3749:
purpose of disarming the
Japanese. Ho Chi Minh confiscated gold taels, jewelry and coins in September 1945 during "Gold Week" to give to Chinese forces occupying northern Vietnam. Rice to Cochinchina by the French in October 1945 were divided by Ho Chi Minh, and the northern Vietnamese only received one third while the Chinese soldiers were given two thirds by Ho Chi Minh. For 15 days elections were postponed by Ho Chi Minh in response to a demand by Chinese general Chen Xiuhe on 18 December 1945 so that the Chinese could get the Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD to prepare. The Chinese left only in April–June 1946. Ho Chi Minh gave golden smoking paraphernalia and a golden opium pipe to the Chinese general Lu Han after gold week and purchased weapons with what was left of the proceeds. Starving Vietnamese were dying throughout northern Vietnam in 1945 due to the Japanese seizure of their crops by the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese and Vietnamese corpses were all throughout the streets of Hanoi and had to be cleaned up by students. While Chiang Kai-shek, Xiao Wen (Hsiao Wen) and the Kuomintang central government of China was disinterested in occupying Vietnam beyond the allotted time period and involving itself in the war between the Việt Minh and the French, the Yunnan warlord Lu Han held the opposite view and wanted to occupy Vietnam to prevent the French returning and establish a Chinese trusteeship of Vietnam under the principles of the Atlantic Charter with the aim of eventually preparing Vietnam for independence and blocking the French from returning. Ho Chi Minh sent a cable on 17 October 1945 to American President Harry S. Truman calling on him, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Premier Stalin and Premier Attlee to go to the United Nations against France and demand France not be allowed to return to occupy Vietnam, accusing France of having sold out and cheated the Allies by surrendering Indochina to Japan and that France had no right to return. Ho Chi Minh dumped the blame on Dong Minh Hoi and VNDQQ for signing the agreement with France for returning its soldiers to Vietnam after he had to do it himself. Ho Chi Minh's Việt Minh tried to organize welcome parades for Chinese soldiers in northern Vietnam and covered for instances of bad behavior by warlord soldiers, trying to reassure Vietnamese that the warlord troops of Lu Han were only there temporarily and that China supported Vietnam's independence. Việt Minh newspapers said that the same ancestors (huyết thống) and culture were shared by Vietnamese and Chinese and that the Chinese heroically fought Japan and changed in the 1911 revolution and was attacked by western imperialists so it was "not the same as feudal China". Ho Chi Minh forbade his soldiers like Trần Huy Liệu in Phú Thọ from attacking Chinese soldiers and Ho Chi Minh even surrendered Vietnamese who attacked Chinese soldiers to be executed as punishment in the Ro-Nha incident in Kiến An district on 6 March 1946 after Hồ Đức Thành and Đào Văn Biểu, special commissioners sent from Hanoi by Ho's DRV examined the case. Ho Chi Minh appeased and granted numerous concessions to the Chinese soldiers to avoid the possibility of them clashing with the Việt Minh, with him ordering Vietnamese not to carry out anything against Chinese soldiers and pledging his life on his promise, hoping the Chinese would disarm the Japanese soldiers and finish their mission as fast as possible.
3618:) and the Japanese committed these atrocities in Thai Nguyen province at Dinh Hoa, Vo Nhai and Hung Son. The Japanese attacked the Vietnamese while masquerading as Viet Minh and used terror and deception. The Japanese created the puppet Vietnam Phuc quoc quan (Vietnam restoration army). and tried to disrupt the Viet Minh's redistribution and confiscation of property of pro-Japanese Vietnamese traitors by disguising themselves as Viet Minh and then attacking people who took letters from them and organizing anti-French rallies and Trung sisters celebrations. Japanese soldiers tried to infiltrate Viet Minh bases with Viet Minh flags and brown trousers during their fighting. The Japanese murdered, plundered and raped Vietnamese and beheaded Vietnamese who stole bread and corn while they were starving according to their martial law. They shot a Vietnamese pharmacy student to death outside of his own house when he was coming home from guard duty at a hospital after midnight in Hanoi and also shot a defendant for a political case in the same city. In Thai Nguyen province, Vo Nhai, a Vietnamese boat builder was thrown in a river and had his stomach stabbed by the Japanese under suspicion of helping Viet Minh guerillas. The Japanese slit the abdomen and hung the Dai Tu mayor upside down in Thai Nguyen as well. The Japanese also beat thousands of people in Hanoi for not cooperating. Japanese officers ordered their soldiers to behead and burn Vietnamese. Some claimed that Taiwanese and Manchurian soldiers in the Japanese army were participating in the atrocities against the Vietnamese but Truong Chinh said that even if it was true Taiwanese and Manchurian soldiers were committing the rapes and killing, their Japanese officers were the ones giving the orders and participating along with them. Truong Chinh said that the Japanese wanted to plunder Asians for their own market and take it from the United States and Great Britain and were imperialists with no intent on liberating Vietnam.
2605:
3610:
Magazine" (Tap Chi Cong San) with the same title, describing
Japanese atrocities like looting, slaughter and rape against the people of north Vietnam in 1945. He denounced the Japanese claims to have liberated Vietnam from France with the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere announced by Tojo and mentioned how the Japanese looted shrines, temples, eggs, vegetables, straw, rice, chickens, hogs and cattle for their horses and soldiers and built military stations and airstrips after stealing land and taking boats, vehicles, homes and destroying cotton fields and vegetable fields for peanut and jute cultivation in Annam and Tonkin. Japan replaced the French government on 9 March 1945 and started openly looting the Vietnamese even more in addition to taking French owned properties and stole watches, pencils, bicycles, money and clothing in Bac Giang and Bac Can. The Japanese tried to play the Vietnamese against the French, and played the Laotians against the Vietnamese by inciting Lao people to kill Vietnamese as Laotians murdered 7 Vietnamese officials in Luang Prabang and Lao youths were recruited to an anti-Vietnam organization by the Japanese when they took over Luang Prabang. The Japanese spread false rumours that the French were massacring Vietnamese at the time to distract the Vietnamese from Japanese atrocities. The Japanese created groups to counter the Viet Minh Communists like Vietnam Pao ve doan (Vietnam protection group) and Vietnam Ai quoc doan (Vietnam Patriotic Group to force Vietnamese into coolie labour, take taxes and rice and arrested ant-Japanese Vietnamese with their puppet government run by Tran Trong Kim. The Viet Minh rejected the Japanese demands to cease fighting and support Japan, so the Japanese implemented the
3517:
3175:
3077:
3622:
and slaughtering
Japanese and disarming them in a nationwide rebellion on 19 August 1945. The Japanese had already disarmed the French and the Japanese themselves lost morale so the Viet Minh managed to seize control after attacking the Japanese. Viet Minh had begun fighting in 1944, when the French were attacked on Dinh Ca in October 1944 and in Cao Bang and Bac Can French were attacked by Viet Cong in November 1944 and the French and Japanese fought each other on 9 March 1945, so in Tonkin the Viet Cong began disarming French soldiers and attacking the Japanese. In Quang Ngai, Ba To, Yen Bai and Nghia Lo political prisoners escaped Japanese were attacked din Son La by Meo (Hmong) tribesmen and in Hoa Binh and Lang Son by Muong tribesmen. The Viet Minh took control of 6 provinces in Tonkin after 9 March 1945 within 2 weeks. The Viet Minh led a brutal campaign against the Japanese where many died from 9 March 1945 to 19 August 1945. Truong Chinh ended the article with a quote from Sun Yatsen, "The revolution is not yet won, All comrades must continue their al out efforts!"
4169:
162:
3606:
zones across
Vietnam named after past heroes of Vietnam, calling for propaganda to explain to the people that their only way forward was violent resistance against the Japanese and exposing the Vietnamese puppet government that served them. The conference also called for training propagandists and having women spread military propaganda and target Japanese soldiers with Chinese language leaflets and Japanese language propaganda. The Viet Minh's Vietnamese Liberation Army published the "Resistance against Japan" (Khang Nhat) newspaper. They also called for the creation of a group called "Chinese and Vietnamese Allied against Japan" by sending leaflets to recruit overseas Chinese in Vietnam to their cause. The resolution called on forcing French in Vietnam to recognize Vietnamese independence and for the DeGaulle France (Allied French) to recognize their independent and cooperate with them against Japan.
12336:
3633:
Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, North Korea and South Korea. A Korean comfort woman named Kim Ch'un-hui stayed behind in
Vietnam and died there when she was 44 in 1963, owning a dairy farm, cafe, US cash and diamonds worth 200,000 US dollars. 2 billion US dollars worth (1945 values) of damage, 148 million dollars of them due to destruction of industrial plants was incurred by Vietnam. 90% of heavy vehicles and motorcycles, cars and 16 tons of junks as well as railways, port installations were destroyed as well as one third of bridges. Some Japanese soldiers married Vietnamese women like Nguyen Thi Xuan and Nguyen Thi Thu and fathered multiple children with the Vietnamese women who remained behind in Vietnam while the Japanese soldiers themselves returned to Japan in 1955. The official Vietnamese historical narrative view them as children of rape and prostitution.
3399:
12397:
3645:
atrocities against the
Vietnamese by portraying Japan's aid to the South Vietnamese regime against North Vietnam as humanitarian aid, portraying the Vietnam war against America as a civil war. changing the death toll of 2 million Vietnamese dead at the hands of the Japanese famine to 1 million and calling the Japanese invasion as a presence and calling Japanese fascists at simply Japanese at the Vietnam-Japan international conference. He accused them of changing history in exchange for only a few tens of thousands of dollars, and the Presidium of international Vietnamese studies in Hanoi did not include any Vietnamese women. The Vietnamese professor Văn Tạo and Japanese professor Furuta Moto both conducted a study in the field on the Japanese induced famine of 1945 admitting that Japan killed 2 million Vietnamese by starvation.
244:
4522:
continued to operate under both German control and using German capital. During the 1910s, Speidel & Co. was the largest importer of
European goods into the country with Engler being one of its major competitors. After the German owners were expelled from the company lower level employees tried to continue running these companies despite increasing push back from the French colonial authorities by means of arbitrary customs enforcement, freight interference, and regulatory aggravations. Later the French would seize all of the German Speidel Company's warehouses and would sell the seized goods at low prices both to Vietnamese consumers and Chinese exporters to try to increase revenue. These goods included rice, wine, and canned goods.
3972:
3967:
4611:
12300:
12384:
3745:
column from Yunnan. Vietnamese VNQDD fighters accompanied the
Chinese soldiers. Ho Chi Minh ordered his DRV administration to set quotas for rice to give to the Chinese soldiers and rice was sold in Chinese currency in the Red River delta. Lu Han occupied the French governor general's palace after ejecting the French staff under Sainteny. Chinese soldiers occupied French Indochina north of the 16th parallel while the British under the South-East Asia Command of Lord Mountbatten occupied the south. Vietnamese civilians were robbed, raped and killed by French soldiers in Saigon when they came back in August 1945.
684:
4254:
4358:
2706:. This exceptional human mobility offered the French Indochinese, mostly Vietnamese, the unique opportunity of directly access to social life and political debates that were occurring in contemporary France and this resulted in their aspirations to become "masters of their own destiny" to increase. Exposed to new political ideals and returning to a colonial occupation of their own country (by a ruler that many of them had fought and died for), resulted in some sour attitudes. Many of these troops sought out and joined the Vietnamese nationalist movement focused on overthrowing the French.
12421:
12409:
694:
12567:
12555:
12543:
12531:
12519:
12507:
12495:
12482:
12469:
12457:
12445:
12324:
12312:
12252:
4473:
Tonkin and
Cochinchina (Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively), where French influence was most heavy, while Annam, Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education. Despite the dominance of French in official and educational settings, local populations still largely spoke their native languages. After French rule ended, the French language was still largely used among the new governments (with the exception of North Vietnam). Today, French continues to be taught as a second language in the former colonies and used in some administrative affairs.
12433:
704:
1815:
4113:
1978:
3234:(PCF) who promised to represent them both in legal and political matters. As returnees from France were more skilled and spoke fluent French the French colonists in Indochina would hire them to perform better paying jobs and often brought ideas of the successful Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. In provinces like Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, and Hà Tĩnh where around twenty thousand returnees lived pro-Bolshevik activities would increase during this decade and this region saw the creation of many pro-Bolshevik parties.
2715:"ostensibly voluntary". While there is some truth to these claims, the vast majority of the men who volunteered for service in Europe were indeed volunteers. Among the motivations of volunteering were both personal and economic ambitions, some French Indochinese volunteers wished to see what the world looked like "beyond the bamboo hedges in their villages" while others preferred the money and the opportunity to see what France actually looks like. Their service would expose them to the brutality of
1966:
1639:, the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, but also contributed to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Nevertheless, deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the
12288:
664:
6427:(1923), pp. 42-43; 9 PA 13/3, Memo from the General-Governor of French Indochina to the Governor of Cochinchina, Residents Superior of Tonkin, Annam, and Cambodia, 2 June 1918; Cross, Gary: Immigrant Workers in Industrial France. The Making of a New Laboring Class, Philadelphia 1983, p. 34-36; Nogaro, B. / Weil, Lucien: La main d'ouvre étrangère et coloniale pendant la guerre, New Haven, CT 1926, p. 32-35: 242,000 soldiers from Africa and Asia had served in the war.
4410:
12360:
12372:
2161:
12240:
3838:
Yunnan, China for sanctuary and aid from the
Chinese Communists. A French reporter was told by Vietnamese village notables "We know what war always is, We understand your soldiers taking our animals, our jewelry, our Buddhas; it is normal. We are resigned to their raping our wives and our daughters; war has always been like that. But we object to being treated in the same way, not only our sons, but ourselves, old men and dignitaries that we are."
2423:
148:
12348:
2754:
and the rest of Europe during the War were Vietnamese these social and political developments affected the Vietnamese more. Because French Cochinchina was a direct French colony it enjoyed favourable legislation concerning the press which fostered a public sphere of oppositional political activism. Although these developments occurred throughout French Indochina they were more strongly felt in Cochinchina due to its more open society.
12276:
12264:
4595:
4101:
below him. The governor-general was also in charge of all the military affairs of the country, among their responsibilities were the ability to set up an army corps, deploy the French Indochinese military forces, and issue conscription orders. However, the governor-general was not in charge of actually commanding the military forces during actual military campaigns and battles. The governor-general was also the chairman of the
3380:
the French administrator Paul Le Boulanger between the years 1914 and 1921. While the nature of Vietnamese resistance changed radically during the 1920s and the 1930s due to various major socio-cultural changes that were occurring at the time by a small, but growing, urbanised Vietnamese middle class, the rebellions in Cambodia and Laos remained to be "traditional" in their style and execution in contrast to the more "modern"
3641:
accused both France and Japan of the famine and said 1-2 million Vietnamese died. Võ An Ninh took photographs of dead and dying Vietnamese during the great famine. Starving Vietnamese were dying throughout northern Vietnam in 1945 due to the Japanese seizure of their crops by the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese and Vietnamese corpses were all throughout the streets of Hanoi and had to be cleaned up by students.
674:
3930:, where if Vietnam were to fall to communism then there would be multiple other countries that would fall to the ideology in Southeast Asia, from Vietnam to India there would be a dramatic shift in global power. Eisenhower chose to not put boots on the ground, but his decision to start to get involved likely is more important to the countries eventual step into the country than Johnson's decision to take that last step.
3886:
4240:, sacrifice, mourning, and longing. Both the government-general of French Indochina and the government of the Nguyễn dynasty attempted reform these rules and regulations in their favour. To expand their power into Vietnamese hamlets and villages the French administration issued models for the villages to follow, but many Vietnamese villages still functioned independent of the French and Nguyễn administrations.
715:
3705:
3854:, however, used efficient and novel tactics of direct fire artillery, convoy ambushes and massed anti-aircraft guns to impede land and air supply deliveries together with a strategy based on recruiting a sizable regular army facilitated by wide popular support, a guerrilla warfare doctrine and instruction developed in China, and the use of simple and reliable war material provided by the
3174:
3328:, with the signing of the convention only regulations related to custom, favours, amnesty, conferring titles, dignitaries, among others are given by the emperor. Everything else is up to the French protectorate government. This document also merges the budget of the Southern court with the budget of the French protectorate of Annam and that all the meetings of the Council of Ministers (
6313:"Vài nét về Bộ Học qua châu bản triều Nguyễn. - 04:00 PM 26/11/2015 - Lượt xem: 482 - Có thể nói có không ít tư liệu viết về Bộ Học và những cách tân trong chương trình giáo dục Việt Nam thời thuộc Pháp, tuy nhiên Châu bản triều Nguyễn thực sự là nguồn sử liệu quan trọng cung cấp những thông tin xác thực, giá trị để chúng ta có cơ sở nghiên cứu về nền giáo dục Việt Nam thời thuộc địa"
3297:
the Bokor mountain resort, when Bardez visited he refused to free prisoners who were arrested for being unable to pay their debts, this agitated a crowd of around 700 angry peasants who then killed him, his interpreter, and the militiamen present during his visit. This assassination was a sign of the wider political unrest that characterised Cambodia during this decade.
2512:
country. Both the traditional elite and the Laotian peasantry seemed largely content with French rule during this period. Despite this, sporadic revolts occurred in Laos during the late 19th century and early 20th century. During the late 19th century Southern Laos saw upland minority communities rising up in revolt, these were led by Bac My and Ong Ma on the
4503:. The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village, thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods. The trade of those three products formed about 44% of the colonial government's budget in 1920 but declined to 20% by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify.
4645:. The primary motivation for such an effort was to facilitate export of European goods to China. A railway would also give France access to Yunnan's natural resources, mineral resources and opium, and open up the Chinese market for Indochinese products, such as rice, dry fish, wood and coal. Thus in the early 20th century, they completed the
4538:, though at lower levels than during the pre-war period. Prior to World War I, French Indochina had an annual flour import worth $ 950,000 and an annual condensed milk import worth $ 135,000, but during the war they would import only half this amount from the United States and about one fifth the amount of condensed milk from Australia.
5275:
2823:
For example Dr. Nguyễn Xuân Mai, who in 1910 became one of the first indigenous auxiliaries to graduate the Hanoi medical school, hoped to gain his PhD in France so he enlisted to fight in the war. In 1921 he would acquire his doctorate and he became one of the first Vietnamese doctors to enjoy the same rights as his French colleagues.
2388:), which was created in Hanoi in 1907 by the supporters of both Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu was closed in the year of its founding by the French authorities because it was perceived as being anti-French. The Tonkin Free School stemmed from the movement of the same name, which aimed to modernise Vietnamese society by abandoning
3261:
by carrying out a double action, one political, the other repressive." indicating that he saw repressing subversive elements as paramount to the continued French domination of the region. His policies benefited collaborators while they were instrumental in repressing dissidents. Sarraut boasted the image of himself as a liberal
6403:- Vu-Hill, Kimloan: Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Indochina) (Version 1.1), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
2497:
revolt also broke out in Cochinchina in 1913 where prisons and administrative hubs were attacked by crowds of hundreds of peasants using sticks and swords to fight the French, as the French were armed with firearms a large number of protesters ended up dying by gunshot wounds causing the protests to break up ending the revolt.
2848:(development and improvement) of French Indochina was primarily financed by European French public loans, French private capital, and higher taxes on the local populations. But during the war French Indochina became completely responsible both for financing itself and the people they sent to Europe to fight in the war as
3474:, a Socialist commented that he had sought "a wide consultation with all elements of the popular ," but with "Trotskyist-Communists intervening in the villages to menace and intimidate the peasant part of the population, taking all authority from the public officials," the necessary "formula" had not been found.
2682:) for the wartime contribution by the French Indochinese to their colonial masters. However, beside some liberal reforms, the French administration actually increased economic exploitation and ruthless repression of nationalist movements which rapidly resulted in a disappointment of the promises made by Sarraut.
