History of the Jews in Canada

3280: 3607:"Jews are kept out of most ski clubs. Sundry summer colonies (even on municipally owned land), fraternities, and at least one Rotary Club operate under written or unwritten “Gentiles Only” signs. Many bank positions are not open to Jews. Only three Jewish male physicians have been admitted to non-Jewish Hospital staffs in Toronto. McGill University has instituted a rule requiring in effect at least a 10% higher academic average for Jewish applicants; in certain schools of the University of Toronto anti-Jewish bias is being felt. City Councils debate whether Jewish petitioners should be permitted to build a synagogue; property deeds in some areas bar resale to them. I have seen crude handbills circulated thanking Hitler for his massacre of 80,000 Jews in Kiev." 3298:(CJC) was founded in 1919 and would be the major representative body of the Canadian Jewish community for 90 years. Much of its work was focused on lobbying government around issues of immigration, human rights and anti-Semitism. One of the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles were the so-called "minorities treaties" that committed Eastern European states with substantial Jewish populations such as Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia to protect the rights of minorities with the League of Nations to monitor their compliance. The CJC was founded in part to lobby the government of Canada to use its influence at the League of Nations to ensure that the Eastern European states were abiding by the terms of the "minorities treaties". 3060: 3968: 3984: 3332: 3945: 3260: 3233: 5397:

approximately 400 Jewish-owned garment shops and factories in Toronto, and white Anglo-Saxon manufacturers' control on this sector was no longer total. Geographer Daniel Hiebert wrote that "Jewish entrepreneurs were successful because they could rely upon resources within their ethnic group, such as the large number of Jewish-owned clothing retail stores and, more particularly, the presence of a skilled co-ethnic labor force." In 1930, fully half of all Canadians working in pawn-shops were Jewish. That year, only 2.2% of Jews were working in law or medicine (though this was double the overall Canadian rate of 1.1%).

3248: 3999: 3927: 3489: 3477: 4467: 4404: 3421: 5532: 4425: 4214: 79: 3051:. The congregation was granted the right of keeping a register in 1897. Other communal institutions were the Quebec Hebrew Sick Benefit Association, the Quebec Hebrew Relief Association for Immigrants, and the Quebec Zionist Society. By 1905, the Jewish population was about 350, in a total population of 68,834. According to census of 1871, there were 1,115 Jews living in Canada with 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, and 131 in Hamilton with the rest living in Brantford, Quebec City, St. John, Kingston and London. 5103:. In December 2020, the Canadian Jewish Record announcing it would end its run with a post titled "A Note from the Publisher: The Bridge is Now Completed", stating that it had intended "to be a bridge between the recently shuttered Canadian Jewish News and its hoped-for return," and given that the CJN had managed to relaunch, it (The Canadian Jewish Record) would cease publication. The CJN resumed its journalistic reporting, and now also hosts an email newsletter, as well as several weekly podcasts. 4278: 144: 5146: 4178: 4383: 3912: 4362: 5028:, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe. In 1931, 99% of Montreal Jews stated that Yiddish was their mother language. In the 1930s there was a Yiddish language education system and a Yiddish newspaper in Montreal. In 1938, most Jewish households in Montreal primarily used English and often used French and Yiddish. 9% of the Jewish households only used French and 6% only used Yiddish. 4341: 3456:

parents chose to enrol their children in the English-speaking Protestant school system, which was willing to accept Jews unlike the Catholic school system. The CJC had its headquarters in Montreal while the Jewish Public Library of Montreal and the Montreal Yiddish Theatre were two of the largest Jewish cultural institutions in Canada. The Jews of Montreal tended to be concentrated in several neighbourhoods, which gave a strong sense of community identity.

3218: 4320: 184: 5405:, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers’ Union, and the United Cap, Hat and Millinery Workers’ Union. Following WWII, Jewish Canadians turned their attention to combating structural antisemitism in the employment: many Canadian universities, boardrooms, banks, educational institutions, professional associations and businesses discriminated against Jewish applicants, or restricted participation and advancement through quotas as a matter of policy. 4236: 104: 4488: 4299: 164: 10516: 4257: 124: 4446: 5546: 5092:. TheJ.ca, by contrast, has emphasized that its stance on the question of Israel is right-leaning, with staff journalist and co-founder Dave Gordon saying "we’re very pro-Israel, very Zionistic …" while Ron East, a publisher of TheJ.ca, has voiced opposition to progressive Jewish activism, claiming that right-wing Zionist viewpoints are "drowned out," thereby necessitating "a platform that would allow for those voices". 3451:(CJC) was founded in 1919 as the result of the merger of several smaller organizations. The purpose of the CJC was to speak on behalf of the common interests of Jewish Canadians and assist immigrant Jews. The largest Jewish community was in Montreal, at the time the largest, wealthiest and most cosmopolitan city in Canada. The vast majority of Montreal's Jews who arrived in the early 20th century were Yiddish-speaking 4974: 4941: 4908: 4875: 4842: 4809: 4776: 4743: 4710: 4677: 4644: 4611: 4578: 3436:, there were approximately 100,000 Canadian Jews, of whom three-quarters lived in either Montreal or Toronto. Many of the children of the European refugees started out as peddlers, eventually working their way up to established businesses, such as retailers and wholesalers. Jewish Canadians played an essential role in the development of the Canadian clothing and textile industry. Most worked as labourers in 3047:

1832. Quebec City's Jewish population for many years remained very small, and early efforts at organization were fitful and short-lived. A cemetery was acquired in 1853, and a place of worship was opened in a hall in the same year, in which services were held intermittently. In 1892, the Jewish population of Quebec City had sufficiently augmented to permit the permanent establishment of the present synagogue,

3800:(PQ), which sparked a major flight of Montreal's English-speaking Jews to Toronto with about 20,000 leaving. The Jewish community of Montreal has been a bastion of federalism, and Quebec separatists with their ideal of a creating a nation-state for French-Canadians have tended to be hostile to Jews. In both the 1980 and 1995 referendums, Montreal's Jews voted overwhelmingly for Quebec to remain in Canada. 298: 4073: 64: 2676: 5520:

Slightly more Jewish women than Jewish men live in poverty, and poverty is most concentrated among Canadian Jews ages 15–24 and those over the age of 65. There is a strong correlation with level of education attained, with poverty most concentrated among Canadian Jews who had only a secondary education, and the lowest levels of poverty among those who had attained a postgraduate degree.

8982: 4033:, once the largest Jewish fraternal organization in Canada, is a left-leaning secular group established in 1927 with current chapters in Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Politically, UJPO opposes the Israeli Occupation and advocate for a two-state solution but focus primarily on Jewish cultural, educational and social justice issues. A smaller organization, 3556:

contrast, Duplessis claimed that he would never take any money from the Jews, and if he were elected Premier, he would stop this alleged plan to bring Jewish refugees to Quebec. Though Duplessis' claims about the alleged plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec was entirely false, his story was widely believed in Quebec, and ensured he won the election.

3211:. There were two competing strands of Jewish nationalism in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century, namely Zionism and another tendency that favoured forming separate Jewish cultural institutions with a focus on promoting Yiddish. Institutions such as the Montreal Jewish Library with its collection of Yiddish books were examples of the latter tendency. 3629:

Public Relations Committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress and B'nai B'rith headed by Rabbi Feinberg, the Noble ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which in November 1950 ruled against "restrictive covenants", albeit only on the technicality that the phrase "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood" was too vague.

5849: 3818:, a public monument honors the men of the 14th SS Division as heroes. Starting in the 1980s, Jewish groups began to lobby the Canadian government to deport the Axis collaborators from Eastern Europe whom the government of Canada had welcomed with open arms in the 1940s-1950s. In 1997, a report by Sol Littman, the head of 2924:, Governor-General of Lower Canada, tried to protect Hart, but French Canadians saw this as an attempt of the British to undermine them and the legislature expelled Hart in both 1808 and following his re-election in 1809. The legislature then barred Jews from holding elected office in Canada until the passage of the 3901:. While Toronto is the largest Jewish population centre, Montreal played this role until many English-speaking Jewish Canadians left for Toronto, fearing that Quebec might leave the federation following the rise during the 1970s of nationalist political parties in Quebec, as well as a result of Quebec's 3523:

was appointed MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) for her work on the home front. Saidye Bronfram had organized 7, 000 women in Montreal to make packages for Canadian soldiers serving overseas, for which she was recognized by King George VI. Most Jewish Canadian who joined the Armed

3312:

In 1934, another anti-Semitic incident occurred when the first medical strike in a Canadian hospital was held in response to the appointment of a Jewish doctor to Montreal's Notre-Dame Hospital. Dr Sam Rabinovitch would have been the first Jew appointed to the a French-Canadian hospital. The four day

5408:

In the early 1950s, popular support for anti-discrimination legislation increased, and by the 1960s, multiple provinces had created human rights commissions and enacted legislation proscribing discrimination on the basis of race or religion in employment, enabling Jews to participate more fully in a

3834:

stated that for Eastern Europeans the best way of getting into postwar Canada "was by showing the SS tattoo. This proved that you were an anti-Communist". Despite pressure from Jewish groups, the Canadian government dragged its feet on deporting Nazi war criminals out of the fear of offending voters

3656:

to Canada, in order to fill those jobs. For Lewis' work on this and other projects during this period, the Montreal branch was renamed the Moshe Lewis Branch, after his death in 1950. The Canadian arm of the Jewish Labor Committee also honored him when they established the Moshe Lewis Foundation in

3628:

resort to Bernard Wolf, a Jewish businessman from London, Ontario. The sale was blocked by the Beach O'Pines Resort Association which had a "restrictive covenant" forbidding the sale of cottages to any person of "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood". With the support of the Joint

3555:

of Quebec had secretly made an agreement with the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees left homeless by the Holocaust in Quebec after the war in exchange for the "International Zionist Brotherhood" promising to fund both the federal and provincial Liberal parties. By

3467:

who it was hoped might be able to persuade the government to allow more Jews to come. In view of worsening situation for Jews in Europe, allowing more Jewish immigration became the central concern of the CJC. Through many Canadian Jews voted for the Liberal Party, traditionally seen as the friend of

3106:

to look after the social and welfare needs of their less fortunate. Virtually all of these Jewish refugees were very poor. Wealthy Jewish philanthropists, who had come to Canada much earlier, felt it was their social responsibility to help their fellow Jews get established in this new country. One

4068:

On February 26, 2014, and for the first time in Canadian history, B'nai Brith Canada led an official delegation of Sephardi community leaders, activists, philanthropists and spiritual leaders from across the country visiting Parliament Hill and meeting with the prime minister, ambassadors and other

3780:

of Ottawa, but Rasminsky's application to join the Rideau Club was turned down on the account of his religion, a rejection that deeply hurt him. Through the Rideau Club changed its policies in response to public criticism, Rasminsky only joined the club after he retired as bank governor in 1973. In

3669:

occupations. Geographically, there was a tendency for many Jews living in the inner cities of Toronto and Montreal to move out to the suburbs. The rural Jewish communities almost vanished as Jews living in rural areas decamped to the cities. Reflecting a more tolerant attitude, Canadian Jews became

3399:

grew into prosperous towns. At this time, Canadian Jews also had important roles in developing the west coast fishing industry, while others worked on building telegraph lines. Some, descended from the earliest Canadian Jews, stayed true to their ancestors as fur trappers. The first major Jewish

5412:

It became possible for Jewish lawyers to practice law outside their community beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, ultimately resulting in a considerable increase in the number of Jewish lawyers employed in large Canadian law firms in the 1990s. A 1960 study found that although 40% of Jews

5157:

The Jewish community in Canada is amongst the country's most educated groups. In 1991, four out of ten doctors and dentists in Toronto were Jewish and nationally, four times as many Jews completed graduate degrees as Canadians generally. In the same study, it was found that 43% of Jewish Canadians

4040:

The birth rate for Jews in Canada is much higher than that in the United States, with a TFR of 1.91 according to the 2001 Census. This is due to the presence of large numbers of Orthodox Jews in Canada. According to the census, the Jewish birth rate and TFR is higher than that of Christian (1.35),

3455:

but their children chose speak English rather than French. Until 1964, Quebec had no public education system, instead having two parallel educational systems run by the Protestant churches and the Catholic church. As the Jewish community was too poor to fund its own educational system, most Jewish

5519:

As of 2015, the median income among Canadian Jews over the age of 15 years is $ 30,670, and 14.6% of Canadian Jews live below the poverty line, with poverty concentrated among Jews in the Toronto area. (By comparison, the percentage of non-Jewish Canadians living below the poverty line is 14.8%.)

5087:

beginning publication in May 2020. These two papers sought to fill the void left by the CJN, but unlike the CJN, had politically partisan editorial stances. The left-leaning Canadian Jewish Record was noted by its CEO as "not an anti-Zionist outlet, but rather that the newspaper will periodically

3615:

case, a Jewish group, the Workers' Education Association (WEA) challenged the "restrictive covenants" that forbade the renting or selling of properties to Jews. Through the case was something of a set-up as the WEA had quite consciously purchased a property in Toronto known to have a "restrictive

3046:

in 1767. His son, David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, who afterward became head of the Montreal Jewish community, also lived in Quebec prior to 1774. Abraham Joseph, who was long a prominent figure in public affairs in Quebec City, took up his residence there shortly after his father's death in

5396:

labour force in the early 1900s and 1910s, particularly in the garment sector. By 1915, half the Toronto Jewish community was self-employed, and divided the other were blue-collar workers employed, mostly by non-Jews, in the secondary segment of the labor market. By the early 1930s, there were

3566:

As in the United States, the community's response to news of the Holocaust was muted for decades. Bialystok (2000) wrote that in the 1950s the community was "virtually devoid" of discussion. Although one in seven Canadian Jews were survivors or their children, most "did not want to know what

3279: 5477: 3587:

about him: "Today American-born Rabbi Feinberg is one of the most controversial figures to occupy a Canadian pulpit. Gentiles recognize him as the official voice of Canadian Jewry. This fact was aptly demonstrated a few years ago when Montreal's Mayor Houde introduced him to friends as

3538:

with 908 Jewish refugees aboard. It went back to Europe where 254 of them died in concentration camps. And overall, Canada only accepted 5,000 Jewish refugees during the 1930s and 1940s in a climate of widespread anti-Semitism. A most striking display of antisemitism occurred with the

5372:

Before the mass Jewish immigration of the 1880s, the Canadian Jewish community was relatively affluent compared to other ethnic groups in Canada, a distinguishable feature that still continues on to this day. During the 18th and the 19th centuries, upper class Jews tended to be

4064:

monitors the incidents and prepares an annual audit of these events. There was an increase of the scope of anti-Semitic incidents in Canada with a number of cases of anti-Semitic vandalism and spraying Nazi symbols in August 2013 in Winnipeg and in the greater Toronto area.

5622: 5039:("One Hundred Years of Yiddish and Hebrew Literature in Canada") – a compendium on the history of literature and culture of the Jewish diaspora in Canada. The comprehensive volume covered 429 Yiddish and Hebrew authors who published in Canada in 1870–1970. According to 3468:

minorities, the Liberal Prime Minister from 1935 onward, William Lyon Mackenzie King, proved to be extremely unsympathetic. Mackenzie King adamantly refused to change the immigration law, and Canada accepted proportionally the fewest Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.

