7344:
Stoklund, M. (2003). "The first runes – the literary language of the Germani".
5840:
5795:
5782:
may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic".
5696:
5201:
5154:
4880:
4830:
4804:
4774:
4733:
4688:
4658:
4600:
4240:
4231:
4103:
3949:
3833:
3694:
3622:
3553:
3455:
3319:
3255:
3223:
3191:
3162:
3069:
3014:
2647:
2624:
2601:
2193:
2143:
1943:
1876:
1856:
1830:
1516:
1233:('secret, mystery, rune'). The earliest Germanic epigraphic attestation is the
1159:
1074:
1011:
991:
882:
686:
674:
608:
524:
498:
491:
367:
230:
138:
14677:
7187:
Mees, Bernard (2000). "The North Etruscan Thesis of the Origin of the Runes".
6155:
5807:
The division between Northwest Germanic and Proto-Norse is somewhat arbitrary.
5181:). As of Unicode 7.0 (2014), eight characters were added, three attributed to
4380:
3423:
3287:
3113:
3081:
3017:
based on the names given for the runes in the later alphabets attested in the
2939:
had stolen three rune staffs from Odin and learned the runes and their magic.
1355:'belonging to the secret'). However, it is difficult to tell whether they are
19077:
18882:
18759:
18732:
18428:
18337:
18270:
18238:
18193:
18188:
17911:
17894:
17230:
17193:
17153:
17019:
16748:
16707:
16474:
16323:
16256:
16179:
16149:
16007:
15985:
15916:
15812:
15791:
15638:
15496:
15414:
15407:
15378:
15337:
15252:
15242:
15237:
15024:
14718:
14377:
14320:
13972:
13745:
13629:
13584:
13539:
13507:
13356:
13273:
13246:
13219:
13149:
13134:
13119:
13074:
12831:
7634:
7309:
7301:
7219:
7145:
6630:
6232:
5186:
5123:
5119:
5006:
4891:
4887:
4839:
4822:
4814:
4766:
4729:
4725:
4662:
4432:
4206:
4194:
4156:
3513:
3212:
2960:
2934:
2872:
2850:
2519:
2476:
2443:
2398:
2318:
2059:
1890:
1766:
1682:
1383:
1282:
1018:
819:
710:
224:
170:
87:
75:
17332:
13293:
7559:
7518:
Smith, Nicole; Beale, Gareth; Richards, Julian; Scholma-Mason, Nela (2018),
7268:
4753:
1597:
18909:
18550:
18293:
18233:
18173:
17945:
17839:
17814:
17809:
17775:
16924:
16914:
16897:
16714:
15930:
15895:
15836:
15323:
15085:
14981:
14894:
14786:
14687:
14497:
14310:
14275:
14256:
14191:
14079:
13841:
13765:
13574:
13569:
13480:
13475:
13411:
13351:
13331:
13288:
13278:
13229:
13114:
13094:
13084:
12932:
12910:
12868:
12666:
12650:
12222:
12218:
11867:
11853:
11756:
11714:
11707:
11596:
11307:
11088:
11026:
10762:
10688:
10648:
10644:
10476:
10149:
10075:
10035:
10031:
9728:
9654:
9578:
9504:
9462:
9438:
9433:
8906:
8751:
8307:
7800:
7689:
7366:. North-Western European Language Evolution. Vol. 11. John Benjamins.
7020:
5011:
4844:
4592:
4536:
rune somewhat less frequently, whilst in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts the runes
4091:
3035:
2996:
2926:
2912:
2784:. Stanza 138 describes how Odin received the runes through self-sacrifice:
2720:
2410:
2212:
2097:
1848:
1834:
1772:
1678:
1319:
1273:
1254:
1243:
1207:
1145:
940:
924:
920:
889:), runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named (
722:
516:
510:
457:
440:
14139:
7484:
2454:. There, the "chips" fell in a way that said that he would not live long (
2096:, remain unattested altogether prior to the first full futhark row on the
530:
18976:
18961:
18894:
18737:
18722:
18712:
18665:
18623:
18615:
18445:
18218:
18124:
17834:
17799:
17406:
17364:
17287:
17200:
17068:
17058:
16969:
16753:
16513:
16277:
16208:
15489:
15180:
15040:
14801:
14645:
14502:
14407:
14176:
14104:
14089:
13997:
13790:
13700:
13599:
13589:
13443:
13406:
13361:
13346:
13321:
13241:
13169:
13154:
12858:
12640:
9834:
9458:
9012:
8747:
8152:
8148:
7645:
7641:
7008:
6874:
Antonsen, Elmer H. (1965). "On Defining Stages in Prehistoric Germanic".
5644:
4696:
4496:
4477:
4470:
4437:
4210:
3941:
3747:
2992:
2982:
2714:
2639:
2527:
2345:
2170:
2155:
2074:
1919:
1915:
1189:
1140:
958:
504:
7547:
6430:. In Alfred John Church; William Jackson Brodribb; Lisa Cerrato (eds.).
5089:
used rune-based cipher for clues and jokes throughout its publications.
5079:, use a runic font for in-game signs and printed maps and booklets, and
4800:
3172:
2619:
In the mid-1950s, however, approximately 670 inscriptions, known as the
18971:
18822:
18747:
18717:
18697:
18692:
18655:
18645:
18638:
18633:
18619:
18587:
18280:
18203:
17921:
17861:
17856:
17731:
17583:
17371:
17354:
17302:
17292:
17277:
17245:
17235:
17113:
17063:
16939:
16934:
16902:
16621:
15170:
15145:
14713:
14156:
13646:
13641:
13497:
13438:
13079:
12630:
12620:
8998:
8396:
6969:
Düwel, Klaus (2004). "Runic". In Read, Malcolm; Murdoch, Brian (eds.).
4979:
4955:
4872:
4646:
4465:
4218:
4150:
4118:
4109:
3643:
2270:
2269:
signs to be used for charms. Although some say the runes were used for
2040:
1642:
972:
890:
809:
792:
538:
7317:
6895:
5103:
990:
dates from between AD 1 and 250. Runes were generally replaced by the
19022:
18812:
18727:
18707:
18540:
18525:
18376:
17916:
17578:
17573:
17563:
17496:
17401:
17297:
17260:
17250:
17210:
17163:
17158:
17108:
17048:
16974:
16964:
16944:
16907:
16892:
16481:
16460:
16453:
15232:
15069:
14765:
14732:
14567:
14458:
14007:
13735:
13651:
13376:
12635:
11860:
11821:
11790:
11783:
11770:
11569:
11066:
11012:
10739:
10674:
10415:
10126:
10061:
9705:
9640:
9555:
9490:
8984:
8781:
8386:
8182:
7675:
7551:
7532:
5743:
5731:
5049:
4921:
4910:
4788:
4666:
4608:
4360:
4329:
4263:
4138:
3134:
3030:
3018:
2613:
2606:
2108:
1713:
from the 1st or 2nd century AD. This period corresponds to the late
1264:
1225:
1198:
1116:
1109:
912:
477:
190:
18148:
15175:
11846:
11840:
11808:
11802:
11749:
11589:
11583:
11499:
11350:
11079:
10752:
10139:
9718:
9568:
8896:
8297:
7790:
7784:
5015:, where Runes is a subject taught at Hogwarts, also in the 7th book
3955:
The Anglo-Saxon rune poem gives the following characters and names:
3178:
2539:
1979:
1458:
1219:
18956:
18807:
18702:
18650:
18582:
18438:
18386:
18275:
17849:
17780:
17551:
17536:
17516:
17501:
17481:
17456:
17441:
17436:
17416:
17386:
17376:
17327:
17317:
17312:
17143:
17128:
17103:
17083:
17053:
17043:
17038:
17009:
17004:
16994:
16929:
16887:
16596:
16529:
15197:
15160:
15155:
15035:
14996:
14837:
14596:
14481:
14372:
14114:
14002:
13952:
13823:
13336:
13139:
13099:
12880:
12873:
12724:
11763:
11721:
11603:
11576:
11095:
11019:
10769:
10681:
10483:
10422:
10156:
10068:
9735:
9647:
9585:
9497:
9126:
8913:
8788:
8485:
8314:
8189:
7807:
7682:
7614:
7346:
The Spoils of Victory – the North in the Shadow of the Roman Empire
7293:
6887:
5429:
5174:
5166:
4941:
4783:
4762:
4588:
4583:
The modern study of runes was initiated during the Renaissance, by
4578:
3679:
3026:
2888:
2202:
2186:
2063:
1952:
1673:
1360:
964:
916:
866:
825:
798:
333:
250:
18507:
17655:
15217:
8991:
8882:
8866:
8860:
8283:
8267:
8261:
7770:
7754:
7550:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
7329:. Germanistische Lehrbuchsammlung: Literatur. Vol. 82. Lang.
6691:"Isolated people in Sweden only stopped using runes 100 years ago"
5730:
are supposed to represent tribe names, tentatively proposed to be
5403:
5068:
used runes as "magical symbols" associated with unnatural forces.
4501:
4236:
4173:
3908:
3476:
3340:
2197:
Closeup of the runic inscription found on the 6th- or 7th-century
2068:
1752:
1210:
907:; this name is derived from the first six letters of the script, ⟨
18832:
18827:
18802:
18767:
18742:
18687:
18530:
18502:
18490:
18433:
17686:
17568:
17556:
17546:
17521:
17511:
17506:
17486:
17476:
17451:
17391:
17349:
17322:
17240:
17173:
17168:
17148:
17138:
17093:
17088:
17078:
17073:
17014:
16999:
16949:
15304:
14811:
14682:
14572:
14547:
14433:
14270:
14124:
14099:
13868:
13775:
13423:
13037:
12848:
7624:
6548:
6530:
6423:
6382:
5700:
5686:
5112:
4998:
4856:
4796:
4747:
4743:
4704:
4320:
4142:
3929:
3886:
3140:
3000:
2974:
2663:
2634:
2431:
2404:
2380:
2128:
2127:(Sweden). Earlier—but less reliable—artifacts have been found in
2120:
2116:
1907:
1791:
1356:
1291:
1058:
1007:
983:
886:
206:
6807:
6254:
4906:
2515:
2449:
2177:
2084:
runes undergo considerable modifications, while others, such as
1750:
1697:
1624:
1607:, meaning 'scratched letter'. The root may also be found in the
1574:
1452:
1192:
951:
52:
18921:
18837:
18817:
18797:
18495:
18460:
18401:
17829:
17824:
17588:
17541:
17526:
17491:
17466:
17431:
17426:
17359:
17344:
17282:
17220:
17205:
17183:
17133:
17123:
17118:
17031:
17026:
16984:
16954:
16305:
14049:
13861:
13780:
13725:
13433:
13104:
11814:
11797:
11735:
11700:
11693:
11687:
11680:
11659:
11638:
11631:
11624:
11331:
11316:
11050:
11035:
10778:
10723:
10716:
10702:
10448:
10433:
10165:
10110:
10103:
10089:
9744:
9689:
9682:
9668:
9594:
9539:
9532:
9518:
8961:
8927:
8875:
8846:
8839:
8833:
8809:
8362:
8328:
8276:
8247:
8240:
8234:
8210:
7855:
7821:
7763:
7740:
7733:
7727:
7703:
7517:
7490:
7462:
7174:
Markey, TL (2001). "A Tale of the Two Helmets: Negau A and B".
6080:
5695:; a disputed candidate for a 1st-century inscription is on the
5678:
5606:
5432:
5353:
5282:
5158:
4932:
4687:
Runic alphabets have seen numerous uses since the 18th-century
4611:" in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of
4267:
4198:
4090:
stan. Some of these additional letters have only been found in
3925:
3818:
3685:
3611:
3542:
3412:
3377:
3276:
2896:
2780:
explains that the originator of the runes was the major deity,
2523:
2313:
The same curse and use of the word, rune, is also found on the
2124:
1852:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1003:
936:
932:
899:('concept runes'). The Scandinavian variants are also known as
483:
429:
423:
7520:"Maeshowe: The Application of RTI to Norse Runes (Data Paper)"
6266:
5356:
4946:, equivalent to the letters H and B, that are the initials of
4319:
According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "In the isolated province of
4114:
19027:
18997:
18966:
18877:
18859:
18792:
18787:
18672:
18470:
18423:
18381:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
17741:
17461:
17446:
17421:
17411:
17396:
17339:
17307:
17272:
17267:
17225:
17215:
17098:
16959:
16802:
14672:
14667:
14517:
14300:
14201:
13888:
12799:
12071:
11833:
11827:
11742:
11673:
11666:
11448:
11119:
11106:
10798:
10785:
10695:
10494:
10185:
10172:
10082:
9764:
9751:
9661:
9614:
9601:
9511:
9019:
9005:
8954:
8947:
8941:
8934:
8920:
8889:
8802:
8355:
8348:
8342:
8335:
8321:
8290:
8203:
7848:
7841:
7835:
7828:
7814:
7777:
7696:
7603:
6908:
rune: Runic abbreviations in their immediate literary context
6646:
6392:
6039:
6017:
6015:
5739:
5682:
5633:
5553:
5453:
5447:
5115:
Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
4994:
4833:. The fascination with runic symbolism was mostly limited to
4638:
4383:
has proposed two criteria for the identification of runes as
4298:
3872:
3854:
3840:
3824:
3802:
3779:
3765:
3733:
3715:
3701:
3665:
3629:
3597:
3574:
3560:
3528:
3508:
3494:
3462:
3430:
3398:
3363:
3326:
3294:
3262:
3244:
3230:
3198:
3156:
3120:
3088:
2904:
2818:
on that tree of which no man knows from where its roots run.
2713:, meaning "And interpret the runes of divine origin". In the
2628:
2484:
2480:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2080:
1737:
in the Elder Futhark (such signs were introduced in both the
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1374:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1120:
928:
736:
730:
283:
6154:(under preparation). Oxford University Press. Archived from
5450:
5385:
5362:
5359:
5300:
3897:
2947:"Futhark" redirects here. For the programming language, see
1934:
986:'s potential description of rune use from around AD 98. The
975:, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of
19002:
18844:
18677:
18560:
18475:
18418:
17531:
17178:
15150:
15045:
11777:
11652:
11645:
11617:
11610:
11057:
11005:
10730:
10667:
10455:
10408:
10117:
10054:
9696:
9633:
9546:
9483:
9028:
8853:
8823:
8816:
8774:
8254:
8224:
8217:
8175:
7747:
7717:
7710:
7668:
6575:
6573:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5423:
5406:
5320:
5303:
4738:
4379:
has produced much discussion among runologists. Runologist
4309:
4099:
4095:
3444:
3382:
3308:
3182:
3102:
2781:
2218:
908:
12598:
12589:
12580:
12197:
12179:
12116:
12053:
11954:
11918:
11382:
11170:
11165:
11156:
10835:
10549:
10531:
10523:
10226:
9873:
9826:
9821:
9801:
9347:
9324:
9319:
9301:
9213:
9208:
9159:
9147:
9138:
9100:
9096:
9083:
9078:
8706:
8683:
8678:
8660:
8572:
8567:
8518:
8506:
8497:
8459:
8455:
8442:
8437:
8128:
8124:
8111:
8097:
8007:
8002:
7949:
7914:
7901:
7896:
7566:
Scratching runes was not much different from spraying tags
7106:
Runes Around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700
6461:
6012:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5752:
reflect Germanic morphology representing the Latin ending
5747:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5468:
5415:
5394:
5388:
4813:("The Secret of the Runes") a set of eighteen so-called, "
4225:
4162:
3808:
1838:
1522:
It is also often part of personal names, including Gothic
18854:
18849:
18782:
18777:
18413:
6307:
6305:
6290:
5494:
5264:
5153:), and three runic symbols that are used in early modern
4587:(1568–1652). Bureus viewed runes as holy or magical in a
4185:
4074:
Extra runes attested to outside of the rune poem include
3649:
1300:
1294:
961:
of the sounds represented by the fourth letter, ⟨ᚨ⟩/⟨ᚩ⟩.
7572:
6855:"Northgard – Balancing Patch 7 – July 2021 – Steam News"
6732:
6730:
6728:
6585:
6570:
6558:
6362:
6244:
6242:
5579:
5512:
5497:
5373:
4291:
since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-called
3038:. An asterisk before the rune names means that they are
1267:
998:, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in
6473:
6449:
6094:
5500:
5465:
5444:
5344:
3025:. For example, the letter /a/ was named from the runic
2954:
2800:
a þeim meiþi, er mangi veit, hvers hann af rótom renn.
2460:). These "chips", however, are easily explainable as a
1420:
In early Germanic, a rune could also be referred to as
6302:
6278:
5830:, Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.