2473:, and Yunnan were earlier in the French sphere of influence in China, these places would now become hosts of anti-French revolutionary activities due to their borders with Tonkin and Laos, being the primary places of operation for both Chinese and Vietnamese revolutionaries. This allowed for members of the
2959:. The mandarin Trần Cao Văn engaged with he Duy Tân Emperor to try and stage a large rebellion in Annam in 1916, but their conspiracy was discovered and foiled by the French. In 1916 the Kingdom of Cambodia saw a 3 month uprising organised by between 30,000 and 100,000 peasants against both the mandatory
3021:. In November 1914 Japan supplanted the German sphere of influence in southern China with its own political and economic influence, putting it in direct competition with French Indochina. Even though the Japanese openly supported a number of anti-French secessionist movements, such as Prince Cường Để's
4521:
During the first six months of World War I, the government-general would expel all German and Austro-Hungarian people living in French Indochina. The two pre-war import/export houses, Speidel & Co. and F. Engler & Co., were officially re-organised as French companies; however, in reality they
4128:
Other government agencies of the Government-General of French Indochina include the Indochinese Defense Council, Mine Consultancy Committee, the Indochinese Education Consultancy Council, the Supreme Council for Exploitation of Colonies, the Indochinese Economic and Financial Interests Assembly, etc.
4076:
and a number of French residents. The governor-general was assisted by a system of different government agencies; however, these agencies functioned only to be consultants to help the governor-general perform his role and exercise his powers. The protectorates of Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos all
3621:
Truong Chinh wrote another article on 12 September 1945, No 16 in Liberation Banner (Co Giai Phong) which was also reprinted on 16 August 1970 in Nhan Dan. He commemorated the August revolution against the Japanese, after the Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945 then the Viet Minh started attacking
3477:
In April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the "bourgeois" Constitutionalists and the Communists' Democratic Front. Key to their success was popular opposition to the war taxes ("national defence levy") that the Communist Party,
3296:
In Kopong Chang, Cambodia the French resident Félix Bardez was assassinated in the year 1925 by disgruntled indigenous people. Félix Bardez visited the village at a time when its inhabitants were frustrated with the colonial policies of the French in Cambodia as the French raised the taxes to finance
3108:
both shared the same interest (the defeat of the French). Liébert argued that French Indochinese who rebelled should be treated according or as traitors to France. Another reason for the expansion of the security state was that the French feared that such a large expulsion of French soldiers to fight
2746:), or road crews. Vietnamese soldiers were also used to "sanitise" battle fields at the end of the war, where they would perform these duties in the middle of the cold European winters without being provided with warm clothes, in order to let the (White) French soldiers return to their homes earlier.
2364:
was founded in 1904 by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để. The group in a broader sense was also considered a Modernisation Movement. This new group of people consisted only of a few hundred people, with most of its members being either students or nationalists. Notable members of the society included
2234:
Although during the early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had "pacified" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period. "There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first
2059:
From 1 January 1898, the French directly took over the right to collect all taxes in the protectorate of Annam and to allocate salaries to the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty and its mandarins. In a notice dated 24 August 1898, the Resident-Superior of Annam wrote: "From now on, in the Kingdom of Annam
6042:
1999 Page 76 "the Association for Mutual Education (Hội Trí Tri) at 59 Fan Street. ... August 22, 1907, of the same paper further revealed, on page 348, that the three elementary grades were taught ... Trần Văn Hùng, Vũ Văn Trw and Phạm Duy Tốn, the latter a scholar-publicist and father of Professor
5969:
Chu Trinh Phan, Sính Vĩnh Phan Châu Trinh and his political writings - Page 7 2009 "Phan Boi Chau was the major figure within this group of literati.20 A founder of the Vietnam Modernization Association (Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi, 1904), Phan Boi Chau went to Japan in 1905, primarily to ask for military
5956:- Morlat, Patrice: Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
4201:
The legislative decrees of the governor-general had to be sent to the minister of colonies for consideration; the minister would then approve or disapprove the decrees. However, the minister of colonies was not entitled to make any amendments to the decrees, and if they wished to alter it they would
3280:
In 1920, the French established provincial advisory councils in the Kingdom of Laos. In 1923 this was followed by an indigenous consultative assembly, which served an advisory role. Despite the Laotian indigenous consultative assembly not having any real political power, it served as an organisation
3157:
The increase in surveillance and repression was accompanied with a propaganda campaign aimed to convince the indigenous populations of the "enlightenment" of French colonialism. Both the indigenous peasantry and the elites had to be won over by being told of the many "advantages of colonialism". The
2879:
World War I also saw the colonial government of Cochinchina authorising the creation of Vietnamese-language newspapers in 1916, this was done to secure popular support for the war effort, the colonial authorities hoped that this would create a loyal indigenous group of politically active people. The
2511:
During the early 20th century Laos was considered to be the most "docile" territory as it saw relatively little uprisings. The French attributed this to them being more stable rulers than the Siamese who had ruled over them for a century before the establishment of the French protectorate over their
4586:. With the growing number of investments in the colony's mines and rubber, tea and coffee plantations, French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony. These new factories produced textiles, cigarettes, beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire.
4148:
directly ruled by the French colonial apparatus. The residents-superior and governor of Cochinchina did not have legislative powers only executive. While the Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty did maintain their legislative powers, all imperial decrees had to be approved by either the Resident-Superior
4100:
The government-general of French Indochina as well as its powers were established and amended through presidential decrees. The governor-general held supreme power in French Indochina over the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government and had the power to appoint the residents
3933:
Eisenhower had a further impact in that he would continue to provide support for future presidents policy in the country, Lyndon B. Johnson and Gerald Ford both used him to large extents, Kennedy did have several meetings with him in the White House, and Nixon was mostly on his own, but considering
3901:
It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a
3897:
produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, and delineating
3740:
Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946 he forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges
3644:
On 25 March 2000, the Vietnamese journalist Trần Khuê wrote an article "Dân chủ: Vấn đề của dân tộc và thời đại" where he harshly criticized ethnographers and historians in Ho Chin Minh city's Institute of Social Sciences like Dr. Đinh Văn Liên and Professor Mạc Đường who tried to whitewash Japan's
3379:
and tax policies, continuing from the war period. The early years of this decade were characterised by widespread violence and a lack of order and security in rural Cambodia, as recorded by French residents in the provinces. Contemporarily Upper Laos was referred to as being "violently agitated" by
3260:
which characterised French colonial policy during the interwar period. Regarding the internal security of the French apparatus in the Far East Sarraut stated "I have always estimated that Indochina must be protected against the effects of a revolutionary propaganda that I have never underestimated,
2834:
communities. Only a handful of Vietnamese landlords, moneylenders, and middlemen benefitted from the new economic opportunities that arose during this period as the colonial economy of exportation was designed to enrich the French at the expense of the indigenous population. During this same period
2822:
The Great War presented a number of opportunities for the indigenous French Indochinese people serving in the West that didn't exist before, notably for some individuals to obtain levels of education that were simply unattainable at home by acquiring more advanced technical and professional skills.
2806:
to Cambodia by the Siamese in April 1907. During the reign of King Sisowath there was "an inexorable increase in French control" and the French residents gained executive authority to issue royal decrees, appoint officials, and collect taxes. The French protectorate of Laos at the time was ruled by
2714:
and Martin Murray, treated his statement by Nguyễn Ái Quốc as an article of faith and believed that the Vietnamese men who participated in World War I were "forcibly recruited" by means of "terrorism", later historians would claim that the recruitment enterprise employed during this period was only
2055:
Beginning in the 1880s there was a rise of an explicitly anti-Catholic French administration in French Indochina. The administration would try to reduce Catholic missionary influence in French Indochinese society, as opposed to the earlier decades where missionaries played an important role in both
3609:
On 17 August 1970, the North Vietnamese National Assembly Chairman Truong Chinh reprinted an article in Vietnamese in Nhan Dan, published in Hanoi titled "Policy of the Japanese Pirates Towards Our People" which was a reprint of his original article written in August 1945 in No 3 of the "Communist
3165:
While the French hoped to isolate political dissidents by locking them up in prisons, these prisons would ironically turn into "schools" for nationalism and Communism as concentrating a large number of political enemies together would allow them to communicate with each other, which contributed to
2753:
One of the effects of World War I on French Indochinese society was the introduction of a vibrant political press both in French and in the indigenous languages that led to the political radicalisation of a new generation of nationalists. Because most of the indigenous people that served in France
2685:
During the early days of the war around 6 million Frenchmen were drafted causing a severe labour shortage in France. In response, the Undersecretary of State for Artillery and Munitions proposed to hire women, European immigrants, and French colonial subjects, these people were later followed with
2328:
Movement a new generation of anti-French resistance emerged, rather than being rooted in the traditional mandarin elites the new anti-French resistance leaders of the early 20th century were more influenced by international events and revolutions abroad to inspire their resistance and the issue of
1864:
Sailing to southern Vietnam, de Genouilly captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 17 February 1859. Once again, however, de Genouilly and his forces were unable to seize territory outside of the defensive perimeter of the city. De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by
1860:
Fourteen French gunships, 3,300 men including 300 Filipino soldiers provided by the Spanish attacked the port of Tourane causing significant damage and occupying the city. After fighting the Vietnamese for three months and finding himself unable to progress further in land, de Genouilly sought and
6028:
Philippe M. F. Peycam The Birth of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon, 1916-1930 - Page 56 2012 "During Chiêu's trial, the French discovered that he had been a central agent for an underground movement called the Association for the Modernization of Vietnam (Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội), based in
4525:
During World War I, export regulations kept changing which the Chinese export businesses took advantage of by purchasing rice for minimal prices from the Vietnamese farmers who grew it and then deliberately passing along the risks of the export trade to those small Vietnamese farmers who were the
3812:
The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against the French. In 1949 the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States, China and the Soviet Union. French Union forces included colonial troops from
3748:
Chiang Kai-shek deliberately withheld his crack and well trained soldiers from occupying Vietnam since he was going to use them to fight the Communists inside China and instead sent undisciplined warlord troops from Yunnan under Lu Han to occupy French Indochina north of the 16th parallel for the
3744:
General Lu Han's 200,000 Chinese soldiers occupied north Vietnam starting August 1945. 90,000 arrived by October, the 62nd army came on 26 September to Nam Dinh and Haiphong. Lang Son and Cao Bang were occupied by the Guangxi 62nd army corps and the Red River region and Lai Cai were occupied by a
3640:
1 to 2 million Vietnamese starved to death in the Red river delta of northern Vietnam due to the Japanese, as the Japanese seized Vietnamese rice and didn't pay. In Phat Diem the Vietnamese farmer Di Ho was one of the few survivors who saw the Japanese steal grain. The North Vietnamese government
4733:
The governments of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat "embraced" the architecture and advertise it. The heaviest concentration of
4581:
industry in French Indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina. France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world. The success of rubber plantations in
3605:
In Hanoi, on 15–20 April 1945, the Tonkin Revolutionary Military Conference of the Viet Minh issued a resolution that was reprinted on pages 1–4 on 25 August 1970 in the Nhan Dan journal. It called for a general uprising, resistance and guerilla warfare against the Japanese by establishing 7 war
2749:
The financial expenses of the 93,000 French Indochinese labourers and soldiers sent to France during the war – salaries, pensions, family allocations, the levy in kind (mostly rice), and even the functioning of the Indochinese hospital – were entirely financed from the budget of French Indochina
2047:
migrated or were trafficked to cities like Hanoi, Haiphong and Saigon in colonial French Indochina in the late 19th century to work as prostitutes and provide sexual services to French soldiers who were occupying Vietnam. Since the French viewed Japanese women as clean, they were highly popular.
4472:
was the principal language of education, government, trade, and media and French was widely introduced to the general population. French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated. This was most notable in the colonies of
2496:
second insurrection campaign, this campaign resulted in the society's members murdering two French Hanoi police officers, attacks on both militia and the military, and the execution of a number of Nguyễn dynasty mandarins that were accused of working together with the French government. Another
3837:
and Phu Lu, which caused 400 Vietnamese who were trained by the French to defect on 20 June 1948. Buddhist statues were looted and Vietnamese were robbed, raped and tortured by the French after the French crushed the Việt Minh in northern Vietnam in 1947-1948 forcing the Việt Minh to flee into
2872:). Morlat further noted that French Indochina supplied 340,000 tonnes of raw materials to France during the course of the war, which amounted to 34% of all raw supplies that Metropolitan France received from its colonies. The shipping of these materials was threatened by the presence of German
1872:
Peace negotiations proved unsuccessful and the fighting in Saigon continued. Ultimately in 1861, the French brought additional forces to bear in the Saigon campaign, advanced out of the city and began to capture cities in the Mekong Delta. On 5 June 1862, the Vietnamese conceded and signed the
5489:- Keith, Charles: Religious Missionaries and the Colonial State (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
3632:
and with Burmese, Indonesia, Thai and Filipino women they made up a notable portion of Asian comfort women in general. Japanese use of Malaysian and Vietnamese women as comfort women was corroborated by testimonies. There were comfort women stations in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Burma,
3276:
was attractive to the Westernised indigenous elites of French Indochina as it would build a framework of mutually beneficial partnership between France and the Vietnamese before full sovereignty for the latter could be restored. In the colony of Cochinchina a handful of indigenous people were
3425:
The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their
2951:" to make the French seem weaker. The motivations of this revolt are disputed as contemporary French colonial officials attributed it to Chinese opium smugglers, while the Canadian historian Geoffrey C. Gunn thinks that it was a political revolt. In February 1916 in Cochinchina supporters of
2666:
Prior to World War I the population of French Indochina stood at around 16,395,000 in 1913 with 14,165,000 being Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Annamese and Cochinchinese), 1,600,000 Cambodians, and 630,000 Laotians. These 16.4 million subjects were ruled over by only around 18,000 French civilians,
2604:
2142:
appealed to the British, but the British minister told the king to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the
6256:
The 'Holy Man's' uprising of 1901–1902 was a large scale popular rebellion involving Northeast Thailand, Southern Laos, and the adjacent portion of the Vietnamese Central Highlands. Scholarship to date has not adequately considered the rebellion's character as transcending present national
3092:
As Sarraut was determined to secure French rule over the country he created a strong political surveillance apparatus that functioned throughout French Indochina. He centralised all local police forces and developed an intelligence service, these policies would lead to the creation of the
6997:- Jennings, Eric Thomas: Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
12211:
2450:. The French accused Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu of the plot, Phan Châu Trinh was sent to Poulo Condor, and Phan Bội Châu fled to Japan and thence, in the year 1910, he went to China. In the years 1912 and 1913 Vietnamese nationalists organised attacks in Tonkin and Cochinchina.
3493:
of 23 August 1939, the local communists were ordered by Moscow to return to direct confrontation with the French. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam", in November 1940 the Party in Cochinchina obliged, triggering a widespread
6525:- Vu-Hill, Kimloan: Indochinese Workers in France (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
2532:, and Laven) against French domination". Though there is not extensive literature on these particular revolutionary revolts in the Bolaven Plateau, one can see that the native communities desired to rid the region of the extensive and overpowering influence of their colonisers.
5979:
Education in Vietnam - Page 48 Jonathan D London - 2011 "Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was founder of the Duy Tân Hội (Reformation Society) and Đông Du ("Go East") movement that encouraged nationalist Vietnamese youth to study in Japan. Later, he founded the Vietnam Quang Phuc Hoi
4209:
Throughout Vietnam thousands of villages had their own independent legal codes that governed the social relations within the village community, thousands of written regulations existed and the central administration often recognised them. These legal codes were known as the
3486:: "the Trotskyists under the leadership of Ta Thu Thau, want to take advantage of a possible war in order to win total liberation." The Stalinists, on the other hand, are "following the position of the Communist Party in France" and "will thus be loyal if war breaks out".
2400:
in place of classical Chinese by publishing educational materials and newspapers using this script, as a new vehicle of instruction. The schools offered free courses to anyone who wanted to learn about the modern spirit. The teachers at the school at 59 Hàng Đàn included
8788:"Hương ước – xưa và nay. Hương ước – hay còn gọi là lệ làng, là một giá trị văn hóa, truyền thống, gắn liền với lịch sử dân tộc Việt Nam. Trải qua bao biến cố, Hương ước đến nay vẫn còn được lưu giữ và đóng vai trò trong nền văn hóa và phong tục, tập quán của người Việt"
9054:- Peters, Erica J.: Food and Nutrition (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
6839:- Brocheux, Pierre: Colonial Society (Indochina), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
2102:, targeted Vietnamese Christians as there were very few French soldiers to overcome, which led to a massacre of around 40,000 Christians. The rebellion was eventually brought down by a French military intervention, in addition to its lack of unity in the movement.
5508:"Nhà Nguyễn và những tháng 7 biến động. – Phải chăng tháng 7 với triều Nguyễn là một sự trùng hợp, khi Pháp mở đầu cuộc tấn công 1/9/1885 (nhằm vào 24/7/1858 âm lịch) và trận chiến đấu cuối cùng dưới sự lãnh đạo của triều đình nhà Nguyễn cũng diễn ra vào 5/7/1885"
12204:
3129:), a political police force, as the military presence was reduced to allocate more soldiers to the home front. In Metropolitan France these nascent surveillance organisations were put in charge of policing the 100,000 French Indochinese present to help fight the
226:
3116:
In April 1916 the administrator of civil services at the Political Affairs Bureau in Hanoi launched two voluminous reports that went into great detail about the parallel histories of what he referred to as the "Annamese Revolutionary Party" (how he called the
3845:
even though the base was relatively weak because of a lack of concrete and steel. French efforts were made more difficult due to the limited usefulness of armoured tanks in a forested and mountainous environment, lack of strong air forces for air cover and
2226:, and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces.
3516:
2540:
On 16 May 1906 the governor-general of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree establishing the Councils for the Improvement of Indigenous Education. These organisations would oversee the French policies surrounding the education of the
12197:
5848:- Thi Liên Trân, Claire: Indochina, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin,
2686:
Chinese immigrants. From 1915 onwards, the French war effort's manpower needs started to rise significantly. Initially the French maintained a racial hierarchy where they believed in "martial races" making the early recruitment fall onus primarily on
3575:. Several hundred thousand people – possibly over one million – are believed to have starved to death in 1944–1945. Approximately 1 million Vietnamese were estimated to have died of food supply disruption caused by the Japanese invasion of Burma.
7526:
3229:
entered France from French Indochina working various types of jobs, such as sailors, photographers, cooks, restaurant and shop owners and manual labourers. In France many Vietnamese immigrants and their organisations aligned themselves with the
2355:, a direct descendant of the Gia Long Emperor. Prince Cường Để hoped that by financing hundreds of young ambitious Vietnamese people to go get educated in Japan that this would contribute to the liberation of his country from French domination.
7401:
253:
7036:"Bảo Đại - Vị Hoàng đế cuối cùng trong lịch sử phong kiến Việt Nam. - Bảo Đại tên thật là Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy, là vị Hoàng đế thứ 13 và cuối cùng của triều đại nhà Nguyễn, cũng là vị Hoàng đế cuối cùng trong lịch sử phong kiến Việt Nam"
2709:
In 1925, communist and anti-French activist Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote "taken in chains, confined in a school compound... Most of them will never again see the sun of their country" and a number of historians like
1893:
In 1864 the aforementioned three provinces ceded to France were formally constituted as the French colony of Cochinchina. Then in 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces,
3371:
in nature and proved to be more successful in transcending class and geographical divisions to mobilise against the French than earlier movements, relying on better and more organized communication structures than their predecessors.
2880:
Cochinchinese colonial government offered financial support to these loyalist newspapers, but kept close control on the contents written in them to ensure a prevailing pro-French narrative. The editors of these newspapers were often
3438:
In Cochinchina where French rule had the distinction of being direct and therefore more sensitive to political shifts in Paris, it was punctuated by periods of relative liberalisation. The most significant was during the 1936–1938
3292:
led by Bui Quang Chiêu, which was founded to obtain the right of political participation for the indigenous people in Cochinchina. As a member of this party Nguyễn Phan Long was elected a member of Cochinchina's colonial council.
7553:
3354:
the 1920s marked the transition of what he termed the "traditional" to the "modern" nation-consciousness among the Vietnamese people, indicating a shift among both the elites and the peasants. Marr argues that the Vietnamese
3144:
was created during World War I, in 1922 it was expanded to become a better instrument to surveil and repress any potential Bolshevik elements, first in Metropolitan France and later in French Indochina. The activities of the
3125:. The reform policies were enacted to help control the narrative around French rule through policing and surveillance. The colonial police forces were connected with "the general control of Indochinese workers and riflemen" (
9067:
Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence (hereafter CAOM): Archives of the Governor General of Indochina (hereafter GGI), dossier 19457: 20 November 1914 letter from Governor General Vollenhoven to the Minister of
3571:. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand. The general disorganization of French Indochina, coupled with several natural disasters, caused a
3153:
would be used as the paramount tool to gather intelligence of subversive elements within French Indochinese society and to conduct large-scale union-wide registration by the colonial police forces of suspects and convicts.
