2154:, p. 26: "Since the turn of the century, however, the Maronites had pressed for the extension of this small Lebanese territory to what they argued were its natural and historical boundaries: it would then include the coastal towns of Tripoli, Beirut, Sidon and Tyre and their respective hinterlands, which belonged to the Vilayet of Beirut; and the fertile valley of the Bekaa (the four Kazas, or administrtative districts, of Baalbek, the Bekaa, Rashayya and Hasbayya), which belonged to the Vilayet of Damascus. According to the Maronite argument, this 'Greater Lebanon' had always had a special social and historical character, different from that of its surroundings, which made it necessary and indeed imperative for France to help establish it as an independent state. While France had strong sympathies for the Maronites, the French government did not support their demands without reserve. In Mount Lebanon, the Maronites had formed a clear majority of the population. In a 'Greater Lebanon', they were bound to be outnumbered by the Muslims of the coastal towns and their hinterlands, and by those of the Bekaa valley; and all the Christian communities together, in a 'Greater Lebanon', could at best amount to a bare majority. The Maronites, however, were insistent in their demands. Their secular and clerical leaders had pressed for them during the war years among the Allied powers, not excluding the United States."
466:
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had predicted it?" In the Middle East, Lebanon seems to offer a corresponding example. When the idea of a
Greater Lebanon in 1908 was put forward in a book by Bulus Nujaym, a Lebanese Maronite writing under the pseudonym of M. Jouplain, he suggested that the natural boundaries of Lebanon were exactly the same as drawn in the 1861 and 1863 staff maps of the French military expedition to Syria, maps that added territories on the northern, eastern and southern borders, plus the city of Beirut, to the Mutasarrifiyya of Mount Lebanon. In this case, too, the prior existence of a European military map seems to have created a fact on the ground.
726:
108:
856:
94:
1531:
491:
751:. This included a significant extension of the frontiers of the Lebanon Mutasarrifate, arguing that the additional areas constituted natural parts of Lebanon, despite the fact that the Christian community would not be a clear majority in such an enlarged state. The quest for the annexation of agricultural lands in the Bekaa and Akkar was fueled by existential fears following the death of nearly half of the
969:
1594:
legislative function, but in fact bills were prepared by the executive and submitted to the
Chamber of Deputies, which passed them virtually without exception. Under the Constitution, the French high commissioner still exercised supreme power, an arrangement that initially brought objections from the Lebanese nationalists. Nevertheless,
1640:Émile Eddé was elected president on 30 January 1936. A year later, he partially reestablished the Constitution of 1926 and proceeded to hold elections for the Chamber of Deputies. However, the Constitution was again suspended by the French high commissioner in September 1939, at the outbreak of World War II.
708:
1703:
2134:
His study shows that the modern map in some cases predicted the nation instead of just recording it; rather than describing existing borders it created the reality it was assumed to depict. The power of the map over the mind was great:"ow could a nation resist being found if a nineteenth century map
1593:
would always be present in the cabinet. This practice increased sectarian tension by providing excessive power to the
Maronite president (such as the ability to choose the prime minister), and hindered the formation of a Lebanese national identity. Theoretically, the Chamber of Deputies performed the
964:
parliament with
Chamber of Deputies and a Senate (although the latter was eventually dropped), a President, and a Council of Ministers, or cabinet. The president was to be elected by the Chamber of Deputies for one six-year term and could not be reelected until a six-year period had elapsed; deputies
928:
Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943, the new
Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. Lebanese nationalists declared a provisional government, and the British diplomatically intervened on their behalf. In the
846:
wrote to
Archbishop Khoury: "Your country's claims on the Bekaa, that you have recalled for me, have been granted. On instructions from the French government, General Gouraud has proclaimed at Zahle's Grand Kadri Hotel, the incorporation into Lebanon of the territory that extends up to the summit of
2172:
Salibi 2003, p. 33, "At the battle of the
Maysalun Pass, in the Anti-Lebanon, the French did crush the forces of King Faysal in July 1920, which finally opened the way for their occupation of Damascus. Maronite volunteers reportedly fought with the French in the battle, and there were open Maronite
2061:
This article, bearing the dateline of
Jounieh, July 10, 1919, constitutes, together with Albert Naccache's "Notre avenir économique published also in La Revue Phénicienne (July 1919), perhaps some of the earliest written and public references to a Grand Liban. For instance, the term does not appear
2101:
Nujaym's formulation was to become the basis for
Lebanese Christian arguments in favor of a Greater Lebanon. It stressed the national rather than economic aspects of that goal. Only extended boundaries would enable Lebanon to exist as an independent state. Nujaym told the European public that the
2062:
to have been used seven months earlier by the first