5509:
5397:
5338:
5030:
4719:
4532:
rune is found regularly in Icelandic manuscripts, the
2646:
In the later Middle Ages, runes also were used in the
2457:
Féll honum þá svo spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa
12571:
12553:
12544:
12535:
12526:
12517:
12508:
12499:
12490:
12481:
12472:
12463:
12454:
12445:
12436:
12427:
12418:
12409:
12400:
12391:
12382:
12373:
12170:
12152:
12143:
12134:
12125:
12107:
12098:
12089:
12080:
12062:
12044:
12026:
12017:
11999:
11990:
11972:
11963:
11945:
11936:
11927:
11909:
11900:
11891:
11548:
11436:
11431:
11284:
11256:
11247:
11237:
11232:
11206:
11197:
11180:
11148:
11134:
10973:
10964:
10953:
10944:
10933:
10903:
10894:
10886:
10881:
10867:
10862:
10853:
10844:
10827:
10822:
10813:
10610:
10601:
10574:
10544:
10509:
10372:
10363:
10352:
10343:
10333:
10328:
10294:
10285:
10276:
10261:
10252:
10218:
10214:
10209:
10200:
9995:
9986:
9976:
9971:
9963:
9958:
9948:
9943:
9914:
9905:
9896:
9887:
9869:
9864:
9855:
9813:
9809:
9805:
9792:
9784:
9779:
9396:
9387:
9338:
9310:
9292:
9283:
9270:
9261:
9252:
9241:
9232:
9223:
9188:
9179:
9170:
9151:
9143:
9122:
9117:
9108:
9091:
9070:
9065:
9057:
9052:
8697:
8669:
8651:
8642:
8629:
8620:
8611:
8600:
8591:
8582:
8547:
8538:
8529:
8510:
8502:
8481:
8476:
8467:
8450:
8429:
8424:
8416:
8411:
8119:
8106:
8088:
8079:
8066:
8057:
8048:
8037:
8024:
8015:
7982:
7973:
7964:
7954:
7940:
7931:
7922:
7883:
7875:
7870:
6747:
6725:
6713:
6239:
6118:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5515:
5441:
4890:
originally was proposed as a scholarly hypothesis by
4645:
The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are
2678:, the runic alphabet is attested to a divine origin (
7427:
Williams, Henrik (1996). "The Origin of the Runes".
6831:
6658:
6130:
5270:
5021:, Dumbledore gave Hermione a children's book called
4350:
4254:, Sweden, including a runic inscription from 1228 AD
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1439:
1432:
1421:
1167:
1123:
hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic
249:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7202:
On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script
7086:
Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
6765:
6670:
6027:
5529:
5521:
5456:
5435:
5400:
5391:
5370:
5347:
4506:This inscription is commonly cited as containing a
4145:). The manuscript text attributes the runes to the
1914:), exhibit word endings that, being interpreted by
1620:means both 'to cut (with a knife)' and 'to speak'.
1313:
1285:
7355:Runes and Roman Letters in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
7223:
6404:
6162:
6057:Häkkinen, Kaisa. Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja
5891:
5482:
5379:
5350:
5288:
4850:
4821:, notably List's "Armanen runes" and the derived "
4266:signs were introduced to denote the corresponding
2609:unique to (or at least prevalent in) Old English.
1701:A Younger Futhark inscription on the 12th-century
1538:
1307:
1276:
1257:
1073:). The Younger Futhark developed further into the
7513:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 852–853.
6819:
6434:(1999 Perseus ed.). New York: Random House.
5877:. Woodbridge: The Boydell press. pp. 42–43.
5641:, various scripts having a "rune-like" appearance
5518:
5459:
5438:
5329:
1641:is a later formation that is partly derived from
19075:
6322:
6320:
6180:
6106:
5488:
5323:
4954:in English), who was a king of Denmark from the
4871:have been published since the 1980s, notably by
4795:in the late 19th and early 20th century was the
4335:
3045:. The 24 Elder Futhark runes are the following:
1615:
893:). Scholars refer to instances of the latter as
263:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7380:
7325:Penzl, Herbert; Hall, Margaret Austin (1994b).
6992:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 401.
6272:
5491:
5485:
5297:
5294:
5291:
4987:. They also were used in the initial drafts of
4703:in the 19th century, and in the context of the
2932:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2775:
2726:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2494:
2488:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2425:
2396:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2293:
2210:
2066:employed is far from standardized. Notably the
1651:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1446:
1445:('staff; letter'). It is attested in Old Norse
1290:('secret wisdom'), and possibly in the ancient
1228:
1201:
881:(with some exceptions) before they adopted the
7504:"Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions"
7006:
6652:
6181:Bonfante, Giuliano; Bonfante, Larissa (2002).
5479:
5476:
5462:
5382:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5285:
4847:, which displays a number of "Wiligut runes".
4387:: A graphic argument and a semantic argument.
1368:
1363:
1350:
1344:
994:as the cultures that had used runes underwent
967:is the academic study of the runic alphabets,
18104:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
17671:
16545:
15289:
12682:
12360:
12355:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12245:
11868:
11861:
11854:
11847:
11841:
11834:
11828:
11822:
11815:
11809:
11803:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11778:
11771:
11764:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11708:
11701:
11694:
11688:
11681:
11674:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11618:
11611:
11604:
11597:
11590:
11584:
11577:
11570:
11500:
11362:
11351:
11332:
11317:
11308:
11120:
11107:
11096:
11089:
11080:
11067:
11058:
11051:
11036:
11027:
11020:
11013:
11006:
10799:
10786:
10779:
10770:
10763:
10753:
10740:
10731:
10724:
10717:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10675:
10668:
10495:
10484:
10477:
10456:
10449:
10434:
10423:
10416:
10409:
10186:
10173:
10166:
10157:
10150:
10140:
10127:
10118:
10111:
10104:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
9765:
9752:
9745:
9736:
9729:
9719:
9706:
9697:
9690:
9683:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9615:
9602:
9595:
9586:
9579:
9569:
9556:
9547:
9540:
9533:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9038:
9029:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8978:
8971:
8962:
8955:
8948:
8942:
8935:
8928:
8921:
8914:
8907:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8867:
8861:
8854:
8847:
8840:
8834:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8789:
8782:
8775:
8397:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8363:
8356:
8349:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8268:
8262:
8255:
8248:
8241:
8235:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
7856:
7849:
7842:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7791:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7728:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7588:
6317:
5649:
5630: – Runic notation for presenting numbers
5538:
5535:
5317:
5309:
5273:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5150:
5146:
5142:
4938:
4929:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3871:
3839:
3801:
3764:
3732:
3700:
3664:
3628:
3596:
3559:
3527:
3493:
3461:
3429:
3397:
3362:
3325:
3293:
3261:
3229:
3197:
3155:
3119:
3087:
2725:, Stanza 80, the runes also are described as
2642:, now in the collection of the British Museum
2435:
1902:hypothesis" speculates on an introduction by
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1602:
1237:
1149:
1063:
1017:The three best-known runic alphabets are the
43:
12696:
7429:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
7204:. Uppsala, Sweden: Gustav Adolfs akademien.
6374:
6329:
6187:. Manchester University Press. p. 119.
5690:
5591:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
5532:
5506:
5503:
5426:
5412:
5409:
5376:
5332:
5306:
5279:
5276:
5267:
4924:logo is the combination of two runes of the
4595:(1630–1702) and presented in his collection
2766:that it is best for him if he stays silent.
2149:
1660:
1637:, which is now obsolete. The modern English
1529:
1523:
1183:
1177:
894:
16576:origin primarily identified as speakers of
7137:
6987:
6540:
6522:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6398:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5759:
5753:
4863:, and to a lesser extent in other forms of
4591:sense. The study of runes was continued by
3784:"water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek")
3021:and the linked names of the letters of the
2638:17th-century clog almanac collected by Sir
2568:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2470:
2419:
2408:
2384:
2008:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1888:
1645:
1377:
17678:
17664:
16552:
16538:
15296:
15282:
12689:
12675:
7595:
7581:
7389:
7324:
7279:
7060:
6973:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 121–147.
6780:
6579:
6564:
6368:
6343:
6341:
6296:
6260:
5791:
4299:Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)
4110:"Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)
1508:('secret of the mind, magical rune'), and
1092:. Early runes may have developed from the
92:
7531:
7408:. The Comprehensive Tex Archive Network.
7199:
7102:
7083:
6741:
6248:
6124:
5990:
5962:
5872:
5770:, the question of the problematic ending
4791:and one of the more important figures in
3916:The Anglo-Saxon runes, also known as the
3898:Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)
2612:Some later runic finds are on monuments (
2588:Learn how and when to remove this message
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
7426:
7343:
7252:. The British Museum Press. p. 31.
6937:
6873:
6311:
6136:
6100:
6021:
5951:
5914:
5866:
5102:
4905:
4752:
4737:
4628:
4308:
4245:
4235:
4226:Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)
4184:
4181:: long-branch runes and short-twig runes
4172:
4113:
3907:
2964:
2814:wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,
2669:
2633:
2514:
2192:
2176:
2159:
2039:
1946:, a possible runic inscription found in
1696:
1672:
1263:('secret, magic'), which is attested in
1139:
17617:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
7124:
6943:Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch
6813:
6756:
6491:
6422:
6338:
6077:"Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language"
5968:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
5587:
4618:
4163:Younger Futhark (9th to 11th centuries)
4147:Marcomanni, quos nos Nordmannos vocamus
3547:meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree".
3059:
2686:). This is attested as early as on the
1206:('secret counsel, confidential talk'),
294:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
19076:
7398:
7361:
7352:
7266:
7173:
7138:MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006).
6837:
6719:
6676:
6664:
6284:
6168:
5875:Norwegian runes and runic inscriptions
5202:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
4894:in 1932. In 2002, Swedish esotericist
4742:Runic script on an 1886 gravestone in
4673:inscriptions number around 100 items.
2931:recorded a tradition that a man named
2893:in the introduction, sired three sons—
410:
18032:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
17659:
16533:
16433:American Printing House for the Blind
16209:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
15861:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
15277:
15067:
15022:
14915:
14594:
14479:
13821:
13035:
12797:
12780:
12670:
7576:
7497:
6971:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
6968:
6853:
6825:
6737:
6629:
5933:
5931:
5157:staves ("Golden number Runes", Runic
4961:
1969:
16559:
14916:
7364:The Unaccented Vowels of Proto-Norse
7244:
7218:
7186:
7019:
6988:Foote, P. G.; Wilson, D. M. (1970).
6688:
6591:
6428:"Germany and its Tribes, chapter 10"
6410:
6112:
6045:
6033:
5922:
5918:
5902:
5145:, Runic Multiple Punctuation U+16EC
5018:Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
4367:, meaning 'concept-runes' (singular
4217:. They are found in Scandinavia and
3143:", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?)
2981:The Elder Futhark, used for writing
2955:Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)
2834:Við hleifi mik seldo ne viþ hornigi,
2828:
2786:
2733:
2566:adding citations to reliable sources
2533:
2252:I can so carve and colour the runes,
2223:
2006:adding citations to reliable sources
1973:
1942:With the potential exception of the
1242:(accusative singular), found on the
1197:('whisper, mystery, secret, rune'),
253:. For the distinction between ,
17685:
15303:
6218:
5149:and Runic Cross Punctuation U+16ED
5031:Video, board and role-playing games
4720:Germanic mysticism and Nazi Germany
2749:þá hefir hann bazt, ef hann þegir.
2062:, but the set of letter shapes and
24:
18993:LGBT themes in speculative fiction
18319:Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
15023:
12621:Runic inscriptions interactive map
6787:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 700.
6701:from the original on July 19, 2019
6641:] (in German), pp. 149–59
6553:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
6535:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
6387:(entry) (2.0 for Windows ed.)
5928:
5111:Runic alphabets were added to the
4968:Cirth § Runes from The Hobbit
4883:(1990), and Nigel Pennick (1995).
4793:esotericism in Germany and Austria
4769:, invented in the 19th century by
2942:
2807:I know that I hung on a windy tree
1887:rather than carved runes, such as
1863:culture diminished in importance,
1668:
1466:Other Germanic terms derived from
1407:'investigate'), although linguist
1057:, although they were also used in
1037:, although they were also used in
25:
19125:
7472:Bibliography of Runic Scholarship
7449:
7390:Weisgerber, Johannes Leo (1968).
7144:. Woodbridge, UK; Rochester, NY:
5107:Runic steel stamps, Elder Futhark
4993:, but later were replaced by the
4572:
4283:often were used interchangeably.
3579:"elk" (or "protection, defence")
2792:Veit ek at ek hekk vindga meiði a
2479:, first brings a Danish fleet to
2367:. Further, an inscription on the
1935:The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's
1515:('witch, sorceress'; literally '
1327:'shared secret, confidence') and
19058:
19057:
19047:
17640:
17639:
12229:
10655:
10042:
9469:
8758:
8159:
7652:
7441:10.1163/18756719-045-01-90000019
7226:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
7176:Journal of Indo-European Studies
7109:(Thesis). Groningen University.
7015:. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaards.
6930:. Last accessed 29 August 2021.
5938:Oxford English Dictionary Online
3864:
3832:
3794:
3789:
3757:
3725:
3693:
3657:
3621:
3589:
3584:
3552:
3520:
3486:
3454:
3422:
3390:
3355:
3350:
3318:
3286:
3254:
3222:
3190:
3148:
3112:
3080:
3029:
2849:No bread did they give me nor a
2538:
1978:
1895:) also show horizontal strokes.
1775:being the first evidence of the
1709:The runes were in use among the
1501:('trial, inquiry, experiment'),
1415:
1340:'sacred secret'), as well as in
274:
51:
19048:
18003:Ballantine Adult Fantasy series
17622:Christianization of Scandinavia
15068:
7415:from the original on 2017-10-20
7162:from the original on 2020-09-19
7141:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
7113:from the original on 2006-07-28
7049:from the original on 2021-11-25
6774:
6682:
6623:
6614:
6597:
6485:
6438:from the original on 2020-08-03
6416:
6212:
6201:from the original on 2015-06-22
6174:
6142:
6069:
6060:
6051:
5855:from the original on 2021-10-07
5828:"First Alphabet Found in Egypt"
5801:
5785:
5706:
5671:
4851:Modern paganism and esotericism
4371:). The criteria for the use of
4159:discussed these runes in 1821.
3891:"heritage, estate, possession"
2826:In stanza 139, Odin continues:
2530:, is written entirely in runes.
2510:
1188:, 'secret, mystery, counsel'),
324:
245:International Phonetic Alphabet
17612:Christianization of the Franks
16685:Continental Germanic mythology
12762:Languages by writing system /
7475:, Galinn grund, archived from
7394:(in German). Cologne: Opladen.
7383:Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter
6784:The Nordic Languages, Volume 1
6736:See discussion in for example
5984:
5908:
5833:
5820:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
4714:
3281:"ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?)
2949:Futhark (programming language)
2469:The third source is Rimbert's
1306:'confident'; cf. Middle Welsh
13:
1:
16201:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
16157:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
14595:
14480:
13822:
7556:University of Texas at Austin
7402:The Allrunes Font and Package
7269:"Modern Trends in God of War"
7061:Larrington, Carolyne (1999).
6753:MacLeod & Mees 2006: 173.
6151:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
6066:Nykysuomen sanakirja: "riimu"
5814:
4676:
4336:Differences from Roman script
2861:then I fell back from there.
2700:Runo fahi raginakundo toja...
2691:
2250:a dangling corpse in a noose,
2101:
2048:
1082:
1022:
801:
784:
771:
639:
432:
391:
16412:National Braille Association
16391:Braille Institute of America
16109:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
13036:
7560:lesson on runic inscriptions
7399:Werner, Carl-Gustav (2004).
7069:. Translated by Larrington.
5664:
5038:Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice
5024:The Tales of Beedle the Bard
4901:
4607:. From the "golden age of
2796:geiri vndaþr ok gefinn Oðni,
2764:and the mighty sage stained,
2758:what you asked of the runes,
2418:The first source, Tacitus's
1524:
1398:
1387:
1178:
1135:
238: This article contains
7:
18021:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
17627:Christianization of Iceland
16292:Refreshable braille display
16271:Optical braille recognition
15868:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
15400:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
14543:New Epoch Notation Painting
7569:, Frisia Coast Trail (2023)
7552:Linguistics Research Center
6781:de Gruyter, Walter (2002).
6689:Brix, Lise (May 21, 2015).
5599:
5027:which is written in runes.
4948:Harald “Bluetooth” Gormsson
4829:, played a certain role in
4807:. In 1908, he published in
4759:Schutzstaffel unit insignia
4250:A church bell from Saleby,
4197:that depicts the legend of
3481:"year, good year, harvest"
2235:svá ek ríst ok í rúnum fák,
1855:after 200 BC, and then the
1779:ordering as well as of the
1364:
1006:for decorative purposes in
877:. Runes were used to write
408:
10:
19130:
16359:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
12798:
7189:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi
7125:Lysiane, Lasausse (2018).
7084:Looijenga, Tineke (2003).
6846:
6653:Jacobsen & Moltke 1942
5764:was reflected by Germanic
5583:As of Unicode version 16.0
5572:
5194:
5096:
5092:
4965:
4913:logo with the initials of
4799:occultist, mysticist, and
4723:
4680:
4661:, more than 650 in total.