3720:
sent by Chiang Kai-shek entered French Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946. This was in accordance with the instructions made by General
2947:, these rebels were later joined by various Laotian ethnic minorities (Lao, Kha and Black Tai). The joint Yunnanese and Laotian ethnic minority rebels spread misinformation claiming that "Paris has been crushed by the
5052:
Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies.
3934:
their familial ties there was inevitably some ideas that were considered that otherwise would not have been. As he was so involved the United States policy in French Indochina his influence is hard to underestimate.
2416:). Because of this Côn Sơn Island would become the best school for political prisoners, nationalists, and communists, as they were gathered together in large, common cells which allowed them to exchange their ideas.
4348:
which accounted for 0.2% of the population (or 39,000 people) by 1940. Around 95% of French Indochina's population was rural in a 1913 estimate, although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule.
2488:
which was attended by 600 peasants dressed in white robes. Phan Xích Long claimed descent of the deposed Hàm Nghi Emperor and the Ming dynasty's emperor and declared himself to be the "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty".
4529:
As the war made both imports and exports from and to Europe more difficult, French Indochina would increase trade with other Pacific countries. During the war period, import businesses would import flour from the
3277:
involved in the decision-making processes through political bodies that were established to serve as representative assemblies (Cochinchina's Colonial Council, Saigon Municipal Council, among other local bodies).
2974:
The large amount of uprisings and rebellions that occurred during the war would inspire the creation of a political security apparatus that was used to find and arrest political dissidents in the post-war period.
224:
4429:
The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa (which had a population of over 1 million French civilians) were because French Indochina was seen as a
3752:
Chinese communist guerilla leader Chu Chia-pi came into northern Vietnam multiple times in 1945 and 1948 and helped the Việt Minh fight against the French from Yunnan. Other Chinese Communists also did the same.
3121:) and of the secret societies of French Cochinchina. These two reports proved to be very important to the Political Affairs Bureau as they would trigger a full-scale reform of the organisation making it into an
4541:
Beginning in the 1930s, France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony. Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin (encompassing modern-day Vietnam) became a source of
10587:
3067:
Both during and after the war the economic relations between France and Japan strengthened as Japan became a creditor of France following the latter's financial difficulties which came as a result of the war.
2926:
World War I also saw a number of rebellions throughout French Indochina, in 1914 3 major uprisings happened throughout Vietnam, followed by a number of revolts in Cochinchina. From 1914 to 1917 members of the
4668:
linking Hanoi and Saigon opened. Further improvements in the colony's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina. By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from
3451:. Liberal-minded, in Cochinchina Brévié tried to defuse an extremely tense political situation by amnestying political prisoners, and by easing restrictions on the press, political parties, and trade unions.
2835:
the average livelihood of the indigenous peasantry was drastically decreased due to both direct taxation and indirect taxes the French used to finance ambitious public works programmes constructed using the
1877:
whereby they agreed to legalize the free practice of the Catholic religion; to open trade in the Mekong Delta and at three ports at the mouth of the Red River in northern Vietnam; to cede the provinces of
4425:
lived in French Indochina, along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers (6,000). Of these almost half, 16,550, lived in Cochinchina, the vast majority living in Saigon.
6184:
3359:"urbanised" and "politicised" Vietnamese nationalism during the 1920s and 1930s, inspiring more "modern" movements to take up the struggle against French domination. This decade saw the emergence of the
3308:
to commemorate those that died fighting in World War I in the Cambodian capital city of Phnom Penh, the opening ceremony brought together a crowd which contained "people of all races and all religions".
3921:
In 1954 the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ renewed the United States interest in intervening, including some senators who called out for large scale bombing campaigns, potentially even nuclear weapons.
6276:"Giới thiệu một số văn bản có liên quan đến Bộ Học và Bộ Quốc dân giáo dục. - Để điều hành đất nước, từ năm 1802-1906, nhà Nguyễn đã thiết lập 6 bộ là: Bộ Lại, Bộ Hộ, Bộ Lễ, Bộ Binh, Bộ Hình, Bộ Công"
4236:
contained rules about various legal practices like land management, marriage, labour relations, arbitration of disputes, as well as local customs such as family relations, village relations, ghosts,
4202:
have to draft it and then send the draft to the president of France. Only French presidential decrees could overturn the decrees of the governor-general. Executive decrees did not have to be sent to
3210:(colony of economic exploitation) most of its budget during this period was financed through revenue collection, taxes on the local populations, and consumption quotas for monopolised goods such as
2373:
would establish a network of commercial enterprises to both gain capital to finance their activities and to hide their true intentions. A number of other anti-French organisations would support the
8464:. Philip E. Lilienthal book. Vol. 6 of From Indochina to Vietnam: Revolution and War in a Global Perspective (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 269–271, 274–275.
7374:"I. DOCUMENTS FROM THE AUGUST REVOLUTION RESOLUTION OF THE TONKIN REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY CONFERENCE, JPRS 53169 19 May 1971 TRANSLATIONS ON NORTH VIETNAM No. 940 DOCUMENTS ON THE AUGUST REVOLUTION"
7100:
2002 Page 199-200 "As for the Nationalist Party: it was wiped out in the debacle of Yên Bái in 1930, he explained, the remnants who fled to China became a 'reactionary counterrevolutionary group'"
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2761:
social relations which were strongly contrasted with the racial hierarchy they experienced at home. In France the French Indochinese serving often engaged in comradery with the French and many had
2321:
railway company, as well as the various coal exploitation companies operating in Tonkin, these modern companies were accompanied by an influx of French tea, coffee, and rubber plantation magnates.
225:
4799:
in French Indochina, 'adopts' a baby elephant and raises it as a pet. His father later sells it to a Chinese merchant. The boy recaptures the pachyderm, however, and frees it back into the jungle.
1857:
efforts to reach a peaceable solution had failed. Seeing no other recourse, France sent Genouilly forward in a military effort to end Vietnam's persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries.
3682:. During World War II, the United States had supported the Việt Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945.
2776:
Emperor. However, in 1916, the Duy Tân Emperor was accused by the French of calling for his subjects to resist French rule and after his deposition he and his father were exiled to the island of
2864:
367,000,000 francs were sent by French Indochina. Though historian Patrice Morlat places the initial financial contribution of French Indochina at 381,000,000 gold francs (valued at 997,000,000
3898:
northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw. The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.
5523:
Trong một thông tri ngày 24/8/1898, Khâm sứ Trung kỳ đã viết "Từ nay, trên vương quốc An Nam không còn tồn tại hai chính quyền nữa mà chỉ tồn tại một chính quyền thôi" (tức chính quyền Pháp).
3104:, the French consul in Hong Kong and a major player for the intelligence services coordinated by the political affairs bureau of French Indochina, noted that Vietnamese revolutionaries and
3625:
On 26 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh wrote a letter calling for struggle against the French mentioning they were returning after they sold out the Vietnamese to the Japanese twice in 4 years.
2726:, a smaller number (1,150) of French Indochinese soldiers and workers came from Cambodia. In Northeast France around 44,000 Vietnamese troops served in direct combat functions at both the
11032:
7954:
10580:
3902:
free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. France did withdraw, turning the north over to the Communists while the
11744:
10332:
3865:'s government subsequently gave a fallback position to Ho's forces, as well as abundant supplies of weapons. In October 1950, the French army suffered its first major defeat with the
2172:
The French continued to pressure Siam, and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite
7373:
5402:
Dean Meyers and My-Van Tran, The Cao Dai, Prince Cuong De and the Japanese in 1937–1939, THE CRISIS OF THE EIGHTH LUNAR MONTH, University of South Australia, IJAPS Vol. 2 (May) 2006.
4808:
tells the story of Éliane Devries, a French plantation owner, and of her adopted Vietnamese daughter, Camille, set against the backdrop of the rising Vietnamese nationalist movement.
4630:
When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France, the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony.
2819:
for him, and a new agreement with the French administration signed in 1917 allowed him only formal signs of royal power with actual power over Laos being in the hands of the French.
11486:
4081:. In the protectorates the indigenous administrations were nominally combined with the French administration, but in the colony of Cochinchina as well as "colonial cities", such as
888:
4085:
in Annam, the French maintained direct rule. All constituent countries of French Indochina had their own legal systems. In Annam and Tonkin the laws of the Nguyễn dynasty, such as
10829:
4707:. The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns. The most notable examples include
4198:, and the French penal code of 1810. These laws took effect in French Indochina on the date that the governor-general issued decrees that they would also apply to the federation.
161:
7573:
12316:
12143:
10573:
9391:
3797:
as Ho and his government took to the forests and mountains. In 1949, in order to provide a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh, the French favoured the creation of a unified
12848:
12768:
3873:'s Cambodia proclaimed its independence in November 1953. Fighting lasted until May 1954, when the Việt Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling
3869:. Subsequent efforts by the French military managed to improve their situation only in the short term. Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam proved a weak and unstable government, and
7457:
2305:
saw an influx of French enterprises significant changes to the social order of the day inspired new forms of resistance against French rule that differed from the earlier
11861:
5350:
2419:
In March 1908, mass demonstrations took place against the authorities demanding a reduction of the high taxes took place in the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin.
2052:
by French photographers. The Japanese government tried to hide the existences of these Japanese prostitutes who went abroad and did not mention them in books on history.
12103:
2967:
refers to this uprising as "The 1916 Affair", the circumstances leading up to this large revolt were directly caused by the war. 30 August 1917 saw the beginning of the
12148:
9206:
4168:
12843:
12763:
12115:
12091:
11630:
9116:
4078:
3249:
summarised the contents of the letters written by the soldiers during that period this way: "The French oppress the Germans in the same way they have the Annamites ."
2722:
Of the 93,000 French Indochinese soldiers and workers who came to Europe, most were from the poorest parts of Annam and Tonkin, which had been badly hit by famine and
2500:
During the early 20th century the French protectorate over Cambodia was challenged by rebels, just before it saw three separate revolts during the early reign of King
1423:
1405:
1391:
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1329:
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Article by Truong Chinh, chairman of the National Assembly: "Policy of the Japanese Pirates Towards Our people"; Hanoi, Nhan Dan, Vietnamese, 17 August 1970, pp 1, 3]
2582:
While the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the French
3614:
policy (San Kuang) against the Vietnamese, pillaging, burning, killing, looting, and raping Vietnamese women. The Vietnamese called the Japanese "dwarfed monsters" (
2579:"Its creation is to better suit the times as more opportunities to study" opened up in the South to which this new ministry was best suited to help this transition.
3038:
was so bad that in 1914, the French considered exchanging French Indochina with Japan for both financial and military support, but this idea was quickly abandoned.
11025:
4641:
In the 19th century, the French colonial administration worked to develop regular trading networks and an efficient transport infrastructure between Indochina and
3841:
The strategy of pushing the Việt Minh into attacking well-defended bases in remote parts of the country at the end of their logistical trails was validated at the
2884:(people back from France) and were kept under close surveillance as they often had connections to anti-French dissidents and activists. Among these newspapers was
12138:
3498:. The revolt did not penetrate Saigon (an attempted uprising in the city was quelled in a day). In the Mekong Delta fighting continued until the end of the year.
6275:
6181:
5931:
1769:
European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century, as the remarkably successful work of the Jesuit missionaries continued. In 1787,
12858:
7993:
6378:
2830:
plantations, mines, and other forms of agriculture, these were all French owned and the local trade to the great export-import houses was in the hands of the
4870:
While both "Indo-China" and "Indochina" can be found in contemporary English-language sources, "Indo-China" is the most commonly used spelling (even though
10822:
4821:, a freeloading American playboy falls in love with a local woman while visiting French Indochina with his girlfriend and her family on her father's yacht.
3771:
soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Ho Chi Minh agreed to negotiate with the French in order to gain autonomy, but the
2790:
Emperor became the new monarch of Annam and Tonkin and he closely collaborated with the French administration. At the same time Cambodia was ruled by King
12153:
2896:(The Indochinese Forum) and in 1919 these three men would found the Indochinese Constitutionalist Party in Saigon. Because of these activities the French
2698:. Almost 100,000 Vietnamese were conscripts and went to Europe to fight and serve on the French battlefront, or work as labourers. Vietnamese troops also
1962:
provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906).
12853:
12818:
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11018:
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7429:
5375:
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However, 1950 was the turning point of the war. Ho's government was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union, and
2309:
Movement. The new social circumstances in French Indochina were brought about by the establishment of industrial companies by the French such as the
7402:"Policy of the Japanese Pirates Towards Our people, JPRS 53169 19 May 1971 TRANSLATIONS ON NORTH VIETNAM No. 940 DOCUMENTS ON THE AUGUST REVOLUTION"
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12437:
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6006:
1987 Page 315 "Phan Boi Chau himself, by this time the leader of a political group known as the "Renovation Society" (Duy Tan Hoi) initiated this"
2572:
was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more. As explained by the
1304:
2794:
who was crowned in 1904 and cooperated closely with the French administration in his territory. King Sisowath attended the colonial exhibition in
12683:
10815:
4157:(皇越律例), sometimes known as the "Gia Long Code", remained the main civil code of the Nguyễn dynasty until the Emperor issued the nearly identical
3662:, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treaty and reasserted itself in the region, but came into conflict with the
3563:
between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January,
12678:
12673:
12189:
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after the war. Seeing how the French treated the German inhabitants of the occupied regions, some Vietnamese soldiers would empathise with the
3064:
In 1918, the idea of selling French Indochina to Japan was raised again and, like the first time that it was proposed, it was abandoned again.
2206:
In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the
1710:, the French were forced to withdraw from Vietnam, which had been split into the two countries (until 1976), and French Indochina was no more.
11734:
10322:
4491:) by the French government. Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near
3583:
1656:
875:
12079:
10509:
7208:
5538:, pg. 10 (2011): "The ultimately unsuccessful Cần Vương (Aid the King) Movement of 1885–89, for example, was coordinated by scholars such as
4841:
4073:
4018:
2446:'s rebel army to capture the city of Hanoi. The plot was disclosed, and then was suppressed by the French. In response the French proclaimed
728:
7897:
7717:"Cultural Autobiography, Testimonial, and Asian American Transnational Feminist Coalition in the "Comfort Women of World War II" Conference"
5993:
2004 Page 331 "Phong trao Duy Tan (The Duy Tan reform movement). Danang, Vietnam: Danang Publishing House. Pham, L. H. (2000, December 28)."
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privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over. He told Secretary of State
1838:, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy.
12449:
12328:
10337:
8017:
Vietnam: Corpses in a mass grave following the 1944-45 famine during the Japanese occupation. Up to 2 million Vietnamese died of starvation
7591:"Comfort women were Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Burmese, Thai, Dutch, Australian, and Vietnamese women and girls forced into sexual slavery"
7462:. JPRS (Series). Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service. U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. pp. 17, 18.
4846:
4393:
missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10% of Tonkin's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule.
12158:
8933:
7436:. JPRS (Series). Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service. U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. pp. 14–16.
3454:
Saigon witnessed growing labour unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes. In April of that year the
12823:
12738:
12653:
9137:
7408:. JPRS (Series). Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service. U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. pp. 8–13.
2923:
were the sight of German agents hoping to help the Vietnamese revolutionaries as they shared the same goal, namely to defeat the French.
2888:(The Indigenous Forum) launched in 1917 by the agronomist Bùi Quang Chiêu working together with the lawyer Dương Văn Giáo and journalist
2191:
and Koh Kong to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like
7380:. JPRS (Series). Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service. U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. pp. 1–7.
7309:
3336:. Thus, in this document, the French colonialists completely took over all the power of the government of the Southern dynasty, even in
2852:
from Metropolitan France completely stopped. This meant that taxation increased, more rice was being exported, and the locals purchased
12838:
12758:
12609:
12559:
12547:
11575:
11308:
10106:
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7636:
7609:
7570:
7346:
3709:
3398:
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7663:
4570:, while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops. Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony, although
3825:
recruits was forbidden by the government to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" (
2028:
The federation lasted until 21 July 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the
12177:
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10197:
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and by growing protest over the failure of the Communist-supported Popular Front to deliver constitutional reform. Colonial Minister
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of all French Indochinese serving in Europe were Annamese and Tonkinese volunteers. This period also saw a number of uprisings in
1826:
was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the
12833:
12753:
12748:
11815:
6230:
5233:
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3415:
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During the 1920s France allowed more Vietnamese to enter Metropolitan France for both studying and work purposes. Both legal and
2060:
there are no longer two governments, but only one" (meaning that the French government completely took over the administration).
252:
8709:
12803:
12585:
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5358:
3599:
3595:
3553:
2856:. French Indochina provided a Metropolitan France with large financial aid; between the years 1915 and 1920 of the 600,000,000
2645:
saw thousands of volunteers, primarily from the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, enlist for service in Europe, around
192:
10218:
4514:. Indochina was the second most invested-in French colony by 1940 after Algeria, with investments totalling up to 6.7 million
3741:
in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.
2516:, who demanded the restoration of the "old order" and led an armed insurrection against the French until as late as 1936. The
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7273:
Chonchirdsin, Sud (1997). "The Indochinese Communist Party and the Nam Ky Uprising in Cochin China, November–December 1940".
7039:
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6729:
Zinoman, Peter (2000). "Colonial Prisons and Anti-colonial Resistance in French Indochina: The Thai Nguyen Rebellion, 1917".
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6279:
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3541:
2703:
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2106:
845:
9113:
7430:"Revolution or Coup d'Etat, JPRS 53169 19 May 1971 TRANSLATIONS ON NORTH VIETNAM No. 940 DOCUMENTS ON THE AUGUST REVOLUTION"
6751:
Indochine années vingt. Le balcon de la France sur le Pacifique. Une age de l'histoire de France en Extrême Orient, volume 1
6500:
12828:
12743:
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12663:
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Phạm Duy-Khiem and musician Phạm Duy-Ca'n, a.k.a. Phạm Duy. On November 16, 1943, Governor-General Decoux, resident-sup ...
4635:
4184:
A number of the legal documents in effect in the French Republic were also applied to French Indochina, these included the
4133:
3325:
3195:
2301:
elites would continue to operate under the French protectorate being loyal to their new rulers, but as early period of the
1695:
1189:
9088:
8220:. Uncovering the Past: Documentary Readers in American History (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 40.
7806:. Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 159, 279.
7483:
3697:
the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning. Roosevelt asked
2955:
marched on the Saigonese penitentiary where he was held demanding his release, this coincided with other uprisings in the
12461:
11805:
11454:
10992:
10841:
7801:
2590:. The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system.
2564:) with the French authorities on the future of the Annamese education system. This meeting was also recorded in the work
1841:
In 1858, the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended with a successful attack on Tourane (present day
1694:, was proclaimed by the French in 1949. French efforts to retake Vietnam were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the
1384:
7855:
7746:"CHAPTER 20 Sexualized Racism, Gender and Nationalism: The Case of Japan's Sexual Enslavement of Korean "Comfort Women""
7499:
2719:
and many would change their perception about many social norms and beliefs at home because of their experiences abroad.
2337:) to obtain the "keys" to modernity and hope to bring these back to Vietnam. While others like the revolutionary leader
12808:
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8442:
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8279:
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7838:
7811:
7784:
7757:
7673:
7646:
7619:
7536:
7356:
3158:
Political Affairs Bureau assembled a umber of Vietnamese elites belonging to the indigenous intelligentsia through the
3140:
the security apparatus of French Indochina was strengthened to fight the "Bolshevik danger" in the colonies. While the
3110:
2663:. French Indochina contributed significantly to the French war effort in terms of funds, products and human resources.
4673:
to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon. Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921.