Lebanese delegation to Paris - at least not in its official releases. Or to cite a later example, the term was not used in the important correspondence from Clemenceau to Maronite Patriarch Huwayik dated 10 November 1919
703:, a 550-page analysis which was to become the foundation for arguments in favor of a Greater Lebanon. The work argued that a significant extension of Lebanon's boundaries was required for economic success. The boundaries suggested by Nujaym as representing the
1572:
A custom of selecting major political officers, as well as top ranks within the public administration, according to the proportion of the principal sects in the population was strengthened during this period. Thus, for example, the president ought to be a
1654:
The High Commissioner of the Levant, named after 1941 the General Delegate to Syria and Lebanon, was the highest ranking authority representing France in the French-mandated countries of Syria and Lebanon. Its office was based in Beirut, Lebanon in the
1625:
suspended the constitution on 9 May 1932, and extended the term of Debbas for one year; in this way he prevented the election of a Muslim as president. Dissatisfied with Ponsot's conduct, the French authorities replaced him with
898:
to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. Britain, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government,
593:
in 1920, it was decided that four of its territories in the Middle East should be League of Nations mandates temporarily governed by the United Kingdom and France on behalf of the League. The British were given
2880:
1731:
The first and only official religious census of Greater Lebanon was carried out in 1932 which concludes that the population is roughly split equality between Muslims and Christians, the largest sects being
3325:
124:
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3122:
910:
visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941, General
759:; the Maronite church and the secular leaders sought a state that could better provide for its people. The areas to be added to the Mutasarrifate included the coastal towns of
2866:
944:. On 19 December 1945, an Anglo-French agreement was eventually signed – both British forces from Syria and French forces from Lebanon were to be withdrawn by early 1946.
929:
face of intense British pressure and protests by Lebanese nationalists, the French reluctantly released the government officials on 22 November 1943, and accepted the
1614:
1350:
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1688:
235:
1649:
2003:
3115:
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proclaimed the establishment of the state with its present boundaries after support from the majority of Lebanese regardless of religion and with
3108:
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were the main institutions for education, providing higher standards of education than under Ottoman administration, with no state-run system.
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847:
the Anti-Lebanon range and of Hermon. This is the Greater Lebanon that France wishes to form to assure your country of its natural borders."
1559:
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3601:
2029:
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1100:
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2401:
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820:
644:
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1951:
1325:
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824:
471:
198:
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1599:
1340:
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In October, the international community recognized the independence of Lebanon, which was admitted as a founding member of the
617:
685:
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3244:
2484:
2459:
2390:
2127:
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1987:
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competed for the office of president, thus dividing the Chamber of Deputies. To break the deadlock, some deputies suggested
2828:
2678:
3921:
3747:
3285:
3134:
1067:
3916:
823:, under which the definition of Lebanon was still to be set by the French. Most of the territory was controlled by the
296:
3439:
2500:
2426:
2249:
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had been established in 1861 to protect the local Christian population by the European powers under the terms of the
582:
130:
1001:
720:
3429:
2477:
1574:
1552:
1088:
886:
was appointed as high commissioner of Lebanon. This new turning point led to the resignation of Lebanese president
738:
811:
3399:
2821:
2788:
2007:
1061:
711:, which has been cited as an example of a modern map having "predicted the nation instead of just recording it".
107:
3774:
3449:
2916:
2911:
2514:
1929:
17:
3562:
2672:
1794:
1399:
1365:
1055:
756:
246:
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celebrations of the French victory, or rather of the Arab defeat. This was not to be forgotten in Damascus."
3661:
3422:
3175:
1768:
1733:
1385:
1345:
1010:
972:
The first Lebanese flag, hand-drawn and signed by the deputies of the Lebanese parliament, 11 November 1943
748:
693:
692:, was first used by the Lebanese intellectuals Bulus Nujaym and Albert Naccache, during the buildup to the
3742:
3417:
3404:
1545:
1454:
1429:
1274:
981:
752:
661:
649:
628:
613:
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2645:
2640:
2591:
1672:
1094:
1020:
900:
869:
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3527:
3522:
3290:
2666:
1395:
930:
578:
141:
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Lebanese question required a definite solution: the establishment of an independent Christian state.