4622:
4576:
4302:
4229:
4166:
3901:
2958:
2946:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2762:which the great gods made,
2760:of the potent famous ones,
2710:Ok rað runaʀ þaʀ rægikundu
2448:
2153:
1764:
1760:
1530:
1403:
1392:
1184:
29:
19043:
18949:
18868:
18758:
18596:
18516:
18345:
18336:
18266:
18257:
18166:
18134:
18072:
18059:List of story collections
17988:
17944:
17937:
17900:Occult detective fiction
17721:
17693:
17635:
17597:
16878:
16840:
16630:
16584:
16567:
16491:
16442:
16382:
16315:
16225:
16171:
16134:
16095:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
16074:
16055:
16036:
15941:
15847:
15808:
15735:
15662:
15361:
15354:
15315:
15273:
15076:
15063:
15031:
15018:
14969:
14928:
14924:
14911:
14887:
14851:
14825:
14774:
14731:
14696:
14616:
14609:Chinese family of scripts
14607:
14603:
14590:
14488:
14475:
14426:
13834:
13830:
13817:
13679:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
13666:
13314:
13057:
13048:
13044:
13031:
12806:
12793:
12789:
12781:
12776:
12764:by first written accounts
12733:
12712:
12708:
12611:
12210:
10636:
10023:
9450:
8741:Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
8739:
8140:
7633:
7610:
7602:
7353:Symons, Victoria (2016).
7200:Odenstedt, Bengt (1990).
6816:, pp. 16, 20, 35–36.
6432:Complete Works of Tacitus
6048:, pp. 155, 190, 310.
5873:Spurkland, Terje (2005).
5639:Runiform (disambiguation)
5613:Gothic runic inscriptions
4398:) include the following:
2832:
2790:
2737:
2436:
2227:
2150:Magical or divinatory use
1369:
1224:('secret, mystery'), and
236:
222:
212:
205:
189:
184:
164:
116:
111:
101:
82:
69:
59:
50:
39:
19114:Obsolete writing systems
18324:World Fantasy Convention
16865:North Germanic languages
16850:Germanic parent language
16082:Chinese semi-syllabaries
15345:Unicode braille patterns
15331:International uniformity
13786:Thomas Natural Shorthand
7013:Danmarks Runeindskrifter
6964:(in German). JB Metzler.
6945:(1977 ed.). Brill.
6902:Birkett, Thomas. 2010. "
6609:Proto-Germanic phonology
6492:William, Gareth (2007).
6354:, Norway, archived from
6233:10.2979/textcult.6.1.114
5998:. Errance. p. 122.
5826:Himelfarb, Elizabeth J.
5746:. Since names ending in
5689:. The inscription reads
4861:modern Germanic paganism
4765:, which derive from the
4709:modern Germanic paganism
4442:Several different runes
4127:De Inventione Litterarum
4102:, which became and in
2971:Golden Horns of Gallehus
2869:In the Poetic Edda poem
2350:, appear on a number of
2168:bearing the inscription
18392:Fire-breathing monsters
16870:West Germanic languages
16860:East Germanic languages
16855:Proto-Germanic language
16675:Proto-Germanic folklore
16612:Romano-Germanic culture
16419:Blindness organizations
16398:Braille Without Borders
16187:Canadian currency marks
15809:Egyptian lineage family
14992:Southwest Paleohispanic
7510:Encyclopædia Britannica
7362:Syrett, Martin (1994).
7067:Oxford World's Classics
6639:Concerning German runes
6480:MacLeod & Mees 2006
6468:Foote & Wilson 1970
6456:Foote & Wilson 1970
6399:MacLeod & Mees 2006
6351:Norrøne Tekster og Kvad
5778:
5772:
5766:
5748:
5726:
5720:
5714:
4810:Das Geheimnis der Runen
3912:The Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
3181:) or *þunraz ("the god
2871:
2776:
2745:þeim er gerðu ginnregin
2727:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2683:
2495:
2489:
2462:
2456:
2426:
2397:
2363:
2357:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2294:
2211:
2181:An illustration of the
1839:
1751:
1652:
1625:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1423:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1253:The term is related to
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1169:
1150:
1144:The inscription on the
1130:
952:
307:History of the alphabet
241:phonetic transcriptions
78:from the 2nd century AD
27:Ancient Germanic letter
19104:Language and mysticism
18143:Dungeons & Dragons
15736:Russian lineage family
15136:Great Lakes Algonquian
14045:Greco-Iberian alphabet
13978:Gabelsberger shorthand
12921:Inscriptional Parthian
7635:Germanic Elder Futhark
7131:University of Helsinki
7103:Looijenga, JH (1997).
6990:The Viking Achievement
6859:store.steampowered.com
6297:Penzl & Hall 1994b
6263:, pp. 135, 392ff.
5970:. Brill. p. 316.
5792:Penzl & Hall 1994a
5760:
5754:
5742:tribes located in the
5691:
5652:Sveriges runinskrifter
5650:
5108:
4917:
4778:
4750:
4642:
4570:
4348:
4316:
4255:
4243:
4202:
4182:
4122:
3913:
2978:
2859:screaming I took them,
2847:
2805:
2754:
2643:
2531:
2471:
2420:
2409:
2385:
2311:
2248:if I see up in a tree,
2244:
2229:Þat kann ek it tolfta,
2206:
2190:
2174:
2055:
2054:) by Henri Trenk, 1875
1963:
1889:
1706:
1694:
1661:
1646:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1457:, and Old High German
1378:
1158:The name stems from a
1155:
1148:(AD 350–400), reading
1069:, or Hälsinge, runes (
1064:
895:
699:Great Lakes Algonquian
296: instead of runes.
282:This article contains
18209:International Fantasy
16680:Anglo-Saxon mythology
16570:Ethnolinguistic group
16500:Accessible publishing
16426:Schools for the blind
16405:Japan Braille Library
16194:Computer Braille Code
15848:Indian lineage family
15228:Old Persian cuneiform
14095:Carolingian minuscule
12901:Ancient North Arabian
10025:Later Younger Futhark
9452:Norse Younger Futhark
8142:Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
7499:Gosse, Edmund William
7267:Hakala, Pyry (2020).
6960:Düwel, Klaus (2001).
6184:The Etruscan Language
6079:. LKZ. Archived from
5712:Inscriptions such as
5106:
5099:Runic (Unicode block)
4990:The Lord of the Rings
4909:
4867:. Various systems of
4855:Runes are popular in
4756:
4741:
4724:Further information:
4711:in the 20th century.
4632:
4526:
4429:2nd to 4th centuries
4343:
4312:
4262:. Dotted variants of
4249:
4239:
4188:
4176:
4117:
3946:Anglo-Saxon rune poem
3911:
3008:Germanic philologists
2991:(Old Norse, meaning '
2968:
2670:Runes in Eddic poetry
2660:Scandinavian calendar
2637:
2518:
2342:, and most commonly,
2324:Charm words, such as
2291:
2196:
2180:
2163:
2043:
1958:
1859:became prominent and
1700:
1689:, on the 9th-century
1677:An inscription using
1676:
1623:The Old English form
1494:('secret, mystery'),
1272:('mystery, secret'),
1246:(AD 350–400) and the
1151:ðagastiz runo faihido
1143:
1077:(1100–1500), and the
1053:, runes (also called
383:Ancient South Arabian
32:Rune (disambiguation)
19013:Supernatural fiction
18090:Fantastic Adventures
16264:Mountbatten Brailler
15619:(largely reassigned)
15402:(largely reassigned)
14951:Southeastern Iberian
14946:Northeastern Iberian
12844:Egyptian hieroglyphs
12646:Modern runic writing
12215:Dalecarlian alphabet
7524:Internet Archaeology
7461:(runology journal),
6771:Looijenga 2003: 160.
6635:Ueber deutsche Runen
6594:, pp. 8, 15–16.
6273:Weisgerber 1966–1967
5917:, pp. 453–454;
5062:The 1992 video game
4693:Romantic nationalism
4683:Modern runic writing
4655:Bryggen inscriptions
4619:Body of inscriptions
4613:Germanic linguistics
4486:Stentoften Runestone
4293:Bryggen inscriptions
3928:and later spread to
3385:(the precipitation)
2857:I took up the runes,
2842:fell ek aptr þaðan.
2741:er þú at rúnum spyrr
2621:Bryggen inscriptions
2562:improve this section
2315:Stentoften Runestone
2307:Björketorp Runestone
2279:Björketorp Runestone
2246:I know a twelfth one
2199:Björketorp Runestone
2002:improve this section
1904:West Germanic tribes
1281:('mystery, charm'),
1049:); short-branch, or
1029:(400–1100), and the
957:, due to changes in
943:variant is known as
865:in a set of related
318:Egyptian hieroglyphs
201:, Runic
124:Egyptian hieroglyphs
30:For other uses, see
18314:Tolkien's influence
18027:Fantasy Masterworks
17980:Television programs
17788:Fairy tale parodies
17607:Gothic Christianity
16216:Nemeth braille code
16002:(reassigned vowels)
15527:(extended to 8-dot)
15101:Canadian Aboriginal
14987:Khitan small script
14709:Khitan large script
13899:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
7620:List of runologists
7486:Gamla Runinskrifter
7392:Die Namen der Ubier
6335:Mattingly 2009: 39.
6024:, pp. 453–454.
5128:Anglo-Frisian runes
4781:The pioneer of the
4671:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
4637:from the island of
4351:Use as ideographs (
3920:(sometimes written
2855:downwards I peered;
2798:sialfr sialfom mer,
2756:That is now proved,
2747:ok fáði fimbulþulr,
2256:and talks with me.
2231:ef ek sé á tré uppi
1912:Vimose inscriptions
1739:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
1631:early modern period
1090:Phoenician alphabet
1027:Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
988:Svingerud Runestone
545:Canadian Aboriginal
179:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
64:Alphabet
18536:Damsel in distress
18304:Mythopoeic Society
17905:Paranormal romance
17820:Historical fantasy
17805:Fantasy of manners
17759:Children's fantasy
16990:Germani cisrhenani
16698:Funerary practices
16602:Pre-Roman Iron Age
16578:Germanic languages
16250:Braille translator
16227:Braille technology
16203:(science; GS8/GS6)
16172:Symbols in braille
16102:Taiwanese Mandarin
15617:Taiwanese Mandarin
15223:Nwagu Aneke script
14775:Other logosyllabic
14697:Chinese-influenced
14636:Oracle bone script
14618:Chinese characters
14553:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
13943:Eclectic shorthand
13931:Duployan shorthand
13884:Caucasian Albanian
13684:Canadian syllabics
12720:History of writing
12626:Runic inscriptions
7273:Tampere University
6932:University of Oslo
6925:2021-08-29 at the
6913:2021-08-29 at the
6424:Tacitus, Cornelius
6401:, pp. 100–01.
5848:(chart), Unicode,
5623:List of runestones
5109:
5070:Role-playing games
5003:fantasy literature
4962:Fantasy Literature
4918:
4827:Karl Maria Wiligut
4819:Germanic mysticism
4779:
4751:
4701:Germanic occultism
4691:, in Scandinavian
4643:
4625:Runic inscriptions
4455:Ring of Pietroassa
4317:
4260:Old Norse language
4256:
4244:
4203:
4183:
4135:Carolingian Empire
4123:
3914:
3107:"chattel, wealth"
2979:
2705:Sparlösa Runestone
2650:(sometimes called
2644:
2532:
2254:that the man walks
2239:ok mælir við mik.
2221:recounts a spell:
2209:The stanza 157 of
2207:
2191:
2185:(500–700 AD) from
2175:
2056:
2045:Ring of Pietroassa
1970:Early inscriptions
1948:Schleswig-Holstein
1924:Northwest Germanic
1881:Duenos inscription
1786:Specifically, the
1707:
1695:
1629:survived into the
1156:
977:Germanic philology
969:runic inscriptions
879:Germanic languages
769:Caucasian Albanian
106:Germanic languages
19071:
19070:
18945:
18944:
18870:Places and events
18332:
18331:
18162:
18161:
17883:Planetary romance
17794:Fairytale fantasy
17749:Alternate history
17737:Sword and sorcery
17728:Action-adventure
17653:
17652:
16825:Gothic and Vandal
16617:Germanic Iron Age
16592:Nordic Bronze Age
16574:Northern European
16527:
16526:
16523:
16522:
16445:tactile alphabets
16373:William Bell Wait
16366:Sabriye Tenberken
16167:
16166:
16032:
16031:
16017:(Japanese vowels)
15815:-mediated scripts
15742:-mediated scripts
15269:
15268:
15265:
15264:
15261:
15260:
15121:Ditema tsa Dinoko
15059:
15058:
15014:
15013:
15010:
15009:
14907:
14906:
14903:
14902:
14727:
14726:
14586:
14585:
14471:
14470:
14467:
14466:
13813:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13662:
13661:
13027:
13026:
13014:Teeline Shorthand
12772:
12771:
12664:
12663:
12606:
12605:
12602:
12593:
12584:
12575:
12566:
12557:
12548:
12539:
12530:
12521:
12512:
12503:
12494:
12485:
12476:
12467:
12458:
12449:
12440:
12431:
12422:
12413:
12404:
12395:
12386:
12377:
12239:
12212:Dalecarlian runes
12205:
12204:
12201:
12192:
12183:
12174:
12165:
12156:
12147:
12138:
12129:
12120:
12111:
12102:
12093:
12084:
12075:
12066:
12057:
12048:
12039:
12030:
12021:
12012:
12003:
11994:
11985:
11976:
11967:
11958:
11949:
11940:
11931:
11922:
11913:
11904:
11895:
11886:
11563:
11552:
11452:
11439:
11414:
11397:
11386:
11288:
11273:
11260:
11251:
11240:
11221:
11210:
11201:
11184:
11173:
11160:
11151:
11138:
10992:
10977:
10968:
10957:
10948:
10937:
10922:
10911:
10898:
10889:
10870:
10857:
10848:
10839:
10830:
10817:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10614:
10605:
10582:
10569:
10552:
10535:
10526:
10513:
10395:
10376:
10367:
10356:
10347:
10336:
10317:
10302:
10289:
10280:
10265:
10256:
10247:
10230:
10221:
10204:
10018:
10017:
10014:
9999:
9990:
9979:
9966:
9951:
9932:
9917:
9900:
9891:
9876:
9859:
9850:
9829:
9816:
9787:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9418:
9407:
9400:
9391:
9382:
9373:
9364:
9355:
9342:
9331:
9314:
9305:
9296:
9287:
9278:
9265:
9256:
9245:
9236:
9227:
9218:
9201:
9192:
9183:
9174:
9163:
9154:
9133:
9112:
9103:
9086:
9073:
9060:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8719:
8710:
8701:
8690:
8673:
8664:
8655:
8646:
8637:
8624:
8615:
8604:
8595:
8586:
8577:
8560:
8551:
8542:
8533:
8522:
8513:
8492:
8471:
8462:
8445:
8432:
8419:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8114:
8101:
8092:
8083:
8074:
8061:
8052:
8041:
8032:
8019:
8010:
7995:
7986:
7977:
7968:
7957:
7944:
7935:
7926:
7917:
7904:
7891:
7878:
7373:978-87-7838-049-4
7348:. Nationalmuseet.
7336:978-3-906751-79-5
7259:978-0-7141-8065-6
7246:Page, Raymond Ian
7237:978-90-04-12875-0
7220:Orel, Vladimir E.
7211:978-91-85352-20-3
7155:978-1-84383-205-8
7095:978-90-04-12396-0
7088:. Leiden: Brill.
7076:978-0-19-283946-6
6999:978-0-283-97926-2
6952:978-90-04-05436-3
5992:Delamarre, Xavier
5758:, and the suffix
5628:Pentadic numerals
5618:Etruscan alphabet
5597:
5596:
4518:Anglo-Saxon runes
4514:
4513:
4332:was predominant.