2868:
in 2017), roughly 60% of all financial contributions Metropolitan France received from its colonial empire (excluding
2586:, which dictated its policies. All work done by the ministry was according to the plans and the command of the French
2278:
launch rebellions in Cochinchina, the Peace and Duty Society (Nghia Hoa Doan Hoi) was introduced to the region by the
243:
12708:
12703:
12571:
11146:
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revolutionaries invade French Indochina, who crossed the border and started attacking French military posts parading
2366:
2268:
1703:
17:
11967:
9041:
6984:
6826:
6512:
6390:
5943:
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5476:
4366:
2131:, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the
12698:
12693:
12658:
12511:
12499:
12256:
11136:
10307:
4696:
3814:
3507:
3050:
2811:, who was crowned king in 1904. King Sisavang Vong was trained at the Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat in Saigon and at the
1887:
1652:
1322:
1153:
831:
718:
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as the region's busiest commercial centre. By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire.
12798:
12778:
12668:
11106:
10528:
10182:
9029:
6568:
6312:
4796:
3418:(VNQDĐ). The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the
3018:
2014:
1954:
over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of
1809:
1628:
1582:
1079:
697:
12219:
10062:
7752:. Brill's Series on Modern East Asia in a Global Historical Perspective (reprint ed.). BRILL. p. 464.
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2271:. These events all had significant influence on nationalist sentiments in the territories of French Indochina.
1827:
901:
8761:
8327:. Translated by Claire Duiker (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2007. p. 108.
8058:. Vietnam war era classics series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 39, 40.
6306:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
3602:. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August.
2426:
The heads of Duong Be, Tu Binh and Doi Nhan decapitated by the French on July 8, 1908 in the Hanoi Poison Plot
12788:
12718:
12713:
12473:
11269:
10228:
10144:
9168:
Rousseau, Jean-François (June 2014). "An Imperial Railway Failure: The Indochina-Yunnan Railway, 1898–1941".
8854:
6854:
American Council of Learned Societies: The colonial Bastille. A history of imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862-1940
6335:
5415:
3159:
2944:
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2124:
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1890:
along with the islands of Poulo Condore to France; and to pay reparations equivalent to one million dollars.
1773:, a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid
9556:
5399:
Ch. Lemire, Les cinq Pays de l'Indo-Chine française, l'établissement de Kouang-Tchéou, le Siam,Juillet 1899.
5248:
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to prevent the loss of the many French-Russian loans, which were important for the French post-war economy.
2347:) to the Japanese Empire which they saw as the other role-model of modernisation for Vietnam to follow. The
12590:
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12098:
11962:
11368:
11129:
10882:
10443:
10172:
10139:
8985:
7029:
7027:
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6667:
Nguyễn Xuân Mai (1890-1929). Itinéraire d'un médecin indochinois engagé pendant la première guerre mondiale
6293:
5372:
4886:, was commonly used in French); contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of "Indo-China".
4646:
3281:
that brought people from all over Laos together and contributed to the later formation of a modern Laotian
2992:
2656:
2074:
While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the
2033:
2002:
1925:
1846:
1729:
1676:
1598:
1047:
747:
667:
8579:. Vol. 2134 of Princeton Legacy Library (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 195.
7204:
Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, p. 1341
6902:(2011), pp. 121-25; 1 SLOTFOM 4, Report from the Controller General of Indochinese Soldiers, 5 April 1923.
4344:
in Cambodia, where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce. In addition, there was also a tiny
3850:, and use of foreign recruits from other French colonies (mainly from Algeria, Morocco and even Vietnam).
335:
236:
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12086:
11775:
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11124:
11111:
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6772:
Indochine années vingt. La politique indigène des grands commis au service de la mise en valeur, volume 2
6717:
6238:
4577:
At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the
4459:
4308:
ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony's populations. Minority groups, such as the
4050:
3909:
The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing
3866:
3829:) by leftists in France. Vietnamese women were also raped in north Vietnam by the French like in Bảo Hà,
3757:
3679:
3591:
3490:
3419:
3364:
3246:
3097:, which sought to monitor and police anti-French activities both inside and outside of French Indochina.
3035:
2988:
2075:
2069:
2029:
2018:
1998:
1929:
1921:
1602:
1586:
1288:
1205:
1131:
1027:
816:
707:
677:
11689:
10463:
8377:"9. Vietnam's Second Appeal to the United States: Cable to President Harry S Truman (October 17, 1945)*"
7020:
3375:
During the 1920s the contestation of French colonial power in Cambodia and Laos was mostly aimed at the
3100:
French security was expanded because of fears of German involvement with their enemies in the Far East,
3085:
2727:
12389:
11825:
10794:
10499:
10267:
10233:
10149:
6058:
4704:
4511:
4455:
4059:
3455:
3333:
2984:
2573:
2118:
2109:, but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French.
1982:
1737:
993:
813:
786:
11972:
11896:
10223:
8841:
Vichy in the Tropics: Pétain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–1944
6219:. Second Edition. Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries Series No. 35. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.
3466:
winning seats. The exceptional unity of the left, however, was split by the lengthening shadow of the
2576:
12648:
11947:
11911:
11901:
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11704:
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11373:
11234:
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10423:
10398:
10287:
10282:
10129:
10092:
9548:
The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam
9033:
6976:
6913:
La voie étroite des réformes coloniales et la « collaboration franco-annamite » (1917-1928)
6818:
6610:
6504:
6382:
6152:
5935:
5827:
5555:
5468:
4683:
French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of
4610:
3659:
3637:
3572:
3495:
3462:
ran a common slate for the municipal elections with both their respective leaders Nguyễn Văn Tạo and
2968:
2457:
in 1909 from its shores causing them to seek refuge in Qing China, here they would join the ranks of
2200:
2099:
1906:. With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and the Mekong Delta fell under French control.
1770:
8031:
3559:
Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the
3482:, had felt obliged to support. Brévié set the election results aside and wrote to Colonial Minister
3222:. In 1920 44% of the French Indochinese government budget came from opium, salt, and alcohol alone.
12773:
12352:
12007:
11262:
11216:
10715:
10393:
10388:
10378:
9971:
7390:
I. DOCUMENTS FROM THE AUGUST REVOLUTION RESOLUTION OF THE TONKIN REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY CONFERENCE
6315:(in Vietnamese). State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam (Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước)
5054:
4507:
3894:
3772:
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to abdicate in his favour, on 2 September 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the
3545:
2996:
2694:, but soon the need for additional manpower forced the French to recruit men from the Far East and
2485:
2283:
2123:
Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the
2037:
1707:
599:
153:
11846:
11719:
10433:
9124:
7916:
7205:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
3544:, which lasted until the end of the Pacific War. This allowed Japan better access to China in the
3101:
2939:
independence movements in Laos also challenged French rule in the country. 1914 also saw bands of
1883:
481:
147:
11957:
11871:
11754:
11724:
10494:
10428:
10383:
10373:
10347:
10292:
10272:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9007:
9005:
8601:
6964:
6120:
4684:
4463:
4097:(諭, "Decree"), remained in effect but were subordinate to the laws of the French administration.
3874:
2907:
The French invoked a supposed "German connection" between the Vietnamese revolutionaries and the
1874:
1578:
11906:
11876:
11856:
11679:
8764:. Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam
8712:. Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam
8379:. In Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn Blatt; Franklin, Howard Bruce (eds.).
5539:
4253:
3842:
3830:
3406:
On 10 February 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army's
3109:
against the Germans would inspire a general uprising similar to what the British experienced in
2548:
According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sent
2083:
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5046:
4582:
French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms, such as
3913:. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.
3813:
their colonial empire - Moroccan, Algerian, and Tunisian Arabs/Berbers; Laotian, Cambodian and
3440:
3231:
3010:
2901:
2861:
2812:
2207:
2040:, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
1879:
1823:
1574:
927:
431:
273:
9874:
9747:
9706:
9141:
9002:
8886:
8574:
8494:
8459:
8349:
8322:
8296:
8161:
7875:"Ben Valentine : Photographing the Forgotten Vietnamese Widows of Japanese WWII Soldiers"
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6482:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5823:
3851:
3552:, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over Southeast Asia and later on, the
2610:
12783:
11942:
11932:
11348:
11078:
10872:
9846:
9576:
9478:
9438:
9371:
8526:. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 12.
8521:
8432:
8405:
8376:
8269:
8242:
8215:
8188:
8053:
7931:
7320:
6928:
6379:"Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Indochina). - Version 1.1"
5551:
3818:
3686:
3459:
3344:
3199:
3122:
3002:
2772:
During this period, the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin were initially ruled by the
2762:
2520:
revolt erupted in 1901 and was not suppressed until 1907. It was a "major rebellion by local
2392:
and adopting new ideas from both the Western world and Japan. In particular, it promoted the
2352:
2298:
2095:
1899:
1632:
594:
12133:
11927:
5206:"Mousmés and French Colonial Culture: Making Japanese Women's Bodies Available in Indochina"
4421:, French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale. By 1940, only about 34,000
4357:
1903:
683:
12304:
11987:
11664:
10352:
10243:
8930:
7779:. Oxford oral history series (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 215.
7067:
6857:
6479:
5868:
4788:
3923:
3579:
2948:
2889:
2826:
While World War I saw a number of new economic sectors develop in French Indochina, namely
2791:
2402:
2196:
2181:
1943:
1799:
1778:
1624:
1621:
1479:
1171:
167:
11952:
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11851:
6552:
5547:
5021:
Vietnam alone has fifty-four ethnic groups, presented at the Ethnographic Museum of Hanoi.
4261:
4149:
of Annam or by the governor-general of French Indochina. Until the early 20th century the
3317:
2787:
2623:
2408:
in the years prior to World War I the French arrested thousands of people with some being
2338:
2247:
and its lasting impression on the East as it was considered to be the first victory of "a
2091:
1742:
French–Vietnamese relations started during the early 17th century with the arrival of the
629:
8:
12340:
11886:
11749:
11714:
11544:
10867:
10700:
10661:
10605:
10448:
10438:
10342:
10302:
8633:
6714:
Rebellion In Northern Laos. The revolts of the Lu and the Chinese Republicans (1914-1916)
6624:
Mireille: Des Vietnamiens dans la Grande Guerre. 50000 recrues dans les usines françaises
6166:
Rebellion In Northern Laos. The Revolts of the Lu and the Chinese Republicans (1914-1916)
4969:
4903:
4817:
4812:
4700:
4443:
4203:
4028:
3822:
3817:; Black Africans - and French professional troops, European volunteers, and units of the
3794:
3784:
3726:
3411:
3393:
2799:
2501:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2192:
1939:
1854:
1747:
1680:
914:
329:
61:
12012:
11992:
11881:
11363:
8247:. Religious Studies; 39 (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75.
8015:
7590:
6806:
5416:"Facts About Karayuki-San, The Japanese Sex Workers Trafficked To The Rest Of The World"
4603:
3834:
2549:
2294:). The Peace and Duty Society was also active supporting anti-Qing insurgents in China.
2180:
in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of
12110:
11982:
11800:
11795:
11209:
11119:
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10974:
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10641:
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9416:
9251:
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8874:
8673:
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7974:
7290:
7255:
5387:柏木卓司,『戦前期フランス領インドシナにおける邦人進出の形態-「職業別人口表 」を中心として-』 , (アジア経済) 31(3) 1990 3: p. 78-98。
5332:
5225:
5100:
5058:
4340:
3582:, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan launched a
3568:
3381:
3137:
3028:
2803:
2716:
2691:
2660:
2629:
2615:
2442:. The aim of the plot was to neutralise the French garrison and make way for Commander
2381:
2244:
2006:
1831:
1805:
1660:
1606:
1483:
1063:
799:
693:
687:
421:
12048:
11997:
11977:
11785:
7994:"The Good, the Bad, and the Not Beautiful: In the Street and on the Ground in Vietnam"
5458:
5456:
5229:
5205:
3903:
3801:, and former Emperor Bảo Đại was put back in power. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia became
3760:
3463:
3179:
3023:
2360:
2330:
1993:
France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the
1691:
1668:
12413:
11790:
11739:
11684:
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11439:
11378:
11183:
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10789:
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9999:
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9712:
9691:
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9484:
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9356:
9335:
9316:
9262:
9189:
9094:
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8890:
8677:
8580:
8561:
Accommodation and Resistance: The French Left, Indochina, and the Cold War, 1944–1954
8527:
8500:
8475:
8465:
8438:
8411:
8384:
8355:
8328:
8302:
8275:
8248:
8244:
America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War
8221:
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8059:
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7753:
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6445:
6212:
6177:
6124:
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5440:
5336:
4688:
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As elsewhere in the world, the railways in French Indochina were the sites of active
4297:
4121:
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3587:
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3282:
3226:
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3006:
2912:
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614:
453:
12028:
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11608:
11496:
9914:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8747:
5384:佐藤トゥイウェン,「第 4 章「孝」に殉じた天草の「からゆきさん」」,『周縁の文化交渉学シリーズ 8天草諸島の歴史と現在』,関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点,2012年。
5267:
4619:
3701:
if he wanted Indochina, to which Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!"
2952:
2674:
promised a new policy of association and a "Franco-Annamese Collaboration" (French:
2545:
of French Indochina to "study educational issues related to each place separately".
2481:
2127:. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the
1942:
had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867,
1814:
11530:
11358:
11063:
10743:
10504:
10238:
10202:
9928:
9814:
9480:
The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher
9177:
8882:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8657:
7966:
7878:
7282:
7251:
7247:
6734:
6196:
5453:
5324:
5217:
5092:
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4747:
4631:
4329:
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3798:
3717:
2831:
2739:
2731:
2711:
2699:
2443:
2439:
2177:
2082:
as the leader of an independent Vietnam. Between 1885 and 1889, insurgents, led by
1743:
1687:
1364:
703:
401:
356:
305:
287:
86:
11841:
11500:
9955:
8813:
An Outline History of Korean Confucianism: Part II: The Schools of Yi Confucianism
7750:
Race and Racism in Modern East Asia: Interactions, Nationalism, Gender and Lineage
1865:
Admiral Page in November 1859 with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the
12221:
12038:
11654:
11549:
11520:
11285:
11178:
11161:
10695:
10673:
10458:
10312:
10255:
10248:
9350:
9304:
9210:
9120:
8937:
8827:
8791:
8079:
7638:
Imperial Japan's Allied Prisoners of War in the South Pacific: Surviving Paradise
7577:
7212:
7014:
6882:
6800:
6779:
6758:
6695:
6674:
6631:
6572:
6473:
6327:
6188:
6087:
5379:
5061:
qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879.
5006:
4961:
4895:
4728:
4642:
4510:, established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony's currency, the
4469:
4446:
from being overpopulated), and because Indochina was distant from France itself.
4422:
4186:
4117:
3737:), to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.
3698:
3690:
3560:
3549:
3427:
3426:
leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the
3238:
2849:
2766:
2513:
2279:
2240:
2128:
2049:
1994:
1977:
1915:
1866:
1699:
1636:
1398:
1336:
860:
773:
406:
386:
366:
321:
211:
47:
8724:
6257:
boundaries, having common leadership, and growing out of common regional causes.
3648:
3041:
Clemenceau asked the Empire of Japan to aid them with the transportation of the
2078:– started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor
12364:
12064:
12002:
11536:
11476:
10924:
10915:
10877:
10753:
10678:
10646:
10613:
10473:
9726:
8163:
Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power
7286:
6416:
6113:
5960:(2017-12-06). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11199. Translated by: Jennings, Eric Thomas.
5932:"Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Indochina) - Version 1.0"
5543:
4983:
4917:
4692:
4578:
4418:
4173:
3847:
3483:
3305:
3219:
3130:
2964:
2928:
2869:
2758:
2738:
functions such as serving as drivers to transport soldiers to the front lines,
2671:
2409:
2275:
2087:
1640:
759:
554:
492:
411:
391:
381:
128:
11470:
11073:
9731:
The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (1859–1905)
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8661:
8605:
7970:
7830:
World War II and Southeast Asia: Economy and Society under Japanese Occupation
7665:
Korean "Comfort Women": Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement
7528:
Korean "Comfort Women": Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement
6738:
6200:
5501:
5499:
5294:"Postcards from the Edge of Empire: Images and Messages from French Indochina"
5268:"Postcards from the Edge of Empire: Images and Messages from French Indochina"
4398:
4116:
Two French women (wife and daughter of Governor-General Paul Doumer) throwing
609:
73:
12642:
12624:
12611:
11820:
11525:
11431:
11398:
11318:
11173:
10766:
10683:
10656:
10468:
9524:
Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History of French colonialism in Tonkin)
8479:
7803:
The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan
7691:
Double Agency: Acts of Impersonation in Asian American Literature and Culture
7503:
7059:
6606:
6148:
5328:
4771:
4755:
4531:
4345:
3927:
3764:
3716:
After the close of hostilities in WWII, 200,000 Chinese troops under General
3663:
3629:
3471:
3467:
3351:
3242:
2908:
2816:
2808:
2798:
in 1906 and was the King at the time of the retrocession of the provinces of
2256:
2173:
2139:
1350:
550:
527:
519:
496:
426:
396:
376:
361:
351:
346:
341:
100:
9907:
9554:
9077:
Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce de Saigon: minutes from 26 February 1915.
8759:
8707:
7874:
6661:
6659:
6657:
3343:
In 1927 Vietnamese World War I veterans staged an unsuccessful rebellion in
2778:
1965:
12225:
11780:
11204:
11058:
11050:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10651:
10192:
9880:
9749:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History – Vietnam 1700 – 1885
8684:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
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5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5496:
5221:
4991:
4931:
4836:
4677:
4555:
4394:
4382:
4321:
4309:
4305:
3855:
3806:
3694:
3564:
3537:
3407:
3368:
3301:
2956:
2936:
2857:
2783:
2687:
2477:
to perform border raids on both Tonkin and Laos from their bases in China.
2389:
2343:
2260:
2252:
2105:
Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after
2044:
1933:
1850:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1648:
1644:
1590:
1412:
1113:
634:
589:
546:
542:
504:
459:
441:
416:
371:
258:
114:
9938:
France on the Mekong: A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia, 1863–1953
8648:
Cuddy, Edward (2003). "Vietnam: Mr. Johnson's War. Or Mr. Eisenhower's?".
7856:"60 years after Japan army husband fled, Vietnam war bride clings to love"
6669:, in: Trévisan, Carina / Delalande, Hélène Baty (eds.): Entrer en guerre,
6269:
6267:
6265:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5465:"Religious Missionaries and the Colonial State (Indochina). - Version 1.0"
5313:"Recycling the 'Colonial Harem'? Women in Postcards from French Indochina"
4224:(例廊), which could be translated as "rural covenants", and also existed in
3384:
and radicalism that characterised what is now Vietnam during this period.
2542:
2453:
Using diplomatic pressure the French persuaded the Japanese to banish the
1506:Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho
12595:
12069:
11388:
10936:
10723:
10595:
10520:
7898:"Photographing the Forgotten Vietnamese Widows of Japanese WWII Soldiers"
7112:
Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History
6654:
4599:
4390:
3910:
3768:
3675:
3671:
3533:
2529:
2525:
2462:
2458:
2447:
2215:
1516:
1487:
663:
649:
562:
538:
512:
500:
485:
469:
465:
12033:
9604:
Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam
9181:
9032:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
7668:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press.
7531:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press.
7294:
7259:
6975:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
6817:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
6688:
Une histoire économique du Viet Nam. 1850-2007. La palanche et le camion
6503:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
6381:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
5934:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
5826:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
5467:. 1914-1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War (
5373:
http://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/capas/publication/newsletter/N28/2806.pdf
4409:
4109:) which was the highest government agency in charge of general affairs.
2079:
1989:, built between 1900 and 1906 to house the governor-general of Indochina
11587:
11328:
11323:
10910:
10849:
9738:
9531:
9514:
8820:
8817:
The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2. (Feb. 1959), pp. 259–276.
8669:
7472:
HO CHI MINH'S LETTER TO THE COCHIN-CHINA COMPATRIOTS 26 September 1945
6262:
5616:
5605:
Huard, pp. 1096–1107; Huguet, pp. 133–223; Sarrat, pp. 271–3; Thomazi,
5104:
5079:
4881:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4334:
4313:
4301:
4177:
3862:
3734:
3615:
3521:
3433:
3149:
were managed by the newly created Department of Political Affairs. The
3054:
2932:
2795:
2521:
2505:
2211:
2160:
2144:
1955:
1951:
1219:
508:
477:
473:
269:
12043:
11338:
10015:
The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940
7932:"The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited 1944−45年ヴィエトナム大飢饉再訪"
6949:
6947:
6945:
6565:
3252:
After the Great War former governor-general Albert Sarraut became the
2773:
2438:
attempted to poison the entire French colonial army's garrison in the
2422:
1679:
with the help of the British. An all-out resistance war, known as the
12376:
12292:
12244:
11593:
9440:
The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis
9090:
The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society
8354:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 336.