3394:

At this time, most of the Jewish Canadians in the west were either storekeepers or tradesmen. Many set up shops on the new rail lines, selling goods and supplies to the construction workers, many of whom were also Jewish. Later, because of the railway, some of these

5400:

Canadian Jews' participation in labour and trade union activism through the 1940s and into midcentury is noteworthy. The Canadian Jewish Labour Committee, whose membership peaked at 50,000, represented trade unions with a large Jewish membership, including the

5142:. In Toronto, around 40% of Jewish children attend Jewish elementary schools and 12% go to Jewish high schools. The figures for Montreal are higher: 60% and 30%, respectively. The national average for attendance at Jewish elementary schools is at least 55%. 4017:

The Jewish population is growing rather slowly due to aging and low birth rates. The population of Canadian Jews increased by just 3.5% between 1991 and 2001, despite much immigration from the Former Soviet Union, Israel and other countries.

5413:

had grades in the top 10% of their class, only 8% of Jewish lawyers surveyed were employed in large law firms, which resulted in lower wages. By the 1990s, the numbers of Jews and non-Jews employed in large firms had more or less equalized.

2892:

girl and brought his children up as Catholics, Jacobs is often overlooked as the first permanent Jewish settler in Canada in favour of Aaron Hart, who married a Jew and brought up his children, or at least his sons, in the Jewish tradition.

3567:

happened, and few survivors had the courage to tell them". He argued that the main obstacle to discussion was "an inability to comprehend the event". Awareness emerged in the 1960s, as the community realized that antisemitism remained.

8723: 3660:

In the post-war era, universities proved more willing to accept Jewish applicants and in decades after 1945, many Canadian Jews tended to move up from a lower-class group working as menial laborers to a middle class group working as

3652:, to bring Jewish refugees to Montreal in the needle trades, called the Tailors Project. They were able to do this through the federal government's "bulk-labour" program that allowed labour-intensive industries to bring European 9304: 9179: 3196:

By 1911, there were Jewish communities in all of Canada's major cities. By 1914, there were about 100,000 Jews in Canada with three quarters living in either Montreal or Toronto. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were

5161:

In 2016, 80% of Canadian Jewish adults aged 25–64 had a Bachelor's Degree while only 29% of the general Canadian population did. An additional 37% of Canadian Jews in this age range had post-graduate or professional degrees.

4108:

choose Canada as their new home. There are efforts by the Jewish community of Montreal to attract these immigrants and make them feel at home, as well as those from other parts of the world. There is also some immigration of

9299: 5007:

Montreal had and to some extent still has one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the 20th century. The

9229: 9279: 3309:. On that day after a baseball game in Toronto a group of young men using Nazi symbols started a massive melee, arguably the largest in Toronto's history, on the ground of racial hatred, involving hundreds of men. 3098:

efforts to develop Canada after Confederation. Between 1880 and 1930, the Jewish population of Canada grew to over 155,000. At the time, according to the 1901 census of Montreal, only 6861 Jews were residents.

9169: 3317:", involved interns refusing to "provide care to anyone, including emergency patients". The strike was called off after Dr Rabinovitch resigned after he realised that no patients would be treated otherwise. 3882:, 29% are "Just Jewish", and the remaining 12% align themselves with smaller movements or are unsure. Intermarriage is relatively low amongst Canadian Jews, with 77% of married Jews having a Jewish spouse. 8779: 9079: 5165:

Jewish Canadians comprise approximately one percent of the Canadian population, but make up a significantly larger percentage of the student body of some of the most prestigious universities in Canada.

9234: 4053: 4044:

In the 21st century, anti-Semitism has become a growing concern, with reports of anti-semitic incidents increasing sharply in recent years. This includes the well publicized anti-Semitic comments of

3967: 2961:, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. In the early 1830s, German Jew Samuel Liebshitz founded Jewsburg (now incorporated as German Mills into 3803:

It was official Canadian policy after 1945 to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe as long they were anti-communist even if they had fought for Nazi Germany. For an example the veterans of the

7341: 5491:

The majority of Canadian Jews fall into the middle class (defined as an income between $ 45,000 and $ 120,000) or upper-middle class. Some of the wealthiest Canadian Jewish families include the

8720: 4037:, characterized as anti-Zionist, argues that the CIJA and B'nai B'rith do not speak for most Canadian Jews. Also, many Canadian Jews simply have no connections to any of these organizations. 3592:—the Cardinal of the Jews". Feinberg was very active in various social justice efforts, campaigning for laws against discrimination against minorities and to end the "restrictive covenants". 3400:

organization to appear was B'nai B'rith. Till today B'nai B'rith Canada is the community's independent advocacy and social service organization. Also at this time, the Montreal branch of the

3259: 6185:

Montreal and Vicinity: being a history of the old town, a pictorial record of the modern city, its sports and pastimes, and an illustrated description of many charming summer resorts around

6028:

Montreal and Vicinity: being a history of the old town, a pictorial record of the modern city, its sports and pastimes, and an illustrated description of many charming summer resorts around

3440:; while some owned the manufacturing facilities. Jewish merchants and labourers spread out from the cities to small towns, building synagogues, community centres and schools as they went. 3193:

who came from either the Austrian empire or the Russian empire. Jewish women tended to be particularly active in Canadian Zionism, perhaps because many of the Zionist groups were secular.

9174: 9259: 9254: 9249: 3463:

to come to Canada. In a climate of anti-semitism where the Jewish immigrants were seen as economic competition for Gentiles, the leadership of the CJC was assumed by the whisky tycoon

3189:. In 1899, the Federation of Canadian Zionist Societies was founded to champion Zionism, and became the first nation-wide Jewish group. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were 2814:, a Jewish girl who arrived in 1738 disguised as a boy and remained a year before she was returned for refusing to convert. The earliest subsequent documentation of Jews in Canada are 9244: 3551:

appealed to anti-Semitic prejudices in Quebec in a violently anti-Semitic speech by claiming that the Dominion government of William Lyon Mackenzie King together with Liberal Premier

9114: 8559: 5870:

Sheldon Godfrey and Judy Godfrey. Search Out the Land" The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740–1867. McGill Queen's University Press. 1997. pp. 76–77;

9219: 9129: 3118:

Most of these immigrants established communities in the larger cities. Canada's first ever census, recorded that in 1871 there were 1,115 Jews in Canada; 409 in Montreal, 157 in

3111:, who founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. In Montreal and Toronto, a wide range of communal organizations and groups developed. Recently arrived immigrant Jews also founded 3090:

and other areas of Eastern Europe for the West. Although the United States received the overwhelming majority of these immigrants, Canada was also a destination of choice due to

7983: 3745:

became a republic in 1961, and was followed by another wave in the late 1970s, which was precipitated by anti-apartheid rioting and civil unrest. The majority of them settled in

9094: 7875: 7401: 5061:

was, until April 2020, Canada's most widely-read Jewish community newspaper. It had suffered from financial shortfalls for years, which were exacerbated by the impact of the

2957:

sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews, twenty-seven years before anywhere else in the British Empire. In 1832, partly because of the work of

2953:

in Canada. The law requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to refuse the oath. In 1831, prominent French-Canadian politician

8165: 3983: 2977:(who later in 1856 together with Lewis Samuel a British Orthodox Jew would rent the upper floor of Coombe’s Drug Store at the corner of Yonge Street and Richmond Street in 7042: 8691: 3814:, settled in Canada. The fact that the men of the 14th Waffen-SS division had committed war crimes was ignored because they were felt to be useful for the Cold War. In 1329: 3405: 7093: 6423: 3624:

case by the Ontario Supreme Court, which ruled that "restrictive covenants" were "legal and enforceable". A woman named Anna Noble decided to sell her cottage at the

5945:

Canada's Entrepreneurs: From The Fur Trade to the 1929 Stock Market Crash: Portraits from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography. By Andrew Ross and Andrew Smith, 2012

2938:

or served in the British Army troops. A few were merchants or landowners. Although Montreal's Jewish community was small, numbering only around 200, they built the

7285: 3515:

of the Queen's Own Rifles regiment was a soldier in the campaigns of 1944–45 in northwest Europe, highly decorated for his courage and ability under fire. In 1943,

3142:, who was mayor of Vancouver from 1888 to 1891) and the youngest mayor in the country at the time. He died suddenly in 1969 while serving his tenth term in office. 8620: 6857: 9274: 4049: 3804: 5158:

had a bachelor's degree or higher while the comparable figure for persons of British origin is 19% and just 16% for the general Canadian population as a whole.

8790:

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

8745: 6168:

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

6151:

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

3944: 3459:

In 1930 under the impact of the Great Depression, Canada sharply limited immigration from Eastern Europe, which adversely impacted on the ability of the

1907: 6780:", paper presented on May 30, 2004 at a forum on "Jewish Dissent in Canada", at a conference of the Association of Canadian Jewish Studies (ACJS) in Winnipeg. 3232: 2837:, winning Canada for the British. Several Jews were members of his regiments, and among his officer corps were five Jews: Samuel Jacobs, Emmanuel de Cordova, 5421:

According to a 2018 study of the Canadian Jewish community by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, annual household income was reported as follows:

1562: 1257: 5696: 3926: 10459: 7725: 7517: 4088:

Since the beginning of the 21st century Jewish immigration to Canada has continued, increasing in numbers with the passing of the years. With the rise of

1449: 3998: 7349: 6393: 5004:, who make up the majority of the Canadian Jewry and was widely spoken within the Canadian Jewish community up to the middle of the twentieth century. 3665:

professionals. With the ability to obtain a better education, many Jews become doctors, teachers, lawyers, dentists, accountants, professors and other

3063: 2657: 6481: 2946:

in 1768. It remained the only synagogue in Montreal until 1846. Some sources date the actual establishment of synagogue to 1777 on Notre Dame Street.

5999: 3822:

operations in Canada charged that Canada in 1950 had accepted 2,000 veterans of 14th Waffen-SS Division with no screening; the American news program

421: 7688:

Kanade, di Goldene Medine? Perspectives on Canadian-Jewish Literature and Culture / Perspectives sur la littérature et la culture juives canadiennes

7201: 5874:. The "Foreign Protestants" and the Settlement of Nova Scotia:The History of a piece of arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century. 3380: 3355:

origin were forbidden to own farms in the old country and thus had little experience in farming. One settlement that did do well was Yid'n Bridge,

3247: 1444: 7453: 1692: 7479: 3620:

struck down "restrictive covenants" in his ruling on 31 October 1945. In 1948, MacKay's ruling in the Drummond Wren case was struck down in the

8671: 8113: 7775: 5052: 8348: 8065: 3217: 9119: 9058: 5574: 2912:

and Alexander, all of whom would become prominent in Montreal and help build the Jewish Community. Ezekiel was elected to the legislature of

1946: 8656: 8039: 7852: 7260: 7147: 3371:

invited Jewish families directly from Europe to join them, and the settlement eventually became a town, whose name was later changed to the

8736: 8139: 7686: 3789:

became the first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and in 1973, the first Jewish Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1971,

3776:

became the first Jewish governor of the Bank of Canada. Every previous governor of the Bank of Canada had been a member of the prestigious

2939: 2747:. As of 2021, Statistics Canada listed 335,295 Jews in Canada. This total would account for approximately 1.4% of the Canadian population. 8567: 2774:. Though they are a small minority, they have had an open presence in the country since the first Jewish immigrants arrived with Governor 8290: 3974: 931: 894: 10808: 9184: 7987: 5402: 9269: 8960: 8479: 5149:

Canadian Jews make up a significant percentage of student body of Canada's leading higher education institutions. For instance at the

4041:

Buddhist (1.34), Non-Religious (1.41), and Sikh (1.9) populations, but slightly lower than that of Hindus (2.05), and Muslims (2.01).

9337: 8191: 6884: 3917: 1870: 17: 7883: 10452: 9189: 6268: 1893: 8264: 5065:

on its finances. CJN president Elizabeth Wolfe stated that "The CJN suffered from a pre-existing condition and has been felled by

8169: 1243: 7405: 9370: 2650: 1820: 1755: 1637: 7316: 6533: 3911: 3443:

As the population grew, Canadian Jews began to organize themselves as a community despite the presence of dozens of competing

9289: 8820: 8589: 7735: 7696: 6193: 3575:

From the 1940s to the 1960s, the man generally recognized as the chief spokesman for the Canadian Jewish community was Rabbi

941: 2771: 9686: 9284: 7752: 7097: 7070: 6430: 4022: 3048: 2998: 1379: 8828: 3289:

was established in 1927 and served as a training school for Polish war orphans brought to Canada after the First World War

10803: 10445: 9294: 7293: 6559: 5748: 5564: 5500: 5089: 5021: 4195: 4089: 3932: 3738: 1647: 1464: 1454: 694: 315: 8453: 7122: 6659: 2844:

The most prominent of these five were the business associates Samuel Jacobs and Aaron Hart. In 1759, in his capacity as

9346: 9264: 9124: 9084: 6861: 4157: 4034: 3035:

The name resonated amongst the congregants, and on July 23, 1871, the synagogue officially adopted the name פרחי קדש —

2901: 2830: 2791: 2043: 1993: 1958: 1652: 1517: 1384: 6050: 5954:

Search Out the Land: The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740–1867. Sheldon Godfrey, 1995

10161: 9104: 9051: 8974:"Negotiating Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Historiography: Arthur A. Chiel and The Jews of Manitoba: A Social History." 8947: 8929: 6740: 5273: 5112: 3790: 2715: 2643: 1735: 1697: 1672: 1592: 1577: 1424: 1364: 1319: 9239: 6885:""Those Jews" We fight Hitler's creed overseas ... but we have a seedling of it right here at home, says this Rabbi" 10798: 9159: 9134: 8711: 6975: 5096: 4110: 3826:

showed that Canada had allowed about 1,000 SS veterans from the Baltic states to become Canadian citizens; and the

2881: 2028: 2010: 1916: 1810: 1662: 1657: 1582: 1547: 1414: 7609: 7428: 5995: 5824: 2686: 9209: 9144: 9089: 6031:. Canada: Desbarats & co. by commission of the City of Montreal and the Department of Agriculture. p. 55 5981: 5700: 5305: 4030: 3766: 3560: 3388: 3340: 2546: 2445: 2000: 1983: 1936: 1835: 1745: 1682: 1632: 1612: 1607: 1527: 1501: 1476: 1354: 1344: 1334: 1314: 1309: 6342: 3793:

became the leader of the New Democratic Party, becoming the first Jew to head a major Canadian political party.

10421: 9224: 9149: 7661: 7632: 5209: 5062: 5025: 4105: 3902: 3059: 2019: 2005: 1973: 1953: 1921: 1865: 1840: 1815: 1795: 1785: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1740: 1730: 1725: 1702: 1617: 1602: 1522: 1481: 1434: 1429: 1349: 1294: 5388:

At the turn of the 20th century, most Jewish heads of household were self-employed wholesalers, retailers, or

5076: 3737:

started to take place. A number of French-speaking Jews from North Africa ended up settling in Montreal. Some

9330: 9164: 9154: 9030: 5321: 5289: 4093: 3079: 2744: 2440: 1978: 1963: 1926: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1830: 1825: 1805: 1790: 1775: 1750: 1716: 1687: 1587: 1572: 1496: 1486: 1404: 1374: 1299: 1285: 6777: 9360: 9214: 9139: 9044: 7233: 6791: 3540: 3331: 3001:(1878, 1883). By 1850, there were still only 450 Jews living in Canada, mostly concentrated in Montreal. 2908:, where he became a wealthy landowner and respected community member. He had four sons, Moses, Benjamin, 2048: 1968: 1931: 1855: 1800: 1667: 1642: 1567: 1542: 1532: 1471: 1394: 1389: 1369: 1359: 1339: 1324: 1217: 921: 685: 680: 2770:

make up the Jewish-Canadian community, which manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and the

9109: 8219:"Jewish Immigrants and the Garment Industry of Toronto, 1901-1931: A Study of Ethnic and Class Relations" 7685:

Felsen, Vivian (2018). "Preserving Yiddish Culture in Canada: The Remarkable Legacy of Chaim Leib Fuks".