4314:Dalecarlian runes
4305:Dalecarlian runes
3904:Anglo-Saxon runes
3895:
3894:
2867:
2866:
2851:drink from a horn
2824:
2823:
2816:myself to myself,
2772:
2771:
2743:inum reginkunnum,
2598:
2597:
2590:
2369:Gummarp Runestone
2262:
2261:
2183:Gummarp Runestone
2133:Süderdithmarschen
2111:(North Germany),
2052: 250–400 AD
2038:
2037:
2030:
1703:Vaksala Runestone
1119:groups, while a "
1079:Dalecarlian runes
1055:Swedish–Norwegian
1025:AD 150–800), the
855:
854:
395: 5th c. BCE
290:rendering support
270:
269:
16:(Redirected from
19121:
19099:Germanic culture
19061:
19060:
19051:
19050:
18927:Enchanted forest
18571:Occult detective
18343:
18342:
18299:Lovecraft fandom
18264:
18263:
17968:highest-grossing
17942:
17941:
17929:Western fantasy
17680:
17673:
17666:
17657:
17656:
17643:
17642:
17599:Christianization
17189:Ripuarian Franks
16561:Germanic peoples
16554:
16547:
16540:
16531:
16530:
16516:
16509:
16507:Braille literacy
16502:
16484:
16477:
16470:
16463:
16456:
16435:
16428:
16421:
16414:
16407:
16400:
16393:
16375:
16368:
16361:
16354:
16347:
16340:
16333:
16326:
16308:
16301:
16299:Slate and stylus
16294:
16287:
16285:Perkins Brailler
16280:
16273:
16266:
16259:
16252:
16245:
16243:Braille embosser
16238:
16218:
16211:
16204:
16196:
16189:
16182:
16160:
16152:
16145:
16127:
16120:
16111:
16104:
16097:
16090:
16083:
16067:
16064:American Braille
16048:
16045:Algerian Braille
16025:
16018:
16010:
16003:
15995:
15988:
15981:
15974:
15966:
15959:
15952:
15934:
15926:
15919:
15912:
15905:
15898:
15891:
15884:
15877:
15870:
15863:
15840:
15832:
15825:
15801:
15794:
15787:
15780:
15773:
15766:
15759:
15752:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15687:
15680:
15673:
15660:
15659:
15655:
15648:
15641:
15634:
15627:
15620:
15612:
15605:
15598:
15591:
15584:
15577:
15570:
15563:
15556:
15549:
15542:
15535:
15528:
15520:
15513:
15506:
15499:
15492:
15485:
15478:
15471:
15464:
15457:
15450:
15443:
15436:
15429:
15417:
15410:
15403:
15395:
15388:
15381:
15374:
15359:
15358:
15347:
15340:
15333:
15326:
15309:
15298:
15291:
15284:
15275:
15274:
15065:
15064:
15020:
15019:
14926:
14925:
14918:Semi-syllabaries
14913:
14912:
14614:
14613:
14605:
14604:
14592:
14591:
14477:
14476:
13832:
13831:
13819:
13818:
13721:Japanese Braille
13306:Zanabazar square
13175:Nepalese scripts
13065:Bengali–Assamese
13055:
13054:
13046:
13045:
13033:
13032:
12950:Pitman shorthand
12795:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12778:
12777:
12710:
12709:
12691:
12684:
12677:
12668:
12667:
12617:
12596:
12587:
12578:
12569:
12560:
12551:
12542:
12533:
12524:
12515:
12506:
12497:
12488:
12479:
12470:
12461:
12452:
12443:
12434:
12425:
12416:
12407:
12398:
12389:
12380:
12371:
12362:
12357:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12233:
12230:
12195:
12186:
12177:
12168:
12159:
12150:
12141:
12132:
12123:
12114:
12105:
12096:
12087:
12078:
12069:
12060:
12051:
12042:
12033:
12024:
12015:
12006:
11997:
11988:
11979:
11970:
11961:
11952:
11943:
11934:
11925:
11916:
11907:
11898:
11889:
11880:
11870:
11863:
11856:
11849:
11843:
11836:
11830:
11824:
11817:
11811:
11805:
11800:
11793:
11786:
11780:
11773:
11766:
11759:
11752:
11745:
11738:
11731:
11724:
11717:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11690:
11683:
11676:
11669:
11662:
11655:
11648:
11641:
11634:
11627:
11620:
11613:
11606:
11599:
11592:
11586:
11579:
11572:
11557:
11546:
11502:
11446:
11429:
11408:
11391:
11380:
11364:
11353:
11334:
11319:
11310:
11282:
11267:
11254:
11245:
11230:
11215:
11204:
11195:
11178:
11163:
11154:
11141:
11132:
11122:
11109:
11098:
11091:
11082:
11069:
11060:
11053:
11038:
11029:
11022:
11015:
11008:
10986:
10971:
10962:
10951:
10942:
10931:
10916:
10901:
10892:
10879:
10860:
10851:
10842:
10833:
10820:
10811:
10801:
10788:
10781:
10772:
10765:
10755:
10742:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10705:
10698:
10691:
10684:
10677:
10670:
10656:
10621:
10608:
10599:
10572:
10563:
10542:
10529:
10516:
10507:
10497:
10486:
10479:
10458:
10451:
10436:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10385:
10370:
10361:
10350:
10341:
10326:
10307:
10292:
10283:
10274:
10259:
10250:
10233:
10224:
10207:
10198:
10188:
10175:
10168:
10159:
10152:
10142:
10129:
10120:
10113:
10106:
10092:
10085:
10078:
10071:
10064:
10057:
10043:
10008:
9993:
9984:
9969:
9956:
9941:
9922:
9903:
9894:
9885:
9862:
9853:
9832:
9819:
9790:
9777:
9767:
9754:
9747:
9738:
9731:
9721:
9708:
9699:
9692:
9685:
9671:
9664:
9657:
9650:
9643:
9636:
9617:
9604:
9597:
9588:
9581:
9571:
9558:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9470:
9423:
9412:
9403:
9394:
9385:
9376:
9367:
9358:
9345:
9336:
9317:
9308:
9299:
9290:
9281:
9268:
9259:
9250:
9239:
9230:
9221:
9206:
9195:
9186:
9177:
9168:
9157:
9136:
9115:
9106:
9089:
9076:
9063:
9050:
9040:
9031:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8899:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8869:
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8836:
8826:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8777:
8759:
8724:
8713:
8704:
8695:
8676:
8667:
8658:
8649:
8640:
8627:
8618:
8609:
8598:
8589:
8580:
8565:
8554:
8545:
8536:
8527:
8516:
8495:
8474:
8465:
8448:
8435:
8422:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8365:
8358:
8351:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8270:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8237:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8160:
8117:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8064:
8055:
8046:
8035:
8022:
8013:
8000:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7947:
7938:
7929:
7920:
7907:
7894:
7881:
7868:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7824:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7793:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7730:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7653:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7574:
7573:
7548:Old Norse Online
7544:
7535:
7533:10.11141/ia.47.8
7514:
7506:
7494:
7480:
7466:
7444:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7414:
7407:
7395:
7386:
7377:
7358:
7349:
7340:
7321:
7276:
7263:
7241:
7229:
7215:
7196:
7183:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7134:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7099:
7080:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7031:
7016:
7003:
6984:
6965:
6956:
6899:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6778:
6772:
6769:
6763:
6762:Birkett 2010: 1.
6760:
6754:
6751:
6745:
6734:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6500:Brill Publishers
6489:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6345:
6336:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6287:, pp. 44ff.
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6221:Textual Cultures
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6010:
6009:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5964:Matasović, Ranko
5960:
5949:
5935:
5926:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5805:
5799:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5704:
5694:
5675:
5659:Letter symbolism
5655:
5590:
5582:
5192:
5191:
5183:J. R. R. Tolkien
5180:
5172:
5164:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5086:The Fantasy Trip
4975:J. R. R. Tolkien
4940:
4931:
4879:(1984, onward),
4869:Runic divination
4835:Heinrich Himmler
4401:
4400:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3934:Thames scramasax
3883:
3875:
3868:
3851:
3843:
3836:
3815:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3640:
3632:
3625:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3539:
3531:
3524:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3473:
3465:
3458:
3441:
3433:
3426:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3249:"ride, journey"
3241:
3233:
3226:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3099:
3091:
3084:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3033:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2885:, identified as
2884:
2883:
2876:
2838:nam ek vp rvnar,
2829:
2787:
2779:
2739:Þat er þá reynt,
2734:
2730:
2724:
2712:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2688:Noleby Runestone
2662:) of Sweden and
2623:, were found in
2593:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2542:
2534:
2498:
2492:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2414:
2402:
2395:'s 13th-century
2393:Snorri Sturluson
2390:
2366:
2360:
2352:Migration period
2349:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2321:(AD 700) panel.
2309:
2297:
2289:in both senses:
2237:at sá gengr gumi
2224:
2216:
2141:
2103:
2053:
2050:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
1982:
1974:
1894:
1842:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:Rhaetic alphabet
1756:
1711:Germanic peoples
1664:
1655:
1649:
1628:
1619:
1609:Baltic languages
1606:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1480:('counsellor'),
1479:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1382:'noise, rumor';
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1312:, Middle Breton
1311:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1153:
1084:
1067:
1024:
996:Christianisation
955:
898:
875:Germanic peoples
806:
803:
789:
786:
776:
773:
644:
641:
578:
577:
437:
434:
413:
396:
393:
372:
371:
350:
349:
338:
337:
326:
322:
321:
301:
300:
278:
277:
266:
260:
256:
200:
197:
97:
96:
55:
45:
37:
36:
21:
19129:
19128:
19124:
19123:
19122:
19120:
19119:
19118:
19074:
19073:
19072:
19067:
19039:
19008:Science fiction
18941:
18864:
18754:
18661:Magical weapons
18592:
18556:Fairy godmother
18512:
18456:Talking animals
18328:
18253:
18179:British Fantasy
18158:
18130:
18111:Science Fantasy
18068:
17984:
17933:
17872:Science fantasy
17717:
17689:
17687:Fantasy fiction
17684:
17654:
17649:
17631:
17593:
16874:
16836:
16798:Gothic alphabet
16690:Norse mythology
16626:
16580:
16563:
16558:
16528:
16519:
16512:
16505:
16498:
16487:
16480:
16473:
16466:
16459:
16452:
16438:
16431:
16424:
16417:
16410:
16403:
16396:
16389:
16378:
16371:
16364:
16357:
16350:
16343:
16336:
16331:Charles Barbier
16329:
16322:
16311:
16304:
16297:
16290:
16283:
16276:
16269:
16262:
16255:
16248:
16241:
16234:
16221:
16214:
16207:
16199:
16192:
16185:
16178:
16163:
16155:
16148:
16141:
16130:
16123:
16116:
16107:
16100:
16093:
16086:
16081:
16070:
16062:
16056:Frequency-based
16051:
16043:
16028:
16021:
16013:
16006:
15998:
15991:
15984:
15977:
15969:
15962:
15955:
15948:
15937:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15908:
15901:
15894:
15887:
15880:
15873:
15866:
15859:
15852:Bharati Braille
15849:
15843:
15835:
15828:
15821:
15810:
15804:
15797:
15790:
15783:
15776:
15769:
15762:
15755:
15748:
15737:
15731:
15724:
15719:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15676:
15669:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15623:
15615:
15608:
15601:
15594:
15587:
15580:
15573:
15566:
15559:
15552:
15545:
15538:
15531:
15523:
15516:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15474:
15467:
15460:
15453:
15446:
15439:
15432:
15426:Unified English
15420:
15413:
15406:
15398:
15391:
15384:
15377:
15370:
15355:Braille scripts
15350:
15343:
15336:
15329:
15322:
15311:
15307:
15302:
15257:
15072:
15055:
15051:Stokoe notation
15027:
15006:
14965:
14920:
14899:
14883:
14847:
14826:Logoconsonantal
14821:
14770:
14723:
14692:
14599:
14582:
14563:Siglas poveiras
14484:
14463:
14422:
14326:Younger Futhark
14030:Gregg shorthand
13826:
13805:
13658:
13310:
13040:
13023:
12802:
12785:
12768:
12741:Writing systems
12729:
12704:
12702:writing systems
12695:
12665:
12660:
12656:Staveless runes
12615:
12607:
12236:
12216:
12214:
12206:
11845:
11832:
11826:
11813:
11807:
11782:
11692:
11588:
11560:
11435:
11236:
11169:
11147:
10907:
10885:
10866:
10826:
10642:
10641:Medieval Fuþark
10640:
10632:
10578:
10548:
10522:
10391:
10332:
10313:
10298:
10239:
10217:
10213:
10029:
10027:
10019:
9975:
9962:
9947:
9928:
9913:
9909:
9872:
9868:
9842:
9838:
9825:
9808:
9804:
9796:
9783:
9456:
9454:
9446:
9437:
9432:
9428:
9380:
9371:
9351:
9327:
9323:
9274:
9216:
9212:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9099:
9095:
9082:
9069:
9056:
8946:
8865:
8838:
8770:
8764:
8745:
8743:
8735:
8728:
8686:
8682:
8633:
8575:
8571:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8458:
8454:
8441:
8428:
8415:
8347:
8266:
8239:
8171:
8165:
8146:
8144:
8136:
8127:
8123:
8110:
8070:
8028:
8006:
7953:
7913:
7900:
7887:
7874:
7840:
7789:
7732:
7664:
7658:
7639:
7637:
7629:
7606:
7601:
7493:: Christer hamp
7483:
7469:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7374:
7337:
7260:
7238:
7212:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7116:
7114:
7096:
7077:
7063:The Poetic Edda
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7029:
7007:Jacobsen, Lis;
7000:
6981:
6959:
6953:
6927:Wayback Machine
6915:Wayback Machine
6864:
6862:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6735:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6580:Larrington 1999
6578:
6571:
6565:Larrington 1999
6563:
6559:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6502:. p. 473.
6490:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6441:
6439:
6421:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6369:Larrington 1999
6367:
6363:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:Symons 2020: 5.