6339:
4873:
4759:
4670:
4535:
4500:
4386:
3926:, even though he did not believe a military victory, believed in the
3667:
3444:
2873:
2735:
2466:
2377:
such as the Peace and Duty Society and the Heaven and Earth Society.
2287:
2248:
2223:
2219:
1959:
1835:
1781:. Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the
1664:
1461:
10771:
8873:
Werner, Jayne S. (October 2006). "Vietnamese Religious Society". In
8862:, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, pp. 4–6
5096:
3540:
granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the
3272:
as a necessity of the French protectorate over their countries, the
2837:
11083:
10900:
10084:
10067:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
7776:
Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan's Sex Slaves
7723:(illustrated, reprint ed.). U of Nebraska Press. p. 175.
7115:
6942:
6915:, in: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer 82/309 (1995), p. 408.
5312:
4743:
4650:
4594:
4583:
4492:
4378:
4374:
4212:
4150:
4144:
3320:'s death that stated that while the sovereign is abroad a council (
3027:, the French situation in Europe was bad enough for prime minister
3001:
On 27 August 1914, Japan officially entered the war on the side of
2853:
1947:
1774:
1449:
1250:
1237:
619:
604:
579:
11745:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
10920:
10333:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
10043:
7882:
5558:, who sought to restore sovereign authority to the Nguyễn throne."
5293:
2235:
50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia." The French
1609:
in the south. The capital for most of its history (1902–1945) was
11639:
11581:
11333:
10969:
10905:
10761:
10705:
10054:
8911:
Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954, La Découverte
8760:
Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011).
8708:
Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) (24 February 2011).
7594:
4751:
4658:
4138:
3885:
3105:
3049:
to help fight in Europe. Clemenceau also wanted Japan to help by
3014:
2920:
2916:
2723:
2517:
2470:
2010:
1842:
1750:. Around this time, Vietnam had only just begun its "Southward"—"
1594:
1441:
714:
673:
644:
534:
523:
9204:"Vietnamese railway workers during the revolutionary high tide."
6310:
6017:
Les compagnons de route de Hô Chi Minh: Histoire d'un engagement
5991:
Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary ...
3584:
coup d'etat against the French Indochina colonial administration
2229:
2147:
of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France.
10946:
10857:
10666:
9688:
The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940)
9055:
7206:
https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/
7137:
7135:
6998:
6958:
6840:
6648:
6603:
The birth of Vietnamese political journalism. Saigon, 1916-1930
6526:
6404:
6145:
The birth of Vietnamese political journalism. Saigon, 1916-1930
5957:
5849:
5574:
5490:
5396:平田豊弘,「松下光廣と大南公司」,『周縁の文化交渉学シリーズ 4 陶磁器流通と西海地域』,関西大学,荒武賢一朗編,2011年。
5351:"[Photos] The Japanese Prostitutes Of Colonial Vietnam"
4831:
4739:
4712:
4654:
4571:
4551:
4054:
3285:
where prior they associated themselves more with their region.
2940:
2827:
2619:
2132:
1997:(1884–85). French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from
1763:
1617:
was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1946.
1614:
584:
11040:
7040:
BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)
6973:"Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Indochina). - Version 1.0"
6896:
Coolies into Rebels. Impact of World War I on French Indochina
6586:
Coolies into rebels. Impact of World War I on French Indochina
6280:
BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)
5080:"French Indo-China: Demographic Imbalance and Colonial Policy"
4389:
was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia. In addition, active
4328:
and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina.
2412:
and others being imprisoned at the Poulo Condore jail island (
1834:
increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat;
1683:, broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces.
11088:
10979:
8781:
8779:
7193:
Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine
7167:
Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine
6899:
6878:
6796:
6775:
6754:
6691:
6670:
6627:
6589:
6469:
6424:
4735:
4716:
4708:
4615:
4515:
4496:
4325:
4317:
4281:
4229:
4225:
4077:
had residents-superior while the colony of Cochinchina had a
4063:
3649:
Return of the French and initial conflicts with the Việt Minh
3525:
3211:
2560:, to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" (
1986:
1610:
1482:
removing a number of French nationalistic symbols related to
1453:
624:
558:
296:
7132:
3704:
3237:
A number of Vietnamese men would serve in occupied parts of
3127:
Contrôle général des travailleurs et tirailleurs indochinois
2584:
Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam
2155:
9285:"Photos of European Colonial Architecture Around the World"
4634:
became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the
4563:
4559:
4547:
3598:
were established as independent states, members of Japan's
3215:
2865:
2188:
2165:
1970:
1869:
in Vietnam while refraining from making territorial gains.
1445:
10837:
9819:
Imperialism in Southeast Asia: "A Fleeting, Passing Phase"
8776:
8383:(illustrated, revised ed.). Grove Press. p. 47.
7226:
In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary
7182:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142
7011:
Inauguration à Pnom-Penh du Monument aux Morts du Cambodge
6501:"Indochinese Workers in France (Indochina). - Version 1.0"
4332:
were largely concentrated in major cities, especially the
3906:
regime, with American support, kept control of the South.
3567:
naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the
3422:
monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century.
2978:
2734:. French Indochinese battalions were also used in various
2048:
Images of the Japanese prostitutes in Vietnam were put on
12220:
States and territories in the sphere of influence of the
10076:
9669:
The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874
9555:
Llewellyn, Jennifer; Jim Southey; Steve Thompson (2018).
9476:
8710:"The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858–1945)"
7608:
Stetz, Margaret D.; Oh, Bonnie B. C. (12 February 2015).
7446:*Reprinted from Co Giai Phong , No 16, 12 September 1945.
7238:
Tyson, James L. (1974). "Labor Unions in South Vietnam".
6168:, in: The Journal of The Siam Society 77/1 (1989), p. 61.
5057:
décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné
4567:
4543:
3265:
who benefited the indigenous people of French Indochina.
3198:
to bring Annamese students to France to study the latest
2210:
administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate
1909:
1706:
proclaimed their respective independences. Following the
9872:
7098:
Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past
6115:
A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975
5865:, in: Modern Asian Studies 12/2, 1978, pp. 226-228.
3586:
to prevent a potential uprising by the colonial forces.
2769:, the latter being unthinkable in their home countries.
2670:
During this period governor-general of French Indochina
5436:
Japan: The Childless Society?: The Crisis of Motherhood
3206:
As French Indochina was supposed to be a self-financed
2757:
The French Indochinese in Europe experienced much more
9769:
Hanoi, Adieu: A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina
9575:
Lockhart, Bruce McFarland; Duiker, William J. (2010).
8496:
The Communist Road To Power In Vietnam: Second Edition
8274:. Military History and Policy. Routledge. p. 66.
7955:"Japan's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944–45"
6273:
3071:
2626:
2 (1917). Note how the document ends with the phrases
1861:
received approval of an alternative attack on Saigon.
11638:
9990:(Aug 1970, Vol. 20 Issue 8, pp 534–542; online survey
9216:, Volume 19, Number 4, December 2011, pp. 787-816(30)
7310:"Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A re-analysis"
7033:
6311:
Th.S Nguyễn Thu Hường - TTLTQG I (26 November 2015).
6040:
From the City Inside the Red River: A Cultural Memoir
4060:
Residence of the Governor-General of French Indochina
3767:. But before September's end, a force of British and
3194:; Hán-Nôm: 安南如西遊學保助會), an organisation set up by the
3088:(阮必誠), who would later be known as Hồ Chí Minh (胡志明).
12849:
1945 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
12769:
1954 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
9373:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
8956:
Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
7180:
Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries
6970:
6055:
The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai
5821:
5505:
5249:"A Brief Primer on Vice and Sex in Colonial Vietnam"
3434:
Left opposition and the 1940 uprising in Cochinchina
2815:
in Paris. In 1914, the French built a new palace in
2329:
modernisation. Some Vietnamese revolutionaries like
9334:(4th ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
9253:
America's War in Vietnam: A Short Narrative History
9248:
8047:
8045:
7147:
4925:
4687:and added French-influenced landmarks, such as the
4072:The government of French Indochina was headed by a
3775:of 1946 failed to produce a satisfactory solution.
3347:using vintage World War I era weapons and tactics.
9906:
9545:
9415:
9250:
8785:
7719:. In Vo, Linda Trinh; Sciachitano, Marian (eds.).
6793:Les affaires politiques de l'Indochine (1895-1923)
6708:
6706:
6704:
6553:"French Forces in the Salonika Campaign 1915-1918"
6222:
6112:
5371:*陳碧純,「山打根的八番娼館」之讀後心得,亞太研究論壇卷期:28 2005.06,頁309-315。
5078:
4754:, and various places in Cambodia and Laos such as
3733:(broadly the Vietnamese equivalent of the Chinese
2187:In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give
2056:administration and society in French Cochinchina.
12844:1945 establishments in the French colonial empire
12764:1887 establishments in the French colonial empire
9986:Watson, D. R. (1970) "The French and Indo-China"
9940:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
9436:
8602:"Battlefield Vietnam – Dien Bien Phu, the legacy"
7348:War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II
6084:Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background
5116:
5114:
4939:
4436:(colony for economic exploitation) rather than a
4172:French colonial inspector and local on top of an
3447:which appointed as governor-general of Indochina
3166:the growth of Communism within French Indochina.
2480:In March 1913 the mystic millenarist cult leader
2434:took place where a group of Tonkinese indigenous
2319:Chemin de fer français de l'Indochine et du Yunan
1969:Siamese Army troops in the disputed territory of
1793:
1537:Administered by, but not part of French Indochina
12640:
9844:
9460:Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860–1945
8981:"French Declines in Indochina, as English Booms"
8604:. Public Broadcasting System PBS. Archived from
8271:Britain in Vietnam: Prelude to Disaster, 1945–46
8042:
7694:. Stanford University Press. 2005. p. 209.
7614:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 126.
4977:
4911:
4136:shared its power with the French administration
1510:
1504:
67:
53:
9745:
9708:Britain in Vietnam: Prelude to Disaster, 1945–6
9313:Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954
9030:"Food and Nutrition (Indochina). - Version 1.0"
9027:
8461:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)
8193:(illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 84.
7773:Qiu, Peipei; Su, Zhiliang; Chen, Lifei (2014).
6812:
6701:
6498:
6376:
4373:The principal religion in French Indochina was
3628:The Japanese forced Vietnamese women to become
3573:dreadful famine in Northern and Central Vietnam
3188:Société d'encouragement aux études occidentales
2614:on the financial and military aid given by the
2535:
2112:
9733:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
9704:
9574:
9546:Kahin, George McTurnin; John W. Lewis (1967).
9422:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
9369:
9352:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
9303:
9107:
8437:(4, revised ed.). Routledge. p. 67.
7641:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 230.
7141:
6929:Décolonisation du Viêt Nam: un avocat témoigne
6206:
5929:
5580:
5390:柏木卓司,「ベトナムのからゆきさん」,『歴史と人物』10月号,中央公論,1979,208頁。
5111:
3976:The emblem and seal of the Government-General.
2963:and the increased taxes, Australian historian
2063:
12859:States and territories disestablished in 1954
12205:
11624:
11270:
11026:
10823:
10581:
10536:
10100:
9972:"The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960"
9799:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9418:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941
8351:Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross
7611:Legacies of the Comfort Women of World War II
7169:. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, Appendix 24.
6875:Indochine, la colonisation ambiguë, 1858-1954
6778:(2006): Les Indes savantes. pp. 462-467. (in
6407:(2018-04-20). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10659/1.1.
6029:Japan and led by Châu and Prince Cường Để..."
6004:In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History
5863:Peasant politics in Cambodia. The 1916 Affair
5462:
5160:
5158:
4842:List of governors-general of French Indochina
4401:'s origins began during this period as well.
4206:for review and immediately came into effect.
4132:In the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin the
3957:Gouvernement général de l'Indochine française
3288:In 1923, Cochinchina saw the creation of the
2568:written by Nguyễn Bá Trác. The creation of a
2351:school of revoluties was supported by Prince
2230:Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century
1723:
78:
10338:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
10017:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9960:
9690:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9652:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9633:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9614:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9538:Harris, Richard. "Indochina and the French"
9521:
9309:Indochine: la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954
9163:
9161:
9159:
9130:
8150:The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960.
7872:
7272:
6815:"Colonial Society (Indochina) - Version 1.0"
6540:Vietnam and the French: South Asia 1800–1950
6466:Indochine, la colonisation ambiguë 1858-1954
5181:
5179:
5050:
4879:
4871:
4847:Political administration of French Indochina
4482:
4437:
4431:
4259:
3955:
3916:
3162:to aid in the pro-French propaganda effort.
2324:Following the defeat of the Nguyễn loyalist
209:
190:
39:
11420:
10219:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
9509:. Crow's Nest, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
9392:"The Country's Cultural and Tourist Center"
9114:Les chemins de fer de l'Indochine française
8852:
7833:. Cambridge University Press. p. 386.
7455:
7351:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
7013:. In: Extrême-Asie, March 1925, p. 36. (in
6694:(2009): Les Indes savantes. pp. 71-96. (in
6110:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5043:Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française
4574:was harvested at a small scale from there.
2484:organised an independence demonstration in
239:of the Governor-General of French Indochina
120:
27:1887–1954 French colonies in Southeast Asia
12854:States and territories established in 1887
12819:1945 disestablishments in French Indochina
12729:1954 disestablishments in French Indochina
12212:
12198:
11631:
11617:
11277:
11263:
11033:
11019:
10830:
10816:
10588:
10574:
10550:
10543:
10529:
10107:
10093:
10073:Annuaire général de l'Indo-Chine française
9996:Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam
9794:
9225:The Country's Cultural and Tourist Center.
8978:
8953:
8909:Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery (2001),
8843:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
8190:Armed Forces and Insurgents in Modern Asia
8051:
7965:(3). Cambridge University Press: 573–618.
7748:. In Kowner, Rotem; Demel, Walter (eds.).
7721:Asian American Women: The Frontiers Reader
7034:Phương Anh (tổng hợp) (9 September 2016).
5155:
3710:1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company
3324:) had the power to run all affairs of the
3005:(also known as the Entente Powers), Japan
1503:language documents, its inscription reads
251:
92:
11297:
10198:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
9156:
9058:(2014-10-08). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10321.
8954:Baker, Colin; Jones, Sylvia Prys (1998).
8381:Vietnam and America: A Documented History
8240:
8166:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 224.
8080:"Dân chủ: Vấn đề của dân tộc và thời đại"
7895:
7772:
7001:(2015-06-15). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10658.
6843:(2015-04-14). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10613.
6757:(2001): Indes savantes. pp. 169-170. (in
6559:
6529:(2014-10-08). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10373.
6421:La Mise en valeur des colonies françaises
6336:"Triều đại phong kiến duy nhất có Bộ Học"
6019:2004 . Page 18 "Duy Tân (Modernisation)."
5852:(2022-01-11). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11594.
5493:(2015-02-20). DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.10559.
5176:
4916:, lit. 'East Ocean under French Control;
2931:led by Prince Phra Ong Kham (Chao Fa) of
2156:Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907)
1777:in retaking lands his family lost to the
1698:. On 22 October and 9 November 1953, the
952:737,000 km (285,000 sq mi)
106:
12341:Reorganized National Government of China
11735:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
10323:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
9993:
9962:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
9913:. University Press of Kentucky. p.
9876:The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
9631:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945
9329:
9291:. Queen's University at Kingston, Canada
9167:
8942:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
8856:What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?
8523:China and the First Vietnam War, 1947-54
8403:
7853:
7634:
7459:Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17
7434:Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17
7406:Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17
7378:Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17
6439:
6333:
6002:David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg
5822:Claire Thi Liên Trân (11 January 2022).
5132:
4609:
4593:
4526:least able to bear the losses involved.
4408:
4356:
4252:
4167:
4111:
3884:
3729:, of 2 September 1945. Working with the
3703:
3515:
3397:
3387:
3173:
3075:
2603:
2421:
2159:
1976:
1964:
1813:
12724:1887 establishments in French Indochina
10012:
9835:
9813:
9766:
9725:
9457:
9348:
8979:Richardson, Michael (16 October 1993).
8887:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0011
8879:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
8599:
8519:
8430:
8267:
8186:
7607:
7589:Lee, Morgan Pōmaika'i (29 April 2015).
7195:. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, p. 388
6274:tapchisonghuong.com.vn (6 April 2012).
6228:
6052:
5432:
5413:
5291:
5265:
5203:
4852:List of French possessions and colonies
4722:
3542:Japanese occupation of French Indochina
3136:Following the communist victory in the
3043:travailleurs et tirailleurs indochinois
2979:Relations with Japan during World War I
2935:organised a long anti-French campaign,
2274:The early 20th century saw a number of
1762:and to a lesser extent, the kingdom of
1635:took over northern Vietnam through the
14:
12684:Former countries in Vietnamese history
12641:
12586:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
12293:Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
9904:
9785:
9685:
9666:
9557:"Conquest and Colonisation of Vietnam"
9522:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012).
9410:
9282:
9086:
8872:
8626:
8492:
8294:
8213:
7854:Tran Thi, Minh Ha (24 February 2017).
7551:
7427:
7399:
7371:
7344:
7109:
6630:(2014): Vendémiaire. pp. 144-154. (in
6566:"How the U.S. Got Involved In Vietnam"
5246:
4649:connecting the important port city of
3947:Government-General of French Indochina
3778:
3600:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3554:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2394:Vietnamese version of the Latin script
1910:Establishment and early administration
1853:. Prior to the attack French diplomat
1818:Expansion of French Indochina (violet)
1657:Japanese overthrew the colonial regime
1589:(from 1899), the Chinese territory of
1490:while adding an anchor and rice wheat.
12679:Former polities of the Indochina Wars
12674:Former countries in Cambodian history
12193:
11811:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
11612:
11419:
11296:
11258:
11014:
10811:
10569:
10524:
10318:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
10088:
9935:
9612:Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925
9504:
8958:. Multilingual Matters. p. 384.
8762:"Legislation in French-ruled Vietnam"
8647:
8347:
8217:The Vietnam War: A Documentary Reader
7714:
7307:
7237:
7064:Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885-1925
6971:Eric Thomas Jennings (15 June 2015).
6435:
6433:
6081:
5506:Thu Nhuần (tổng hợp) (28 July 2016).
4781:
4624:National Museum of Vietnamese History
4481:French Indochina was designated as a
4404:
3290:Parti Constitutionnaliste Indochinois
2600:History of Vietnam during World War I
1677:took back control of French Indochina
1647:, the colony was administered by the
1528:Changed the name to "Thai" since 1939
12377:Provisional Government of Free India
10510:Governor-General of French Indochina
10114:
9788:Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam
9647:
9628:
9609:
9257:. Indiana University Press. p.
8786:Thông tín viên RFA (23 March 2018).
8629:"When Ike Was Asked to Nuke Vietnam"
8572:
8457:
8187:Roy, Kaushik; Saha, Sourish (2016).
8159:
8086:. Đối Thoại Năm 2000. 25 March 2000.
7991:
7952:
7929:
7914:
7826:
7743:
7153:
6592:(2011): Les Indes savantes. Page 71.
6231:"The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion"
4506:The colony's principal bank was the
4019:Governor-General of French Indochina
3880:
3031:to ask the Japanese for their help.
1581:until its end in 1954. It comprised
11284:
10993:French colonization of the Americas
9087:Thomas, Martin (15 November 2007).
8931:Vietnam – La politique linguistique
7799:
7661:
7588:
7524:
7228:. AK Press, Oakland CA, 2010, p. 16
6873:Brocheux, Pierre / Hémery, Daniel:
6464:Brocheux, Pierre / Hemery, Daniel:
6444:. Amber Books Limited. p. 63.
5310:
3312:On 6 November 1925 a "Convention" (
3256:, Sarraut was the architect of the
3072:Expansion of the security apparatus
2504:, who had little authority outside
257:Map of French Indochina, including
24:
12824:1945 disestablishments in Cambodia
12739:1953 disestablishments in Cambodia
12654:Former countries in Southeast Asia
12281:South Chahar Autonomous Government
12269:North Shanxi Autonomous Government
10058:, a tourism book published in 1910
9851:. University of California Press.