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and is now the official residence of the French ambassador to Lebanon. The office was first held by
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3509:
3008:
2772:
2737:
1449:
1375:
1334:
1238:
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914:
announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government.
1028:
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was promulgated on 23 May 1926, and subsequently amended several times. Modeled after that of the
2798:
2628:
1934:
1660:
1517:
953:
605:
599:
372:
220:
187:
113:
2241:
1602:, was elected the first president of Lebanon three days after the adoption of the Constitution.
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3334:
3234:
3224:
3155:
3131:
2889:
2844:
2608:
2576:
2546:
1956:
1945:
1847:
1692:
1691:
which began on 23 January 1944 and ended on 1 September 1946, 5 months after the withdrawal of
1687:, the two passengers, Chiappe, his leader of the cabinet, were killed. Last to hold office was
1578:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
725:
521:
93:
2115:
1977:
3641:
3371:
3165:
2380:
2086:
1914:
1860:
1582:
1405:
1370:
957:
828:
145:
2204:
2747:
2268:
1909:
1434:
1181:
1043:
648:
Map of Greater Lebanon's borders compared with the border of the previous territory of the
8:
3837:
3160:
2993:
2954:
2898:
2757:
2722:
2623:
2603:
2442:
2398:
1924:
1634:
1315:
843:
625:
577:
The state was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a
3656:
855:
664:, the existing former autonomous region, as a result of the incorporation of the former
590:
3502:
3412:
3361:
3267:
3254:
3185:
2983:
2934:
2926:
2633:
2613:
2586:
2529:
2234:
1939:
1919:
1330:
1121:
990:
836:
744:
319:
2043:
Marwan R. Buheiry (1 June 1981). "Bulus Nujaym and the Grand Liban Ideal, 1908–1919".
1650:
High Commissioner of the Levant § List of French High Commissioners of the Levant
3784:
3732:
3671:
3476:
3459:
3082:
3077:
2793:
2727:
2618:
2581:
2536:
2524:
2422:
2412:
2386:
2245:
2123:
2090:
2079:
2050:
2023:
1983:
1424:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1133:
1127:
907:
894:
for a presidency period that lasted only three months. The Vichy authorities allowed
832:
669:
177:
3789:
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3823:
3651:
3391:
3356:
3036:
2752:
2742:
2717:
2355:
2347:
2314:
2306:
1680:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1439:
1360:
1355:
1262:
1163:
1145:
764:
191:
173:
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652:(black dashed line), overlaid on a map of modern-day religious groups distribution
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3578:
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2519:
2449:
2416:
2405:
2187:
2044:
1979:
Border Disputes: A Global Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: A Global Encyclopedia
1720:
1716:
1610:
1211:
1205:
911:
891:
887:
563:
548:
532:
512:
349:
285:
169:
165:
99:
1900:
In total 785,542 people lived within the boundaries of Greater Lebanon in 1932.
3829:
3769:
3217:
3208:
3170:
3046:
2971:
2939:
2906:
2712:
2465:
Library of Congress - Research - Country Studies - Lebanon - The French Mandate
1873:
1656:
1595:
1586:
1535:
1280:
1256:
1244:
1187:
937:
776:
730:
665:
621:
586:
421:
269:
3763:
3366:
2351:
2310:
3905:
3818:
3724:
3691:
3611:
3466:
3059:
2976:
2949:
2767:
2732:
2702:
2650:
2598:
2541:
1199:
1169:
923:
784:
772:
437:
3497:
3351:
3343:
3031:
3026:
3021:
2944:
2762:
2707:
1667:
should have held office on 24 November 1940 but the aircraft taking him to
1664:
1622:
1444:
1250:
895:
879:
875:
792:
413:
335:
2469:
2464:
1637:
as president for a one-year term (later extended for an additional year).
3681:
3229:
3016:
2888:
2813:
1737:
883:
1617:, who was chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Muslim leader of
729:
Proclamation of the state of Greater Lebanon on 1 September 1920 in the
3880:
3621:
3616:
3203:
3142:
2360:
2319:
1741:
681:
3631:
1702:
3886:
1320:
1037:
961:
741:
3064:
2335:
2294:
3376:
3193:
1676:
1139:
1049:
432:
3213:
3874:
3626:
3262:
3198:
3054:
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1696:
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was shot down by mistake by Italian air force taking part in the
1668:
1307:
800:
796:
788:
571:
484:
385:
968:
602:, while the French were given a mandate over Syria and Lebanon.