7208: 6368:"Dr. Sam Rabinovitch and The Notre-Dame Hospital Strike - Hôpital Notre-Dame - Museum of Jewish Montreal" 5879: 3223: 2943: 2807: 2038: 2033: 1988: 1941: 1627: 1597: 1557: 1552: 1409: 715: 8379: 4100:

or elsewhere, with Canada one of the top destinations chosen by French Jews to live in, particularly in

8973: 8966: 7653: 7624: 6245: 4916: 3166: 3146: 3067: 2920:

in the British Empire. Ezekiel was expelled from the legislature with his religion a major factor. Sir

2512: 2357: 2065: 1459: 655: 645: 381: 8799:

Creating the Chupah: The Zionist Movement and the Drive for Jewish Communal Unity in Canada, 1898–1921

7572:"Review: Michael Manel, "The Jewish Hour: The Golden Age of Toronto Yiddish Radio Show and Newspaper"" 7376: 10572: 9915: 8533: 7504: 6591: 6123: 4409: 3936: 2885: 2626: 2319: 2170: 2111: 1002: 8506: 6681: 5787: 4140:

groups with an estimate of 30,000 people. A small proportion of Israeli Jews who come to Canada are

9544: 9323: 8995: 8356: 8318:"Ethnic, Class and Gender Dynamics among Jewish Labour Activists and Jewish Human Rights Activists" 8091: 8069: 7545: 5722: 5559: 3811: 3525: 3448: 3376: 3295: 3095: 2869: 2838: 2827: 2693: 2329: 2309: 1419: 899: 440: 5153:, Canadian Jews account for 5% of the student body, over 5 times the proportion of Jews in Canada. 3031:(Asher) parents in Montreal (Isaac Gottschalk Ascher & Rachel Altmann) inscribed in Hebrew to 2974: 10394: 9900: 9565: 9365: 9000: 8967:"Isolation and Alienation: Factors in the Growth of Zionism in the Canadian Prairies, 1917-1939." 8743:

Greenstein, Michael. "How They Write Us: Accepting and Excepting 'the Jew' in Canadian Fiction,"

8317: 8043: 7576: 7151: 3819: 3641: 3425: 2860:, and thus the first Canadian Jew. From 1749, Jacobs had been supplying British army officers at 2470: 2460: 2425: 2304: 2294: 2077: 1248: 1190: 1024: 703: 660: 375: 9019: 8143: 7702: 5674: 3070:, the oldest Synagogue in Canada still in use, and the oldest on the West Coast of North America 10437: 10345: 9871: 9681: 7826: 5584: 5511:. Canadian Jews comprise roughly 17% of Canadian Business's list of the 100 Richest Canadians. 5225: 4164:, Tova Moradi, fled to Canada. This marked the end of Afghanistan's 2,700-year Jewish history. 3616:

covenant" in order to challenge the legality of "restrictive covenants" in the courts, Justice

3600: 3516: 3302: 3170: 2950: 2589: 2324: 2238: 1304: 856: 475: 445: 7955: 7665: 7636: 6166: 6149: 4104:). For the same reasons, and due to cultural and linguistic proximity, several members of the 3412:. It was an organization for The Main's radical, non-Communist, non-religious, working class. 10752: 10713: 10633: 10625: 10605: 10426: 10382: 10249: 10028: 9996: 9948: 9861: 9853: 9404: 8014: 7959: 6456: 5871: 5774: 5579: 5193: 5150: 4472: 4061: 4026: 3830:

called Canada a "near-blissful refuge" for Nazi war criminals. The Canadian Jewish historian

3563:

which was one of the largest Jewish fraternal organizations in Canada for a number of years.

3504: 3396: 2990: 2954: 2861: 2819: 2480: 2475: 2420: 2208: 1123: 851: 838: 733: 450: 6217:"Biography – OPPENHEIMER, DAVID – Volume XII (1891-1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 6216: 5903:

Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s. Louis Rosenberg,

10678: 10658: 10615: 10590: 10524: 10477: 10416: 10290: 10244: 10203: 10135: 9968: 9958: 9933: 9905: 9803: 9765: 9742: 9732: 9722: 9570: 9443: 7372: 6971: 6457:"MHS Transactions: The Contribution of the Jews to the Opening and Development of the West" 5337: 5058: 4850: 4817: 4553: 4430: 4153: 3871: 3488: 3186: 3091: 2779: 2551: 2503: 2243: 2101: 914: 779: 768: 726: 6888: 6830: 5891: 3863:. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak English as a first language, including most Ashkenazi Jews in 3326: 8: 10757: 10699: 10648: 10600: 10580: 10557: 10552: 10537: 10229: 10181: 10176: 10145: 10099: 9986: 9943: 9923: 9888: 9838: 9833: 9816: 9737: 9717: 9707: 9702: 9661: 9651: 9473: 8621:"2011 National Household Survey Analysis The Jewish Population of Canada (Parts 3 and 4)" 8384:

Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada

6394:"Montreal's Days of Shame: When 75 Doctors Went on Strike until a Jewish Doctor Resigned" 5659: 5630: 5614: 5257: 3637: 3633: 3617: 3580: 3401: 3286: 3131: 3036: 2925: 2917: 2853: 2823: 2799: 2604: 2299: 977: 844: 747: 740: 670: 558: 433: 250: 10515: 8806:

Jerusalem on the Amur: Birobidzhan and the Canadian Jewish Communist Movement, 1924–1951

10747: 10742: 10706: 10643: 10585: 10542: 10408: 10350: 10264: 10254: 10234: 10219: 10193: 10084: 10069: 10023: 10018: 9991: 9928: 9883: 9823: 9727: 9676: 9666: 9630: 9591: 9586: 9549: 9526: 9514: 9509: 9499: 9468: 9421: 9389: 9036: 8813:

The Defining Decade: Identity, Politics, and the Canadian Jewish Community in the 1960s

8401: 8238: 8234: 6999: 6632: 5589: 5393: 3852: 3476: 3409: 3364: 3306: 3154: 3127: 3087: 2962: 2455: 2405: 2352: 2347: 2261: 2131: 1399: 1228: 987: 907: 761: 327: 246: 9382: 8721:

Foreign Policy and Ethnic Interest Groups: American and Canadian Jews Lobby for Israel

8195: 6318: 6301: 5982:"An Act to Grant Equal Rights and Privileges to Persons of the Jewish Religion (1832)" 5968: 4121:

is home to the largest Jewish community in Latin America and the third largest in the

3552: 10777: 10767: 10762: 10653: 10595: 10562: 10532: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10295: 10285: 10280: 10259: 10224: 10198: 10186: 10171: 10140: 10114: 10055: 10050: 10043: 10033: 9938: 9893: 9843: 9811: 9712: 9671: 9635: 9416: 9411: 9315: 8943: 8925: 8918: 8405: 7731: 7692: 7657: 7628: 7043:"Canadian government comes to the defence of Nazi SS and Nazi collaborators but why?" 6323: 6189: 5825:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]" 5646: 5569: 5241: 5138:

There are numerous Jewish day schools throughout the country, as well as a number of

5017: 4784: 4619: 4186: 4077: 3848: 3835:

of Eastern European background, who make up a significant number of Canadian voters.

3815: 3762: 3754: 3715: 3691: 3675: 3625: 3548: 3238: 3182: 3150: 3139: 3123: 2921: 2803: 2775: 2599: 2541: 2521: 2338: 1898: 1537: 997: 868: 798: 675: 588: 455: 286: 5072:

Shortly thereafter, two new Jewish community newspapers made their debuts, with the

4185:

Jewish Canadian population by province and territory in Canada in 2011 according to

2905: 10734: 10727: 10668: 10547: 10490: 10485: 10377: 10367: 10300: 10166: 10109: 10104: 10094: 10011: 10006: 9828: 9778: 9773: 9601: 9521: 9504: 9494: 9478: 9394: 8428:"The Jewish Immigrant Experience and the Practice of Law in Montreal, 1830 to 1990" 8391: 8230: 7585: 6719: 6313: 5618: 5504: 4993: 4949: 4586: 4283: 4133: 4057: 3955: 3890: 3875: 3856: 3726:

were individuals of note in the fields of arts, journalism and literature.

3723: 3679: 3653: 3645: 3612: 3576: 3420: 3174: 3103: 2732: 2569: 2450: 2410: 2374: 2072: 1622: 1133: 889: 793: 708: 598: 390: 242: 234: 230: 206: 149: 8597: 7173: 3636:

came during the late 1940s, hoping to rebuild their shattered lives. In 1947, the

2904:'s forces at Montreal in 1760. After his service in the army ended, he settled at 10720: 10692: 10663: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10468: 10362: 10355: 10239: 10119: 10089: 10001: 9981: 9876: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9756: 9656: 9453: 9438: 9426: 8788: 8774: 8727: 8699: 6183: 6026: 5904: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5353: 5080: 5024:, inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theatre, the 5013: 4883: 3860: 3773: 3758: 3671: 3520: 3464: 3204: 3108: 2889: 2877: 2811: 2531: 2490: 2485: 2465: 2387: 2381: 2314: 2266: 2106: 2087: 1238: 967: 879: 862: 406: 305: 262: 258: 254: 222: 52: 41: 7776:"Canada welcomes two new Jewish outlets, but COVID-19 has media on life support" 4045: 3102:

Jewish immigrants brought a tradition of establishing a communal body, called a

3020: 2692:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

10686: 10638: 10610: 10389: 9976: 9953: 9866: 9596: 9433: 8991: 8910:

Pioneers, Pedlars and Prayer Shawls: the Jewish Communities in BC and the Yukon

7853:"Canadian Jewish media: 2 new sites vie to replace flagship weekly that folded" 6507: 6246:"Ida Siegel with Edmund Scheuer at the Canadian Jewish Farm School, Georgetown" 5967:, vol. 7, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003, accessed June 9, 2013, 5551: 5122: 5118: 5032: 5001: 3879: 3844: 3208: 3199: 3135: 2876:'s army at Quebec. Remaining in Canada, he became the dominant merchant of the 2751: 2697: 2631: 2430: 2285: 2165: 2144: 2121: 2116: 2094: 2082: 1677: 1158: 1092: 1057: 1035: 972: 810: 788: 650: 629: 605: 371: 353: 8749:, Volume 20, Number 2, Winter 2002, pp. 5–27 looks at non-Jewish authors. 6765:

Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540–2006

5919:"Exhibition celebrates history of Quebec City Jews – The Canadian Jewish News" 5755: 10792: 8986: 7590: 7571: 6724: 5594: 5537: 5508: 5145: 5043:, it was "the most ambitious attempt to preserve Yiddish culture in Canada." 5040: 5009: 4388: 4114: 4005: 3989: 3831: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3621: 3512: 3384: 3352: 3314: 3266: 3178: 3083: 3008: 2897: 2755: 2740: 2579: 2574: 1780: 1707: 1233: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1040: 992: 754: 593: 498: 460: 411: 214: 7402:"The Jewish Community of Canada: A History of the Canadian Jewish Community" 9024: 8761:

Imposing Their Will: An Organizational History of Jewish Toronto, 1933–1948

6707: 6660:"Jewish Canadian service in the Second World War - Veterans Affairs Canada" 6327: 6054: 5801: 5382: 5173: 4367: 4177: 4129: 3742: 3687: 3532: 3508: 3492: 3481: 3360: 3356: 2994: 2966: 2958: 2913: 2909: 2849: 2845: 2815: 2759: 2736: 2609: 2435: 2276: 2271: 2229: 2182: 1276: 1143: 1128: 1087: 1052: 665: 507: 8380:"Presidential Address: Jews, Human Rights, and the Making of a New Canada" 8166:"Concordia University Sir George And Loyola Campus - Hillel College Guide" 7317:"Sephardi delegation heads to Ottawa, meets PM – The Canadian Jewish News" 7202:"Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada (Catalogue no. 91-209-XIE)" 5020:

was the centre of Yiddish theatre from 1896 until the construction of the

2731:

Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the fourth largest

8780:

Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s

7727:

Jewish Roots, Canadian Soil: Yiddish Cultural Life in Montreal, 1905-1945

4346: 4161: 4141: 4092:

in France and weak economic conditions, most of the Jewish newcomers are

3786: 3777: 3719: 3649: 3632:

After the war, Canada liberalized its immigration policy. Roughly 40,000

3433: 3043: 3012: 2935: 2873: 2865: 2795: 2763: 2594: 2536: 2201: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1067: 311: 8985: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 8242: 8218: 7029:

Pure Soldiers Or Sinister Legion: The Ukrainian 14th Waffen-SS Division

6003: 5374: 3703: 3699: 3437: 3372: 3033:“The Holy Congregation, Blossoms of Holiness , in the city of Toronto.” 2252: 1266: 1195: 1153: 982: 962: 521: 428: 348: 3185:, was among them. Nathan eventually became the first Canadian Jewish 8396: 8092:"Carleton University – Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life" 5633:: North American Jewish Data Bank. Archived from on October 26, 2022 4118: 3959: 3782: 3368: 3162: 2415: 2400: 1490: 1438: 1200: 1148: 1138: 819: 815: 805: 720: 480: 5476: 5012:(The Canadian Eagle), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper founded by 3177:

sent their delegation to Ottawa to agree on the colony's entry into

1168: 10372: 9399: 8692:

Jew or Juif? Jews, French Canadians, and Anglo-Canadians, 1759–1914

6485: 5918: 5378: 5139: 5073: 5066: 4751: 4718: 4325: 4122: 3894: 3348: 2916:

in the by-election of April 11, 1807, becoming the first Jew in an

2834: 2728: 2584: 2194: 2126: 957: 465: 416: 189: 8976:

Canadian Jewish Studies / Études Juives Canadiennes, vol 10, 2002.

8265:"The story of Jewish immigrants to Canada, and how they prospered" 5675:"The Jewish Population of Canada – 2016 National Household Survey" 5117:

Canada has several Jewish museums and monuments, which focus upon

3796:

In 1976, the Quebec provincial election was won by the separatist

8969:

Canadian Jewish Studies / Études Juives Canadiennes, vol 9, 2001.