9821:. London and New York: Routledge.
9477:Errington, Elizabeth Jane (1990).
9315:] (in French). La Découverte.
9127:. 1924, t. 33, n°185. pp. 501-503.
9028:Erica J. Peters (8 October 2014).
8853:Hoskins (a), Janet Alison (2012),
8600:Flitton, Dave (7 September 2011).
8410:(4, reprint ed.). Routledge.
8374:
8052:Bui, Diem; Chanoff, David (1999).
7930:Gunn, Geoffrey (24 January 2011).
6961:(2007): Routledge. Pages: 191-193.
6927:Đình Thảo Trịnh, Dinh Khai Trinh,
6499:Kimloan Vu-Hill (8 October 2014).
6430:
5930:Patrice Morlat (6 December 2017).
5463:Charles Keith (20 February 2015).
5281:from the original on 21 June 2022.
5236:from the original on 21 June 2022.
1830:in the country. For its part, the
25:
12870:
12839:1945 disestablishments in Vietnam
12759:1954 disestablishments in Vietnam
10033:
9873:Tuchman, Barbara Werheim (1985).
9650:Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power
9526:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books.
9283:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2018).
8627:Marder, Murrey (22 August 1984).
7915:Gunn, Geoffrey (17 August 2015).
6911:Quoted in Larcher-Goscha Agathe:
6881:(2001): Découverte. Page 93. (in
6813:Pierre Brocheux (14 April 2015).
6377:Kimloan Vu-Hill (20 April 2018).
5989:Philip G. Altbach, Toru Umakoshi
4589:
4468:During French colonial rule, the
4433:colonie d'exploitation économique
4042:Cabinet of the Government-General
3937:
3300:In March 1925 the French built a
3245:. Official reports on the French
3208:colonie d'exploitation économique
1766:which they had defeated in 1471.
12565:
12553:
12541:
12529:
12517:
12505:
12493:
12480:
12467:
12455:
12443:
12431:
12419:
12407:
12395:
12382:
12370:
12358:
12346:
12334:
12322:
12310:
12298:
12286:
12274:
12262:
12257:East Hebei Autonomous Government
12250:
12238:
11660:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon
10273:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
9228:
9219:
9196:
9080:
9071:
9061:
8993:
8972:
8947:
8924:
8903:
8866:
8846:
8833:
8811:Key P. Yang; Gregory Henderson:
8805:
8641:
8620:
8593:
8566:
8553:
8540:
8513:
8486:
8451:
8424:
8397:
8368:
8348:Patti, Archimedes L. A. (1980).
8341:
8315:
8288:
8261:
8234:
8207:
8180:
8153:
8144:
8135:
8126:
8117:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8084:Hưng Việt: TRANG CHÁNH - Trang 1
8072:
8024:
8008:
7998:Local Culture/Global Photography
7985:
7946:
7923:
7908:
7889:
7866:
7847:
7820:
7793:
7766:
7737:
7708:
7682:
7655:
7628:
7601:
7582:
7545:
7518:
7492:
7475:
7466:
7449:
7440:
7421:
7412:
7393:
7384:
7365:
7338:
7301:
6442:French Army 1918 1915 to Victory
5414:Sartore, Melissa (7 June 2019).
5015:
4982:, lit. 'East Ocean Federation';
4413:Subdivisions of French Indochina
4385:more dominant in Vietnam, while
4363:Cathédrale Saint-Joseph de Hanoï
4134:government of the Nguyễn dynasty
3970:
3965:
3809:and were granted more autonomy.
3508:French Indochina in World War II
3350:According to American historian
3192:Annam như Tây du học bảo trợ hội
3182:3 (1928) issue of the bimonthly
2667:militaries, and civil servants.
2341:made the "Journey to the East" (
2297:The majority of the traditional
1758:, a territory being part of the
1673:declared Vietnamese independence
1593:(from 1898 until 1945), and the
1421:
1403:
1389:
1375:
1355:
1341:
1327:
1313:
1295:
1279:
1259:
1230:
1212:
1198:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1124:
1106:
1086:
1072:
1056:
1040:
1020:
713:
702:
692:
682:
672:
662:
242:
222:
170:
160:
146:
12734:1887 establishments in Cambodia
12317:Provisional Government of China
11487:French domains of the Holy Land
9848:Vietnam 1946: How the War Began
9462:. Honolulu: U of Hawaii Press.
9241:
9140:(in Vietnamese). Archived from
9093:. Manchester University Press.
7896:Valentine, Ben (19 July 2016).
7266:
7231:
7218:
7198:
7185:
7172:
7159:
7103:
7090:
7077:
7053:
7004:
6918:
6905:
6888:
6867:
6846:
6785:
6764:
6743:
6723:
6680:
6637:
6616:
6595:
6578:
6545:
6532:
6458:
6410:
6182:"The French in Laos, 1887–1945"
6171:
6158:
6137:
6111:Schulzinger, Robert D. (1999).
6104:
6075:
6046:
6032:
6022:
6009:
5996:
5983:
5973:
5963:
5855:
5599:
5586:
5561:
5528:
5426:
5407:
5365:
5343:
5304:
5292:Hoskins, Janet (January 2007).
5285:
5274:(44). IIAS Newsletter: 16, 17.
5259:
5240:
5197:
5188:
5167:
5146:
5123:
5000:
4955:
4946:
4797:French protectorate of Cambodia
4243:
3501:
3254:French minister of the colonies
3019:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
2333:traveled to the Western World (
2150:
1810:French protectorate of Cambodia
1788:
1783:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1734:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1080:French Protectorate of Cambodia
199:"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
12834:1945 establishments in Vietnam
12754:1887 establishments in Vietnam
12749:1954 disestablishments in Laos
11482:French domains of Saint Helena
10599:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
10490:Paris Foreign Missions Society
10244:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
9483:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9376:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9355:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
9042:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
8839:Jennings, Eric. (2001). p136.
8036:Japanese Occupation of Vietnam
7481:
7252:10.1080/00927678.1974.10587653
7072:University of California Press
6985:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
6931:, Editions L'Harmattan, 1994,
6827:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
6513:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
6440:Jouineau, Andre (April 2009).
6391:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
5944:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
5836:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
5477:Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium
5357:. 15 July 2015. Archived from
5266:Hoskins, Janet (Summer 2007).
5247:Carney, Joey (27 April 2020).
5071:
5035:
4978:
4912:
4889:
4864:
4367:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris
4107:Indochinese Government Council
3793:Bitter fighting ensued in the
3765:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
3536:, the newly created regime of
2593:
2588:Director of Education of Annam
2311:Union commerciale indochinoise
2255:", as well as the fall of the
1828:Paris Foreign Missions Society
1794:French conquest of Cochinchina
1686:To counter the Viet Minh, the
1540:
1531:
1522:
1511:
1493:
1472:
1351:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
79:
13:
1:
12305:Shanghai Great Way Government
12099:French protectorate of Tonkin
10229:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
10044:The Colonization of Indochina
9289:Colonial Architecture Project
7873:indomemoires (20 July 2016).
7635:Quinones, C. Kenneth (2021).
7485:Selected Writings (1920-1969)
7400:Truong, Chinh (19 May 1971).
7372:Truong, Chinh (19 May 1971).
7114:. Santa Barbara, California:
6217:Historical Dictionary of Laos
5272:Asia's Colonial Photographies
5210:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5028:
4795:, a young Khmer boy from the
4791:and Intermondia Films' film,
4324:, were collectively known as
4248:
4196:Code d'instruction criminelle
3789:1947–1950 in French Indochina
3512:1940–1946 in French Indochina
3402:French Indochina around 1933.
3274:collaboration Franco-annamite
3270:collaboration Franco-annamite
3268:Albert Sarraut presented the
3258:collaboration Franco-annamite
3186:(遊學報) magazine issued by the
3160:French School of the Far East
2676:Collaboration franco-annamite
2643:French entry into World War I
2125:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893
2023:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893
1718:
12591:Greater East Asia Conference
12329:Reformed Government of China
12111:French colony of Cochinchina
12087:French protectorate of Annam
11670:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
11217:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
10444:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
10268:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
10224:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
10063:Colonial Society (Indochina)
9998:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
9994:Woodside, Alexander (1976).
9771:. Sydney: Harper Perennial.
9581:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9249:Addington, Larry H. (2000).
9170:Journal of Transport History
8986:International Herald Tribune
8819:Retrieved on 3 August 2005 "
8576:Vietnam and China, 1938-1954
8431:Hearden, Patrick J. (2016).
6334:Võ Thạnh (6 December 2016).
4734:French-era buildings are in
4697:Hanoi St. Joseph's Cathedral
4124:children (by Gabriel Veyre).
3815:Vietnamese ethnic minorities
3151:Sûreté générale indochinoise
3147:Sûreté générale indochinoise
3095:Sûreté générale indochinoise
3082:Sûreté générale indochinoise
2844:Prior to the year 1914, the
2750:itself and not from France.
2566:Hoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu
2536:Introducing French education
2113:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2009:(which together form modern
1938:In 1863, the Cambodian king
1926:Tonkin (French protectorate)
1847:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
193:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
7:
12829:1945 establishments in Laos
12744:1887 establishments in Laos
12689:French protectorate of Laos
12664:French colonisation in Asia
12390:Republic of the Philippines
11457: and Antarctic Lands
10369:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
10313:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
10256:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
10249:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
9905:Tucker, Spencer C. (1999).
9795:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997).
8032:"Vietnamese Famine of 1945"
7744:Yoon, Bang-Soon L. (2015).
7215:(accessed 10 October 2019).
7110:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000).
7083:Maurice Rives, pages 72–73
6862:University of Calgary Press
6720:77/1, 1989, pp. 61-66.
6718:Journal of the Siam Society
6239:Journal of the Siam Society
5393:神坂次郎,『おれは伊平次』,講談社文庫,2002/8。
4940:
4926:
4825:
4460:French language in Cambodia
4449:
4442:(settlement colony helping
4352:
4103:Indochinese Supreme Council
3924:President Dwight Eisenhower
3867:Battle of Route Coloniale 4
3680:Indochinese Communist Party
3365:Indochinese Communist Party
3247:Occupation of the Rhineland
2971:, which lasted until 1918.
2492:The year 1913 also saw the
2064:Early Vietnamese rebellions
1930:French protectorate of Laos
1922:Annam (French protectorate)
1655:until March 1945, when the
1575:French colonial territories
1565:), officially known as the
274:French colonial possessions
10:
12875:
12450:Occupied Dutch East Indies
11826:Communist Party of Vietnam
10500:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
10234:French conquest of Vietnam
9838:La Conquête de l'Indochine
9767:Perkins, Mandaley (2006).
9686:Murray, Martin J. (1980).
9437:Duong, Van Nguyen (2008).
8520:Calkins, Laura M. (2013).
8493:Duiker, William J (2018).
8295:Duiker, William J (2012).
8160:Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014).
7992:Hien, Nina (Spring 2013).
7917:"The great Vietnam famine"
7500:"Z-Library single sign on"
7345:Berger, Thomas U. (2012).
7308:Paige, Jeffery M. (1970).
7287:10.1177/0967828X9700500304
7142:Lockhart & Duiker 2010
6059:Greenwood Publishing Group
5594:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
5581:Brocheux & Hémery 2004
5439:. Routledge. p. 124.
5204:Roustan, Frédéric (2012).
4952:Decree of 17 October 1887.
4726:
4705:Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica
4476:
4456:French language in Vietnam
4453:
3782:
3660:After the second World War
3655:War in Vietnam (1945–1946)
3652:
3532:In September 1940, during
3505:
3460:Trotskyist left opposition
3391:
3334:resident-superior of Annam
2982:
2892:. Afterwards they created
2860:that France received from
2597:
2574:Resident-Superior of Annam
2119:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
2116:
2067:
1919:
1913:
1803:
1797:
1738:French conquest of Vietnam
1727:
1724:First French interventions
1713:
1675:, but France subsequently
1627:in 1862 and established a
994:French Indochinese piastre
787:French conquest of Vietnam
12804:Cambodia–France relations
12581:
12232:
12167:
12126:
12057:
12021:
11920:
11834:
11768:
11730:1940 Cochinchina uprising
11700:1916 Cochinchina uprising
11647:
11570:
11509:
11465:
11448:
11430:
11426:
11415:
11387:
11374:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
11347:
11307:
11303:
11292:
11251:
11235:French East India Company
11225:
11197:
11145:
11097:
11049:
11010:
10998:French West India Company
10988:
10960:
10891:
10848:
10807:
10780:
10752:
10714:
10632:
10604:
10565:
10558:
10482:
10424:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
10412:
10399:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
10361:
10283:1916 Cochinchina uprising
10211:
10158:
10145:France–Thailand relations
10122:
9974:. The History Place. 1999
9845:Tønnesson, Stein (2010).
9836:Thomazi, Auguste (1934).
9307:; Hémery, Daniel (2004).
9034:Free University of Berlin
8662:10.1017/S0034670500039073
8499:(2 ed.). Routledge.
8407:Vietnam: Past and Present
7971:10.1017/S0026749X00014001
7558:. Routledge. p. 60.
6977:Free University of Berlin
6819:Free University of Berlin
6799:(1996): L'Harmattan. (in
6739:10.1017/s0026749x00003590
6611:Columbia University Press
6571:22 September 2019 at the
6505:Free University of Berlin
6383:Free University of Berlin
6229:Murdoch, John B. (1974).
6201:10.1017/S0026749X00012646
6153:Columbia University Press
5936:Free University of Berlin
5828:Free University of Berlin
5824:"Indochina (Version 1.0)"
5512:Bảo tàng Lịch sử Quốc gia
5469:Free University of Berlin
4995:
4987:
4935:
4921:
4680:and labour organisation.
4666:Trans-Indochinois railway
4636:British port of Singapore
4046:
4038:
4024:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3964:
3953:
3944:
3917:United States involvement
3638:Vietnamese Famine of 1945
3332:) must be chaired by the
3045:to Europe and by sending
2168:by French troops in 1904.
1771:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
1754:", the occupation of the
1478:Localised version of the
1467:
1437:
1385:First Kingdom of Cambodia
999:
989:
985:
975:
965:
961:
956:
946:
941:
937:
924:
911:
898:
885:
872:
857:
842:
826:
810:
796:
783:
779:
769:
765:
753:
743:• 1887–1888 (first)
741:
737:
727:
655:
643:
572:
440:
317:
279:
265:
250:
234:
204:
185:
142:
137:
121:
107:
93:
68:
34:
12814:France–Vietnam relations
12709:20th century in Cambodia
12704:19th century in Cambodia
12560:Occupied Solomon Islands
12548:Occupied Gilbert Islands
12438:Kingdom of Luang Prabang
11513: the Indian Ocean
10464:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
10404:Geneva Conference (1954)
10140:France–Vietnam relations
9746:Owen, Norman G. (2005).
9542:(Feb 1955) 5#3 pp 84–94.
9330:Chandler, David (2007).
9214:South East Asia Research
8324:Ho Chi Minh: A Biography
8241:Donaldson, Gary (1996).
7936:The Asia-Pacific Journal
7275:South East Asia Research
6246:(1). Siam Heritage Trust
5433:Jolivet, Muriel (2005).
5329:10.1177/0957155804040405
4857:
4647:Kunming–Haiphong railway
4534:and dairy products from
4257:Indochina in 1891 (from
4033:Ministry of the Colonies
3773:Fontainebleau Agreements
3712:during the Indochina War
3546:Second Sino-Japanese War
3316:) was established after
3304:resting on two sculpted
3169:
2993:Cambodia–Japan relations
2945:Chinese Republican flags
2367:Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu
2288:Heaven and Earth Society
2284:Manchu conquest of China
1730:France–Vietnam relations
1690:, led by former Emperor
1629:protectorate in Cambodia
755:• 1955–1956 (last)
600:Vietnamese folk religion
12699:20th century in Vietnam
12694:19th century in Vietnam
12659:Former colonies in Asia
12487:Occupied British Borneo
11806:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
11755:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
11421:Uninhabited territories
10932:Saint Kitts & Nevis
10495:Tirailleurs indochinois
10429:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
10384:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
10374:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
10348:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
10239:Siege of Tourane (1858)
10051:(in English and French)
10040:(in English and French)
10013:Zinoman, Peter (2001).
9705:Neville, Peter (2007).
9507:A Short History of Laos
9458:Edwards, Penny (2007).
9370:Chapuis, Oscar (2000).
9349:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
9119:1 November 2013 at the
8458:Marr, David G. (2013).
8404:SarDesai, D.R. (2018).
8268:Neville, Peter (2007).
8214:Miller, Edward (2016).
7953:Dũng, Bùi Minh (1995).
7662:Min, Pyong Gap (2021).
7525:Min, Pyong Gap (2021).
7178:Frank N. Trager (ed.).
7087:, I.S.B.N 2-7025-0436-1
6665:Trân, Claire Thi Liên:
6601:Peycam, Philippe M. F:
6542:, paperback, 629 pages.
6143:Peycam, Philippe M. F:
6121:Oxford University Press
6053:Chapuis, Oscar (2000).
5317:French Cultural Studies
5152:Chapuis (1995), p. 195.
5011:Fédération indochinoise
4715:in central Vietnam and
4464:French language in Laos
4338:in Cochinchina and the
4286:Flooded street of Hanoi
4089:(敕, "Imperial Order"),
3875:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
3491:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3367:(ICP) which were often
3036:war situation in Europe
2989:Japan–Vietnam relations
2894:La Tribune indochinoise
2577:Ernest Fernand Lévecque
2282:refugees following the
1696:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ
1579:Mainland Southeast Asia
1561:(previously spelled as
1546:As Commissioner-General
928:Second disestablishment
12799:French Fourth Republic
12779:French colonial empire
12669:Former French colonies
11816:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
11675:Pacification of Tonkin
11642:independence movements
11351: collectivities
11189:Sanjak of Alexandretta
11042:Former French colonies
10839:Former French colonies
10597:Former French colonies
10552:French overseas empire
10261:Pacification of Tonkin
10150:France–China relations
10135:French colonial empire
9961:
9786:Peters, Erica (2012).
9606:(2014). Pulitzer Prize
9123:. Arnaud Georges. In:
9038:Bavarian State Library
8650:The Review of Politics
8573:Chen, King C. (2015).
8055:In the Jaws of History
7800:Soh, C. Sarah (2020).
7715:THOMA, PAMELA (2004).
7428:Truong, Chinh (1971).
7211:17 August 2020 at the
6981:Bavarian State Library
6823:Bavarian State Library
6509:Bavarian State Library
6387:Bavarian State Library
5940:Bavarian State Library
5832:Bavarian State Library
5473:Bavarian State Library
5378:11 August 2022 at the
5311:Yee, Jennifer (2004).
5230:10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52
5222:10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52
5164:Chapuis (2000), p. 48.
5051:
5047:Principality of Monaco
5010:
4973:
4965:
4907:
4899:
4880:
4872:
4627:
4607:
4484:colonie d'exploitation
4483:
4438:
4432:
4414:
4370:
4293:
4289:Landing stage of Hanoi
4260:
4181:
4125:
4105:(later renamed to the
4093:(誌, "Ordinance"), and
3956:
3890:
3713:
3578:On 9 March 1945, with
3548:against the forces of
3529:
3416:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
3403:
3361:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
3283:national consciousness
3232:French Communist Party
3203:
3089:
3051:intervening in Siberia
2985:France–Japan relations
2763:romantic relationships
2638:
2427:
2317:shipping company, the
2315:Est Asiatique français
2267:which established the
2239:was worried about the
2169:
2043:Japanese women called
2038:kings of Luang Prabang
1990:
1974:
1824:French colonial empire
1819:
1571:Indochinese Federation
1569:and after 1941 as the
1505:
876:First disestablishment
210:
191:
54:
40:
12809:France–Laos relations
12794:French Third Republic
12462:Occupied West Sumatra
12178:independence movement
11298:Inhabited territories
11230:France–Asia relations
10785:Somaliland (Djibouti)
10434:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
10130:France–Asia relations
9752:. U of Hawaii Press.