3239:
3150:
2959:
1621:, as a compromise candidate. However, French high commissioner
1033:
775:
and their respective hinterlands, all of which belonged to the
760:
609:
155:
3333:
2336:"The Lebanese census of 1932 revisited. Who are the Lebanese?"
2295:"The Lebanese census of 1932 revisited. Who are the Lebanese?"
2116:"Writing the Boundary: "Khitat al-Shăm" by Muhammad Kurd ʹAli"
3381:
3272:
2382:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
1627:
1590:
941:
768:
677:
673:
543:, was a state declared on 1 September 1920, which became the
819:
Following the peace conference, the French were awarded the
1719:
in education. English was also common in higher education.
780:
3130:
747:
presented the Lebanese aspirations in a memorandum to the
839:, Lebanese Maronites openly celebrated the Arab defeat.
827:, with the remainder controlled for a short time by the
965:
were to be popularly elected along confessional lines.
1975:
721:
Elias Peter Hoayek § Peace Congress in Versailles
882:
assumed power over French territory in 1940, General
815:
Arrete no 318, which created "l'Etat du Grand Liban"
556:
526:
1715:The French mandate promoted French culture and the
1643:
737:On 27 October 1919, the Lebanese delegation led by
2233:
2078:
890:on 4 April 1941. After five days, Dentz appointed
660:alludes to the almost doubling of the size of the
2042:
917:
850:
699:Nujaym was building on his widely read 1908 work
3903:
2046:Intellectual Life in the Arab East, 1890 to 1930
1969:
570:) in May 1926, and is the predecessor of modern
2231:
1581:, and the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a
129:Location of Greater Lebanon (green) within the
3563:
3319:
3116:
2874:
2829:
2485:
2421:. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–179.
2186:Hadden, Briton; Luce, Henry Robinson (1945).
1553:
906:After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General
2227:
2225:
72:
66:
50:
44:
27:French League of Nations mandate (1920–1943)
3713:
2499:
2460:Milestone Dates in Lebanon's Modern History
2072:
2070:
1605:At the end of Debbas's first term in 1932,
585:which was to be ratified in 1923. When the
3932:States and territories established in 1920
3570:
3556:
3326:
3312:
3123:
3109:
2881:
2867:
2843:
2836:
2822:
2492:
2478:
2185:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2113:
2076:
1683:, the other members of the crew including
1560:
1546:
123:
3590:
2359:
2340:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
2318:
2299:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
2222:
2049:. Syracuse University Press. p. 63.
1706:A Greater Lebanon five-piastre coin, 1924
863:
842:On 24 August 1920, French Prime Minister
714:
3912:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
2263:
2261:
2067:
1701:
967:
854:
821:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
810:
724:
643:
3942:Former countries of the interwar period
2333:
2292:
2140:
2120:Concept Of Territory In Islamic Thought
1976:Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly (28 July 2015).
1952:List of French possessions and colonies
825:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
472:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
14:
3904:
2411:
2378:
2151:
2036:
2028:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1341:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
639:
3712:
3589:
3551:
3307:
3104:
2862:
2817:
2473:
2258:
2166:
2085:. Cornell University Press. pp.
1633:, who, on 30 January 1934, appointed
1381:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
1269:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon
859:Constitution of the Lebanese Republic
2679:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
2202:
2181:
2179:
2107:
901:sent its army into Syria and Lebanon
709:map of the 1860-64 French expedition
3577:
3286:French colonization of the Americas
552:
516:
397:• Withdrawal of French forces
73:
51:
24:
2385:. University of California Press.
25:
3953:
2436:
2334:Maktabi, Rania (1 January 1999).
2293:Maktabi, Rania (1 January 1999).
2205:"Who are Lebanon's real friends?"
2176:
583:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
131:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
2560:
1644:High Commissioners of the Levant
1529:
1000:
581:under the proposed terms of the
489:
464:
106:
92:
3780:French domains of the Holy Land
2372:
2327:
2286:
2196:
2081:The formation of modern Lebanon
1726:
1689:Étienne Paul-Émile-Marie Beynet
806:
3937:1943 disestablishments in Asia
3775:French domains of Saint Helena
2892:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
2203:Barr, James (10 August 2020).