6325:
6318:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6261:Weisgerber 1968
6259:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6217:
6213:
6204:
6202:
6195:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5961:
5952:
5936:
5929:
5921:, p. 310;
5913:
5909:
5901:
5892:
5885:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5790:
5786:
5711:
5707:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5602:
5200:
5132:Younger Futhark
5101:
5095:
5033:
4970:
4964:
4926:Younger Futhark
4904:
4896:Thomas Karlsson
4877:Stephen Flowers
4865:modern paganism
4853:
4767:Armanen Futhark
4757:From 1933, the
4736:
4722:
4717:
4685:
4679:
4650:Younger Futhark
4627:
4621:
4593:Olof Rudbeck Sr
4585:Johannes Bureus
4581:
4575:
4522:Younger Futhark
4425:Lindholm amulet
4357:
4338:
4328:in areas where
4307:
4301:
4234:
4228:
4191:Ramsung carving
4179:Younger Futhark
4171:
4169:Younger Futhark
4165:
4131:Hrabanus Maurus
4112:
3906:
3900:
3887:*ōþila-/*ōþala-
3043:reconstructions
3023:Gothic alphabet
2963:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2943:Runic alphabets
2909:(freeman), and
2863:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:netr allar nío,
2793:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2694:
2676:Norse mythology
2672:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2559:
2543:
2513:
2407:'s 9th-century
2383:'s 1st-century
2310:
2305:
2285:using the word
2258:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:váfa virgilná,:
2232:
2230:
2158:
2152:
2135:
2123:(Denmark), and
2051:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1999:
1983:
1972:
1940:
1918:scholars to be
1769:
1763:
1745:as variants of
1743:Gothic alphabet
1715:Common Germanic
1687:Younger Futhark
1671:
1669:History and use
1418:
1409:Ranko Matasović
1235:Primitive Norse
1217:Old High German
1138:
1133:
1071:staveless runes
1031:Younger Futhark
1012:runic calendars
1000:northern Europe
871:runic alphabets
851:
850:
849:
804:
787:
774:
642:
571:
570:
447:
446:
435:
394:
365:
364:
343:
342:
331:
330:
315:
314:
309:
299:
298:
297:
288:Without proper
279:
275:
237:
227:
215:
198:
195:
175:Younger Futhark
167:
160:
119:
112:Related scripts
91:
86:Left-to-right,
72:
65:
46:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19127:
19117:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19091:
19086:
19069:
19068:
19066:
19065:
19055:
19044:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19037:
19032:
19031:
19030:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18995:
18990:
18988:Horror fiction
18985:
18983:Gothic fiction
18980:
18974:
18969:
18964:
18959:
18953:
18951:
18947:
18946:
18943:
18942:
18940:
18939:
18934:
18932:Thieves' guild
18929:
18924:
18919:
18918:
18917:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18880:
18874:
18872:
18866:
18865:
18863:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18841:
18840:
18835:
18825:
18820:
18815:
18810:
18805:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18775:
18770:
18764:
18762:
18756:
18755:
18753:
18752:
18751:
18750:
18745:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18682:
18681:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18669:
18668:
18658:
18653:
18643:
18642:
18641:
18636:
18631:
18626:
18613:
18602:
18600:
18594:
18593:
18591:
18590:
18585:
18580:
18579:
18578:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18543:
18538:
18533:
18528:
18522:
18520:
18514:
18513:
18511:
18510:
18505:
18500:
18499:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18458:
18453:
18448:
18443:
18442:
18441:
18436:
18426:
18421:
18416:
18411:
18406:
18405:
18404:
18399:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18373:
18372:
18367:
18357:
18351:
18349:
18340:
18334:
18333:
18330:
18329:
18327:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18311:
18309:Tolkien fandom
18306:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18267:
18261:
18255:
18254:
18252:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18236:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18216:
18211:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18181:
18176:
18170:
18168:
18164:
18163:
18160:
18159:
18157:
18156:
18151:
18146:
18138:
18136:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18128:
18121:
18114:
18107:
18100:
18093:
18086:
18078:
18076:
18070:
18069:
18067:
18066:
18061:
18056:
18055:
18054:
18049:
18044:
18037:List of novels
18034:
18029:
18024:
18017:
18016:
18015:
18005:
18000:
17994:
17992:
17986:
17985:
17983:
17982:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17970:
17960:
17954:
17952:
17939:
17935:
17934:
17932:
17931:
17926:
17925:
17924:
17919:
17909:
17908:
17907:
17902:
17892:
17887:
17886:
17885:
17880:
17869:
17864:
17859:
17854:
17853:
17852:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17791:
17785:
17784:
17783:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17745:
17744:
17739:
17734:
17725:
17723:
17719:
17718:
17716:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17700:
17694:
17691:
17690:
17683:
17682:
17675:
17668:
17660:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17647:
17636:
17633:
17632:
17630:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17603:
17601:
17595:
17594:
17592:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17560:
17559:
17554:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17459:
17454:
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17429:
17424:
17419:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17394:
17389:
17384:
17379:
17374:
17369:
17368:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17337:
17336:
17335:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17264:
17263:
17258:
17256:Thracian Goths
17253:
17248:
17243:
17238:
17233:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17197:
17196:
17191:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17136:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17035:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17023:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16922:
16917:
16912:
16911:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16884:
16882:
16876:
16875:
16873:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16846:
16844:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16812:
16807:
16806:
16805:
16800:
16790:
16785:
16784:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16763:
16758:
16757:
16756:
16746:
16745:
16744:
16739:
16729:
16728:
16727:
16722:
16712:
16711:
16710:
16705:
16695:
16694:
16693:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16636:
16634:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16607:Roman Iron Age
16604:
16599:
16594:
16588:
16586:
16582:
16581:
16568:
16565:
16564:
16557:
16556:
16549:
16542:
16534:
16525:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16517:
16510:
16503:
16495:
16493:
16492:Related topics
16489:
16488:
16486:
16485:
16478:
16471:
16468:New York Point
16464:
16457:
16449:
16447:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16436:
16429:
16422:
16415:
16408:
16401:
16394:
16386:
16384:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16376:
16369:
16362:
16355:
16352:Harris Mowbray
16348:
16341:
16334:
16327:
16319:
16317:
16313:
16312:
16310:
16309:
16302:
16295:
16288:
16281:
16274:
16267:
16260:
16253:
16246:
16239:
16236:Braille e-book
16231:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16212:
16205:
16197:
16190:
16183:
16175:
16173:
16169:
16168:
16165:
16164:
16162:
16161:
16153:
16146:
16138:
16136:
16132:
16131:
16129:
16128:
16121:
16114:
16113:
16112:
16105:
16098:
16091:
16078:
16076:
16072:
16071:
16069:
16068:
16059:
16057:
16053:
16052:
16050:
16049:
16040:
16038:
16034:
16033:
16030:
16029:
16027:
16026:
16019:
16011:
16004:
15996:
15989:
15982:
15975:
15967:
15960:
15953:
15945:
15943:
15939:
15938:
15936:
15935:
15927:
15920:
15913:
15906:
15899:
15892:
15885:
15878:
15871:
15864:
15856:
15854:
15845:
15844:
15842:
15841:
15833:
15826:
15818:
15816:
15806:
15805:
15803:
15802:
15795:
15788:
15781:
15774:
15767:
15760:
15753:
15745:
15743:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15729:
15728:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15688:
15681:
15674:
15666:
15664:
15657:
15656:
15649:
15642:
15635:
15628:
15621:
15613:
15606:
15599:
15592:
15585:
15578:
15571:
15564:
15557:
15550:
15543:
15536:
15529:
15521:
15514:
15507:
15500:
15493:
15486:
15479:
15472:
15465:
15458:
15451:
15444:
15437:
15430:
15418:
15411:
15404:
15396:
15389:
15382:
15375:
15367:
15365:
15363:French-ordered
15356:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15341:
15334:
15327:
15319:
15317:
15313:
15312:
15301:
15300:
15293:
15286:
15278:
15271:
15270:
15267:
15266:
15263:
15262:
15259:
15258:
15256:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15203:Linear Elamite
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15184:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15061:
15060:
15057:
15056:
15054:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15032:
15029:
15028:
15025:Sign languages
15016:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15008:
15007:
15005:
15004:
15002:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14977:Espanca script
14973:
14971:
14967:
14966:
14964:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14936:Linear Elamite
14932:
14930:
14922:
14921:
14909:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14901:
14900:
14898:
14897:
14891:
14889:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14855:
14853:
14849:
14848:
14846:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14829:
14827:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14819:
14817:Yi (Classical)
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14778:
14776:
14772:
14771:
14769:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14737:
14735:
14729:
14728:
14725:
14724:
14722:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14700:
14698:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14643:
14641:Bronze scripts
14638:
14633:
14628:
14622:
14620:
14611:
14601:
14600:
14588:
14587:
14584:
14583:
14581:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14489:
14486:
14485:
14473:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14462:
14461:
14456:
14454:Flag semaphore
14451:
14449:New York Point
14446:
14444:Telegraph code
14441:
14439:Maritime flags
14436:
14430:
14428:
14424:
14423:
14421:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14393:Visible Speech
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14363:Sorang Sompeng
14360:
14355:
14350:
14349:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14267:
14266:
14265:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14247:Galik alphabet
14244:
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14153:
14152:
14147:
14145:Tironian notes
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14011:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13990:
13988:Garay alphabet
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13939:
13938:
13928:
13923:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13838:
13836:
13828:
13827:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13771:Sorang Sompeng
13768:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13697:
13696:
13694:Déné syllabics
13691:
13681:
13676:
13670:
13668:
13664:
13663:
13660:
13659:
13657:
13656:
13655:
13654:
13649:
13639:
13638:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13607:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13531:
13530:
13520:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13478:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13457:
13456:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13421:
13420:
13419:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13318:
13316:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13291:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13250:
13249:
13239:
13238:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13061:
13059:
13052:
13042:
13041:
13029:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13022:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13010:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12989:
12984:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12955:Proto-Sinaitic
12952:
12947:
12946:
12945:
12935:
12930:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12877:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12840:
12839:
12829:
12828:
12827:
12816:
12815:
12807:
12804:
12803:
12787:
12786:
12774:
12773:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12766:
12760:
12759:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12737:
12735:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12727:
12722:
12716:
12714:
12706:
12705:
12694:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12671:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12612:
12609:
12608:
12604:
12603:
12594:
12585:
12576:
12567:
12558:
12549:
12540:
12531:
12522:
12513:
12504:
12495:
12486:
12477:
12468:
12459:
12450:
12441:
12432:
12423:
12414:
12405:
12396:
12387:
12378:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12240:
12228:
12226:
12208:
12207:
12203:
12202:
12193:
12184:
12175:
12166:
12157:
12148:
12139:
12130:
12121:
12112:
12103:
12094:
12085:
12076:
12067:
12058:
12049:
12040:
12031:
12022:
12013:
12004:
11995:
11986:
11977:
11968:
11959:
11950:
11941:
11932:
11923:
11914:
11905:
11896:
11887:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11872:
11865:
11858:
11851:
11838:
11819:
11795:
11788:
11775:
11768:
11761:
11754:
11747:
11740:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11712:
11705:
11698:
11685:
11678:
11671:
11664:
11657:
11650:
11643:
11636:
11629:
11622:
11615:
11608:
11601:
11594:
11581:
11574:
11567:
11564:
11554:
11553:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11417:
11415:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11389:
11387:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11314:
11312:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11265:
11263:
11261:
11252:
11243:
11241:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11222:
11213:
11211:
11202:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11176:
11174:
11161:
11152:
11139:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11093:
11086:
11084:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11064:
11062:
11055:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11033:
11031:
11024:
11017:
11010:
11003:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10969:
10960:
10958:
10949:
10940:
10938:
10929:
10927:
10925:
10923:
10914:
10912:
10899:
10890:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10858:
10849:
10840:
10831:
10818:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10783:
10776:
10774:
10767:
10760:
10757:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10737:
10735:
10728:
10721:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10686:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10662:
10654:
10652:
10638:Medieval runes
10634:
10633:
10629:
10628:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10606:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10570:
10561:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10553:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10527:
10514:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10492:
10490:
10488:
10481:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10403:
10397:
10396:
10383:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10368:
10359:
10357:
10348:
10339:
10337:
10324:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10305:
10303:
10290:
10281:
10272:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10257:
10248:
10231:
10222:
10205:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10170:
10163:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10144:
10137:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10124:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10049:
10041:
10039:
10021:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10006:
10004:
10002:
10000:
9991:
9982:
9980:
9967:
9954:
9952:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9920:
9918:
9901:
9892:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9860:
9851:
9830:
9817:
9788:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9723:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9703:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9631:
9628:
9620:
9619:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9599:
9592:
9590:
9583:
9576:
9573:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9553:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9478:
9468:
9466:
9455:16-type Fuþark
9448:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9421:
9419:
9410:
9408:
9401:
9392:
9383:
9374:
9365:
9356:
9343:
9334:
9332:
9315:
9306:
9297:
9288:
9279:
9266:
9257:
9248:
9246:
9237:
9228:
9219:
9204:
9202:
9193:
9184:
9175:
9166:
9164:
9155:
9134:
9113:
9104:
9087:
9074:
9061:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9035:
9033:
9026:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8871:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8831:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8767:
8757:
8755:
8744:33-type Fuþorc
8737:
8736:
8732:
8731:
8722:
8720:
8711:
8702:
8693:
8691:
8674:
8665:
8656:
8647:
8638:
8625:
8616:
8607:
8605:
8596:
8587:
8578:
8563:
8561:
8552:
8543:
8534:
8525:
8523:
8514:
8493:
8472:
8463:
8446:
8433:
8420:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8394:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8367:
8360:
8353:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8272:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8232:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8145:28-type Fuþorc
8138:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8115:
8102:
8093:
8084:
8075:
8062:
8053:
8044:
8042:
8033:
8020:
8011:
7998:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7958:
7945:
7936:
7927:
7918:
7905:
7892:
7879:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7833:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7795:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7725:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7649:
7638:24-type Fuþark
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7600:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7562:
7545:
7515:
7495:
7481:
7467:
7451:
7450:External links
7448:
7446:
7445:
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7396:
7387:
7378:
7372:
7359:
7350:
7341:
7335:
7322:
7294:10.2307/416753
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6900:
6888:10.2307/411849
6871:
6861:. 20 July 2021
6850:
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6842:
6830:
6818:
6806:
6793:
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6755:
6746:
6742:Looijenga 2003
6740:: 123–124 and
6724:
6722:, p. 6-7.
6712:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6655:, p. vii.
6645:
6633:(1821), "18",
6631:Grimm, William
6622:
6613:
6603:also rendered
6596:
6584:
6569:
6557:
6539:
6521:
6508:
6484:
6472:
6470:, p. 401.
6460:
6448:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6373:
6361:
6358:on 2007-05-08.
6337:
6328:
6316:
6301:
6299:, p. 186.
6289:
6277:
6275:, p. 207.
6265:
6253:
6249:Looijenga 1997
6238:
6211:
6193:
6173:
6161:
6158:on 2007-06-23.
6141:
6129:
6125:Odenstedt 1990
6117:
6105:
6103:, p. 173.
6093:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6038:
6036:, p. 310.
6026:
6011:
6004:
5983:
5976:
5950:
5927:
5907:
5905:, p. 137.
5890:
5883:
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5832:
5818:
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5810:
5809:
5800:
5796:Gallehus horns
5784:
5705:
5697:Meldorf fibula
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5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5177:Symbol U+16F0
5169:Symbol U+16EF
5161:Symbol U+16EE
5155:runic calendar
5097:Main article:
5094:
5091:
5072:, such as the
5032:
5029:
4963:
4960:
4915:Harald Blåtand
4903:
4900:
4881:Stephan Grundy
4852:
4849:
4831:Nazi symbolism
4805:Guido von List
4775:Guido von List
4761:comprised two
4734:Runengymnastik
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4689:Viking revival
4681:Main article:
4678:
4675:
4623:Main article:
4620:
4617:
4601:Anders Celsius
4577:Main article:
4574:
4573:Academic study
4571:
4512:
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4504:
4499:
4494:
4493:Elder Futhark
4491:
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4462:Elder Futhark
4460:
4457:
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4440:
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4417:
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4408:
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4394:(or potential
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4334:
4303:Main article:
4300:
4297:
4241:Medieval runes
4232:Medieval runes
4230:Main article:
4227:
4224:
4167:Main article:
4164:
4161:
4129:, ascribed to
4111:
4108:
4104:Middle English
3950:Ruthwell Cross
3902:Main article:
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3070:Proto-Germanic
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3015:Proto-Germanic
2959:Main article:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2941:
2865:
2864:
2845:
2836:nysta ek niþr,
2822:
2821:
2803:
2770:
2769:
2752:
2707:, which reads
2671:
2668:
2602:Proto-Germanic
2596:
2595:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2512:
2509:
2434:, the king of
2303:
2260:
2259:
2242:
2154:Main article:
2151:
2148:
2144:Meldorf fibula
2036:
2035:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1944:Meldorf fibula
1939:
1933:
1877:Latin alphabet
1857:Latin alphabet
1831:Latin alphabet
1765:Main article:
1762:
1759:
1719:North Germanic
1670:
1667:
1573:, Old English
1451:, Old English
1417:
1414:
1160:Proto-Germanic
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1075:medieval runes
992:Latin alphabet
883:Latin alphabet
873:native to the
853:
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848:
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616:
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594:
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563:Square Aramaic
554:
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536:
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522:
521:
520:
514:
508:
481:
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444:
438:
427:
421:
420:
419:
418:
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416:
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399:
398:
397:
380:
368:Proto-Sinaitic
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
311:
310:
305:
304:
292:, you may see
280:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:⟩, see
234:
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187:
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168:
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139:Greek alphabet
129:Proto-Sinaitic
122:
120:
118:Parent systems
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
84:
80:
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73:
70:
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66:
63:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19126:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19109:Magic symbols
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19090:
19087:
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19082:
19081:
19079:
19064:
19056:
19054:
19046:
19045:
19042:
19036:
19033:
19029:
19026:
19025:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18978:
18977:Ghost stories
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18954:
18952:
18948:
18938:
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18925:
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18908:
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18903:
18901:
18898:
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18839:
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18826:
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18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18765:
18763:
18761:
18760:Fantasy races
18757:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18733:Shapeshifting
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
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18689:
18686:
18685:
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18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18667:
18664:
18663:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
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18648:
18647:
18644:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18621:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18608:
18607:
18606:Hard and soft
18604:
18603:
18601:
18599:
18595:
18589:
18586:
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18581:
18577:
18574:
18573:
18572:
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18454:
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18430:
18429:Shapeshifters
18427:
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18422:
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18412:
18410:
18407:
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18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18268:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18256:
18250:
18249:World Fantasy
18247:
18245:
18244:Tähtifantasia
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18222:
18220:
18217:
18215:
18214:Japan Fantasy
18212:
18210:
18207:
18205:
18202:
18200:
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17947:
17943:
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17920:
17918:
17915:
17914:
17913:
17912:Weird fiction
17910:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17897:
17896:
17895:Urban fantasy
17893:
17891:
17888:
17884:
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17876:
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17865:
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17605:
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17562:
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17553:
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17508:
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17498:
17495:
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17483:
17480:
17478:
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17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17231:Crimean Goths
17229:
17228:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17195:
17194:Salian Franks
17192:
17190:
17187:
17186:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
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17147:
17145:
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17140:
17137:
17135:
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17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16991:
16988:
16987:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16926:
16923:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16890:
16889:
16886:
16885:
16883:
16881:
16877:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16843:
16839:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16817:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16795:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16768:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16755:
16752:
16751:
16750:
16747:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16733:
16730:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16717:
16716:
16713:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16700:
16699:
16696:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16672:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16637:
16635:
16633:
16632:Early culture
16629:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16589:
16587:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16566:
16562:
16555:
16550:
16548:
16543:
16541:
16536:
16535:
16532:
16515:
16511:
16508:
16504:
16501:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16490:
16483:
16479:
16476:
16475:Night writing
16472:
16469:
16465:
16462:
16458:
16455:
16451:
16450:
16448:
16446:
16441:
16434:
16430:
16427:
16423:
16420:
16416:
16413:
16409:
16406:
16402:
16399:
16395:
16392:
16388:
16387:
16385:
16383:Organisations
16381:
16374:
16370:
16367:
16363:
16360:
16356:
16353:
16349:
16346:
16345:Valentin Haüy
16342:
16339:
16335:
16332:
16328:
16325:
16324:Louis Braille
16321:
16320:
16318:
16314:
16307:
16303:
16300:
16296:
16293:
16289:
16286:
16282:
16279:
16275:
16272:
16268:
16265:
16261:
16258:
16257:Braille watch
16254:
16251:
16247:
16244:
16240:
16237:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16224:
16217:
16213:
16210:
16206:
16202:
16198:
16195:
16191:
16188:
16184:
16181:
16180:Braille music
16177:
16176:
16174:
16170:
16158:
16154:
16151:
16147:
16144:
16143:Luxembourgish
16140:
16139:
16137:
16133:
16126:
16122:
16119:
16115:
16110:
16106:
16103:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16089:
16085:
16084:
16080:
16079:
16077:
16073:
16065:
16061:
16060:
16058:
16054:
16046:
16042:
16041:
16039:
16035:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16009:
16005:
16001:
15997:
15994:
15990:
15987:
15983:
15980:
15976:
15972:
15968:
15965:
15961:
15958:
15954:
15951:
15947:
15946:
15944:
15942:Other scripts
15940:
15932:
15928:
15925:
15921:
15918:
15914:
15911:
15907:
15904:
15900:
15897:
15893:
15890:
15886:
15883:
15879:
15876:
15872:
15869:
15865:
15862:
15858:
15857:
15855:
15853:
15846:
15838:
15834:
15831:
15827:
15824:
15820:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15807:
15800:
15796:
15793:
15789:
15786:
15782:
15779:
15775:
15772:
15768:
15765:
15761:
15758:
15754:
15751:
15747:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15734:
15723:
15718:
15715:
15714:Northern Sámi
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15695:
15693:
15689:
15686:
15682:
15679:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15667:
15665:
15663:Nordic family
15661:
15654:
15650:
15647:
15643:
15640:
15636:
15633:
15629:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15614:
15611:
15607:
15604:
15603:South African
15600:
15597:
15593:
15590:
15586:
15583:
15579:
15576:
15572:
15569:
15565:
15562:
15558:
15555:
15551:
15548:
15544:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15530:
15526:
15525:Luxembourgish
15522:
15519:
15515:
15512:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15498:
15494:
15491:
15487:
15484:
15480:
15477:
15473:
15470:
15466:
15463:
15459:
15456:
15452:
15449:
15445:
15442:
15438:
15435:
15431:
15427:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15412:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15397:
15394:
15390:
15387:
15383:
15380:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15368:
15366:
15364:
15360:
15357:
15353:
15346:
15342:
15339:
15338:ASCII braille
15335:
15332:
15328:
15325:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15314:
15306:
15299:
15294:
15292:
15287:
15285:
15280:
15279:
15276:
15272:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15153:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15078:
15075:
15071:
15066:
15062:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15033:
15030:
15026:
15021:
15017:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14974:
14972:
14968:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14933:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14914:
14910:
14896:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14886:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14869:Attic (Greek)
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14854:
14850:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14830:
14828:
14824:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14807:Proto-Elamite
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14773:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14734:
14730:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14699:
14695:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14648:
14647:
14644:
14642:
14639:
14637:
14634:
14632:
14629:
14627:
14624:
14623:
14621:
14619:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14598:
14593:
14589:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14490:
14487:
14483:
14478:
14474:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14431:
14429:
14425:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14321:Elder Futhark
14319:
14317:
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14303:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14239:
14238:
14235:
14234:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14212:Old Hungarian
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14082:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14040:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14013:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13863:
13860:
13859:
13858:
13855:
13853:
13850:
13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13825:
13820:
13816:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13746:Masaram Gondi
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13716:Gunjala Gondi
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13686:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13640:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13602:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13529:
13528:Old Sundanese
13526:
13525:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13473:
13472:
13471:Old Maldivian
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13455:
13454:Bilang-bilang
13452:
13451:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13418:
13415:
13414:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13274:Sylheti Nagri
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13248:
13245:
13244:
13243:
13240:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13075:Brahmi script
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13062:
13060:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13034:
13030:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12970:South Arabian
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12916:Inscriptional
12914:
12912:
12909:
12908:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12838:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12826:
12823:
12822:
12821:
12818:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12809:
12808:
12805:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12784:
12779:
12775:
12765:
12761:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12742:
12739:
12738:
12736:
12732:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12699:
12692:
12687:
12685:
12680:
12678:
12673:
12672:
12669:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12614:
12613:
12610:
12601:
12600:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12574:
12573:
12568:
12565:
12564:
12559:
12556:
12555:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12538:
12537:
12532:
12529:
12528:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12487:
12484:
12483:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12469:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12433:
12430:
12429:
12424:
12421:
12420:
12415:
12412:
12411:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12388:
12385:
12384:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12365:
12359:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12241:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12224:
12220:
12213:
12209:
12200:
12199:
12194:
12191:
12190:
12185:
12182:
12181:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12167:
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12163:
12158:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12137:
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12131:
12128:
12127:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12113:
12110:
12109:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12086:
12083:
12082:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12050:
12047:
12046:
12041:
12038:
12037:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12023:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11987:
11984:
11983:
11978:
11975:
11974:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11957:
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11906:
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11897:
11894:
11893:
11888:
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11879:
11877:
11875:
11874:
11871:
11866:
11864:
11859:
11857:
11852:
11850:
11844:
11839:
11837:
11831:
11825:
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11812:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11794:
11789:
11787:
11781:
11776:
11774:
11769:
11767:
11762:
11760:
11755:
11753:
11748:
11746:
11741:
11739:
11734:
11732:
11727:
11725:
11720:
11718:
11713:
11711:
11706:
11704:
11699:
11697:
11691:
11686:
11684:
11679:
11677:
11672:
11670:
11665:
11663:
11658:
11656:
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11644:
11642:
11637:
11635:
11630:
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11623:
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11616:
11614:
11609:
11607:
11602:
11600:
11595:
11593:
11587:
11582:
11580:
11575:
11573:
11568:
11565:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11551:
11550:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11519:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11451:
11450:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11434:
11433:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11407:
11405:
11403:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11379:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11365:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11349:
11347:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11286:
11281:
11279:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11259:
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11253:
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11234:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11203:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11168:
11167:
11162:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11145:
11140:
11137:
11136:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11126:
11123:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11094:
11092:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11056:
11054:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11025:
11023:
11018:
11016:
11011:
11009:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10967:
10966:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10955:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10930:
10928:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10906:
10905:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10883:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10864:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10850:
10847:
10846:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10829:
10825:
10824:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10802:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10784:
10782:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10768:
10766:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10729:
10727:
10722:
10720:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10701:
10699:
10694:
10692:
10687:
10685:
10680:
10678:
10673:
10671:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10639:
10635:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10525:
10521:
10520:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10493:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10482:
10480:
10475:
10473:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10461:
10459:
10454:
10452:
10447:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10432:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10421:
10419:
10414:
10412:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10382:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10346:
10345:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10331:
10330:
10325:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10312:
10311:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10263:
10258:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10223:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10189:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10171:
10169:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10155:
10153:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10116:
10114:
10109:
10107:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10088:
10086:
10081:
10079:
10074:
10072:
10067:
10065:
10060:
10058:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10026:
10022:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10005:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9992:
9989:
9988:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9968:
9965:
9961:
9960:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9938:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9882:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9828:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9794:
9789:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9750:
9748:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9734:
9732:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9695:
9693:
9688:
9686:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9667:
9665:
9660:
9658:
9653:
9651:
9646:
9644:
9639:
9637:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9600:
9598:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9584:
9582:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9545:
9543:
9538:
9536:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9517:
9515:
9510:
9508:
9503:
9501:
9496:
9494:
9489:
9487:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9453:
9449:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9375:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9286:
9285:
9280:
9277:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9018:
9016:
9011:
9009:
9004:
9002:
8997:
8995:
8990:
8988:
8983:
8981:
8976:
8974:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8960:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8945:
8940:
8938:
8933:
8931:
8926:
8924:
8919:
8917:
8912:
8910:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8895:
8893:
8888:
8886:
8881:
8879:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8859:
8857:
8852:
8850:
8845:
8843:
8837:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8822:
8820:
8815:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8801:
8799:
8794:
8792:
8787:
8785:
8780:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8738:
8727:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8499:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8385:
8383:
8378:
8376:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8361:
8359:
8354:
8352:
8346:
8341:
8339:
8334:
8332:
8327:
8325:
8320:
8318:
8313:
8311:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8296:
8294:
8289:
8287:
8282:
8280:
8275:
8273:
8271:
8265:
8260:
8258:
8253:
8251:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8223:
8221:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8207:
8202:
8200:
8195:
8193:
8188:
8186:
8181:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8167:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8143:
8139:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8113:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7854:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7839:
7834:
7832:
7827:
7825:
7820:
7818:
7813:
7811:
7806:
7804:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7788:
7783:
7781:
7776:
7774:
7769:
7767:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7739:
7737:
7731:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7716:
7714:
7709:
7707:
7702:
7700:
7695:
7693:
7688:
7686:
7681:
7679:
7674:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7660:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7558:, contains a
7557:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7479:on 2008-09-05
7478:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7458:Nytt om Runer
7454:
7453:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7425:
7411:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7357:. De Gruyter.
7356:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7288:(1): 185–89.
7287:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7146:Boydell Press
7143:
7142:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7045:
7041:
7039:9781907029325
7035:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7021:Koch, John T.
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6980:9781571131997
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6939:de Vries, Jan
6936:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6840:, p. 21.
6839:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6796:
6794:9783110197051
6790:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6768:
6759:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6700:
6696:
6695:ScienceNordic
6692:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6667:, p. 20.
6666:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6617:
6610:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6582:, p. 34.
6581:
6576:
6574:
6567:, p. 25.
6566:
6561:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6525:
6511:
6509:9789047421214
6505:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6452:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6413:, p. 31.
6412:
6407:
6400:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6377:
6371:, p. 37.
6370:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6332:
6323:
6321:
6314:, p. 36.
6313:
6312:Antonsen 1965
6308:
6306:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6200:
6196:
6194:9780719055409
6190:
6186:
6185:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6137:Williams 1996
6133:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6101:Stoklund 2003
6097:
6083:on 2017-08-11
6082:
6078:
6072:
6063:
6054:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6023:
6022:de Vries 1962
6018:
6016:
6007:
6005:9782877723695
6001:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5979:
5977:9789004173361
5973:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5925:, p. 137
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:de Vries 1962
5911:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5884:1-84383-186-4
5880:
5876:
5869:
5851:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5526:
5525:
5473:
5472:
5420:
5419:
5367:
5366:
5314:
5313:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5187:Franks Casket
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:Elder Futhark
5121:
5120:Unicode block
5116:
5114:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5007:J. K. Rowling
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:Sigurd Agrell
4889:
4888:Uthark theory
4884:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:esotericism,
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4840:Schutzstaffel
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:Wiligut runes
4820:
4816:
4815:Armanen runes
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4730:Wiligut runes
4727:
4726:Armanen runes
4712:
4710:
4707:genre and of
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:Elder Futhark
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
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4590:
4586:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:Begriffsrunen
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Elder Futhark
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Begriffsrunen
4393:
4392:Begriffsrunen
4388:
4386:
4385:Begriffsrunen
4382:
4378:
4377:Begriffsrunen
4374:
4373:Begriffsrunen
4370:
4366:
4365:Begriffsrunen
4362:
4354:
4353:Begriffsrunen
4347:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4252:Västergötland
4248:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:evolved into
4212:
4208:
4207:Elder Futhark
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4157:Wilhelm Grimm
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4072:
3953:
3951:
3948:) and on the
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3910:
3905:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:"Thurs" (see
3176:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:, now Denmark
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:Elder Futhark
2950:
2940:
2936:
2935:Kettil Runske
2928:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2753:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695: 600 AD
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:clog almanacs
2641:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:This section
2545:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:Codex Runicus
2517:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:Anund Uppsale
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2427:Ynglinga saga
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:Ynglinga saga
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2319:Franks Casket
2316:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2243:
2240:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2060:Elder Futhark
2046:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2021:
2018:December 2021
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:This section
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:West Germanic
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:Codex Runicus
1886:
1882:
1879:used for the
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1767:Elder Futhark
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1727:East Germanic
1724:
1723:West Germanic
1720:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1691:Rök runestone
1688:
1684:
1683:Elder Futhark
1680:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1416:Related terms
1413:
1410:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1384:Ancient Greek
1380:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:Middle Breton
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:reconstructed
1161:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Elbe Germanic
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:Elder Futhark
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
960:
956:
954:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
896:Begriffsrunen
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
843:
842:Paleohispanic
840:
833:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
820:Libyco-Berber
818:
811:
808:
807:
800:
797:
794:
791:
783:
780:
770:
767:
766:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
738:
735:
732:
729:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
673:
668:
665:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
638:
637:Old Hungarian
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
617:
610:
607:
606:
604:
601:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
569:
564:
561:
560:
558:
555:
546:
543:
542:
541:10th century
540:
537:
532:
529:
528:
526:
523:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
493:
488:
487:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
473:
470:
465:
462:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
450:
449:
442:
439:
431:
428:
425:
422:
412:
406:
405:
403:
400:
390:
387:
386:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
363:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
341:
340:
336:
335:
329:
328:
320:
319:
313:
312:
308:
303:
302:
295:
291:
287:
285:
264:
252:
248:
246:
242:
235:
232:
231:U+16A0–U+16FF
229:
226:
225:Unicode range
221:
217:
214:Unicode alias
211:
208:
204:
194:
192:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
171:Elder Futhark
169:
166:Child systems
163:
148:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
121:
115:
110:
107:
104:
100:
95:
89:
88:boustrophedon
85:
81:
77:
76:Elder Futhark
74:
68:
62:
58:
54:
49:
38:
33:
19:
19035:Urban legend
18937:Magic school
18910:Astral plane
18905:Hollow Earth
18598:Magic system
18551:Dragonslayer
18446:Skin-walkers
18294:The Inklings
18287:Harry Potter
18286:
18141:
18123:
18116:
18109:
18102:
18095:
18088:
18081:
18019:
17840:Magical girl
17815:High fantasy
17810:Hard fantasy
17776:Dark fantasy
17754:Contemporary
16925:Anglo-Saxons
16915:Adrabaecampi
16898:Bucinobantes
16640:Architecture
16015:Thai and Lao
15692:Scandinavian
15324:1829 braille
15316:Braille cell
15116:Cypro-Minoan
14982:Pahawh Hmong
14895:Sitelen Pona
14859:Hindu-Arabic
14192:Mundari Bani
13766:Pahawh Hmong
13575:Tamil-Brahmi
13481:Eveyla Akuru
13476:Dhives Akuru
12943:Paleo-Hebrew
12810:
12746:undeciphered
12651:Pseudo-runes
12597:
12588:
12579:
12570:
12561:
12552:
12543:
12534:
12525:
12516:
12507:
12498:
12489:
12480:
12471:
12462:
12453:
12444:
12435:
12426:
12417:
12408:
12399:
12390:
12381:
12372:
12237:(incomplete)
12235:Alphabetical
12234:
12196:
12187:
12178:
12169:
12160:
12151:
12142:
12133:
12124:
12115:
12106:
12097:
12088:
12079:
12070:
12061:
12052:
12043:
12034:
12025:
12016:
12007:
11998:
11989:
11980:
11971:
11962:
11953:
11944:
11935:
11926:
11917:
11908:
11899:
11890:
11881:
11561:amalgamation
11559:Alphabetical
11558:
11547:
11457:
11447:
11430:
11409:
11392:
11381:
11293:
11283:
11268:
11255:
11246:
11231:
11216:
11205:
11196:
11179:
11164:
11155:
11142:
11133:
10997:
10987:
10972:
10963:
10952:
10943:
10932:
10917:
10902:
10893:
10880:
10861:
10852:
10843:
10834:
10821:
10812:
10659:
10622:
10609:
10600:
10573:
10564:
10543:
10530:
10517:
10508:
10400:
10386:
10371:
10362:
10351:
10342:
10327:
10308:
10293:
10284:
10275:
10260:
10251:
10234:
10225:
10208:
10199:
10046:
10028:Stung Fuþark
10009:
9994:
9985:
9970:
9957:
9942:
9923:
9904:
9895:
9886:
9863:
9854:
9833:
9820:
9791:
9778:
9623:
9473:
9424:
9413:
9404:
9395:
9386:
9377:
9368:
9359:
9346:
9337:
9318:
9309:
9300:
9291:
9282:
9269:
9260:
9251:
9240:
9231:
9222:
9207:
9196:
9187:
9178:
9169:
9158:
9137:
9116:
9107:
9090:
9077:
9064:
9051:
8762:
8725:
8714:
8705:
8696:
8677:
8668:
8659:
8650:
8641:
8628:
8619:
8610:
8599:
8590:
8581:
8566:
8555:
8546:
8537:
8528:
8517:
8496:
8475:
8466:
8449:
8436:
8423:
8410:
8163:
8118:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8078:
8065:
8056:
8047:
8036:
8023:
8014:
8001:
7990:
7981:
7972:
7963:
7948:
7939:
7930:
7921:
7908:
7895:
7882:
7869:
7656:
7565:
7523:
7508:
7485:
7477:the original
7471:
7457:
7432:
7428:
7417:. Retrieved
7401:
7391:
7385:(in German).
7382:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7326:
7285:
7281:
7272:
7249:
7225:
7201:
7192:
7188:
7179:
7175:
7164:. Retrieved
7140:
7130:
7115:. Retrieved
7105:
7085:
7062:
7051:. Retrieved
7025:
7012:
7009:Moltke, Erik
6989:
6970:
6961:
6942:
6918:
6906:alysendlecan
6905:
6882:(1): 19–36.
6879:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6858:
6833:
6821:
6814:Lysiane 2018
6809:
6798:. Retrieved
6783:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6749:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6694:
6684:
6679:, p. 7.
6672:
6660:
6648:
6638:
6634:
6625:
6616:
6599:
6587:
6560:
6549:
6542:
6531:
6524:
6513:. Retrieved
6494:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6440:. Retrieved
6431:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6383:
6376:
6364:
6356:the original
6350:
6331:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6256:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6203:. Retrieved
6183:
6176:
6164:
6156:the original
6150:
6144:
6132:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6085:. Retrieved
6081:the original
6071:
6062:
6053:
6041:
6029:
5995:
5986:
5967:
5945:
5941:
5910:
5874:
5868:
5857:, retrieved
5841:
5835:
5822:
5803:
5798:inscription.