7905: 5875: 5389: 4652: 4493: 4304: 4241: 4096:

who are mainly looking for new economic opportunities (either in

4081: 3898: 3886: 3750: 3746: 3351:. Few of the colonies did very well, partly because the Jews of 3339:

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, through such movements as the

3270: 3119: 3075: 2978: 2767: 2754:. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented and include 2560: 2526: 2395: 2189: 1178: 1173: 1045: 936: 831: 827: 823: 572: 567: 544: 526: 401: 396: 386: 364: 339: 274: 169: 109: 10467: 8291:"A legacy worth fighting for: the Left and the Jewish community" 7820: 7818: 7237: 6482:"Story of Saskatchewan's Jewish farmers goes to national museum" 5699:. The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs. 2011. Archived from 3785:

of Windsor became the Jewish federal cabinet minister. In 1970,

3379:. The Jewish farming settlement folded in the first generation. 8768:

Open Your Hearts: The Story of the Jewish War Orphans in Canada

7797: 7395: 7393: 6814:

Delayed Impact: The Holocaust and the Canadian Jewish Community

6367: 4685: 4262: 4219: 4137: 4101: 4097: 3951: 3864: 2986: 2857: 2220: 2215: 2175: 2160: 1271: 1163: 583: 549: 535: 470: 297: 129: 84: 7930: 7480:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country" 7454:"Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country" 7174:"Microsoft Word - Canada_Part1General Demographics_Report.doc" 3335:

Graves in Jewish cemetery at Lipton Colony, Saskatchewan, 1916

3226:, businessman, militia officer, and justice of the peace, 1855 3115:, guilds of people who came originally from the same village. 3086:

of the early 20th century, millions of Jews began to flee the

9377: 7815: 7518:"Canada 2001 Census - Jewish Populations in Geographic Areas" 4451: 4072: 4021:

Politically, the major Jewish Canadian organizations are the

3730: 3496: 3444: 3169:

in 1862. In 1875, B'nai B'rith Canada was formed as a Jewish

3158: 1183: 612: 516: 485: 63: 7390: 6560:"Canadian National Railways Settle Jews in British Columbia" 5850:"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables: Ethnic Origin" 5823:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).

3559:

In 1945, several organizations merged to form the left-wing

3138:, George Simon was the second Jewish mayor in Canada (after 2750:

The Jewish community in Canada is composed predominantly of

8427: 4200: 4009: 3870:

In terms of Jewish denominations, 26% of Canadian Jews are

3734: 3344: 3126:

and the rest were dispersed in small communities along the

335: 8903:

Canadian Jews in the 21st Century: Identity and Demography

8786: 8754:

Canadian Jews in the 21st Century: Identity and Demography

6908: 6906: 6778:

Jewish Dissent in Canada: The United Jewish People's Order

9014: 8114:"Canada's best universities by reputation: Rankings 2021" 7096:. National Observatory on Language Rights. Archived from 6147: 9066: 8712:

Antisemitism in Canada : history and interpretation

7876:"A Note from the Publisher: The Bridge is Now Completed" 7399: 6816:(Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000) pp 7–8 4029:

both claim to be the voice of the Jewish community. The

8560:"Canada's Richest People: The Complete Top 100 Ranking" 7753:"To our readers: everything has its season. It is time" 6932:

Seeking the Fabled City: The Canadian Jewish Experience

6903: 5084: 4050:

Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism

3670:

active on the cultural scene. In the post-war decades

3480:

Jewish soldiers fought in the Canadian military during

3404:

was founded in 1907. This group was an offshoot of the

9345: 8746:

Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies

7604:

CHRISTOPHER DEWOLF, "A peek inside Yiddish Montreal",

7071:"Canada admits letting in 2,000 Ukrainian SS troopers" 6926: 6924: 6922: 2856:, Jacobs was recorded as the first Jewish resident of 8184: 7023: 7021: 6916:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015 page 251 5697:"Basic Demographics of the Canadian Jewish Community" 5037:

Hundert yor yidishe un hebreyishe literatur in Kanade

3363:

farmers. Eventually the community grew larger as the

2798:. There were no official Jews in Quebec because when 225:(as liturgical language, some as mother tongue) 7650:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

7621:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

7370: 7234:"CanadianParliamentaryCoalitiontoCombatAntisemitism" 6970: 5822: 5527: 5000:‎) is the historical and cultural language of 2973:

arrived in Montreal with his family, including sons

2199: 2180: 603: 8737:

Contemporary Jewish Writing in Canada: An Anthology

8322:

Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes

8040:"From Immigration To Integration – Chapter Sixteen" 6976:"Archive collects stories of Southern African Jews" 6919: 6712:

Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes

6343:"Doctor was central figure in 1934 hospital strike" 4076:Israeli Canadians and Jewish Canadians celebrating 3253:

Jewish rag picker, Bloor Street West, Toronto, 1911

8917: 8838:Weinfeld, Morton. W. Shaffir, and I. Cotler, eds. 7429:"The Little-Known Story of Afghanistan's Last Jew" 7117: 7115: 7018: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 5392:, though large numbers of Jews began to enter the 4136:community is growing and it is one of the largest 3977:hosting a Toronto Mayoral candidates' debate, 2010 3595:In March 1945, Rabbi Feinberg wrote an article in 8763:(McGill-Queen's University Press; 2011) 352 pages 8223:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 6708:"Jews in the Royal Canadian Air Force, 1940-1945" 6000:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 3851:. Nearly all Jews in Canada speak one of the two 3082:in the 1880s, and continuing through the growing 10790: 6514:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) 6164: 5794: 4181:Percentage of Jewish population in Canada, 2001. 3810:, which was mostly recruited from Ukrainians in 2993:a highly acclaimed Canadian poet and novelist, 7986:. Jafi.org.il. December 2, 2008. Archived from 7377:"Will Jews flee Belgium and France for Quebec?" 7286:"Antisemitism In Canada: Swastikas In Winnipeg" 7112: 6934:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2018 p.219 6562:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. September 21, 1926 6385: 6286: 4056:to investigate and combat antisemitism, namely 3992:Hebrew Delicatessen, a popular deli in Montreal 3847:in Canada is maintained by practising Jews and 3583:in Toronto. In 1950, Dorothy Sangster wrote in 3149:to open shops to supply prospectors during the 3054: 3021:Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of Montreal 2934:Most of the early Jewish Canadians were either 8066:"The Institute for International Affairs Page" 7150:. 2.statcan.ca. March 12, 2002. Archived from 6334: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 5749:"JEWISH POPULATION IN THE WORLD AND IN ISRAEL" 5053:Category:Jewish newspapers published in Canada 10453: 9331: 9052: 8315: 7730:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. XIX. 7261:"Anti-Semitic vandalism in motion across GTA" 6230:"Canada's first Jewish mayor dies suddenly". 6223: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6051:"Kitchener Public Library - for Genealogists" 5941: 5939: 5715: 5575:List of Orthodox Jewish communities in Canada 4172: 3273:. Rabbi Joseph Rabin carrying the Torah, 1929 2896:Lieutenant Hart first arrived in Canada from 2651: 8835:(1991), pp 860–81, the basic starting point. 7148:"Statistics canada: 2001 Community Profiles" 6994: 6992: 5613: 5099:relaunched as a digital-only publication at 3519:of Montreal, the wife of the whiskey tycoon 3503:About 17,000 Jewish Canadians served in the 3241:, a predominantly Jewish neighbourhood, 1910 2949:Revolts and protests soon began calling for 2940:Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal 2772:full spectrum of Jewish religious observance 8990: 8715:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, (1992) 8566:. St. Joseph Communications. Archived from 8355:. St. Joseph Communications. Archived from 8192:"Economic Life | Multicultural Canada" 7642: 7613: 6181: 6024: 3920:was a Montreal icon during the 20th century 3471: 3301:On August 16, 1933, one of the most famous 895:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 233:(by some as mother tongue and as part of a 10460: 10446: 9338: 9324: 9059: 9045: 8898:. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1995. 8316:Frager, Ruth A.; Patrias, Carmela (2015). 8140:"Mcgill University - Hillel College Guide" 8058: 8032: 7563: 6658:Canada, Veterans Affairs (July 24, 2020). 6589: 6269:"Remembering Toronto's Christie Pits Riot" 6188:. Canada: Desbarats & co. p. 53. 6070: 5936: 5403:International Ladies Garment Workers Union 4132:emigrate to Canada to study and work. The 3524:Forces at this time became members of the 3347:colonies were established on the Canadian 3007:first Jewish prayer services were held on 2810:could enter the colony. One exception was 2658: 2644: 62: 8770:(Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1996. 189 pp.) 8395: 7589: 7207:. Statistics Canada. 2005. Archived from 7064: 7062: 7060: 6989: 6824: 6822: 6723: 6675: 6673: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6317: 6234:. 121st Year (403): 15. February 1, 1964. 5988: 5980:Bélanger, Claude, ed. (August 23, 2000). 3838: 3027:a permanent Torah arrived as a gift from 2802:made Canada officially a province of the 2785: 2716:Learn how and when to remove this message 8940:Canada. The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia 8194:. Multiculturalcanada.ca. Archived from 7882:. Canadian Jewish Record. Archived from 7723: 7426: 7342:"The destination of French Jews, Canada" 7040: 6882: 6858:"The Impulsive Crusader of Holy Blossom" 6855: 6849: 6454: 6418: 6416: 6414: 5979: 5475: 5144: 5106: 4189:and United Jewish Federations of Canada 4176: 4071: 3487: 3475: 3419: 3330: 3058: 2981:for High Holy Day services which became 8856:Jewish Calendar with Introductory Essay 8216: 7824: 7773: 7258: 6789: 6767:, Toronto: Dundun Press, 2007 page 149. 6759: 6757: 6738: 6590:Schoenfeld, Stuart (December 3, 2012). 6534:"Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada's Jews" 6340: 6266: 5894:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online 3570: 3011:, September 29, 1856, initially with a 316:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 10791: 8894:Godfrey, Sheldon and Godfrey, Judith. 8854:Jacques J. Lyons and Abraham de Sola, 8824:(2008), the standard scholarly history 8698:Brym, Robert J., William Shaffir, and 8666: 8651: 8425: 8377: 8289:Godwin, Matthew (September 12, 2017). 8288: 8084: 7971:There are also numerous Jewish museums 7684: 7569: 7091: 7068: 7057: 6819: 6670: 6657: 6609: 6424:"1: Yiddish culture in Western Canada" 6391: 6299: 6121: 5916: 5672: 3769:were also present during this period. 3499:-Ramsdorf, a Jewish survivor in Canada 3391:is now in the collection of a museum. 2841:, Hananiel Garcia, and Isaac Miramer. 10441: 9319: 9067:History of the Jews in North America 9040: 8915: 8787:Singer, Isidore; Cyrus Adler (1907). 8009: 8007: 8005: 7750: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7314: 7094:"Why do Montreal Jews speak English?" 6856:Sangster, Dorothy (October 1, 1950). 6705: 6411: 5666: 4023:Centre for Israel and Jewish Advocacy 3320: 2735:in the world, exceeded only by those 8920:Unfinished Journey: the Lewis Family 8590:"Community Profiles - Jewish Canada" 7850: 7259:McQueen, Cynthia (August 12, 2013). 7073:. Jewish News of Northern California 6754: 6741:"Canada turned away Jewish refugees" 6739:Beswick, Aaron (December 15, 2013). 6392:Miller, Yvette Alt (July 18, 2021). 6360: 6341:Lazarus, David (November 25, 2010). 6306:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6148:Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1907). 5963:Denis Vaugeois, "Hart, Ezekiel", in 4125:after the United States and Canada. 3741:decided to emigrate to Canada after 3367:, who had gone to South Africa from 3145:A community of about 100 settled in 2669: 96:Regions with significant populations 8262: 7751:Wolfe, Elizabeth (April 13, 2020). 7427:Jalalzai, Freshta (March 8, 2024). 6883:Feinberg, Abraham (March 1, 1945). 6540:. Canada's National History Society 6171:. Funk & Wagnalls. p. 286. 6154:. Funk & Wagnalls. p. 286. 5689: 5409:variety of sectors and industries. 5022:Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts 3933:Saint John Jewish Historical Museum 3285:The Canadian Jewish Farm School in 2872:and the following year he was with 24: 9347:Ethnic origins of people in Canada 8957:. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1992. 8891:. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 1990. 8881: 8847: 8628:Jewish Federations of Canada - UIA 8618: 8504: 8451: 8346: 8263:Kay, Jonathan (January 23, 2019). 8235:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01934.x 8002: 7671: 7498: 7031:, Montreal: Black Rose, 2003 p.180 6828: 6679: 6630: 6267:Bitonti, Daniel (August 9, 2013). 5996:"The Jewish Community of Montreal" 5016:, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The 4035:Independent Jewish Voices (Canada) 3644:started a project, spearheaded by 3383:at Edenbridge is now a designated 2831:Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst 25: 10820: 10809:Middle Eastern diaspora in Canada 9008: 8994:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 8821:Canada's Jews: A People's Journey 8531: 8477: 7873: 7292:. August 14, 2013. Archived from 7092:Meland, Matthew (June 10, 2016). 6914:Bora Laskin: Bringing Law to Life 6790:Benazon, Michael (May 30, 2004). 5627:Current Jewish Population Reports 5565:Historic Jewish Quarter, Montreal 5128: 5113:Category:Jewish museums in Canada 4060:. The League for Human Rights of 4025:(CIJA) and the more conservative 3265:Dedication of the new Synagogue, 3161:). This led to the opening of a 2822:, the North American part of the 686:Historical population comparisons 10514: 9180:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9020:Canadian Jewish Congress Website 9004:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 8980: 8833:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples 8695:Jewish Publication Society, 1987 8612: 8582: 8552: 8525: 8498: 8471: 8445: 8419: 8371: 8340: 8309: 8282: 8256: 8210: 8158: 8132: 8106: 8015:"Top 60 Jewish Schools - Hillel" 7069:Tugend, Tom (February 7, 1997). 7041:Pugliese, David (May 17, 2018). 5965:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 5802:"The Canadian Jewish Experience" 5723:"Jewish Population of the World" 5544: 5530: 5090:criticism of the State of Israel 4973: 4972: 4940: 4939: 4907: 4906: 4874: 4873: 4841: 4840: 4808: 4807: 4775: 4774: 4742: 4741: 4709: 4708: 4676: 4675: 4643: 4642: 4610: 4609: 4577: 4576: 4486: 4465: 4444: 4423: 4402: 4381: 4360: 4339: 4318: 4297: 4276: 4255: 4234: 4212: 3997: 3982: 3966: 3943: 3925: 3910: 3749:, with the largest community in 3599:charging that there was rampant 3531:In 1939, Canada turned away the 3408:, an outlawed party in Russia's 3303:anti-Semitic incidents in Canada 3278: 3258: 3246: 3231: 3216: 3064:Congregation Emmanu-El Synagogue 3042:Abraham Jacob Franks settled at 2674: 1330:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1244:Historical population by country 296: 182: 162: 142: 122: 102: 77: 8740:(2004). 233 pp. Primary sources 8682: 8480:"Who is Canada's middle class?" 8454:"2018 Survey of Jews in Canada" 8168:. June 28, 2017. Archived from 8142:. June 28, 2017. Archived from 7976: 7948: 7923: 7898: 7867: 7844: 7827:"Jewish media struggle, revive" 7790: 7774:Lazarus, David (May 26, 2020). 7767: 7744: 7717: 7598: 7538: 7510: 7472: 7446: 7420: 7364: 7334: 7308: 7278: 7274:– via The Globe and Mail. 7252: 7226: 7194: 7166: 7140: 7085: 7034: 6964: 6955: 6946: 6937: 6876: 6806: 6783: 6776:Ester Reiter and Roz Usiskin, " 6770: 6732: 6699: 6651: 6583: 6574: 6552: 6526: 6500: 6474: 6448: 6302:"Days of shame, Montreal, 1934" 6282:– via The Globe and Mail. 6260: 6238: 6209: 6175: 6158: 6141: 6043: 6018: 5973: 5957: 5948: 5917:Arnold, Janice (May 28, 2008). 5910: 5897: 5885: 5623:"World Jewish Population, 2013" 5487:Canadian Jewish family dynasty. 4167: 4054:major federal political parties 3415: 3389:Little Synagogue on the Prairie 3341:Jewish Colonization Association 2854:General Sir Frederick Haldimand 318: instead of Hebrew letters. 241: and other languages like 91:1.4% of the Canadian population 8961:Jewish Agency Report on Canada 8876:(Montreal), December 30, 1893. 8831:" in Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. 8676:Jewish People Policy Institute 8661:Jewish People Policy Institute 8068:. Bnaibrith.ca. Archived from 8042:. Bnaibrith.ca. Archived from 7825:Johnson, Pat (June 26, 2020). 7400:The Jewish Agency for Israel. 7315:Shefa, Sheri (March 2, 2015). 6706:Usher, Peter (March 4, 2014). 6300:Wilton, P (December 9, 2003). 5864: 5842: 5816: 5741: 5607: 5210:University of British Columbia 5063:coronavirus pandemic in Canada 5026:Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre 4147: 3973:Association of Jewish Seniors/ 3885:Most of Canada's Jews live in 3327:Block settlement § Jewish 2806:in 1663, he decreed that only 2792:British conquest of New France 13: 1: 9031:National Film Board of Canada 8924:. Toronto: Summerhill Press. 7691:. Brill | Rodopi. p. 9. 5600: 5367: 5290:University of Western Ontario 3017:Canada’s only other synagogue 901:Christianity and Judaism 9305:United States Virgin Islands 8842:(1981), sociological studies 8594:Jewish Federations of Canada 8426:Nigro, Mario; Mauro, Clare. 7851:Beck, Atara (May 19, 2020). 5804:. Jcpa.org. October 16, 1975 5416: 5133: 4507: 4052:was established by all four 4031:United Jewish People's Order 3561:United Jewish Peoples' Order 3055:Community growth (1862–1939) 7: 7127:www.environicsinstitute.org 7004:Jewish Virtual Encyclopedia 6887:. MacLean's. Archived from 6860:. MacLean's. Archived from 6835:Jewish Virtual Encyclopedia 5880:University of Toronto Press 5523: 3428:opened in Montreal in 1934. 3037:Toronto Holy Blossom Temple 2200: 2181: 1908:Latin America and Caribbean 604: 10: 10825: 10804:Jews and Judaism in Canada 10469:Canadians of Asian descent 9687:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 8840:The Canadian Jewish Mosaic 7880:The Canadian Jewish Record 7724:Margolis, Rebecca (2011). 7654:Cambridge University Press 7625:Cambridge University Press 7236:. Cpcca.ca. Archived from 6182:Hinshelwood, N.M. (1903). 6025:Hinshelwood, N.M. (1903). 5514: 5110: 5050: 4988: 4983: 4173:Provincial and territorial 4156:in August 2021, the final 3733:a new immigration wave of 3324: 3167:Victoria, British Columbia 3147:Victoria, British Columbia 3074:With the beginning of the 3068:Victoria, British Columbia 2944:oldest synagogue in Canada 2766:. A number of converts to 2513:Jewish political movements 2210:Conversion to Judaism 10677: 10624: 10571: 10523: 10512: 10476: 10407: 10311: 10273: 10212: 10154: 10128: 10077: 10068: 9967: 9914: 9852: 9802: 9764: 9755: 9696:Central and South America 9695: 9644: 9623: 9616: 9579: 9558: 9537: 9487: 9461: 9452: 9353: 9280:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9198: 9072: 8818:Tulchinsky, Gerald J. J. 8596:. JFC-UIA. Archived from 8538:The Canadian Encyclopedia 8511:The Canadian Encyclopedia 8297:. The Broadbent Institute 8094:. Hillel. January 8, 2008 6792:"Forum on Jewish Dissent" 6686:The Canadian Encyclopedia 6596:The Canadian Encyclopedia 6248:. Ontario Jewish Archives 6165:Singer and Adler (1907). 6128:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5852:. Statistics Canada. 2011 5471: 5079:October 31, 2020, at the 4997: 4519: 4516: 4410:Newfoundland and Labrador 3937:Saint John, New Brunswick 3305:took place, known as the 3203:who came from either the 2886:Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu 916:Hinduism and Judaism 285: 280: 273: 268: 205: 200: 180: 160: 140: 120: 100: 95: 75: 70: 61: 48: 37: 18:History of Jews in Canada 9300:Turks and Caicos Islands 8734:Greenstein, Michael ed. 8718:Goldberg, David Howard. 8645: 8269:The Canadian Jewish News 8217:Hiebert, Daniel (1993). 7935:The Canadian Jewish News 7910:The Canadian Jewish News 7802:The Canadian Jewish News 7591:10.25071/1916-0925.40029 6725:10.25071/1916-0925.36059 6347:The Canadian Jewish News 6067:Kitchener Public Library 5677:. Berman Jewish Databank 5673:Shahar, Charles (2011). 5560:Middle Eastern Canadians 5425:Annual household income 5046: 4113:and from other parts of 4106:Belgian-Jewish community 3889:and Quebec, followed by 3805:14th Waffen SS Division 3526:Royal Canadian Air Force 3472:World War II (1939–1945) 3449:Canadian Jewish Congress 3296:Canadian Jewish Congress 3130:. When elected mayor of 3096:Canadian Pacific Railway 742:Temple in Jerusalem 435:Bar and bat mitzvah 10799:Jewish Canadian history 10162:Nordic and Scandinavian 9001:The Jewish Encyclopedia 8916:Smith, Cameron (1989). 8505:Curtis, Christopher G. 8378:Abella, Irving (2000). 7577:Canadian Jewish Studies 7570:Troper, Harold (2017). 7006:. Encyclopaedia Judaica 6837:. Encyclopaedia Judaica 5984:. Marianopolis College. 5621:; Sheskin, Ira (eds.). 3820:Simon Wiesenthal Center 3753:, followed by those in 3642:Jewish Labour Committee 3426:Jewish General Hospital 3313:strike, nicknamed the " 2971:Isaac Gottschalk Ascher 2942:, Shearith Israel, the 2888:. Because he married a 704:Twelve Tribes of Israel 217:(among Québécois) 9230:British Virgin Islands 8889:A Coat of Many Colours 8868:People of Lower Canada 8793:. Funk & Wagnalls. 