2157:
1996:
918:Levant Crisis and Independence
851:World War II and Later history
13:
1:
3927:Former countries in West Asia
1962:
947:
634:
589:was formally split up by the
3510:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
2443:A concise history of Lebanon
2418:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011
2236:A History of the Middle East
1710:
1386:Lebanese presidential crisis
1346:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
833:latter's defeat in July 1920
7:
3750: and Antarctic Lands
1982:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 353–.
1903:
1371:2007 North Lebanon conflict
1275:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
753:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
705:"Liban de la grande époque"
694:1919 Paris Peace Conference
662:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
650:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
558:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah
557:
527:
10:
3958:
3922:League of Nations mandates
2122:. Routledge. p. 178.
1673:Battle of Cape Spartivento
1647:
1366:2006–08 political protests
921:
867:
718:
3917:Lebanon under French rule
3863:
3802:
3758:
3741:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3680:
3667:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3640:
3600:
3596:
3585:
3544:
3528:French East India Company
3518:
3490:
3438:
3390:
3342:
3303:
3291:French West India Company
3281:
3253:
3184:
3141:
3100:
3073:
3045:
3007:
2925:
2897:
2858:
2851:
2781:
2695:
2688:
2673:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement
2659:
2569:
2558:
2507:
2352:10.1080/13530199908705684
2311:10.1080/13530199908705684
1830:
1751:
1391:Maritime boundary dispute
835:. Following the decisive
579:League of Nations Mandate
443:
431:
409:
405:
395:
382:
369:
359:
355:
345:
341:
326:
309:
305:
295:
291:
276:
259:
255:
245:
241:
226:
211:
207:
197:
183:
161:
151:
137:
122:
88:
83:
34:
3806: the Indian Ocean
2789:French High Commissioner
2773:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
2232:Peter Mansfield (1991).
2163:Harris 2012, pp. 173–174
1376:2008 conflict in Lebanon
1239:Emirate of Mount Lebanon
612:as its capital. The new
509:State of Greater Lebanon
36:State of Greater Lebanon
3714:Uninhabited territories
3225:Saint Kitts & Nevis
2629:Battle of al-Musayfirah
2501:French Mandate of Syria
1935:French Mandate of Syria
1721:Foreign mission schools
1615:Shaykh Muhammad al Jisr
1577:, the prime minister a
931:independence of Lebanon
539:), informally known as
3644: collectivities
3482:Sanjak of Alexandretta
3335:Former French colonies
3132:Former French colonies
2890:Former French colonies
2845:French overseas empire
2646:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2609:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
2604:1925–1927 revolt
2547:Sanjak of Alexandretta
2379:Salibi, Kamal (1990).
2273:www.worldstatesmen.org
1957:French colonial empire
1946:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
1920:Patriarch Elias Hoayek
1707:
1326:Palestinian insurgency
973:
870:Syria–Lebanon campaign
864:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
860:
816:
749:Paris Peace Conference
734:
715:Paris Peace Conference
688:. The term, in French
653:
567:
536:
528:Dawlat Lubnān al-Kubra
67:
45:
3591:Inhabited territories
3523:France–Asia relations
3078:Somaliland (Djibouti)
2738:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
2667:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2118:. In Hiroyuki (ed.).
1915:Sykes-Picot Agreement
1734:Maronite Christianity
1705:
1406:2020 Beirut explosion
1351:2005 Lebanon bombings
1287:Allied administration
971:
958:French Third Republic
954:Lebanese constitution
858:
829:Arab Kingdom of Syria
814:
779:, together with four
728:
647:
386:Independence declared
361:• State created
162:Common languages
3869:overseas departments
3804:Scattered Islands in
3685: collectivity
3143:French North America
2748:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
2448:3 April 2017 at the
2404:3 April 2017 at the
2192:. Time Incorporated.
1910:Emir Majid Arslan II
1182:Kingdom of Jerusalem
960:, it provided for a
707:were drawn from the
701:La question du Liban
568:République libanaise
68:République Libanaise
3838:Juan de Nova Island
3725:North Pacific Ocean
3337:in Asia and Oceania
2758:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2723:Mustafa Bey Barmada
2641:1936 general strike
2624:Battle of al-Mazraa
2592:Capture of Damascus
2455:Glossary -- Lebanon
2114:Tetz Rooke (2013).