5787:
5708:
5699:in southern
5673:
5605:
5588:
5580:
5573:
5195:
5140:
5117:
5110:
5084:
5074:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5022:
5016:
5012:Harry Potter
5010:
4988:
4978:
4971:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4919:
4885:
4854:
4845:SS-Ehrenring
4838:
4808:
4782:
4780:
4770:
4686:
4644:
4604:
4596:
4582:
4566:Codex Regius
4565:
4561:
4560:, where the
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4515:
4508:Begriffsrune
4507:
4446:
4404:Inscription
4395:
4391:
4390:Examples of
4389:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4369:Begriffsrune
4368:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4318:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4257:
4204:
4195:Sigurd stone
4155:
4146:
4126:
4124:
4073:
3954:
3938:Vienna Codex
3921:
3917:
3915:
3005:
2997:Kylver Stone
2986:
2980:
2927:Olaus Magnus
2868:
2848:
2833:
2825:
2812:long nights,
2806:
2791:
2773:
2755:
2738:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2618:
2611:
2599:
2584:
2575:
2560:Please help
2548:
2511:Medieval use
2505:
2501:
2472:Vita Ansgari
2468:
2438:Södermanland
2417:
2411:Vita Ansgari
2373:
2323:
2312:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2263:
2245:
2228:
2208:
2169:
2106:
2098:Kylver Stone
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2024:
2015:
2000:Please help
1988:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1916:Scandinavian
1897:
1884:
1871:
1869:
1847:: But since
1835:Negau helmet
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1773:Kylver Stone
1770:
1746:
1731:
1708:
1679:cipher runes
1650:, Old Norse
1638:
1634:
1622:
1604:riimukirjain
1590:
1543:, Old Norse
1531:𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌻𐍉
1520:
1464:
1419:
1320:Middle Irish
1274:Middle Welsh
1255:Proto-Celtic
1252:
1248:Noleby stone
1244:Einang stone
1208:Middle Dutch
1157:
1146:Einang stone
1114:
1087:
1085:1500–1800).
1062:
1054:
1034:
1016:
981:
963:
950:
944:
904:
900:
870:
858:
856:
832:Neo-Tifinagh
828:4th century
822:10th c. BCE
701:19th century
633:6th century
605:4th century
572:
527:7th century
511:Dhives Akuru
501:4th century
490:
460:10th c. BCE
458:Paleo-Hebrew
454:12th c. BCE
404:12th c. BCE
373:19th c. BCE
366:
344:
339:32nd c. BCE
332:
316:
281:
257:and ⟨
239:
18:Runic script
18962:Epic poetry
18823:Leprechauns
18738:Thaumaturgy
18713:Incantation
18666:Magic sword
18224:Méliès d'Or
18125:Weird Tales
17878:Dying Earth
17857:Mythopoeia
17835:Low fantasy
17800:Fantastique
17365:Nahanarvali
17288:Hilleviones
17201:Frisiavones
17069:Cananefates
17059:Burgundians
16970:Banochaemae
16820:Anglo-Saxon
16771:Anglo-Saxon
16737:Anglo-Saxon
16720:Anglo-Saxon
16703:Anglo-Saxon
16514:RoboBraille
16338:Róża Czacka
16278:Perforation
16075:Independent
15973:(Bhutanese)
15708:Greenlandic
15379:Azerbaijani
15181:Jindai moji
15070:Syllabaries
15041:SignWriting
14941:Celtiberian
14843:Hieroglyphs
14646:Seal script
14631:Traditional
14503:Blissymbols
14408:Warang Citi
14383:Tolong Siki
14336:Marcomannic
14316:Dalecarlian
14306:Anglo-Saxon
14286:Pau Cin Hau
14177:Medefaidrin
14130:Merovingian
14090:Blackletter
13998:Asomtavruli
13791:Warang Citi
13600:Ulu scripts
13545:New Tai Lue
13488:Mon–Burmese
13342:Bhattiprolu
13170:Nandinagari
12997:ʾEsṭrangēlā
12756:constructed
12641:Runic magic
9475:Long-Branch
6838:Hakala 2020
6720:Symons 2016
6677:Werner 2004
6665:Werner 2004
6348:"Hávamál",
6285:Syrett 1994
6227:: 114–144.
6169:Markey 2001
5645:Runic magic
5136:unification
4715:Esotericism
4697:Gothicismus
4635:Vimose Comb
4589:kabbalistic
4497:Proto-Norse
4490:500–700 AD
4478:Odal (rune)
4471:Odal (rune)
4459:250–400 AD
4438:Proto-Norse
4381:Klaus Düwel
4211:Proto-Norse
4119:Marcomannic
4092:manuscripts
3942:Cotton Otho
3011:reconstruct
2993:clan, group
2983:Proto-Norse
2840:opandi nam,
2715:Poetic Edda
2697:that reads
2652:Runic staff
2640:Hans Sloane
2528:Scanian Law
2283:Proto-Norse
2201:located in
2156:Runic magic
2136: [
1920:Proto-Norse
1735:labiovelars
1424:rūna-stabaz
1190:Old English
1061:); and the
959:Old English
941:Anglo-Saxon
759:3rd century
753:3rd century
739:4th century
733:2nd century
689:7th c. BCE
683:8th c. BCE
677:8th c. BCE
669:2nd century
627:2nd c. BCE
621:2nd c. BCE
599:2nd c. BCE
585:4th century
579:3rd c. BCE
559:3rd c. BCE
513:6th century
507:4th century
486:3rd c. BCE
474:8th c. BCE
436: 1601
385:9th c. BCE
379:15th c. BCE
351:7th c. BCE
286:characters.
71:Time period
60:Script type
19078:Categories
19023:Tokusatsu
18972:Fairy tale
18915:Dreamworld
18813:Hobgoblins
18748:Witchcraft
18718:Necromancy
18698:Divination
18693:Demonology
18656:Magic ring
18646:Magic item
18629:Ceremonial
18518:Characters
18439:Werewolves
18377:Elementals
18281:Filk music
18229:Mythopoeic
18064:Publishers
17990:Literature
17950:television
17922:Weird West
17862:Omegaverse
17732:Lost world
17703:Literature
17584:Vinoviloth
17372:Marcomanni
17355:Helveconae
17333:Heaðobards
17303:Istvaeones
17293:Ingaevones
17278:Hermunduri
17246:Ostrogoths
17236:Greuthungi
17114:Chattuarii
16940:Angrivarii
16935:Ampsivarii
16903:Lentienses
16732:Literature
16622:Viking Age
16066:(obsolete)
16047:(obsolete)
15839:(Pakistan)
15750:Belarusian
15632:Vietnamese
15575:Portuguese
15561:Philippine
15518:Lithuanian
15171:Hentaigana
15166:Man'yōgana
14626:Simplified
14513:Ersu Shaba
14427:Non-linear
14232:Old Uyghur
14222:Old Permic
14217:Old Italic
14150:Visigothic
14085:Beneventan
14020:Glagolitic
13983:Gadabuursi
13647:Kolezhuthu
13642:Vatteluttu
13580:Tanchangya
13503:Saurashtra
13080:Devanagari
12938:Phoenician
12891:Manichaean
12636:Runestones
12631:Rune Poems
9625:Short-Twig
8765:Variations
8763:Normalized
8166:Variations
8164:Normalized
7659:Variations
7657:Normalized
7435:: 211–18.
7419:2006-06-21
7284:(review).
7166:2020-09-12
7117:2006-02-06
7053:2021-12-07
6962:Runenkunde
6800:2018-05-22
6738:Düwel 2004
6547:"Vg 119",
6515:2018-05-22
6442:2023-01-18
6381:"DR 360",
6205:2015-06-22
6087:2010-04-13
5859:2018-03-24
5815:References
5738:, and the
5130:, and the
5081:Metagaming
5056:God of War
5005:, like in
4980:The Hobbit
4966:See also:
4956:Viking Age
4873:Ralph Blum
4787:branch of
4677:Modern use
4667:bracteates
4647:Viking Age
4361:ideographs
4219:Viking Age
4151:Marcomanni
3514:"yew-tree"
3040:unattested
3019:rune poems
3003:, Sweden.
2728:reginkunnr
2684:reginkunnr
2614:runestones
2607:diphthongs
2578:March 2017
2442:, goes to
2271:divination
2164:Bracteate
1872:horizontal
1851:conquered
1685:, and the
1643:Late Latin
1613:Lithuanian
1519:-secret').
1512:halja-rūnō
1448:rúna-stafr
1396:'ask' and
1337:sacro-runa
1250:(AD 450).
973:runestones
891:ideographs
844:7th c. BCE
810:Old Permic
805: 940
793:Glagolitic
788: 430
775: 420
747:5th c. BCE
650:Old Uyghur
643: 650
631:Old Turkic
593:2nd c. BCE
539:Devanagari
480:3rd c. BCE
466:6th c. BCE
452:Phoenician
402:Phoenician
357:3rd c. BCE
146:(possibly)
144:Old Italic
134:Phoenician
19094:Alphabets
19018:Superhero
19003:Mythology
18900:Lost city
18808:Halflings
18728:Shamanism
18723:Runecraft
18708:Evocation
18566:Magicians
18541:Dark lord
18526:Barbarian
18486:Skeletons
18409:Gargoyles
18387:Familiars
18347:Creatures
18083:Fantastic
18074:Magazines
17917:New weird
17722:Subgenres
17579:Vidivarii
17574:Victohali
17564:Vangiones
17497:Thuringii
17402:Nuithones
17298:Irminones
17261:Visigoths
17251:Thervingi
17211:Gambrivii
17164:Dulgubnii
17159:Dauciones
17109:Chasuarii
17049:Brondings
16975:Bastarnae
16965:Baiuvarii
16945:Armalausi
16908:Raetovari
16842:Languages
16810:Symbology
16670:Folklore
16665:Festivals
16482:Vibratese
16461:Moon type
16454:Decapoint
16135:Eight-dot
16088:Cantonese
16037:Reordered
16000:Inuktitut
15889:Malayalam
15799:Ukrainian
15778:Mongolian
15757:Bulgarian
15720:Norwegian
15685:Icelandic
15476:Hungarian
15434:Esperanto
15386:Cantonese
14970:Redundant
14782:Anatolian
14733:Cuneiform
14661:bird-worm
14597:Logograms
14568:Testerian
14482:Ideograms
14459:Moon type
14346:Staveless
14237:Mongolian
14182:Molodtsov
14140:Sütterlin
14008:Mkhedruli
13874:Bassa Vah
13824:Alphabets
13796:Mwangwego
13761:Mwangwego
13736:Kharosthi
13689:Blackfoot
13652:Malayanma
13523:Sundanese
13518:Sukhothai
13466:Malayalam
13417:Khom Thai
13377:Goykanadi
13301:Tocharian
13254:ʼPhags-pa
13125:Khudabadi
13070:Bhaiksuki
12965:Samaritan
12896:Nabataean
12751:inventors
11458:4th types
11294:3rd types
10998:2nd types
10660:1st types
7542:165773006
7310:0097-8507
7302:1535-0665
7230:. Brill.
7182:: 69–172.
6826:Northgard
6592:Page 2005
6529:"Vg 63",
6411:Page 2005
6113:Mees 2000
6046:Orel 2003
6034:Orel 2003
5944:, n. and
5940:, s.v. †
5923:Koch 2020
5919:Orel 2003
5903:Koch 2020
5744:Rhineland
5732:Vangiones
5665:Footnotes
5050:Northgard
4977:'s novel
4952:Bluetooth
4950:'s name (
4922:Bluetooth
4911:Bluetooth
4902:Bluetooth
4789:Ariosophy
4763:sig runes
4657:found in
4609:philology
4605:runstenar
4597:Atlantica
4413:Language
4330:Elfdalian
4264:voiceless
4215:Old Norse
4139:Alemannia
4086:gar, and
3936:, in the
3823:"the god
3680:*berkanan
3648:"the god
3173:?*þurisaz
3013:names in
2973:found on
2901:(slave),
2774:The poem
2680:Old Norse
2549:does not
2496:blótspánn
2490:hlautlein
2463:blótspánn
2281:warns in
2109:Schleswig
2104:400 AD).
2064:bindrunes
1989:does not
1705:in Sweden
1693:in Sweden
1581:Lombardic
1505:hugi-rūnō
1491:ga-rūnjan
1352:runo-ātis
1303:com-rūnos
1265:Old Irish
1226:Old Norse
1199:Old Saxon
1136:Etymology
1125:expansion
1110:epigraphy
1106:Old Latin
869:known as
867:alphabets
705:Blackfoot
655:Mongolian
597:Nabataean
591:Palmyrene
531:ʼPhags-pa
478:Kharosthi
464:Samaritan
191:ISO 15924
185:ISO 15924
102:Languages
83:Direction
19089:Runology
19063:Category
18957:Allegory
18833:Mermaids
18803:Gremlins
18768:Centaurs
18703:Egregore
18684:Schools
18651:Grimoire
18611:Elements
18583:Wild man
18503:Unicorns
18491:Vampires
18434:Werecats
18276:Fanspeak
18184:Crawford
18154:Podcasts
17867:Romantic
17850:Mythpunk
17781:Grimdark
17769:Bangsian
17645:Category
17552:Hasdingi
17537:Usipetes
17517:Tubantes
17502:Toxandri
17482:Tencteri
17457:Suarines
17442:Sicambri
17437:Semnones
17417:Reudigni
17387:Mattiaci
17377:Marsacii
17328:Lombards
17318:Lacringi
17313:Juthungi
17144:Corconti
17129:Cherusci
17104:Charudes
17084:Chaedini
17054:Bructeri
17039:Bateinoi
17010:Eburones
17005:Condrusi
17000:Caeroesi
16995:Atuatuci
16930:Ambrones
16893:Brisgavi
16888:Alemanni
16766:Paganism
16655:Clothing
16650:Calendar
16597:Germania
16118:Japanese
15979:Georgian
15971:Dzongkha
15957:Armenian
15875:Gujarati
15740:Cyrillic
15671:Estonian
15646:Yugoslav
15582:Romanian
15554:Nigerian
15469:Hawaiian
15455:Ghanaian
15372:Albanian
15233:Sumerian
15198:Linear B
15161:Katakana
15156:Hiragana
15106:Cherokee
15036:ASLwrite
14997:Bopomofo
14852:Numerals
14838:Hieratic
14797:Isthmian
14766:Sumerian
14746:Assyrian
14741:Akkadian
14398:Vithkuqi
14373:Tifinagh
14341:Medieval
14296:Pisidian
14291:Phrygian
14262:Vagindra
14207:Ol Chiki
14115:Interlac
14070:Kayah Li
14060:Jenticha
14015:Veso Bey
14003:Nuskhuri
13993:Georgian
13963:Formosan
13958:Etruscan
13953:Enochian
13909:Cyrillic
13894:Coelbren
13852:Armenian
13751:Meroitic
13741:Mandombe
13731:Jenticha
13595:Tigalari
13560:Tai Viet
13555:Tai Tham
13535:Tagbanwa
13387:Javanese
13337:Baybayin
13327:Balinese
13315:Southern
13210:Pracalit
13205:Pachumol
13180:Bhujimol
13140:Mahajani
13100:Gurmukhi
13090:Gujarati
13058:Northern
13038:Abugidas
13019:Ugaritic
13007:Maḏnḥāyā
12881:Tifinagh
12874:Solitreo
12812:Numerals
12725:Grapheme
12713:Overview
12616:See also
7615:Runology
7501:(1911).
7410:Archived
7282:Language
7248:(2005).
7222:(2003).
7195:: 33–82.
7160:Archived
7111:Archived
7044:Archived
7023:(2020).
7011:(1942).
6941:(1962).
6923:Archived
6911:Archived
6876:Language
6705:July 22,
6699:Archived
6436:Archived
6426:(1942).
6199:Archived
5994:(2003).
5966:(2009).