8783:(1939; reprinted 1993) 8773:Rosenberg, Louis, and 7831:The Jewish Independent 7755:. Canadian Jewish News 7550:www.jewishdatabank.org 7505:Berman Jewish Databank 6639:. Encyclopedia Judacia 6637:Jewish Virtual Library 6512:Jewish Virtual Library 6455:Goldsborough, Gordon. 5872:Bell, Winthrop Pickard 5782:Cite journal requires 5727:Jewish Virtual Library 5585:Antisemitism in Canada 5488: 5226:University of Waterloo 5154: 5074:Canadian Jewish Record 4182: 4085: 3855:, although most speak 3839:Modernity (since 2001) 3609: 3601:antisemitism in Canada 3517:Saidye Rosner Bronfman 3500: 3485: 3429: 3336: 3171:fraternal organization 3071: 2983:only the second temple 2951:responsible government 2786:Settlement (1783–1897) 304:This article contains 9170:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8942:Rockland, Md.: 2001. 8726:May 27, 2012, at the 7960:World Jewish Congress 7956:"Community in Canada" 6974:(September 2, 2014). 6912:Girard, Philip 6831:"Abraham L. Feinberg" 6682:"The Bronfman Family" 6680:Curtis, Christopher. 5754:. CBS. Archived from 5580:List of Canadian Jews 5479: 5194:University of Toronto 5172:Reputation Rankings ( 5151:University of Toronto 5148: 5107:Museums and monuments 4473:Northwest Territories 4196:Province or territory 4180: 4075: 3781:1968, the Liberal MP 3605: 3590:Le Cardinal des Juifs 3505:Canadian Armed Forces 3491: 3479: 3423: 3381:Beth Israel Synagogue 3334: 3062: 2955:Louis-Joseph Papineau 2868:. In 1758, he was at 2820:French and Indian War 1450:São Tomé and Príncipe 1445:Republic of the Congo 839:Second Temple Judaism 710:Kingdom of Judah 681:Modern historiography 281:Related ethnic groups 9026:The Jews of Winnipeg 9015:Canadian Jewish News 8953:Tulchinsky, Gerald. 8458:Environics Institute 8359:on December 16, 2021 8349:"No Jews Need Apply" 7664:, 9781139917148. p. 7635:, 9781139917148. p. 7608:, February 23, 2008. 7373:Canadian Jewish News 7154:on December 22, 2005 6972:Canadian Jewish News 6812:Franklin Bialystok, 6122:Schoenfeld, Stuart. 5615:DellaPergola, Sergio 5462:Don't know/No answer 5338:University of Ottawa 5322:Concordia University 5097:Canadian Jewish News 5059:Canadian Jewish News 4554:Greater Toronto Area 4431:Prince Edward Island 3571:Post war (1945–1997) 3543:. The leader of the 3541:1944 Quebec election 3495:for Rudi Terhoch in 3187:Member of Parliament 3092:Government of Canada 2833:attacked and seized 2780:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2552:World Agudath Israel 1693:United Arab Emirates 780:Second Temple period 770:Babylonian captivity 88:404,015 (as of 2021) 9185:Trinidad and Tobago 9080:Antigua and Barbuda 8896:Search Out the Land 8827:Weinfeld, Morton. " 8570:on October 23, 2019 7855:. World Israel News 7705:on October 30, 2021 7408:on February 3, 2014 7265:Theglobeandmail.com 7214:on October 30, 2008 6273:Theglobeandmail.com 5829:www12.statcan.gc.ca 5761:on October 26, 2011 5703:on December 2, 2013 5631:Storrs, Connecticut 5483:is a member of the 5426: 5258:McMaster University 5088:provide legitimate 3950:A sign at Siegel's 3765:. Smaller waves of 3634:Holocaust survivors 3618:John Keiller MacKay 3581:Holy Blossom Temple 3432:By the outbreak of 3287:Georgetown, Ontario 2918:official opposition 2900:as Commissariat to 845:Hellenistic Judaism 423:Land of Israel 382:Principles of faith 34: 9390:Canadian ethnicity 9120:Dominican Republic 8704:The Jews in Canada 8540:. Historica Canada 8534:"Reichmann Family" 8513:. Historica Canada 8486:. CBC Radio-Canada 8478:Hogan, Stephanie. 8198:on August 13, 2011 7886:on August 31, 2021 7656:, March 27, 2014. 7648:Spolsky, Bernard. 7627:, March 27, 2014. 7619:Spolsky, Bernard. 7507:jewishdatabank.org 7486:. October 29, 2021 7460:. October 29, 2021 7433:New Lines Magazine 7352:on October 6, 2016 7296:on August 21, 2016 6864:on August 16, 2021 6664:www.veterans.gc.ca 6633:"Montreal, Canada" 6592:"Jewish Canadians" 6232:The Ottawa Citizen 6124:"Jewish Canadians" 6057:on August 27, 2006 5590:Religion in Canada 5489: 5424: 5306:Ryerson University 5274:Queen's University 5185:% of Student Body 5155: 4818:Kitchener-Waterloo 4183: 4086: 4027:B'nai Brith Canada 4004:Jewish members of 3853:official languages 3739:South African Jews 3501: 3486: 3430: 3410:Pale of Settlement 3406:Jewish Labour Bund 3387:. In Alberta, the 3365:South African Jews 3337: 3321:Westward expansion 3307:Christie Pits Riot 3155:Klondike Gold Rush 3128:St. Lawrence River 3088:Pale of Settlement 3072: 3023:. A year later in 2963:Kitchener, Ontario 2406:Jewish Koine Greek 1948:Dominican Republic 1229:Judaism by country 908:Jews and Christmas 763:Assyrian captivity 32: 10786: 10785: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10471:by area of origin 10435: 10434: 10403: 10402: 10064: 10063: 9751: 9750: 9612: 9611: 9313: 9312: 9202:other territories 8972:Menkis, Richard. 8965:Glass, Joseph B. 8908:Leonoff, Cyril. 8804:Srebrnik, Henry. 8797:Srebrnik, Henry. 8619:Shahar, Charles. 8564:Canadian Business 8507:"Bronfman Family" 8120:. October 8, 2020 8072:on March 30, 2012 8046:on March 30, 2012 7778:. Times of Israel 7737:978-0-7735-3812-2 7698:978-90-04-37941-1 7458:Irish Independent 7123:"Project Details" 7000:"Louis Rasminsky" 6829:Menkis, Richard. 6763:Knowles, Valerie 6195:978-0-226-49407-4 5619:Dashefsky, Arnold 5570:Israeli Canadians 5469: 5468: 5365: 5364: 5242:McGill University 5095:In May 2021, the 5018:Monument National 4981: 4980: 4620:Greater Vancouver 4505: 4504: 4187:Statistics Canada 3816:Oakville, Ontario 3716:Miriam Waddington 3692:Joseph Rosenblatt 3676:Wayne and Shuster 3654:displaced persons 3549:Maurice Duplessis 3239:The Ward, Toronto 3183:Henry Nathan, Jr. 3151:Cariboo Gold Rush 3140:David Oppenheimer 2922:James Henry Craig 2818:records from the 2804:Kingdom of France 2776:Edward Cornwallis 2741:the United States 2726: 2725: 2718: 2668: 2667: 2617: 2616: 2365: 2364: 2112:Reconstructionist 2056: 2055: 1208: 1207: 1015: 1014: 852:Jewish–Roman wars 800:Hasmonean dynasty 716:Kingdom of Israel 620: 619: 312:rendering support 292: 291: 287:Israeli Canadians 40:Juifs canadiens ( 16:(Redirected from 10816: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10518: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10213:Southeast Europe 10075: 10074: 9762: 9761: 9621: 9620: 9459: 9458: 9395:French Canadians 9340: 9333: 9326: 9317: 9316: 9270:Saint Barthélemy 9200:Dependencies and 9073:Sovereign states 9061: 9054: 9047: 9038: 9037: 9005: 8984: 8983: 8935: 8923: 8887:Abella, Irving. 8858:, Montreal, 1854 8811:Troper, Harold. 8794: 8759:Lipinsky, Jack. 8709:Davies, Alan T. 8689:Brown, Michael. 8670:Data based on a 8669: 8655:Data based on a 8654: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8399: 8397:10.7202/031129ar 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8347:Berton, Pierre. 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8172:on June 28, 2017 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8146:on June 28, 2017 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8011: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7984:"Jews of Canada" 7980: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7701:. Archived from 7682: 7669: 7646: 7640: 7617: 7611: 7606:Spacing Montreal 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7546:"Search results" 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7525:Jewish Data Bank 7522: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7404:. Archived from 7397: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7348:. Archived from 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7100:on June 24, 2021 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7066: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7045:. Ottawa Citizen 7038: 7032: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6996: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6968: 6962: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6935: 6928: 6917: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6891:on June 26, 2020 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6826: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6631:Waller, Harold. 6628: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6538:Canada's History 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6436:on July 16, 2011 6435: 6429:. Archived from 6428: 6420: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6297: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6053:. Archived from 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6006:on June 25, 2018 6002:. Archived from 5992: 5986: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5892:Brandeau, Esther 5889: 5883: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5780: 5778: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5611: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5454:$ 150k and above 5433:Weighted sample 5427: 5423: 5182:Jewish Students 5169: 5168: 4999: 4976: 4975: 4943: 4942: 4910: 4909: 4877: 4876: 4844: 4843: 4811: 4810: 4778: 4777: 4745: 4744: 4712: 4711: 4679: 4678: 4646: 4645: 4613: 4612: 4587:Greater Montreal 4580: 4579: 4512: 4511: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4284:British Columbia 4282: 4280: 4279: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4192: 4191: 4138:Israeli diaspora 4134:Israeli Canadian 4128:A population of 4090:antisemitic acts 4058:new antisemitism 4008:2009 Parade for 4001: 3986: 3970: 3956:Granville Island 3947: 3929: 3914: 3891:British Columbia 3724:Stuart Rosenberg 3680:Mordecai Richler 3646:Kalmen Kaplansky 3638:Workmen's Circle 3613:Re Drummond Wren 3611:In 1945, in the 3577:Abraham Feinberg 3402:Workmen's Circle 3282: 3262: 3250: 3235: 3220: 3175:British Columbia 3113:landsmenschaften 2965:), a village in 2928:Emancipation Act 2878:Richelieu valley 2852:on the staff of 2824:Seven Years' War 2794:, Jews lived in 2733:Jewish community 2721: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2509: 2508: 2390: 2211: 2205: 2186: 2150: 2149: 2097: 2044:New Zealand 1996: 1959:El Salvador 1949: 1881:Northern America 1873: 1467: 1223: 1222: 1134:Crimean Karaites 1030: 1029: 1008: 1006: 927: 925: 917: 911: 902: 890:Rabbinic Judaism 871: 865: 859: 847: 835: 801: 794:Maccabean Revolt 771: 764: 758: 750: 743: 737: 729: 711: 635: 634: 609: 504: 503: 436: 424: 323: 322: 300: 235:language revival 188: 186: 185: 168: 166: 165: 150:British Columbia 148: 146: 145: 128: 126: 125: 108: 106: 105: 83: 81: 80: 71:Total population 66: 50: 35: 31: 21: 10824: 10823: 10819: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10673: 10620: 10567: 10519: 10510: 10472: 10466: 10436: 10431: 10399: 10307: 10274:Southern Europe 10269: 10208: 10155:Northern Europe 10150: 10124: 10060: 9963: 9910: 9848: 9798: 9747: 9691: 9640: 9608: 9575: 9559:Southern Africa 9554: 9533: 9483: 9448: 9439:Irish Canadians 9349: 9344: 9314: 9309: 9203: 9201: 9194: 9068: 9065: 9011: 8992:Singer, Isidore 8981: 8932: 8901:Jedwab, Jack. 8884: 8882:Further reading 8879: 8850: 8848:Primary sources 8845: 8775:Morton Weinfeld 8766:Martz, Fraidi. 8728:Wayback Machine 8700:Morton Weinfeld 8685: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8600:on July 9, 2021 8588: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8541: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8452:Neuman, Keith. 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8149: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8073: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8013: 8012: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7964: 7962: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7887: 7874:Cohen, Andrew. 7872: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7823: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7672: 7647: 7643: 7618: 7614: 7603: 7599: 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7398: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7369: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7257: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7240:on July 6, 2011 7232: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7039: 7035: 7026: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6911: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6827: 6820: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6678: 6671: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6629: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6488:. July 12, 2013 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6339: 6335: 6298: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6163: 6159: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6071: 6060: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5915: 5911: 5905:Morton Weinfeld 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5517: 5481:Samuel Bronfman 5474: 5438:Less than $ 75k 5419: 5370: 5354:York University 5136: 5131: 5115: 5109: 5081:Wayback Machine 5055: 5049: 5014:Hirsch Wolofsky 4991: 4986: 4510: 4487: 4485: 4466: 4464: 4445: 4443: 4424: 4422: 4403: 4401: 4382: 4380: 4361: 4359: 4340: 4338: 4319: 4317: 4298: 4296: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4254: 4235: 4233: 4213: 4211: 4175: 4170: 4150: 4048:. In 2009, the 4013: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3915: 3841: 3798:Parti Québécois 3774:Louis Rasminsky 3767:Zimbabwean Jews 3672:Peter C. Newman 3573: 3553:Adélard Godbout 3545:Union Nationale 3521:Samuel Bronfman 3474: 3465:Samuel Bronfman 3418: 3329: 3323: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3209:Russian empires 3153:(and later the 3109:Abraham de Sola 3057: 3029:Albert Ascher's 2902:Jeffery Amherst 2890:French Canadian 2870:Fort Cumberland 2812:Esther Brandeau 2808:Roman Catholics 2788: 2722: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2691: 2685:has an unclear 2679: 2675: 2664: 2619: 2618: 2506: 2496: 2495: 2486:Judeo-Malayalam 2466:Judaeo-Georgian 2386: 2377: 2367: 2366: 2267:Yiddish theatre 2209: 2147: 2137: 2136: 2095: 2068: 2058: 2057: 1994: 1947: 1871: 1465: 1249:Genetic studies 1220: 1210: 1209: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1004: 1003: 923: 922: 915: 905: 900: 882:and Middle Ages 880:Rabbinic period 867: 861: 854: 842: 813: 799: 769: 762: 753: 745: 741: 732: 727:in Judaism 724: 709: 632: 622: 621: 501: 491: 490: 434: 422: 367: 321: 320: 319: 310:Without proper 301: 263:Moroccan Arabic 183: 181: 163: 161: 143: 141: 123: 121: 103: 101: 90: 78: 76: 57: 56: 46: 45: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10822: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10683: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10575: 10573:Southeast Asia 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10529: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10465: 10464: 10457: 10450: 10442: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10365: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10315: 10313: 10312:Western Europe 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10129:Eastern Europe 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10081: 10079: 10078:Central Europe 10072: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9973: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9916:Southeast Asia 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9858: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9808: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9545:South Sudanese 9541: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9465: 9463: 9462:Horn of Africa 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9444:Black Loyalist 9441: 9436: 9434:Newfoundlander 9431: 9430: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9392: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9320: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9290:Sint Eustatius 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9235:Cayman Islands 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9022: 9017: 9010: 9009:External links 9007: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8951: 8936: 8930: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8864:, Quebec, 1857 8859: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8836: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8784: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8752:Jedwab, Jack. 8750: 8741: 8732: 8716: 8707: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8664: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8611: 8581: 8551: 8532:Niosi, Jorge. 8524: 8497: 8470: 8444: 8418: 8370: 8339: 8308: 8281: 8255: 8229:(2): 243–271. 