2077:Meir Zamir (1988).
2010:on 24 February 2021
1925:San Remo conference
1748:
1635:Habib Pacha Es-Saad
1316:1958 Lebanon crisis
1308:Republic of Lebanon
884:Henri Fernand Dentz
844:Alexandre Millerand
686:Règlement Organique
640:Name and Conception
553:الجمهورية اللبنانية
537:État du Grand Liban
236:Étienne Paul Beynet
74:الجمهورية اللبنانية
46:État du Grand Liban
3743:Overseas territory
3268:France Antarctique
3255:Equinoctial France
3218:Dominican Republic
2634:1925 Hama uprising
2614:Capture of Salkhad
2587:Battle of Maysalun
2530:Al-Jazira Province
2240:. Viking. p.
1940:Battle of Maysalun
1747:
1708:
1575:Maronite Christian
1536:Lebanon portal
1419:By city and region
1331:Lebanese Civil War
1122:Rashidun Caliphate
1101:Sassanid interlude
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837:Battle of Maysalun
817:
755:population in the
745:Elias Peter Hoayek
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320:Auguste Adib Pacha
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3785:Kerguelen Islands
3733:Clipperton Island
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3672:Wallis and Futuna
3540:
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3440:Mandate for Syria
3430:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
3392:Indochinese Union
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3009:Equatorial Africa
2811:
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2807:
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2794:Charles de Gaulle
2728:Shukri al-Quwatli
2619:Battle of al-Kafr
2582:Franco-Syrian War
2537:Jabal Druze State
2525:State of Damascus
2392:978-0-520-07196-4
2129:978-1-136-18453-6
2096:978-0-8014-9523-6
2056:978-0-8156-6086-6
1989:978-1-61069-024-9
1898:
1897:
1570:
1569:
1176:County of Tripoli
1158:Ikhshidid dynasty
1152:Fatimid Caliphate
1134:Abbasid Caliphate
1128:Umayyad Caliphate
908:Charles de Gaulle
545:Lebanese Republic
525:
517:دولة لبنان الكبرى
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61:(1926–1943)
58:Lebanese Republic
52:دولة لبنان الكبرى
39:(1920–1926)
16:(Redirected from
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2743:Jamil Mardam Bey
2718:Hashim al-Atassi
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2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:. Archived from
2000:
1994:
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1795:Melkite Catholic
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1681:Henri Guillaumet
1631:Damien de Martel
1607:Bishara al-Khuri
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1534:
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1396:Liquidity crisis
1356:Cedar Revolution
1263:El Assaad Family
1194:Mamluk Sultanate
1164:Mirdasid dynasty
1146:Hamdanid dynasty
1089:Hellenistic rule
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591:Treaty of Sèvres
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3472:Greater Lebanon
3442:and the Lebanon
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892:Alfred Naqqache
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541:French Lebanon
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3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Saint Vincent
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
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3162:
3159:
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3149:
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3126:
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3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
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3103:
3099:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Grande Comore
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:Four Communes
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:Arguin Island
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Côte d'Ivoire
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2800:
2799:Henri Gouraud
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Ayyash Al-Haj
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Khalid al-Azm
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Yusuf al-Azma
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2651:Levant Crisis
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Hananu Revolt
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Alawite State
2540:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2428:9780195181111
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
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2300:
2296:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2251:9780670815159
2247:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2228:
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2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2160:
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2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
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2110:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Mount Lebanon
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1888:
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1877:
1875:
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1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:French forces
1690:
1686:
1682:
1679:. The pilot,
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Henri Gouraud
1658:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
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1470:
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1423:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:2006 July War
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Chehabist era
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:Seljuk Empire
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1103:(610s–628 AD)
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:Assyrian rule
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:Egyptian rule
1042:
1040:(2500–333 BC)
1039:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
983:
978:
977:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:
925:
924:Levant Crisis
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
871:
857:
848:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Syria Vilayet
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
740:
732:
727:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Mutasarrifate
679:
675:
671:
668:districts of
667:
663:
659:
651:
646:
632:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
523:
514:
510:
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:
473:
470:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
439:
436:
434:
433:ISO 3166 code
430:
423:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:17 April 1946
400:
394:
390:
387:
381:
377:
374:
368:
364:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
334:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
275:
271:
267:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
237:
234:
225:
222:
221:Henri Gouraud
219:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
126:
121:
115:
109:
101:
95:
87:
82:
69:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3828:
3762:
3662:Saint Martin
3498:New Hebrides
3471:
3352:Chandernagor
3344:French India
3176:French Texas
3032:Ubangi-Shari
3027:Middle Congo
2994:James Island
2899:North Africa
2763:Haqqi al-Azm
2708:Saleh al-Ali
2551:
2417:
2399:summary here
2381:
2373:Bibliography
2343:
2339:
2329:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:
2235:
2212:. Retrieved
2208:
2198:
2188:
2168:
2159:
2133:
2119:
2109:
2100:
2080:
2060:
2045:
2038:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:the original
1998:
1978:
1971:
1899:
1889:
1821:
1730:
1727:Demographics
1714:
1685:Marcel Reine
1665:Jean Chiappe
1653:
1639:
1623:Henri Ponsot
1604:
1579:Sunni Muslim
1571:
1518:10th century
1292:
1251:Sidon Eyalet
1233:Ottoman rule
1070:(538–332 BC)
1068:Persian rule
1064:(605–538 BC)
1058:(883–605 BC)
1050:Hittite rule
1009:
951:
935:
927:
905:
896:Nazi Germany
876:World War II
873:
841:
818:
807:Proclamation
757:Great Famine
736:
704:
700:
698:
689:
680:Valley. The
657:
655:
604:
576:
555:
544:
540:
508:
506:
454:Succeeded by
453:
448:
414:Syrian pound
373:Constitution
336:Riad Al Solh
328:• 1943
278:• 1943
188:Christianity
29:
3885:Claimed by
3879:Claimed by
3764:Adélie Land
3682:Sui generis
3413:Cochinchina
3230:Saint Lucia
2984:Upper Volta
2927:West Africa
2577:1919 revolt
2361:10852/34924
2320:10852/34924
2152:Salibi 1990
1842:Percentage
1839:Population
1763:Percentage
1760:Population
1752:Christians
1738:Sunni Islam
1583:Shia Muslim
1513:9th century
1508:8th century
1503:7th century
1498:6th century
1493:5th century
1488:4th century
1483:3rd century
1478:2nd century
1473:1st century
1295:(1920–1943)
1293:French rule
1289:(1918–1920)
1283:(1888–1917)
1277:(1861–1918)
1271:(1843-1861)
1265:(1749–1957)
1259:(1697–1842)
1253:(1660–1864)
1247:(1579–1864)
1241:(1516–1840)
1235:(1516–1918)
1214:(1493–1860)
1208:(1490–1697)
1202:(1306–1591)
1196:(1291–1515)
1190:(1127–1250)
1184:(1099–1291)
1178:(1099–1291)
1172:(1037–1194)
1166:(1024–1080)
1091:(332–64 BC)
991:History of
940:along with
622:French flag
449:Preceded by
426:(1939–1946)
418:(1920–1939)
378:23 May 1926
3906:Categories
3881:Madagascar
3790:Saint Paul
3622:Martinique
3617:Guadeloupe
3372:Pondichéry
3083:Madagascar
2955:Mauritania
2278:14 January
1963:References
1742:Shia Islam
1611:Émile Eddé
1467:By century
1212:Harfushids
1154:(909–1171)
1148:(890–1004)
1136:(750–1258)
1095:Roman rule
1029:Prehistory
952:The first
948:Government
888:Émile Eddé
831:until the
719:See also:
635:Background
286:Émile Eddé
3887:Mauritius
3746: (
3156:Louisiana
3037:Cameroons
2570:Conflicts
2214:17 August
1711:Education
1435:Kfarsghab
1335:Aftermath
1160:(935–969)
1142:(868–905)
1130:(661–750)
1124:(636–661)
1082:Classical
1038:Phoenicia
962:bicameral
878:when the
742:Patriarch
656:The term
624:with the
614:territory
596:Palestine
522:romanized
247:President
184:Religion
84:1920–1943
3642:Overseas
3602:Overseas
3460:Damascus
3409:Vietnam
3400:Cambodia
3377:Karaikal
3194:Dominica
2989:Togoland
2660:Treaties
2446:Archived
2415:(2012).