5850:archived
5779:laguþewa
5736:Nidensis
5600:See also
5175:Belgthor
5173:, Runic
5167:Tvimadur
5165:, Runic
5065:Heimdall
4875:(1982),
4803:author,
4801:völkisch
4797:Austrian
4784:Armanist
4771:völkisch
4579:Runology
4078:cweorð,
3720:"horse"
3509:*ī(h)waz
3378:*hagalaz
3277:?*kaunan
3075:Meaning
2889:Heimdall
2873:Rígsþula
2446:for the
2430:, where
2421:Germania
2387:Germania
2364:luwatuwa
2358:salusalu
2304:—
2205:, Sweden
2203:Blekinge
2189:, Sweden
2187:Blekinge
1953:Germania
1937:Germania
1865:Germanic
1840:Harigast
1741:and the
1611:, where
1585:Goderūna
1536:Frankish
1473:include
1460:rūn-stab
1454:rún-stæf
1429:compound
1373:'roar',
1361:Sanskrit
1357:cognates
1342:Lepontic
1315:queffrin
1296:Cobrunus
1215:('id'),
1185:𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰
1102:Etruscan
1065:stavlösa
965:Runology
931:⟩, and ⟨
826:Tifinagh
799:Cyrillic
782:Georgian
763:Armenian
681:Etruscan
377:Ugaritic
355:Meroitic
334:Hieratic
255:/ /
251:Help:IPA
19053:Outline
18950:Related
18828:Merfolk
18818:Kobolds
18798:Goblins
18783:Treants
18773:Dwarves
18743:Theurgy
18688:Alchemy
18620:neutral
18588:Witches
18531:Caveman
18496:Zombies
18481:Mummies
18451:Spirits
18402:Dragons
18397:Chimera
18382:Faeries
18199:Gemmell
18194:Gandalf
18149:Féeries
18118:Unknown
17998:Authors
17973:S&S
17713:Sources
17698:History
17569:Varisci
17557:Silingi
17547:Vandals
17522:Tulingi
17512:Triboci
17507:Treveri
17487:Teutons
17477:Taifals
17452:Sitones
17392:Nemetes
17350:Helisii
17323:Lemovii
17241:Gutones
17174:Firaesi
17169:Favonae
17149:Cugerni
17139:Cobandi
17094:Chamavi
17089:Chaemae
17079:Casuari
17074:Caritni
17044:Betasii
17015:Paemani
16950:Auiones
16815:Warfare
16793:Scripts
16761:Numbers
16585:History
16023:Tibetan
15964:Burmese
15950:Amharic
15933:(India)
15910:Sinhala
15903:Punjabi
15882:Kannada
15830:Persian
15785:Russian
15725:Swedish
15703:Finnish
15678:Faroese
15653:Zambian
15625:Turkish
15610:Spanish
15533:Maltese
15511:Latvian
15504:Italian
15483:Iñupiaq
15462:Guarani
15422:English
15393:Catalan
15310:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
15305:Braille
15188:Kikakui
15126:Eskayan
15111:Cypriot
14961:Dunging
14833:Demotic
14812:Tenevil
14756:Hittite
14751:Elamite
14704:Jurchen
14683:Sawndip
14678:Chữ Nôm
14578:Zapotec
14573:Yerkish
14548:Nsibidi
14533:Miꞌkmaw
14523:Isotype
14493:Adinkra
14434:Braille
14418:Zaghawa
14388:Vellara
14368:Sunuwar
14358:Sidetic
14353:Shavian
14281:Osmanya
14271:Ol Onal
14125:Kurrent
14110:Insular
14100:Fraktur
14075:Klingon
14065:Kaddare
14039:Archaic
13948:Elbasan
13936:Chinook
13926:Deseret
13914:Bosnian
13869:Avoiuli
13857:Avestan
13847:Ariyaka
13776:Tengwar
13674:Bharati
13635:Serawai
13625:Pasemah
13610:Lampung
13565:Lai Tay
13550:Tai Noi
13513:Sinhala
13493:Pallava
13461:Makasar
13449:Lontara
13424:Kulitan
13397:Kannada
13392:Kadamba
13382:Hanunoo
13372:Grantha
13367:Fakkham
13284:Tibetan
13269:Soyombo
13264:Siddhaṃ
13259:Sharada
13235:Litumol
13225:Tirhuta
13215:Ranjana
13200:Kvemmol
13160:Multani
13145:Marchen
13110:Kalinga
13050:Brahmic
12987:Sogdian
12926:Psalter
12906:Pahlavi
12886:Mandaic
12864:Cursive
12849:Elymaic
12820:Aramaic
12223:20th c.
12219:16th c.
10649:16th c.
10645:13th c.
10047:Regular
10036:13th c.
10032:11th c.
9463:11th c.
8752:12th c.
7625:Rundata
7554:at the
6847:Sources
6550:Rundata
6532:Rundata
6384:Rundata
5715:wagnija
5701:Jutland
5687:Denmark
5527:U+16Fx
5474:U+16Ex
5421:U+16Dx
5368:U+16Cx
5315:U+16Bx
5262:U+16Ax
5113:Unicode
5093:Unicode
4999:Khuzdul
4985:Dwarves
4943:bjarkan
4857:New Age
4773:author
4748:England
4744:Parkend
4705:Fantasy
4568:: 5–14)
4558:Hávamál
4410:Script
4326:Swedish
4321:Dalarna
4143:Bavaria
4047:œthel,
4027:beorc,
4019:sigel,
4011:peorð,
3930:England
3918:futhorc
3819:*ingwaz
3748:*mannaz
3612:*sōwilō
3575:?*algiz
3543:?*perþ-
3417:"need"
3413:*naudiz
3313:"gift"
3183:Thunraz
3168:/θ/,/ð/
3141:aurochs
3098:/ɸ/,/f/
3034:called
3001:Gotland
2975:Jutland
2777:Hávamál
2721:Hávamál
2664:Estonia
2570:removed
2555:sources
2444:Uppsala
2432:Granmar
2405:Rimbert
2381:Tacitus
2267:magical
2213:Hávamál
2166:DR BR42
2129:Meldorf
2121:Jutland
2117:Zealand
2010:removed
1995:sources
1908:Jutland
1885:written
1861:Venetic
1845:Venetic
1792:Bolzano
1777:futhark
1761:Origins
1593:Finnish
1540:Rúnfrid
1404:ἐρευνάω
1399:ereunáō
1349:(< *
1346:Runatis
1330:Sacruna
1292:Gaulish
1098:Venetic
1059:Denmark
1010:and on
1008:Dalarna
984:Tacitus
946:futhorc
905:futhark
887:phoneme
717:Saanich
693:Deseret
667:Mandaic
625:Sogdian
583:Avestan
574:Pahlavi
525:Tibetan
499:Pallava
492:Brahmic
472:Aramaic
346:Demotic
243:in the
207:Unicode
18922:Castle
18883:Worlds
18878:Quests
18860:Trolls
18838:Mermen
18793:Gnomes
18788:Giants
18561:Heroes
18476:Liches
18471:Ghosts
18461:Undead
18424:Nymphs
18370:Ghouls
18365:Devils
18360:Demons
18355:Angels
18338:Tropes
18289:fandom
18259:Fandom
18239:Saturn
18234:Nebula
18189:Dragon
18174:Balrog
18167:Awards
18008:Comics
17890:Shenmo
17845:Mythic
17830:LitRPG
17825:Isekai
17764:Comedy
17742:Wuxia
17589:Warini
17542:Vagoth
17527:Tungri
17492:Thelir
17472:Swedes
17467:Sunici
17432:Saxons
17427:Rugini
17360:Manimi
17345:Diduni
17283:Heruli
17221:Gepids
17206:Frisii
17184:Franks
17134:Cimbri
17124:Chauci
17119:Chatti
17032:Nervii
17027:Morini
16985:Belgae
16980:Batavi
16955:Avarpi
16920:Angles
16880:Groups
16830:Viking
16776:Gothic
16754:Gothic
16660:Family
16443:Other
16316:People
16306:Braigo
16125:Korean
15993:Hebrew
15924:Telugu
15823:Arabic
15813:Arabic
15771:Kyrgyz
15764:Kazakh
15698:Danish
15596:Slovak
15589:Samoan
15568:Polish
15547:Navajo
15448:German
15441:French
15308:
15253:Yugtun
15243:Woleai
15193:Kpelle
15176:Sōgana
15096:Byblos
14874:Muisca
14792:Cretan
14761:Luwian
14719:Tangut
14538:Mixtec
14508:Dongba
14413:Yezidi
14403:Wancho
14378:Todhri
14331:Gothic
14311:Cipher
14252:Manchu
14242:Evenki
14227:Orkhon
14172:Manchu
14167:Lydian
14162:Lycian
14105:Gaelic
14055:Hanifi
14050:Hangul
14025:Gothic
13973:Fraser
13968:Fox II
13904:Coptic
13879:Carian
13862:Pazend
13835:Linear
13781:Thaana
13726:Sarati
13667:Others
13630:Rejang
13615:Lembak
13605:Incung
13585:Telugu
13540:Tai Le
13434:Langdi
13357:Chakma
13247:Karani
13220:Tamyig
13195:Kummol
13190:Himmol
13185:Golmol
13165:Nagari
13150:Meitei
13135:Lepcha
13120:Khojki
13105:Kaithi
12992:Syriac
12980:Musnad
12859:Ashuri
12854:Hebrew
12837:Elifba
12832:Arabic
12825:Hatran
12800:Abjads
9459:8th c.
8903:
8830:
8748:8th c.
8393:
8369:
8304:
8231:
8153:9th c.
8149:5th c.
7646:9th c.
7540:
7526:(47),
7370:
7333:
7318:416753
7316:
7308:
7300:
7256:
7234:
7208:
7152:
7092:
7073:
7036:
6996:
6977:
6949:
6896:411849
6894:
6865:14 May
6791:
6607:, see
6506:
6191:
6002:
5974:
5948:, n.2.
5881:
5767:-inio-
5761:-inius
5734:, the
5727:harija
5724:, and
5721:niþijo
5679:Vimose
5607:Bautil
5209:
5204:(PDF)
5159:Arlaug
5126:, the
5077:series
5075:Ultima
4934:hagall
4732:, and
4699:) and
4659:Bergen
4466:Gothic
4419:Notes
4289:Bergen
4279:, and
4268:voiced
4199:Sigurd
4082:calc,
4039:lagu,
4035:mann,
4015:eolh,
3991:hægl,
3987:ƿynn,
3983:gyfu,
3967:þorn,
3959:feoh,
3926:Frisia
3922:fuþorc
3882:/o(ː)/
3859:"day"
3855:*dagaz
3825:Ingwaz
3780:*laguz
3752:"man"
3716:*ehwaz
3711:/e(ː)/
3644:*tīwaz
3616:"sun"
3500:ï (æ)
3477:*jēra-
3449:"ice"
3440:/i(ː)/
3383:"hail"
3345:"joy"
3341:*wunjō
3268:k (c)
3245:*raidō
3217:"god"
3213:*ansuz
3208:/a(ː)/
3179:Jötunn
3135:?*ūruz
3130:/u(ː)/
3060:Trans.
3027:letter
2897:Thrall
2625:Bergen
2524:vellum
2403:, and
2339:laukaʀ
2125:Scania
2078:, and
1853:Veneto
1849:Romans
1783:rune.
1749:; see
1725:, and
1681:, the
1658:Danish
1656:, and
1617:runoti
1579:, and
1576:Ælfrún
1564:Sigrún
1558:Guðrún
1552:Dagrún
1546:Alfrún
1525:Runilo
1484:rūnjan
1442:stabaz
1333:(<
1324:comrún
1309:cyfrin
1299:(<
1175:Gothic
1121:Gothic
1094:Raetic
1047:Frisia
1045:, and
1043:Sweden
1039:Norway
1035:Danish
1004:Sweden
953:fuþorc
901:fuþark
863:letter
757:Gothic
751:Coptic
745:Lycian
711:Fraser
619:Syriac
603:Arabic
557:Hebrew
484:Brahmi
430:Thaana
424:Hangul
259:
90:
19084:Runes
19028:Kaiju
18998:Mecha
18967:Fable
18845:Ogres
18778:Elves
18673:Runes
18624:light
18546:Donor
18508:Yōkai
18466:Death
18219:Locus
18135:Other
18097:Locus
17963:Films
17958:Anime
17938:Media
17708:Magic
17462:Suebi
17447:Sciri
17422:Rugii
17412:Quadi
17397:Njars
17382:Marsi
17340:Lugii
17308:Jutes
17273:Harii
17268:Gutes
17226:Goths
17216:Geats
17154:Danes
17099:Chali
17020:Segni
16960:Baemi
16803:Runes
16788:Rings
16781:Norse
16749:Names
16742:Norse
16725:Norse
16708:Norse
16159:(GS8)
16150:Kanji
16008:Khmer
15986:Greek
15917:Tamil
15850:i.e.
15811:i.e.
15792:Tatar
15738:i.e.
15639:Welsh
15540:Māori
15497:Irish
15415:Dutch
15408:Czech
15218:Nüshu
15086:Bamum
15081:Afaka
14888:Other
14879:Roman
14864:Abjad
14787:Bagam
14688:Bowen
14673:Kanji
14668:Hanja
14656:small
14651:large
14558:Olmec
14528:Kaidā
14518:Emoji
14498:Aztec
14301:Runic
14276:Osage
14257:Oirat
14202:Ogham
14135:Sigla
14080:Latin
14035:Greek
13919:Early
13889:Cirth
13842:Adlam
13711:Geʽez
13706:Fox I
13570:Tamil
13429:Lanna
13412:Khmer
13402:Karen
13352:Buhid
13332:Batak
13289:Uchen
13279:Takri
13230:Limbu
13130:Laṇḍā
13115:Khema
13095:Gupta
13085:Dogri
13002:Serṭā
12975:Zabur
12960:Punic
12933:Pegon
12869:Rashi
12783:Types
12734:Lists
12698:Types
12217:(ca.
10643:(ca.
10401:Stung
10030:(ca.
9457:(ca.
8746:(ca.
8147:(ca.
7640:(ca.
7604:Runes
7538:S2CID
7465:: UIO
7413:(PDF)
7406:(PDF)
7314:JSTOR
7298:eISSN
7250:Runes
7047:(PDF)
7030:(PDF)
6892:JSTOR
6744:: 17.
6637:[
5853:(PDF)
5846:(PDF)
5842:Runic
5740:Harii
5692:harja
5683:Funen
5634:Ogham
5574:Notes
5197:Runic
5044:Jøtun
4995:Cirth
4825:" by
4639:Funen
4554:peorð
4502:Jēran
4416:Rune
4407:Date
4193:is a
4121:runes
4071:ear.
4067:ior,
4059:æsc,
4051:dæg,
4043:ing,
4023:tir,
4007:eoh,
4003:ger,
3995:nyd,
3979:cen,
3975:rad,
3944:B.x (
3940:, in
3686:birch
3650:Tiwaz
3445:*īsaz
3309:*gebō
3103:*fehu
3072:name
3051:Rune
3036:Ansuz
2905:Churl
2717:poem
2690:from
2658:, or
2629:Latin
2485:Birka
2481:Birka
2376:Norse
2140:]
2113:Funen
1929:koine
1910:(the
1898:The "
1753:peorð
1595:word
1570:Ǫlrún
1510:*
1503:*
1498:raunō
1496:*
1489:*
1482:*
1477:runōn
1475:*
1468:*
1440:*
1433:*
1422:*
1379:rūmor
1375:Latin
1365:ráuti
1335:*
1301:*
1258:*
1168:*
1162:form
1104:, or
949:, or
903:, or
861:is a
737:Ogham
731:Runic
723:Osage
687:Latin
675:Greek
517:Khmer
441:Adlam
411:below
389:Geʽez
323:32nd
284:runic
247:(IPA)
218:Runic
199:(211)
149:Runic
44:ᚱᚢᚾᛁᚲ
40:Runic
18895:Maps
18888:list
18855:Orcs
18678:Wand
18639:Moon
18634:Love
18616:Dark
18576:list
18419:Jinn
18414:Imps
18204:Hugo
18013:list
17948:and
17946:Film
17532:Ubii
17179:Fosi
17064:Buri
15931:Urdu
15896:Odia
15837:Urdu
15213:Loma
15208:Lisu
15151:Kana
15141:Iban
15131:Geba
15091:Bété
15046:si5s
14956:Khom
14929:Full
14802:Maya
14197:N'Ko
13756:Miao
13701:Dham
13620:Ogan
13590:Thai
13508:Shan
13444:Leke
13407:Kawi
13362:Cham
13347:Buda
13322:Ahom
13242:Odia
13155:Modi
12911:Book
7368:ISBN
7331:ISBN
7306:ISSN
7254:ISBN
7232:ISBN
7206:ISBN
7150:ISBN
7090:ISBN
7071:ISBN
7034:ISBN
6994:ISBN
6975:ISBN
6947:ISBN
6904:The
6867:2022
6789:ISBN
6707:2015
6605:/ɛː/
6504:ISBN
6189:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5972:ISBN
5946:rune
5942:roun
5879:ISBN
5773:-ijo
5755:-ius
5118:The
5053:and
4937:and
4920:The
4886:The
4633:The
4562:maðr
4550:eþel
4548:and
4546:wynn
4530:maðr
4528:The
4520:and
4177:The
4100:wynn
4098:and
4096:yogh
4063:yr,
4055:ac,
4031:eh,
3999:is,
3971:os,
3963:ur,
3504:/æː/
2913:Jarl
2810:nine
2782:Odin
2656:Prim
2553:any
2551:cite
2522:, a
2450:blót
2361:and
2333:laþu
2327:auja
2287:rune
2275:rune
2219:Odin
2090:and
1993:any
1991:cite
1662:rune
1647:runa
1639:rune
1635:roun
1598:runo
1591:The
1487:and
1470:rūnō
1438:and
1435:rūnō
1427:, a
1393:ἐρέω
1388:eréō
1370:रौति
1260:rūna
1239:rūnō
1221:rūna
1212:rūne
1203:rūna
1179:rūna
1170:rūnō
1131:Name
927:⟩, ⟨
919:⟩, ⟨
915:⟩, ⟨
911:⟩, ⟨
859:rune
834:1970
812:1372
765:405
725:2006
719:1978
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