9671:. New York: Praeger.
9667:McLeod, Mark (1991).
9578:The A to Z of Vietnam
9505:Evans, Grant (2002).
9332:A History of Cambodia
9125:Annales de Géographie
8936:6 August 2020 at the
8559:Edward Rice-Maximin,
8375:Ho, Chi Minh (1995).
7555:Japan's Comfort Women
7552:Tanaka, Yuki (2003).
6955:A history of Cambodia
6645:A History of Cambodia
4908:Đông Dương thuộc Pháp
4711:in northern Vietnam,
4614:Musée Louis Finot in
4613:
4597:
4508:Banque de l'Indochine
4489:economic exploitation
4439:colonie de peuplement
4412:
4360:
4256:
4171:
4115:
3893:On 20 July 1954, the
3888:
3707:
3519:
3456:Vietnamese Communists
3430:in northern Vietnam.
3414:was sponsored by the
3401:
3392:Further information:
3388:Yên Bái mutiny (1930)
3200:scientific literature
3177:
3123:umbrella organisation
3102:Gaston Ernest Liébert
3080:A 1920 report by the
3079:
2700:served in the Balkans
2607:
2570:ministry of education
2543:indigenous population
2425:
2369:. The members of the
2163:
2129:Paknam naval incident
2068:Further information:
1980:
1968:
1855:Charles de Montigny's
1817:
1708:Geneva Accord of 1954
1633:French Third Republic
698:Cambodia Protectorate
595:Chinese folk religion
318:Common languages
237:Vietnamese-style seal
12789:Second French Empire
12719:20th century in Laos
12714:19th century in Laos
12625:21.0333°N 105.8500°E
12426:Kingdom of Kampuchea
11705:Thái Nguyên uprising
11690:Yên Thế Insurrection
11665:Cochinchina Campaign
11576:overseas departments
11511:Scattered Islands in
11392: collectivity
10850:French North America
10394:Treaty of Huế (1884)
10389:Treaty of Huế (1883)
10379:Treaty of Huế (1863)
10353:Partition of Vietnam
10293:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
10288:Thái Nguyên uprising
9936:Tully, John (2003).
9711:. Psychology Press.
9648:Marr, David (1995).
9629:Marr, David (1982).
9610:Marr, David (1971).
9398:. HCM City Web. 2005
9209:7 April 2016 at the
7959:Modern Asian Studies
7827:Huff, Gregg (2020).
7576:25 July 2022 at the
7456:Ho Chi Minh (1971).
6731:Modern Asian Studies
6673:(2016), p. 305. (in
6472:(1994), p. 248. (in
6193:Modern Asian Studies
6187:17 June 2018 at the
5536:Education in Vietnam
4974:Liên bang Đông Dương
4723:Architectural legacy
4163:Civil Code of Tonkin
3480:Franco-Soviet accord
3017:and the rest of the
2997:Japan–Laos relations
2969:Thái Nguyên uprising
2728:Battle of the Vosges
2704:Middle Eastern front
2465:. While places like
2386:Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục
2021:was added after the
1849:under the orders of
1845:) by French Admiral
1800:Cochinchina Campaign
1622:Second French Empire
1573:, was a grouping of
1480:Great Seal of France
1206:Kingdom of Kampuchea
1176:Kingdom of Champasak
1139:protectorate of Laos
867:Oct. 1940 – May 1941
495:and other Asiatics (
218:("The Marseillaise")
55:Liên bang Đông Dương
12621: /
12572:Occupied New Guinea
12353:Kingdom of Thailand
11750:First Indochina War
11710:Bazin assassination
11545:Juan de Nova Island
11432:North Pacific Ocean
11044:in Asia and Oceania
10439:Charles de Montigny
10343:First Indochina War
10298:Bazin assassination
9602:Logevall, Fredrik.
9182:10.7227/TJTH.35.1.2
9144:on 14 December 2010
8875:Juergensmeyer, Mark
8826:11 May 2022 at the
8634:The Washington Post
8298:Ho Chi Minh: A Life
7096:Patricia M. Pelley
6953:Chandler, David P:
6164:Gunn, Geoffrey C.:
5534:Jonathan D. London
5194:Thomazi, pp. 69–71.
5173:Chapuis, pp. 49–53.
5091:(11): 68–81. 1945.
5055:Albert-Désiré Barre
4900:Indochine française
4818:Lady of the Tropics
4701:Notre Dame de Paris
4512:Indochinese piastre
4444:Metropolitan France
4204:Metropolitan France
4159:Civil Code of Annam
4029:President of France
3795:First Indochina War
3785:First Indochina War
3779:First Indochina War
3727:General Order No. 1
3685:American President
3330:Hội đồng thượng thư
2886:La Tribune indigène
2862:its colonial empire
2552:and Huỳnh Côn, the
2286:and the Vietnamese
2243:victory during the
2030:emperors of Vietnam
2015:Kingdom of Cambodia
1983:Presidential Palace
1748:Alexandre de Rhodes
1704:Kingdom of Cambodia
1681:First Indochina War
1653:Japanese occupation
1631:in 1863. After the
1625:annexed Cochinchina
1605:in the centre, and
1486:, science, and the
846:Japanese occupation
668:Tonkin Protectorate
12512:Occupied Singapore
12500:Occupied Hong Kong
11968:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
11892:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
11801:Tonkin Free School
11450:Overseas territory
10975:France Antarctique
10962:Equinoctial France
10925:Dominican Republic
10047:, from around 1892
8608:on 30 October 2021
8563:(Greenwood, 1986).
8548:Street Without Joy
8434:Tragedy of Vietnam
8301:. Hachette Books.
7326:on 9 November 2018
6894:Vu-Hill, Kimloan:
6686:Brocheux, Pierre:
6584:Vu-Hill, Kimloan:
6213:Stuart-Fox, Martin
6178:Fox-Stuart, Martin
6082:Largo, V. (2002).
6061:. pp. 90–91.
5611:Histoire militaire
5592:David Marr (1971)
5107:– via JSTOR.
5059:Auguste-Jean Barre
4966:Union indochinoise
4782:In popular culture
4628:
4608:
4415:
4405:French settlements
4387:Theravāda Buddhism
4371:
4330:Ethnic Han Chinese
4294:
4182:
4155:Hoàng Việt luật lệ
4126:
3891:
3714:
3569:Battle of Ko Chang
3530:
3443:government led by
3404:
3382:political activism
3322:Hội đồng phụ chính
3239:Weimar era Germany
3227:illegal immigrants
3204:
3138:October Revolution
3090:
3057:forces during the
3029:Georges Clemenceau
2786:. Thereafter, the
2692:French West Africa
2639:
2635:Đông Dương vạn tuế
2562:bàn nghị học chính
2430:In June 1908, the
2428:
2410:sentenced to death
2382:Tonkin Free School
2245:Russo-Japanese War
2170:
2076:Cần Vương movement
2070:Cần Vương movement
1991:
1975:
1820:
1806:French Cochinchina
1661:Japanese surrender
1484:universal suffrage
800:French Cochinchina
688:French Cochinchina
678:Annam Protectorate
442:Ethnic groups
41:Union Indochinoise
12630:21.0333; 105.8500
12604:
12603:
12414:Empire of Vietnam
12187:
12186:
11912:Nguyễn Trung Trực
11847:Nguyễn Quang Bích
11791:Empire of Vietnam
11760:Geneva Conference
11740:August Revolution
11720:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
11685:Hanoi Poison Plot
11606:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11566:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11558:
11557:
11501:Amsterdam Islands
11492:Kerguelen Islands
11440:Clipperton Island
11411:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11379:Wallis and Futuna
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11147:Mandate for Syria
11137:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
11099:Indochinese Union
11006:
11005:
10803:
10802:
10716:Equatorial Africa
10518:
10517:
10328:August Revolution
10061:Pierre Brocheux:
9858:978-0-520-25602-6
9815:Tarling, Nicholas
9797:A History of Laos
9790:. AltaMira Press.
9778:978-0-7322-8197-7
9759:978-0-8248-2890-5
9718:978-0-415-35848-4
9588:978-0-8108-7646-0
9469:978-0-8248-2923-0
9450:978-0-7864-3285-1
9383:978-0-313-31170-3
9341:978-0-8133-4363-1
9322:978-2-7071-3412-7
9202:David Del Testa,
9100:978-0-7190-7755-5
8919:978-2-7071-3412-7
8913:, 2001, p. 178. (
8790:(in Vietnamese).
8141:Errington, p. 63.
8132:Tønnesson, p. 41.
8105:Addington, p. 30.
7038:(in Vietnamese).
6937:978-2-7384-2368-9
6791:Morlat, Patrice:
6770:Morlat, Patrice:
6749:Morlat, Patrice:
6643:Chandler, David:
6451:978-2-35250-105-3
6338:(in Vietnamese).
6278:(in Vietnamese).
5861:Osborne, Milton:
5510:(in Vietnamese).
4689:Hanoi Opera House
4622:in 1932, now the
4379:Mahayana Buddhism
4280:, in the quay of
4262:Le Monde illustré
4070:
4069:
3895:Geneva Conference
3889:Indochina in 1954
3881:Geneva Agreements
3803:associated states
3756:After persuading
3723:Douglas MacArthur
3678:, founder of the
3666:, a coalition of
3478:in the spirit of
3357:retours de France
3345:Bắc Ninh province
3059:Russian civil war
2902:their nationalism
2882:retours de France
2740:stretcher bearers
2518:Phu Mi Bun Revolt
2432:Hanoi Poison Plot
2269:Republic of China
2265:Xinhai Revolution
2034:kings of Cambodia
1567:Indochinese Union
1563:French Indo-China
1556:
1555:
1501:Classical Chinese
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1323:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1243:
1242:
1158:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
907:13 September 1945
852:22 September 1940
708:Laos Protectorate
615:Tai folk religion
338:
227:
36:Indochinese Union
18:French Indo-China
16:(Redirected from
12866:
12649:French Indochina
12636:
12635:
12633:
12632:
12631:
12626:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12614:
12570:
12569:
12568:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12546:
12545:
12544:
12534:
12533:
12532:
12522:
12521:
12520:
12510:
12509:
12508:
12498:
12497:
12496:
12485:
12484:
12483:
12472:
12471:
12470:
12460:
12459:
12458:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12424:
12423:
12422:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12402:French Indochina
12400:
12399:
12398:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12375:
12374:
12373:
12363:
12362:
12361:
12351:
12350:
12349:
12339:
12338:
12337:
12327:
12326:
12325:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12303:
12302:
12301:
12291:
12290:
12289:
12279:
12278:
12277:
12267:
12266:
12265:
12255:
12254:
12253:
12243:
12242:
12241:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12191:
12190:
12182:
12144:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
12080:Governor-General
12075:French Indochina
11963:Nguyễn Thần Hiến
11948:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
11835:Uprising Leaders
11680:Bãi Sậy uprising
11633:
11626:
11619:
11610:
11609:
11531:Glorioso Islands
11512:
11463:
11462:
11456:
11452:
11428:
11427:
11417:
11416:
11391:
11364:Saint Barthélemy
11359:French Polynesia
11350:
11310:
11305:
11304:
11294:
11293:
11279:
11272:
11265:
11256:
11255:
11064:Coromandel Coast
11035:
11028:
11021:
11012:
11011:
10893:French Caribbean
10873:Terre Neuve
10832:
10825:
10818:
10809:
10808:
10590:
10583:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10545:
10538:
10531:
10522:
10521:
10505:Tonkinese Rifles
10203:State of Vietnam
10116:French Indochina
10109:
10102:
10095:
10086:
10085:
10081:
10052:
10041:
10028:
10009:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9967:
9964:
9951:
9932:
9929:Internet Archive
9912:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9841:
9832:
9810:
9791:
9782:
9763:
9742:
9722:
9701:
9682:
9663:
9644:
9625:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9571:
9569:
9567:
9551:
9535:
9518:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9473:
9454:
9433:
9421:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9387:
9366:
9345:
9326:
9305:Brocheux, Pierre
9300:
9298:
9296:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9256:
9235:
9232:
9226:
9223:
9217:
9200:
9194:
9193:
9165:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9134:
9128:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9084:
9078:
9075:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9025:
9000:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8951:
8945:
8928:
8922:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8850:
8844:
8837:
8831:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8792:Đài Á Châu Tự Do
8783:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8757:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8705:
8682:
8681:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8570:
8564:
8557:
8551:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8428:
8422:
8421:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8142:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8124:
8121:
8115:
8114:Neville, p. 119.
8112:
8106:
8103:
8097:
8096:Tuchman, p. 235.
8094:
8088:
8087:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7586:
7580:
7569:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7502:. Archived from
7496:
7490:
7489:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7425:
7419:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7325:
7319:. Archived from
7314:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7235:
7229:
7222:
7216:
7202:
7196:
7189:
7183:
7176:
7170:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7130:
7129:
7107:
7101:
7094:
7088:
7081:
7075:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7046:
7031:
7018:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6968:
6962:
6951:
6940:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6909:
6903:
6892:
6886:
6871:
6865:
6852:Zinoman, Peter,
6850:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6810:
6804:
6789:
6783:
6768:
6762:
6747:
6741:
6727:
6721:
6712:Gunn, Geoffrey:
6710:
6699:
6684:
6678:
6663:
6652:
6641:
6635:
6620:
6614:
6599:
6593:
6582:
6576:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6549:
6543:
6538:Sanderson Beck:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6496:
6477:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6437:
6428:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6374:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6308:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6271:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6235:
6226:
6220:
6210:
6204:
6175:
6169:
6162:
6156:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6118:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6050:
6044:
6038:Nguyễn Đình Hoà
6036:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6013:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5927:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5819:
5614:
5603:
5597:
5590:
5584:
5583:, p. 57-68.
5578:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5556:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
5532:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5503:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5411:
5405:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5361:on 17 July 2015.
5347:
5341:
5340:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5201:
5195:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5174:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5153:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5085:Population Index
5082:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5049:, 2013) Quote: "
5041:Lecompte, Jean.
5039:
5022:
5019:
5013:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4929:
4927:Ĕnduchĕn Bareăng
4923:
4915:
4914:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4868:
4748:Ho Chi Minh City
4699:(resembling the
4691:(modeled on the
4657:capital city of
4604:Long Biên Bridge
4495:on the trade of
4486:
4441:
4435:
4423:French civilians
4265:
4238:ancestor worship
4192:Code de commerce
4118:small cash coins
4074:governor-general
4010:French Indochina
3974:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3871:Norodom Sihanouk
3843:Battle of Nà Sản
3835:Lào Cai province
3831:Bảo Yên District
3799:State of Vietnam
3580:France liberated
3363:(VNQDĐ) and the
3086:Nguyễn Tất Thành
3007:invaded and took
2911:, alleging that
2890:Nguyễn Phan Long
2850:investment funds
2832:Overseas Chinese
2732:Battle of Verdun
2712:Joseph Buttinger
2680:Pháp-Việt Đề huề
2654:
2653:
2649:
2608:A report by the
2440:Citadel of Hanoi
2276:secret societies
2100:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
2050:French postcards
1875:Treaty of Saigon
1688:State of Vietnam
1649:Vichy government
1559:French Indochina
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1425:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1168:
1167:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1110:
1109:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1043:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1001:
1000:
920:19 December 1946
894:2 September 1945
868:
853:
834:
729:Governor-General
717:
706:
696:
686:
676:
666:
518:0.2% Europeans (
334:
310:
309:(1902/1945–1954)
301:
292:
255:
246:
229:
228:
219:
215:
196:
177:
173:
164:
150:
132:
124:
123:
118:
110:
109:
104:
96:
95:
90:
82:
81:
71:
70:
65:
57:
51:
43:
32:
31:
21:
12874:
12873:
12869:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12864:
12863:
12774:New Imperialism
12639:
12638:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12620:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12608:
12607:
12605:
12600:
12577:
12576:
12566:
12564:
12554:
12552:
12542:
12540:
12530:
12528:
12518:
12516:
12506:
12504:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12481:
12479:
12474:Occupied Malaya
12468:
12466:
12456:
12454:
12444:
12442:
12432:
12430:
12420:
12418:
12408:
12406:
12396:
12394:
12383:
12381:
12371:
12369:
12359:
12357:
12347:
12345:
12335:
12333:
12323:
12321:
12311:
12309:
12299:
12297:
12287:
12285:
12275:
12273:
12263:
12261:
12251:
12249:
12239:
12237:
12228:
12222:Empire of Japan
12218:
12188:
12183:
12173:Wars in Vietnam
12169:
12163:
12122:
12053:
12017:
12008:Phan Văn Trường
11973:Nguyễn Thái Học
11921:Revolutionaries
11916:
11907:Đinh Công Tráng
11897:Tôn Thất Thuyết
11877:Phan Đình Phùng
11862:Nguyễn Hữu Huân
11830:
11764:
11655:Siege of Saigon
11643:
11637:
11607:
11598:
11580:Claimed by the
11554:
11550:Tromelin Island
11521:Bassas da India
11505:
11455:French Southern
11444:
11422:
11403:
11383:
11343:
11311: regions
11299:
11288:
11286:Overseas France
11283:
11239:
11221:
11193:
11179:Greater Lebanon
11149:and the Lebanon
11148:
11141:
11093:
11045:
11039:
11002:
10984:
10956:
10887:
10844:
10842:in the Americas
10836:
10799:
10776:
10748:
10710:
10628:
10600:
10594:
10554:
10549:
10519:
10514:
10478:
10459:Francis Garnier
10417:
10415:
10408:
10357:
10207:
10160:
10154:
10118:
10113:
10079:
10050:
10039:
10036:
10031:
10025:
10006:
9977:
9975:
9970:
9954:
9948:
9925:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9840:. Paris: Payot.
9829:
9807:
9779:
9760:
9727:Osborne, Milton
9719:
9698:
9679:
9660:
9641:
9622:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9565:
9563:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9470:
9451:
9430:
9412:Duiker, William
9401:
9399:
9390:
9384:
9363:
9342:
9323:
9294:
9292:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9244:
9239:
9238:
9233:
9229:
9224:
9220:
9211:Wayback Machine
9201:
9197:
9166:
9157:
9147:
9145:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9121:Wayback Machine
9112:
9108:
9101:
9085:
9081:
9076:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9047:
9045:
9044:, among others)
9026:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8977:
8973:
8966:
8952:
8948:
8938:Wayback Machine
8929:
8925:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8871:
8867:
8859:
8851:
8847:
8838:
8834:
8828:Wayback Machine
8810:
8806:
8796:
8794:
8784:
8777:
8767:
8765:
8758:
8725:
8715:
8713:
8706:
8685:
8646:
8642:
8625:
8621:
8611:
8609:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8571:
8567:
8558:
8554:
8545:
8541:
8534:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8491:
8487:
8472:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8402:
8398:
8391:
8373:
8369:
8362:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8293:
8289:
8282:
8266:
8262:
8255:
8239:
8235:
8228:
8212:
8208:
8201:
8185:
8181:
8174:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8091:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8050:
8043:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8014:
8013:
8009:
7990:
7986:
7951:
7947:
7928:
7924:
7913:
7909:
7894:
7890:
7871:
7867:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7713:
7709:
7702:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7649:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7606:
7602:
7587:
7583:
7578:Wayback Machine
7566:
7550:
7546:
7539:
7523:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7506:on 6 April 2023
7498:
7497:
7493:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7467:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7441:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7398:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7312:
7306:
7302:
7271:
7267:
7236:
7232:
7223:
7219:
7213:Wayback Machine
7203:
7199:
7190:
7186:
7177:
7173:
7164:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7133:
7126:
7118:. p. 442.
7108:
7104:
7095:
7091:
7082:
7078:
7058:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7032:
7021:
7009:
7005:
6990:
6988:
6987:, among others)
6969:
6965:
6952:
6943:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6910:
6906:
6893:
6889:
6872:
6868:
6851:
6847:
6832:
6830:
6829:, among others)
6811:
6807:
6790:
6786:
6769:
6765:
6748:
6744:
6728:
6724:
6711:
6702:
6685:
6681:
6664:
6655:
6642:
6638:
6621:
6617:
6600:
6596:
6583:
6579:
6575:, by Jeff Drake
6573:Wayback Machine
6564:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6518:
6516:
6515:, among others)
6497:
6480:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6438:
6431:
6417:Sarraut, Albert
6415:
6411:
6396:
6394:
6393:, among others)
6375:
6354:
6344:
6342:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6272:
6263:
6249:
6247:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6211:
6207:
6195:. 29:1 p. 111.