2402:Archived
2024:cite web
1904:See also
1865:154,208
1852:175,925
1831:Muslims
1773:226,378
1769:Maronite
1677:Sardinia
1445:Kisrawan
1400:Reaction
1226:Colonial
1206:Ma'anids
1140:Tulunids
1115:Medieval
1011:Timeline
982:a series
980:Part of
739:Maronite
626:Lebanese
410:Currency
178:Armenian
3875:Comoros
3632:Réunion
3627:Mayotte
3545:Present
3503:Vanuatu
3491:Oceania
3263:Berbice
3199:Grenada
3055:Anjouan
3047:Comoros
2999:Albreda
2972:Senegal
2940:Dahomey
2917:Tunisia
2912:Morocco
2907:Algeria
2269:"Syria"
2014:24 July
1890:383,180
1878:53,047
1822:402,363
1810:53,463
1799:46,000
1786:76,522
1697:Lebanon
1669:Lebanon
1619:Tripoli
1455:Tripoli
1257:Shihabs
1021:Ancient
993:Lebanon
874:During
801:Hasbaya
797:Rashaya
789:Baalbek
783:of the
765:Tripoli
670:Tripoli
666:Ottoman
572:Lebanon
524::
485:Lebanon
384:•
371:•
313:(first)
263:(first)
215:(first)
174:English
152:Capital
142:Mandate
3455:Aleppo
3423:Tonkin
3382:Yanaon
3362:Madras
3240:Tobago
3161:Canada
3151:Acadia
3065:Mohéli
2950:Guinea
2852:Former
2782:French
2696:Syrian
2689:People
2681:(1936)
2675:(1920)
2669:(1916)
2508:States
2425:
2389:
2248:
2209:UnHerd
2126:
2093:
2053:
1986:
1948:(1941)
1942:(1920)
1886:Total
1861:Shiite
1818:Total
1807:Other
1589:and a
1425:Beirut
1200:Assafs
1034:Canaan
984:on the
791:, the
761:Beirut
610:Beirut
564:French
549:Arabic
533:French
513:Arabic
330:(last)
301:
280:(last)
251:
230:(last)
203:
170:French
166:Arabic
156:Beirut
146:France
138:Status
3418:Annam
3273:Inini
3214:Haïti
3022:Gabon
2967:Niger
2945:Sudan
2089:–16.
1894:48.8
1874:Druze
1868:19.6
1855:22.4
1848:Sunni
1836:Sect
1826:51.2
1776:28.8
1757:Sect
1675:near
1628:Count
1591:Druze
1440:Sidon
1430:Chouf
942:Syria
793:Bekaa
781:Kazas
769:Sidon
678:Bekaa
674:Sidon
629:cedar
192:Islam
3792:and
3405:Laos
3367:Mahé
3017:Chad
2423:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2280:2022
2246:ISBN
2216:2024
2189:Time
2124:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2030:link
2016:2008
1984:ISBN
1881:6.8
1813:6.8
1802:5.9
1789:9.7
1740:and
1609:and
1598:, a
1585:. A
1450:Tyre
799:and
773:Tyre
771:and
672:and
618:flag
600:Iraq
598:and
507:The
100:Flag
2356:hdl
2348:doi
2315:hdl
2307:doi
2242:202
1695:in
803:).
144:of
3908::
3216:,
2354:.
2344:26
2342:.
2338:.
2313:.
2303:26
2301:.
2297:.
2271:.
2260:^
2244:.
2224:^
2207:.
2178:^
2142:^
2132:.
2099:.
2087:15
2069:^
2059:.
2026:}}
2022:{{
1744:.
1736:,
1663:.
933:.
903:.
795:,
767:,
763:,
696:.
631:.
574:.
566::
562:;
551::
535::
531:;
519:,
515::
438:LB
3752:)
3571:e
3564:t
3557:v
3327:e
3320:t
3313:v
3124:e
3117:t
3110:v
2882:e
2875:t
2868:v
2837:e
2830:t
2823:v
2493:e
2486:t
2479:v
2431:.
2408:)
2395:.
2364:.
2358::
2350::
2323:.
2317::
2309::
2282:.
2254:.
2218:.
2032:)
2018:.
1992:.
1699:.
1561:e
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1547:v
1402:)
1398:(
1337:)
1333:(
1036:/
787:(
733:.
547:(
511:(
20:)
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