8209: 8183: 8157: 8131: 8105: 8083: 8057: 8031: 8001: 7990:on May 8, 2012 7975: 7947: 7922: 7897: 7866: 7843: 7814: 7789: 7766: 7743: 7736: 7716: 7697: 7670: 7641: 7612: 7597: 7584:(1): 204–206. 7562: 7537: 7509: 7497: 7471: 7445: 7419: 7389: 7363: 7333: 7307: 7290:Jewsnews.co.il 7277: 7251: 7225: 7193: 7165: 7139: 7111: 7084: 7056: 7033: 7017: 6988: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6930:Levine, Allan 6918: 6902: 6875: 6848: 6818: 6805: 6782: 6769: 6753: 6731: 6698: 6669: 6650: 6608: 6582: 6573: 6551: 6525: 6499: 6473: 6447: 6410: 6384: 6359: 6333: 6285: 6259: 6237: 6222: 6208: 6194: 6174: 6157: 6140: 6069: 6042: 6017: 5987: 5972: 5956: 5947: 5935: 5909: 5896: 5884: 5863: 5841: 5815: 5793: 5784:|journal= 5740: 5714: 5688: 5665: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5552:Judaism portal 5541: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5418: 5415: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Socioeconomics 5127: 5123:Jewish history 5119:Jewish culture 5108: 5105: 5048: 5045: 5033:Chaim Leib Fox 5002:Ashkenazi Jews 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4152:Following the 4149: 4146: 4142:Ethiopian Jews 4111:Argentine Jews 4078:Yom Ha'atzmaut 4015: 4014: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3949: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3845:Jewish culture 3840: 3837: 3828:Jerusalem Post 3626:Beach O' Pines 3572: 3569: 3473: 3470: 3417: 3414: 3322: 3319: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3056: 3053: 3015:borrowed from 2999:Chess Champion 2906:Trois-Rivières 2800:King Louis XIV 2787: 2784: 2752:Ashkenazi Jews 2724: 2723: 2687:citation style 2682: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2547:Territorialism 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2431:Judaeo-Spanish 2428: 2426:Judaeo-Iranian 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872:United Kingdom 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305:Bilad-el-Sudan 1302: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1258:Land of Israel 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1117: 1116:Related groups 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 973:Jewish atheism 970: 965: 960: 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924:Islamic–Jewish 919: 912: 897: 892: 884: 883: 876: 875: 874: 873: 849: 836: 808: 803: 796: 791: 789:Yehud Medinata 783: 782: 776: 775: 774: 773: 766: 759: 751: 738: 730: 718: 713: 706: 698: 697: 695:Ancient Israel 691: 690: 689: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 651:Land of Israel 648: 640: 639: 633: 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 617: 616: 615: 610: 606:Shulchan Aruch 601: 596: 591: 586: 578: 577: 576: 575: 570: 562: 561: 555: 554: 553: 552: 547: 539: 538: 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 511: 510: 502: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 431: 426: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 384: 379: 372:God in Judaism 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 357: 356: 351: 343: 342: 332: 331: 314:, you may see 302: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 278: 277: 271: 270: 266: 265: 203: 202: 198: 197: 192: 178: 177: 172: 158: 157: 152: 138: 137: 132: 118: 117: 112: 98: 97: 93: 92: 73: 72: 68: 67: 59: 58: 47: 39: 38: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10821: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10470: 10463: 10458: 10456: 10451: 10449: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10428: 10427:New Zealander 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624:North America 9622: 9619: 9615: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566:South African 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9366:First Nations 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9336: 9334: 9329: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9197: 9191: 9190:United States 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9062: 9057: 9055: 9050: 9048: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8987:public domain 8975: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948:1-887563-66-0 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8931:0-929091-04-3 8927: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8862:Le Bas Canada 8860: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8814: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8574:September 22, 8569: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8544:September 22, 8539: 8535: 8528: 8517:September 22, 8512: 8508: 8501: 8490:September 22, 8485: 8481: 8474: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8296: 8295:PressProgress 8292: 8285: 8270: 8266: 8259: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8093: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7972: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7911: 7907: 7906:"Newsletters" 7901: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7854: 7847: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7777: 7770: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7566: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7394: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7210: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7072: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7027:Littman, Sol 7024: 7022: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6961:Smith, p. 218 6958: 6952:Smith, p. 216 6949: 6943:Smith, p. 215 6940: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6742: 6735: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6577: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6247: 6241: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6212: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6169: 6161: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6030: 6029: 6021: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5776: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5595:American Jews 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5542: 5539: 5538:Canada portal 5528: 5521: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5383:entrepreneurs 5380: 5376: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5041:Vivian Felsen 5038: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010:Kanader Adler 5005: 5003: 4995: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:New Brunswick 4379: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154:Fall of Kabul 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115:Latin America 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4069:dignitaries. 4066: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4006:Toronto Pride 4000: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3833: 3832:Irving Abella 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Adele Wiseman 3709: 3708:Henry Kreisel 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:Irving Layton 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684:Leonard Cohen 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3622:Noble v Alley 3619: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513:Ben Dunkelman 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385:heritage site 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:South African 3359:, started by 3358: 3354: 3353:East European 3350: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3315:Days of Shame 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3267:Kirkland Lake 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3224:Benjamin Hart 3219: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Confederation 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3107:such man was 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:anti-Semitism 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009:Rosh HaShanah 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:New York City 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790:Prior to the 2783: 2781: 2778:to establish 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:Sephardi Jews 2753: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2709: 2706:December 2022 2699: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2683:This article 2681: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Judeo-Aramaic 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2461:Judeo-Italian 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2441:Ghardaïa Sign 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066:Denominations 2062: 2061: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1894:United States 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380:Guinea-Bissau 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234:Lists of Jews 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1009: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 993:The Holocaust 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 953: 949: 948: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 920: 918: 913: 909: 903: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 885: 881: 878: 877: 870: 864: 858: 853: 850: 846: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 781: 778: 777: 772: 767: 765: 760: 756: 752: 749: 744: 739: 735: 731: 728: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699: 696: 693: 692: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 641: 637: 636: 631: 626: 625: 614: 611: 608: 607: 602: 600: 597: 595: 594:Mishneh Torah 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 580: 579: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 560: 557: 556: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 541: 540: 537: 534: 533: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 432: 430: 427: 425: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 392: 388: 385: 383: 380: 377: 373: 370: 369: 366: 361: 360: 355: 354:Who is a Jew? 352: 350: 347: 346: 345: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 329: 325: 324: 317: 313: 309: 307: 299: 288: 284: 279: 276: 272: 267: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199: 196: 193: 191: 179: 176: 173: 171: 159: 156: 153: 151: 139: 136: 133: 131: 119: 116: 113: 111: 99: 94: 89: 86: 74: 69: 65: 60: 54: 43: 36: 33:Canadian Jews 27: 19: 10772: 10478:Central Asia 10395:Luxembourger 10346:Scotch-Irish 10038: 9872:Anglo-Indian 9766:Central Asia 9682:Puerto Rican 9488:North Africa 9295:Sint Maarten 9275:Saint Martin 9099: 9025: 8999: 8979: 8954: 8939: 8919: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8839: 8832: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8789: 8778: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8744: 8735: 8719: 8710: 8703: 8690: 8683:Bibliography 8675: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8631:. Retrieved 8627: 8614: 8602:. Retrieved 8598:the original 8593: 8584: 8572:. Retrieved 8568:the original 8563: 8554: 8542:. Retrieved 8537: 8527: 8515:. Retrieved 8510: 8500: 8488:. Retrieved 8483: 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8457: 8447: 8437:December 16, 8435:. Retrieved 8431: 8421: 8411:December 16, 8409:. Retrieved 8387: 8383: 8373: 8363:December 16, 8361:. Retrieved 8357:the original 8352: 8342: 8332:December 16, 8330:. Retrieved 8328:(1): 143–160 8325: 8321: 8311: 8301:December 16, 8299:. Retrieved 8294: 8284: 8274:December 16, 8272:. Retrieved 8268: 8258: 8248:December 16, 8246:. Retrieved 8226: 8222: 8212: 8202:November 22, 8200:. Retrieved 8196:the original 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8170:the original 8160: 8148:. Retrieved 8144:the original 8134: 8122:. Retrieved 8117: 8108: 8096:. Retrieved 8086: 8076:November 20, 8074:. Retrieved 8070:the original 8060: 8050:November 20, 8048:. Retrieved 8044:the original 8034: 8022:. Retrieved 8018: 7994:November 22, 7992:. Retrieved 7988:the original 7978: 7970: 7963:. Retrieved 7950: 7940:December 18, 7938:. Retrieved 7934: 7925: 7915:December 18, 7913:. Retrieved 7909: 7900: 7890:December 18, 7888:. Retrieved 7884:the original 7879: 7869: 7857:. Retrieved 7846: 7834:. Retrieved 7830: 7805:. Retrieved 7801: 7792: 7780:. Retrieved 7769: 7757:. Retrieved 7746: 7726: 7719: 7709:February 16, 7707:. Retrieved 7703:the original 7687: 7649: 7644: 7620: 7615: 7605: 7600: 7581: 7575: 7565: 7553:. Retrieved 7549: 7540: 7528:. Retrieved 7524: 7512: 7500: 7488:. Retrieved 7483: 7474: 7462:. Retrieved 7457: 7448: 7436:. Retrieved 7432: 7422: 7410:. Retrieved 7406:the original 7380:. Retrieved 7366: 7354:. Retrieved 7350:the original 7345: 7336: 7324:. Retrieved 7320: 7310: 7298:. Retrieved 7294:the original 7289: 7280: 7268:. Retrieved 7264: 7254: 7242:. Retrieved 7238:the original 7228: 7216:. Retrieved 7209:the original 7196: 7184:. Retrieved 7180: 7168: 7156:. Retrieved 7152:the original 7142: 7130:. Retrieved 7126: 7104:November 11, 7102:. Retrieved 7098:the original 7087: 7075:. Retrieved 7047:. Retrieved 7036: 7028: 7008:. Retrieved 7003: 6981:November 15, 6979:. Retrieved 6966: 6957: 6948: 6939: 6931: 6913: 6893:. Retrieved 6889:the original 6878: 6866:. Retrieved 6862:the original 6851: 6839:. Retrieved 6834: 6813: 6808: 6796:. Retrieved 6785: 6772: 6764: 6746:November 24, 6744:. Retrieved 6734: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6685: 6663: 6653: 6641:. Retrieved 6636: 6599:. Retrieved 6595: 6585: 6580:Smith, p.123 6576: 6564:. Retrieved 6554: 6542:. Retrieved 6537: 6528: 6516:. Retrieved 6511: 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6476: 6464:. Retrieved 6460: 6450: 6438:. Retrieved 6431:the original 6401:. Retrieved 6397: 6387: 6375:. Retrieved 6371: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6346: 6336: 6312:(12): 1329. 6309: 6305: 6276:. Retrieved 6272: 6262: 6250:. Retrieved 6240: 6231: 6225: 6211: 6199:. Retrieved 6184: 6177: 6167: 6160: 6150: 6143: 6131:. Retrieved 6127: 6061:September 9, 6059:. Retrieved 6055:the original 6045: 6033:. Retrieved 6027: 6020: 6008:. Retrieved 6004:the original 5990: 5975: 5964: 5959: 5950: 5926:. Retrieved 5922: 5912: 5899: 5887: 5866: 5856:September 9, 5854:. Retrieved 5844: 5832:. Retrieved 5828: 5818: 5808:November 22, 5806:. Retrieved 5796: 5775:cite journal 5765:November 22, 5763:. Retrieved 5756:the original 5743: 5733:September 9, 5731:. Retrieved 5726: 5717: 5707:September 9, 5705:. Retrieved 5701:the original 5691: 5681:September 9, 5679:. Retrieved 5668: 5635:. Retrieved 5626: 5609: 5518: 5490: 5446:$ 75k-$ 150k 5420: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5387: 5371: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5137: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5071: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5006: 4992: 4368:Saskatchewan 4210: 4184: 4168:Demographics 4151: 4130:Israeli Jews 4127: 4087: 4067: 4062:B'nai B'rith 4046:Ernst Zündel 4043: 4039: 4020: 4016: 3903:Language Law 3884: 3872:Conservative 3869: 3849:secular Jews 3842: 3827: 3823: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3771: 3743:South Africa 3728: 3722:, and Rabbi 3688:Barbara Frum 3666: 3662: 3659: 3631: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3544: 3534: 3530: 3509:World War II 3502: 3493:Stolperstein 3482:World War II 3460: 3458: 3452: 3442: 3431: 3416:Organization 3393: 3357:Saskatchewan 3343:, 15 Jewish 3338: 3311: 3300: 3293: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3144: 3117: 3112: 3101: 3073: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3004: 3003: 2982: 2970: 2967:Upper Canada 2959:Ezekiel Hart 2948: 2933: 2927: 2914:Lower Canada 2895: 2850:British Army 2846:Commissariat 2843: 2816:British Army 2789: 2760:Mizrahi Jews 2749: 2727: 2712: 2703: 2684: 2610:Post-Zionism 2481:Judeo-Berber 2476:Judeo-Arabic 2436:Judeo-Gascon 2183:Pidyon haben 2102:Conservative 1888: 1648:Saudi Arabia 1466:South Africa 1455:Sierra Leone 1277:Israeli Jews 1191:Mosaic Arabs 1144:Kaifeng Jews 1005:Arab–Israeli 978:Emancipation 857:Great Revolt 666:Anti-Judaism 661:Antisemitism 656:Name "Judea" 451:Baal teshuva 303: 238: 226: 218: 210: 194: 174: 154: 134: 114: 87: 49:יהודים קנדים 29:Ethnic group 26: 10753:Azerbaijani 10714:Palestinian 10634:Bangladeshi 10606:Singaporean 10250:Montenegrin 10029:Azerbaijani 9997:Palestinian 9949:Singaporean 9862:Bangladeshi 9580:West Africa 9538:East Africa 9265:Puerto Rico 9175:Saint Lucia 9125:El Salvador 9033:documentary 8955:Taking Root 8938:Schreiber. 8390:(1): 3–15. 8118:Macleans.ca 8098:December 9, 7859:October 31, 7836:October 31, 7807:October 31, 7782:October 31, 7759:October 31, 6794:. Vcn.bc.ca 5834:October 26, 5637:October 26, 5394:blue-collar 5375:fur traders 5111:Main page: 5051:Main page: 4546:Percentage 4537:Percentage 4531:Population 4347:Nova Scotia 4205:Percentage 4162:Afghanistan 4148:Afghan Jews 4094:French Jews 3843:Today, the 3791:David Lewis 3787:Bora Laskin 3778:Rideau Club 3720:Naim Kattan 3650:Moshe Lewis 3603:, stating: 3434:World War I 3049:Beth Israel 3044:Quebec City 3013:Sefer Torah 2997:A Canadian 2936:fur traders 2866:Nova Scotia 2826:. In 1760, 2796:Nova Scotia 2764:Bene Israel 2605:Revisionist 2595:Neo-Zionism 2202:Zeved habat 1995:Puerto Rico 1821:Netherlands 1653:South Korea 1638:Philippines 1518:Afghanistan 1385:Ivory Coast 1159:Crypto-Jews 1124:Bnei Anusim 1103:Bene Israel 1068:Beta Israel 1025:Communities 932:Middle Ages 671:Persecution 446:Bereavement 306:Hebrew text 10793:Categories 10659:Sri Lankan 10626:South Asia 10616:Vietnamese 10591:Indonesian 10417:Australian 10291:Portuguese 10245:Macedonian 10204:Lithuanian 10136:Belarusian 9959:Vietnamese 9934:Indonesian 9906:Sri Lankan 9854:South Asia 9743:Venezuelan 9733:Salvadoran 9723:Guatemalan 9571:Zimbabwean 9361:Indigenous 9260:Montserrat 9255:Martinique 9250:Guadeloupe 9105:Costa Rica 7931:"Podcasts" 7798:"About Us" 7662:1139917145 7633:1139917145 7346:I24news.fr 7326:August 18, 7321:Cjnews.com 7300:August 18, 7270:August 18, 7218:August 25, 6718:: 93–114. 6466:August 18, 6278:August 18, 6201:January 1, 6035:January 1, 5928:August 18, 5923:Cjnews.com 5656:|url= 5601:References 5507:, and the 5505:Reichmanns 5368:Employment 5179:University 5035:published 4624:1,967,480 4600:3,824,221 4591:3,380,645 4558:5,081,826 4540:Population 4158:Afghan Jew 3990:Schwartz's 3918:Ben's Deli 3824:60 Minutes 3729:Since the 3704:A.M. Klein 3700:Eli Mandel 3461:Ashkenazim 3453:Ashkenazim 3438:sweatshops 3397:homesteads 3377:Edenbridge 3373:Anglicized 3325:See also: 3200:Ashkenazim 3191:Ashkenazim 3132:Alexandria 3066:(1863) in 2969:. In 1841 2839:Aaron Hart 2698:footnoting 2590:Maximalism 2542:Secularism 2522:Autonomism 2339:Literature 2132:Humanistic 1736:Azerbaijan 1698:Uzbekistan 1673:Tajikistan 1593:Kyrgyzstan 1578:Kazakhstan 1425:Mozambique 1400:Madagascar 1320:Cape Verde 1272:New Yishuv 1267:Old Yishuv 1218:Population 1196:Subbotniks 1154:Samaritans 1093:Romanyotim 1036:Ashkenazim 983:Old Yishuv 963:Sabbateans 950:Modern era 942:Golden Age 869:Bar Kokhba 589:Beit Yosef 456:Philosophy 251:Lithuanian 10700:Jordanian 10679:West Asia 10649:Pakistani 10601:Malaysian 10581:Cambodian 10558:Taiwanese 10553:Mongolian 10538:Hong Kong 10525:East Asia 10383:Québécois 10230:Bulgarian 10182:Norwegian 10177:Icelandic 10146:Ukrainian 10115:Slovenian 10100:Hungarian 9987:Jordanian 9969:West Asia 9944:Malaysian 9924:Cambodian 9889:Pakistani 9839:Taiwanese 9834:Mongolian 9817:Hong Kong 9804:East Asia 9738:Uruguayan 9718:Colombian 9708:Brazilian 9703:Argentine 9662:Dominican 9652:Barbadian 9645:Caribbean 9474:Ethiopian 9405:Québécois 9245:Greenland 9160:Nicaragua 9135:Guatemala 8406:154741819 8353:Maclean's 7530:August 1, 7490:April 11, 7464:April 11, 7438:April 11, 6508:"Alberta" 6461:Mhs.mb.ca 5497:Belzbergs 5493:Bronfmans 5417:Economics 5379:merchants 5174:Maclean's 5134:Education 5101:thecjn.ca 4666:1,096,833 4633:2,313,328 4567:6,054,191 4508:Municipal 4160:still in 4119:Argentina 3960:Vancouver 3783:Herb Gray 3667:bourgeois 3663:bourgeois 3597:Maclean's 3585:Macleans' 3535:St. Louis 3369:Lithuania 3181:, a Jew, 3163:synagogue 3122:, 131 in 3005:Toronto’s 2737:in Israel 2600:Religious 2456:Zarphatic 2446:Bukharian 2416:Judeo-Tat 2401:Yeshivish 2375:Languages 2330:Sephardic 2320:Israelite 2310:Ethiopian 2300:Ashkenazi 2239:Religious 2029:Australia 2011:Venezuela 1917:Argentina 1899:Greenland 1811:Lithuania 1663:Sri Lanka 1658:Singapore 1583:Kurdistan 1548:Indonesia 1538:Hong Kong 1491:Abayudaya 1415:Mauritius 1149:Igbo Jews 1139:Krymchaks 1058:Sephardim 926:relations 820:Sadducees 816:Pharisees 806:Sanhedrin 721:Jerusalem 481:Synagogue 349:Etymology 247:Ukrainian 201:Languages 51:‎ ( 10758:Georgian 10748:Assyrian 10743:Armenian 10707:Lebanese 10586:Filipino 10543:Japanese 10422:Hawaiian 10373:Acadians 10351:Scottish 10265:Yugoslav 10255:Romanian 10235:Croatian 10220:Albanian 10194:Estonian 10085:Austrian 10024:Assyrian 10019:Armenian 9992:Lebanese 9929:Filipino 9824:Japanese 9728:Peruvian 9677:Jamaican 9667:Guyanese 9631:American 9617:Americas 9592:Nigerian 9587:Ghanaian 9550:Sudanese 9527:Egyptian 9515:Tunisian 9510:Moroccan 9500:Algerian 9469:Eritrean 9422:Scottish 9400:Acadians 9210:Anguilla 9145:Honduras 9115:Dominica 9090:Barbados 8996:"Canada" 8874:The Star 8724:Archived 8176:June 26, 8150:June 26, 8124:June 29, 8024:June 26, 7965:June 12, 7555:June 29, 7181:Jfgv.org 7132:June 29, 7077:June 29, 7049:June 30, 7010:June 30, 6895:June 23, 6868:June 23, 6841:June 23, 6691:June 30, 6643:June 29, 6566:June 12, 6544:June 12, 6518:June 12, 6486:CBC News 6403:July 21, 6377:July 21, 6352:July 21, 6328:14662683 6133:June 29, 6010:June 25, 5647:cite web 5617:(2013). 5524:See also 5509:Shermans 5501:Diamonds 5485:Bronfman 5390:peddlers 5140:Yeshivot 5077:Archived 5067:COVID-19 5031:In 1980 4954:208,402 4917:Victoria 4888:336,539 4855:355,945 4822:495,845 4789:490,270 4785:Hamilton 4756:619,540 4752:Winnipeg 4723:666,105 4719:Edmonton 4690:795,250 4657:943,315 4561:179,100 4326:Manitoba 4123:Americas 3895:Manitoba 3876:Orthodox 3807:Galizien 3772:In 1961 3763:Kingston 3755:Hamilton 3511:. Major 3375:name of 3349:prairies 3205:Austrian 3124:Hamilton 2882:Seigneur 2835:Montreal 2782:(1749). 2729:Canadian 2694:citation 2627:Category 2585:Kahanism 2532:Feminism 2504:Politics 2388:Biblical 2358:American 2305:Bukharan 2295:American 2195:Shidduch 2171:Clothing 2127:Haymanot 2073:Orthodox 2001:Suriname 1984:Paraguay 1937:Colombia 1836:Portugal 1746:Bulgaria 1683:Thailand 1633:Pakistan 1613:Mongolia 1608:Malaysia 1528:Cambodia 1502:Zimbabwe 1477:Tanzania 1355:Eswatini 1345:Ethiopia 1335:Djibouti 1315:Cameroon 1310:Botswana 1239:Diaspora 1201:Noahides 1174:Marranos 1098:Cochinim 1083:Bukharim 1073:Gruzinim 1063:Teimanim 1053:Mizrahim 1041:Galician 1007:conflict 968:Hasidism 958:Haskalah 863:Diaspora 734:timeline 646:Timeline 559:Rabbinic 466:Kabbalah 441:Marriage 417:Tzedakah 407:Holidays 365:Religion 328:a series 326:Part of 269:Religion 190:Manitoba 10778:Turkish 10768:Israeli 10763:Iranian 10654:Punjabi 10596:Laotian 10563:Tibetan 10533:Chinese 10409:Oceania 10341:English 10336:Cornish 10331:British 10324:Flemish 10319:Belgian 10296:Spanish 10286:Maltese 10281:Italian 10260:Serbian 10225:Bosnian 10199:Latvian 10187:Swedish 10172:Finnish 10141:Russian 10056:Turkish 10051:Kurdish 10044:Israeli 10034:Iranian 9939:Laotian 9894:Punjabi 9844:Tibetan 9812:Chinese 9713:Chilean 9672:Haitian 9636:Mexican 9417:English 9412:British 9371:by band 9240:Curaçao 9225:Bonaire 9220:Bermuda 9150:Jamaica 9130:Grenada 9085:Bahamas 9029:a 1973 8989:: 8912:. 1978. 8678:(JPPI). 8663:(JPPI). 8633:July 4, 8604:July 4, 8463:July 4, 8243:2563495 8019:Default 7484:AP News 7412:June 7, 7382:June 7, 7356:July 1, 7244:May 18, 7186:May 18, 7158:May 18, 6798:May 18, 6601:May 29, 6492:May 18, 6440:May 18, 6398:aishcom 6372:imjm.ca 6252:July 1, 5907:. 1993. 5876:Toronto 5658:value ( 5515:Poverty 5085:TheJ.ca 4994:Yiddish 4989:Yiddish 4984:Culture 4963:210,891 4950:Windsor 4921:74,125 4897:366,151 4864:390,096 4851:Halifax 4831:507,096 4798:519,949 4765:663,617 4759:14,760 4732:812,201 4699:883,390 4693:13,130 4653:Calgary 4627:22,590 4603:90,780 4594:92,975 4570:188,710 4494:Nunavut 4305:Alberta 4246:226,610 4242:Ontario 4225:391,665 4082:Toronto 3899:Alberta 3887:Ontario 3857:English 3812:Galicia 3751:Toronto 3747:Ontario 3579:of the 3507:during 3271:Ontario 3173:. When 3157:in the 3120:Toronto 3104:kehilla 3076:pogroms 3019:, the 2991:Isidore 2979:Toronto 2910:Ezekiel 2862:Halifax 2848:to the 2828:General 2768:Judaism 2570:General 2561:Zionism 2537:Leftism 2527:Bundism 2451:Knaanic 2411:Yevanic 2396:Yiddish 2353:Yiddish 2348:Israeli 2325:Mizrahi 2315:Israeli 2286:Cuisine 2262:Ancient 2244:Secular 2190:Kashrut 2166:Wedding 2153:Customs 2145:Culture 2122:Science 2117:Renewal 2107:Karaite 2088:Hasidic 2020:Oceania 2006:Uruguay 1974:Jamaica 1954:Ecuador 1922:Bolivia 1866:Ukraine 1841:Romania 1816:Moldova 1796:Hungary 1786:Germany 1781:Georgia 1771:Finland 1766:Estonia 1761:Denmark 1756:Czechia 1741:Belarus 1731:Austria 1726:Armenia 1703:Vietnam 1618:Myanmar 1603:Lebanon 1523:Bahrain 1482:Tunisia 1460:Somalia 1435:Nigeria 1430:Namibia 1420:Morocco 1350:Eritrea 1295:Algeria 1179:Neofiti 1088:Italkim 1078:Juhurim 988:Zionism 937:Khazars 832:Sicarii 828:Zealots 824:Essenes 811:Schisms 676:Leaders 638:General 630:History 573:Tosefta 568:Midrash 545:Mishnah 527:Ketuvim 522:Nevi'im 471:Customs 402:Shabbat 397:Halakha 389: ( 387:Mitzvot 374: ( 340:Judaism 275:Judaism 243:Russian 237:) 231:Yiddish 207:English 170:Alberta 135:125,300 115:272,400 110:Ontario 10773:Jewish 10735:Yemeni 10728:Syrian 10669:Sindhi 10644:Nepali 10639:Indian 10548:Korean 10491:Kazakh 10486:Afghan 10378:Breton 10368:French 10301:Basque 10167:Danish 10110:Slovak 10105:Polish 10095:German 10070:Europe 10039:Jewish 10012:Yemeni 10007:Syrian 9901:Romani 9884:Nepali 9867:Indian 9829:Korean 9779:Kazakh 9774:Afghan 9602:Yoruba 9522:Coptic 9505:Libyan 9495:Berber 9479:Somali 9454:Africa 9354:Canada 9165:Panama 9155:Mexico 9100:Canada 9095:Belize 8946: 8928: 8905:(2010) 8870:, 1860 8815:(2010) 8808:(2008) 8801:(2011) 8756:(2010) 8731:(1990) 8706:(1993) 8432:CanLII 8404: 8241: 7734: 7695: 7660: 7631: 6326: 6319:280601 6316: 6192: 5969:online 5882:, 1961 5729:. 2012 5654:Check 5503:, the 5499:, the 5495:, the 5472:Wealth 5430:Income 5381:, and 5310:1,650 5230:1,200 4957:1,525 4930:80,017 4924:2,595 4911:16.8% 4891:2,290 4884:London 4858:1,985 4825:1,950 4792:4,675 4768:13,690 4746:12.8% 4726:4,920 4702:14,010 4686:Ottawa 4660:7,950 4647:16.2% 4636:26,255 4523:Trend 4491: 4470: 4449: 4428: 4407: 4386: 4365: 4344: 4330:14,345 4323: 4309:15,795 4302: 4288:35,005 4281: 4267:93,625 4263:Quebec 4260: 4239: 4220:Canada 4217: 4102:Quebec 4098:Israel 4012:pride 3952:Bagels 3880:Reform 3878:, 16% 3874:, 17% 3865:Quebec 3861:French 3759:London 3657:1975. 3447:. The 3080:Russia 2987:Canada 2975:Albert 2858:Quebec 2762:, and 2745:France 2632:Portal 2491:Domari 2421:Shassi 2382:Hebrew 2277:Humour 2221:Hiloni 2216:Aliyah 2176:Niddah 2161:Minyan 2096:Reform 2083:Haredi 2078:Modern 1979:Mexico 1964:Guyana 1927:Brazil 1889:Canada 1861:Sweden 1851:Serbia 1846:Russia 1831:Poland 1826:Norway 1806:Latvia 1791:Greece 1776:France 1751:Cyprus 1717:Europe 1688:Turkey 1678:Taiwan 1588:Kuwait 1573:Jordan 1563:Israel 1497:Zambia 1487:Uganda 1405:Malawi 1375:Guinea 1365:Gambia 1300:Angola 1286:Africa 1169:Dönmeh 1164:Anusim 1108:Berber 1046:Litvak 998:Israel 904: 841: 755:Second 723: 584:Targum 550:Gemara 536:Talmud 508:Tanakh 461:Ethics 412:Prayer 259:German 255:Polish 239:· 227:· 223:Hebrew 221: 219:· 215:French 213: 211:· 209: 195:18,000 187: 175:20,000 167: 155:62,120 147: 130:Quebec 127: 107: 85:Canada 82: 53:Hebrew 42:French 10721:Saudi 10693:Iraqi 10664:Tamil 10506:Uzbek 10501:Tajik 10496:Tatar 10390:Irish 10363:Dutch 10356:Welsh 10240:Greek 10120:Swiss 10090:Czech 10002:Saudi 9982:Iraqi 9877:Tamil 9794:Uzbek 9789:Tatar 9784:Tajik 9657:Cuban 9427:Welsh 9383:Métis 9378:Inuit 9215:Aruba 9140:Haiti 8672:study 8657:study 8646:Notes 8624:(PDF) 8402:S2CID 8239:JSTOR 7521:(PDF) 7212:(PDF) 7205:(PDF) 7177:(PDF) 6434:(PDF) 6427:(PDF) 5759:(PDF) 5752:(PDF) 5358:4,000 5326:1,125 5294:3,250 5278:2,000 5246:3,550 5214:1,000 5198:3,000 5047:Press 4998:יידיש 4977:0.7% 4969:0.7% 4966:1,515 4960:0.7% 4944:5.6% 4936:3.4% 4933:2,740 4927:3.5% 4903:0.7% 4900:2,675 4894:0.7% 4878:6.8% 4870:0.5% 4867:2,120 4861:0.6% 4845:3.3% 4837:0.4% 4834:2,015 4828:0.4% 4812:9.3% 4804:1.0% 4801:5,110 4795:1.0% 4779:7.2% 4771:2.0% 4762:2.4% 4738:0.7% 4735:5,550 4729:0.7% 4713:6.7% 4705:1.6% 4696:1.7% 4680:4.8% 4672:0.8% 4669:8,335 4663:0.8% 4639:1.1% 4630:1.1% 4614:2.4% 4606:2.4% 4597:2.8% 4581:5.4% 4573:3.1% 4564:3.5% 4534:Jews 4528:City 4520:2011 4517:2001 4501:0.1% 4480:0.1% 4459:0.4% 4452:Yukon 4438:0.1% 4417:0.0% 4396:0.1% 4375:0.2% 4372:1,905 4354:0.3% 4351:2,910 4333:1.2% 4312:0.4% 4291:0.8% 4270:1.2% 4249:1.8% 4228:1.2% 3975:CJPAC 3859:over 3731:1960s 3497:Velen 3445:sects 3159:Yukon 2995:Jacob 2926:1832 2874:Wolfe 2580:Labor 2575:Green 2272:Dance 2230:Music 2049:Palau 1969:Haiti 1932:Chile 1856:Spain 1801:Italy 1708:Yemen 1668:Syria 1643:Qatar 1623:Nepal 1568:Japan 1543:India 1533:China 1472:Sudan 1395:Libya 1390:Kenya 1370:Ghana 1360:Gabon 1340:Egypt 1325:Benin 1184:Xueta 1129:Lemba 748:First 613:Zohar 517:Torah 499:Texts 486:Rabbi 476:Rites 376:names 229: 10687:Arab 10611:Thai 9977:Arab 9954:Thai 9757:Asia 9597:Igbo 9285:Saba 9110:Cuba 8944:ISBN 8926:ISBN 8829:Jews 8635:2021 8606:2021 8576:2021 8546:2021 8519:2021 8492:2021 8465:2021 8439:2021 8413:2021 8365:2021 8334:2021 8303:2021 8276:2021 8250:2021 8204:2011 8178:2021 8152:2021 8126:2021 8100:2011 8078:2011 8052:2011 8026:2021 7996:2011 7967:2024 7942:2021 7917:2021 7892:2021 7861:2020 7838:2020 7809:2020 7784:2020 7761:2020 7732:ISBN 7711:2022 7693:ISBN 7658:ISBN 7629:ISBN 7557:2019 7532:2023 7492:2024 7466:2024 7440:2024 7414:2015 7384:2015 7371:The 7358:2015 7328:2017 7302:2017 7272:2017 7246:2011 7220:2010 7188:2011 7160:2011 7134:2021 7106:2019 7079:2020 7051:2020 7012:2020 6983:2015 6897:2020 6870:2020 6843:2020 6800:2011 6748:2016 6693:2020 6645:2020 6603:2020 6568:2024 6546:2024 6520:2024 6494:2016 6468:2017 6442:2011 6405:2021 6379:2021 6354:2021 6324:PMID 6280:2017 6254:2014 6203:2012 6190:ISBN 6135:2020 6063:2006 6037:2012 6012:2018 5930:2017 5858:2014 5836:2022 5810:2011 5788:help 5767:2011 5735:2014 5709:2014 5683:2014 5660:help 5639:2022 5465:32% 5457:22% 5449:24% 5441:21% 5342:850 5297:10% 5262:900 5249:10% 5121:and 5083:and 5057:The 4543:Jews 4201:Jews 4010:LGBT 3897:and 3761:and 3735:Jews 3648:and 3640:and 3424:The 3345:farm 3294:The 3136:1914 3094:and 3025:1857 2880:and 2743:and 2696:and 2039:Guam 2034:Fiji 1989:Peru 1942:Cuba 1628:Oman 1598:Laos 1558:Iraq 1553:Iran 1510:Asia 1439:Igbo 1410:Mali 429:Brit 338:and 336:Jews 8674:by 8659:by 8484:CBC 8392:doi 8231:doi 7666:226 7637:227 7586:doi 6720:doi 6314:PMC 6310:169 5361:7% 5350:20 5345:2% 5334:18 5329:3% 5318:17 5313:3% 5302:15 5281:7% 5265:3% 5233:3% 5217:2% 5201:5% 5069:." 4456:145 4435:185 4414:220 4393:860 4080:in 3935:in 3533:MS 3207:or 3165:in 3134:in 3078:of 2989:), 2985:in 2884:of 2253:Art 599:Tur 391:613 10795:: 8998:. 8777:. 8702:. 8626:. 8592:. 8562:. 8536:. 8509:. 8482:. 8456:. 8430:. 8400:. 8388:11 8386:. 8382:. 8351:. 8326:21 8324:. 8320:. 8293:. 8267:. 8237:. 8227:83 8225:. 8221:. 8116:. 8017:. 8004:^ 7969:. 7958:. 7933:. 7908:. 7878:. 7829:. 7817:^ 7800:. 7673:^ 7652:. 7623:. 7582:25 7580:. 7574:. 7548:. 7523:. 7482:. 7456:. 7431:. 7392:^ 7375:. 7344:. 7319:. 7288:. 7263:. 7179:. 7125:. 7114:^ 7059:^ 7020:^ 7002:. 6991:^ 6921:^ 6905:^ 6833:. 6821:^ 6756:^ 6716:20 6714:. 6710:. 6684:. 6672:^ 6662:. 6635:. 6611:^ 6594:. 6536:. 6510:. 6484:. 6459:. 6413:^ 6396:. 6370:. 6345:. 6322:. 6308:. 6304:. 6288:^ 6271:. 6126:. 6072:^ 5998:. 5938:^ 5921:. 5878:: 5827:. 5779:: 5777:}} 5773:{{ 5725:. 5651:: 5649:}} 5645:{{ 5629:. 5625:. 5385:. 5377:, 5286:8 5270:7 5254:5 5238:4 5222:3 5206:2 5190:1 5176:) 5125:. 4498:15 4477:40 4144:. 4117:. 3958:, 3954:, 3905:. 3893:, 3867:. 3757:, 3718:, 3714:, 3710:, 3706:, 3702:, 3698:, 3694:, 3690:, 3686:, 3682:, 3678:, 3674:, 3547:, 3528:. 3269:, 3039:. 2931:. 2864:, 2758:, 2739:, 866:, 860:, 830:, 826:, 822:, 818:, 330:on 261:, 257:, 253:, 249:, 245:, 44:) 10461:e 10454:t 10447:v 9339:e 9332:t 9325:v 9060:e 9053:t 9046:v 8950:. 8934:. 8637:. 8608:. 8578:. 8548:. 8521:. 8494:. 8467:. 8441:. 8415:. 8394:: 8367:. 8336:. 8305:. 8278:. 8252:. 8233:: 8206:. 8180:. 8154:. 8128:. 8102:. 8080:. 8054:. 8028:. 7998:. 7944:. 7919:. 7894:. 7863:. 7840:. 7811:. 7786:. 7763:. 7740:. 7713:. 7668:. 7639:. 7594:. 7588:: 7559:. 7534:. 7494:. 7468:. 7442:. 7416:. 7386:. 7360:. 7330:. 7304:. 7248:. 7222:. 7190:. 7162:. 7136:. 7108:. 7081:. 7053:. 7014:. 6985:. 6899:. 6872:. 6845:. 6802:. 6750:. 6728:. 6722:: 6695:. 6666:. 6647:. 6605:. 6570:. 6548:. 6522:. 6496:. 6470:. 6444:. 6407:. 6381:. 6356:. 6330:. 6256:. 6219:. 6205:. 6137:. 6065:. 6039:. 6014:. 5932:. 5860:. 5838:. 5812:. 5790:) 5786:( 5769:. 5737:. 5711:. 5685:. 5662:) 5641:. 4996:( 4084:. 3484:. 2719:) 2713:( 2708:) 2704:( 2700:. 2690:. 2659:e 2652:t 2645:v 1493:) 1489:( 1441:) 1437:( 910:) 906:( 872:) 855:( 848:) 843:( 834:) 814:( 757:) 746:( 736:) 725:( 393:) 378:) 308:. 55:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of the Jews in Canada

Index