6189:Wayback Machine
6180:(Winter 1995).
6176:
6172:
6163:
6159:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6123:US. p. 7.
6109:
6105:
6098:
6090:. p. 111.
6088:Nova Publishers
6080:
6076:
6069:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6015:Van Thao Trinh
6014:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5949:
5947:
5946:, among others)
5928:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5841:
5839:
5838:, among others)
5820:
5617:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5562:
5540:Phan Đình Phùng
5533:
5529:
5516:
5514:
5504:
5497:
5482:
5480:
5479:, among others)
5461:
5454:
5447:
5431:
5427:
5412:
5408:
5380:Wayback Machine
5370:
5366:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5309:
5305:
5298:IIAS Newsletter
5290:
5286:
5278:
5264:
5260:
5245:
5241:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5112:
5097:10.2307/2730333
5077:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5005:
5001:
4996:ສະຫະພາບອິນໂດຈີນ
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4941:Indouchin Frang
4894:
4890:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4828:
4793:Niok l'éléphant
4784:
4731:
4729:French colonial
4725:
4643:southwest China
4592:
4479:
4470:French language
4466:
4452:
4407:
4355:
4346:French minority
4292:
4251:
4246:
4058:
3994:17 October 1887
3977:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3919:
3883:
3791:
3783:Main articles:
3781:
3708:Members of the
3699:Chiang Kai-shek
3670:and Vietnamese
3657:
3651:
3561:Franco-Thai War
3550:Chiang Kai-shek
3514:
3506:Main articles:
3504:
3436:
3428:Red River Delta
3396:
3390:
3306:Asian elephants
3172:
3142:Sûreté générale
3074:
2999:
2981:
2813:Colonial School
2651:
2647:
2646:
2602:
2596:
2538:
2514:Bolaven Plateau
2331:Phan Châu Trinh
2232:
2208:Front Populaire
2158:
2153:
2121:
2115:
2084:Phan Đình Phùng
2072:
2066:
1995:Sino-French War
1936:
1918:
1916:Tonkin campaign
1912:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1740:
1728:Main articles:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1700:Kingdom of Laos
1637:Tonkin campaign
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1512:大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩
1498:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1399:Kingdom of Laos
1390:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1342:
1337:Empire of Japan
1328:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1260:
1254:
1231:
1223:
1213:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1165:
1157:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1021:
978:
968:
949:
933:27 October 1946
930:
917:
904:
902:Reestablishment
891:
878:
866:
863:
861:Franco-Thai War
851:
848:
835:
829:
819:
806:17 October 1862
803:
789:
774:New Imperialism
756:
748:Ernest Constans
744:
723:
712:
639:
568:
446:
436:
325:
313:
308:
304:
299:
295:
290:
286:
261:
241:
230:
223:
220:
217:
216:
212:La Marseillaise
200:
181:
180:
179:
175:
171:
165:
157:
156:
151:
133:
126:
119:
112:
108:ສະຫະພາບອິນດູຈີນ
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
66:
59:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12872:
12862:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12602:
12601:
12599:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12582:
12579:
12578:
12575:
12574:
12562:
12550:
12538:
12536:Occupied Nauru
12526:
12514:
12502:
12490:
12478:
12476:
12464:
12452:
12440:
12428:
12416:
12404:
12392:
12379:
12367:
12365:State of Burma
12355:
12343:
12331:
12319:
12307:
12295:
12283:
12271:
12259:
12247:
12234:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12217:
12216:
12209:
12202:
12194:
12185:
12184:
12181:
12180:
12175:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12149:Huỳnh Công Tấn
12146:
12141:
12136:
12134:Hoàng Cao Khải
12130:
12128:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12119:
12118:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12084:
12083:
12082:
12072:
12067:
12065:Albert Sarraut
12061:
12059:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12025:
12023:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12003:Phan Chu Trinh
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11983:Nguyễn An Ninh
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11924:
11922:
11918:
11917:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11887:Hoàng Hoa Thám
11884:
11879:
11874:
11872:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn
11869:
11867:Phan Xích Long
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11838:
11836:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11796:Nguyễn dynasty
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11772:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11715:Yên Bái mutiny
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11651:
11649:
11645:
11644:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11621:
11613:
11604:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11597:
11596:
11590:
11584:
11578:
11574:Also known as
11571:
11568:
11567:
11564:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11537:Banc du Geyser
11528:
11523:
11517:
11515:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11503:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11477:Crozet Islands
11474:
11466:
11460:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11436:
11434:
11424:
11423:
11413:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11395:
11393:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11355:
11353:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11315:
11313:
11301:
11300:
11290:
11289:
11282:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11259:
11253:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11237:
11232:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11184:Jabal al-Druze
11181:
11176:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11157:State of Syria
11153:
11151:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11114:
11109:
11103:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11055:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11038:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11015:
11008:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10966:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10952:Virgin Islands
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10916:Saint-Domingue
10913:
10911:The Grenadines
10908:
10903:
10897:
10895:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10880:
10878:French Florida
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10854:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10835:
10834:
10827:
10820:
10812:
10805:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10797:
10795:Isle de France
10792:
10787:
10781:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10758:
10756:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10720:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10709:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10676:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10638:
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10610:
10608:
10602:
10601:
10593:
10592:
10585:
10578:
10570:
10560:
10556:
10555:
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10474:Albert Sarraut
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10449:Amédée Courbet
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10303:Yên Bái mutiny
10300:
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10034:External links
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9550:. Delta Books.
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9396:Hochiminh City
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9138:"Ga Hải Phòng"
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8656:(4): 351–374.
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7482:Ho, Chi Minh.
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7358:978-1139510875
7357:
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7281:(3): 269–293.
7265:
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7191:Daniel Hemery
7184:
7171:
7165:Daniel Hemery
7158:
7156:, p. 119.
7146:
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5609:, pp. 272–75;
5598:
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5544:Phan Chu Trinh
5527:
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5143:Tucker, p. 29.
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4922:ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង
4888:
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4802:The 1992 film
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4727:Main article:
4724:
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4693:Palais Garnier
4620:Ernest Hébrard
4591:
4590:Infrastructure
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4448:
4406:
4403:
4391:Roman Catholic
4381:influenced by
4365:, inspired by
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4051:Norodom Palace
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3938:Administration
3936:
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3915:
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3852:Võ Nguyên Giáp
3848:carpet bombing
3827:la sale guerre
3819:Foreign Legion
3780:
3777:
3653:Main article:
3650:
3647:
3503:
3500:
3484:Georges Mandel
3435:
3432:
3412:Yên Bái mutiny
3410:garrison. The
3394:Yên Bái mutiny
3389:
3386:
3326:Southern court
3196:Southern Court
3171:
3168:
3131:Central Powers
3073:
3070:
3047:its own forces
2980:
2977:
2965:Milton Osborne
2953:Phan Xích Long
2929:Tai Lue people
2904:as dangerous.
2846:mise en valeur
2717:modern warfare
2678:; Vietnamese:
2672:Albert Sarraut
2616:Nguyễn dynasty
2598:Main article:
2595:
2592:
2537:
2534:
2482:Phan Xích Long
2414:Côn Sơn Island
2231:
2228:
2164:Occupation of
2157:
2154:
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2149:
2143:Thai-speaking
2117:Main article:
2114:
2111:
2088:Phan Chu Trinh
2065:
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1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1867:Catholic faith
1832:Nguyễn dynasty
1798:Main article:
1795:
1792:
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1651:and was under
1641:Fall of France
1601:in the north,
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838:5 January 1900
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770:Historical era
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12524:Occupied Guam
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12127:Collaborators
12125:
12117:
12116:Administrator
12114:
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12109:
12105:
12104:Administrator
12102:
12101:
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12097:
12093:
12092:Administrator
12090:
12089:
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12085:
12081:
12078:
12077:
12076:
12073:
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12068:
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12063:
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12060:
12058:French rulers
12056:
12050:
12047:
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12042:
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12037:
12035:
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12027:
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11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
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11954:
11953:Vũ Hồng Khanh
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11938:Phan Bội Châu
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11928:Lương Văn Can
11926:
11925:
11923:
11919:
11913:
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11797:
11794:
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11789:
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11773:
11771:
11769:Organisations
11767:
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11526:Europa Island
11524:
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11414:
11400:
11399:New Caledonia
11397:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
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11352:
11346:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11319:French Guiana
11317:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11306:
11302:
11295:
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11190:
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11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11174:Alawite State
11172:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11159:
11158:
11155:
11154:
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10953:
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10942:Saint Vincent
10940:
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10828:
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10821:
10819:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10806:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10767:Grande Comore
10765:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10751:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10717:
10713:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10684:Four Communes
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10668:
10667:Arguin Island
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10642:Côte d'Ivoire
10640:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10609:
10607:
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10598:
10591:
10586:
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10577:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10564:
10561:
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10546:
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10534:
10532:
10527:
10526:
10523:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10483:Organisations
10481:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10469:Auguste Pavie
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10454:Henri Rivière
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10416:personalities
10411:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
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10364:
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10319:
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10311:
10309:
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10299:
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10225:
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10071:
10068:
10064:
10060:
10057:
10056:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10038:
10037:
10026:
10024:0-520-22412-4
10020:
10016:
10011:
10007:
10005:0-395-20367-8
10001:
9997:
9992:
9989:
9988:History Today
9985:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9963:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9947:0-7618-2431-6
9943:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9924:0-8131-0966-3
9920:
9916:
9911:
9910:
9903:
9892:
9890:0-345-30823-9
9886:
9882:
9878:
9877:
9871:
9860:
9854:
9850:
9849:
9843:
9839:
9834:
9830:
9828:0-415-23289-9
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9806:0-521-59235-6
9802:
9798:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9770:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9714:
9710:
9709:
9703:
9699:
9697:0-520-04000-7
9693:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9678:0-275-93562-0
9674:
9670:
9665:
9661:
9659:0-520-07833-0
9655:
9651:
9646:
9642:
9640:0-520-04180-1
9636:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9621:0-520-01813-3
9617:
9613:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9579:
9573:
9562:
9561:Alpha History
9558:
9553:
9549:
9544:
9541:
9540:History Today
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9520:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9503:
9492:
9490:0-275-93560-4
9486:
9482:
9481:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9446:
9443:. McFarland.
9442:
9441:
9435:
9431:
9429:0-8014-0951-9
9425:
9420:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9368:
9364:
9362:0-313-29622-7
9358:
9354:
9353:
9347:
9343:
9337:
9333:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9290:
9286:
9281:
9270:
9268:0-253-21360-6
9264:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9247:
9246:
9231:
9222:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9199:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9083:
9074:
9064:
9057:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8996:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8975:
8967:
8965:9781853593628
8961:
8957:
8950:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8927:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8906:
8898:
8896:9780195137989
8892:
8888:
8884:
8881:. p. 4.
8880:
8876:
8869:
8858:
8857:
8849:
8842:
8836:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8793:
8789:
8782:
8780:
8763:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8711:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8623:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8588:
8582:
8578:
8577:
8569:
8562:
8556:
8549:
8543:
8535:
8529:
8525:
8524:
8516:
8508:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8454:
8446:
8440:
8436:
8435:
8427:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8400:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8357:
8353:
8352:
8344:
8336:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8318:
8310:
8304:
8300:
8299:
8291:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8264:
8256:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8237:
8229:
8223:
8219:
8218:
8210:
8202:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8183:
8175:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8156:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8123:Duong, p. 21.
8120:
8111:
8102:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8067:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8048:
8046:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8020:. AKG3807269.
8019:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7942:(5 Number 4).
7941:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7902:Hyperallergic
7899:
7892:
7884:
7883:10.58079/q5o2
7880:
7876:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7842:
7836:
7832:
7831:
7823:
7815:
7809:
7805:
7804:
7796:
7788:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7658:
7650:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7548:
7540:
7534:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7487:
7486:
7478:
7469:
7461:
7460:
7452:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7341:
7322:
7318:
7317:cambridge.org
7311:
7304:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7240:Asian Affairs
7234:
7227:
7221:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7201:
7194:
7188:
7181:
7175:
7168:
7162:
7155:
7150:
7144:, p. 48.
7143:
7138:
7136:
7127:
7125:1-57607-040-9
7121:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7086:
7080:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6914:
6908:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6842:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6612:
6608:
6607:New York City
6604:
6598:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6562:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6535:
6528:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6314:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6258:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6167:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6149:New York City
6146:
6140:
6132:
6130:0-19-512501-0
6126:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6107:
6099:
6097:1-59033-368-3
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6070:
6068:0-313-31170-6
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6035:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5976:
5966:
5959:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5548:Phan Bội Châu
5545:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5524:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5500:
5492:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5216:(1): 52–105.
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5180:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5129:Owen, p. 106.
5126:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4988:សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន
4985:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4949:
4942:
4936:ອິນດູຈີນຝຣັ່ງ
4933:
4928:
4919:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4878:, instead of
4876:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:Luang Prabang
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4664:In 1936, the
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:United States
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4194:of 1807, the
4193:
4190:of 1804, the
4189:
4188:
4187:Code Napoléon
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:domino theory
3925:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:. The use of
3820:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:comfort women
3626:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3472:Marius Moutet
3469:
3468:Moscow Trials
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:Popular Front
3431:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3352:David G. Marr
3348:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3263:indigenophile
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:German people
3240:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:(Vietnamese:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:to fight the
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:German colony
3008:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:German Empire
2905:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:Luang Prabang
2814:
2810:
2809:Sisavang Vong
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2644:
2637:(大法萬歲, 東洋萬歲).
2636:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2494:Duy Tân Hội's
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:Phan Bội Châu
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2292:Thiên Địa Hội
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:yellow people
2246:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Luang Prabang
2167:
2162:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:Chulalongkorn
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:Phan Bội Châu
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1518:
1515:) written in
1507:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:Today part of
1436:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
974:
970:
964:
960:
955:
951:
945:
940:
936:
932:
929:
923:
919:
916:
915:Indochina War
910:
906:
903:
897:
893:
890:
884:
880:
877:
871:
865:
862:
856:
850:
847:
841:
837:
833:
825:
822:19 April 1899
821:
818:
815:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
788:
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
752:
749:
746:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:
658:
654:
651:
648:
646:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
571:
564:
563:West Africans
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:7.3% others (
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
461:
457:
455:
451:
450:
448:
443:
439:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
337:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
316:
307:
306:Saigon–Cholon
303:
298:
294:
289:
285:
284:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
254:
249:
245:
240:
238:
233:
214:
213:
207:
203:
195:
194:
188:
184:
178:
169:
163:
155:
149:
141:
136:
130:
122:សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន
116:
102:
94:สหภาพอินโดจีน
88:
75:
63:
56:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
12784:French Union
12606:
12401:
12226:World War II
12074:
12013:Trần Cao Vân
11993:Nguyễn Thành
11988:Nguyễn Quyền
11933:Trần Quý Cáp
11902:Cầm Bá Thước
11882:Tống Duy Tân
11852:Võ Duy Dương
11725:World War II
11535:
11469:
11369:Saint Martin
11205:New Hebrides
11098:
11059:Chandernagor
11051:French India
10883:French Texas
10739:Ubangi-Shari
10734:Middle Congo
10701:James Island
10606:North Africa
10308:World War II
10193:Guangzhouwan
10115:
10053:
10042:
10014:
9995:
9987:
9976:. Retrieved
9966:(in French).
9959:
9937:
9927:– via
9908:
9894:. Retrieved
9881:Random House
9875:
9862:. Retrieved
9847:
9837:
9818:
9796:
9787:
9768:
9748:
9730:
9707:
9687:
9668:
9649:
9630:
9611:
9603:
9592:. Retrieved
9577:
9564:. Retrieved
9560:
9547:
9539:
9523:
9506:
9494:. Retrieved
9479:
9459:
9439:
9417:
9400:. Retrieved
9395:
9372:
9351:
9331:
9312:
9308:
9293:. Retrieved
9288:
9272:. Retrieved
9252:
9242:Bibliography
9230:
9221:
9213:
9198:
9173:
9169:
9146:. Retrieved
9142:the original
9132:
9109:
9089:
9082:
9073:
9063:
9046:. Retrieved
8995:
8984:
8974:
8955:
8949:
8941:
8926:
8910:
8905:
8878:
8868:
8855:
8848:
8840:
8835:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8795:. Retrieved
8766:. Retrieved
8714:. Retrieved
8653:
8649:
8643:
8632:
8622:
8610:. Retrieved
8606:the original
8595:
8575:
8568:
8560:
8555:
8547:
8542:
8522:
8515:
8495:
8488:
8460:
8453:
8433:
8426:
8406:
8399:
8380:
8370:
8350:
8343:
8323:
8317:
8297:
8290:
8270:
8263:
8243:
8236:
8216:
8209:
8189:
8182:
8162:
8155:
8146:
8137:
8128:
8119:
8110:
8101:
8092:
8083:
8074:
8054:
8035:
8026:
8016:
8010:
8001:
7997:
7987:
7962:
7958:
7948:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7910:
7901:
7891:
7868:
7859:
7849:
7829:
7822:
7802:
7795:
7775:
7768:
7749:
7739:
7720:
7710:
7690:
7684:
7664:
7657:
7637:
7630:
7610:
7603:
7593:– via
7584:
7554:
7547:
7527:
7520:
7508:. Retrieved
7504:the original
7494:
7484:
7477:
7468:
7458:
7451:
7442:
7433:
7423:
7414:
7405:
7395:
7386:
7377:
7367:
7347:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7321:the original
7316:
7303:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7246:(2): 70–82.
7243:
7239:
7233:
7225:
7220:
7200:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7174:
7166:
7161:
7149:
7111:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7085:Les Linh Tap
7084:
7079:
7063:
7055:
7043:. Retrieved
7010:
7006:
6989:. Retrieved
6966:
6954:
6920:
6912:
6907:
6895:
6890:
6874:
6869:
6864:. Page: 199.
6853:
6848:
6831:. Retrieved
6808:
6792:
6787:
6771:
6766:
6750:
6745:
6730:
6725:
6713:
6687:
6682:
6666:
6651:2007, p. 146
6644:
6639:
6623:
6618:
6602:
6597:
6585:
6580:
6561:
6547:
6539:
6534:
6517:. Retrieved
6465:
6460:
6441:
6420:
6412:
6395:. Retrieved
6343:. Retrieved
6329:
6317:. Retrieved
6283:. Retrieved
6255:
6248:. Retrieved
6243:
6237:
6224:
6216:
6208:
6192:
6173:
6165:
6160:
6144:
6139:
6114:
6106:
6083:
6077:
6054:
6048:
6039:
6034:
6024:
6016:
6011:
6003:
5998:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5965:
5948:. Retrieved
5862:
5857:
5840:. Retrieved
5613:, pp. 124–25
5610:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5588:
5576:
5569:Annam–Tonkin
5568:
5563:
5552:Trần Quý Cáp
5535:
5530:
5522:
5515:. Retrieved
5481:. Retrieved
5435:
5428:
5419:
5409:
5367:
5359:the original
5354:
5345:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5297:
5287:
5271:
5261:
5252:
5242:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5190:
5169:
5148:
5125:
5088:
5084:
5073:
5053:Hélas,
5042:
5037:
5017:
5002:
4957:
4948:
4891:
4866:
4837:French Union
4816:
4803:
4792:
4732:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4640:
4629:
4602:Bridge, now
4576:
4540:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4505:
4501:rice alcohol
4480:
4467:
4428:
4416:
4383:Confucianism
4372:
4339:
4333:
4295:
4277:
4272:
4271:Panorama of
4258:
4244:Demographics
4233:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4120:in front of
4106:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4071:
4057:(1887–1902),
4047:Headquarters
4025:Appointed by
4002:21 July 1954
3932:
3920:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3860:
3856:Soviet Union
3840:
3826:
3823:metropolitan
3811:
3807:French Union
3792:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3715:
3695:Cordell Hull
3689:and General
3684:
3672:nationalists
3658:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3577:
3565:Vichy French
3558:
3538:Vichy France
3534:World War II
3531:
3524:painting in
3502:World War II
3496:insurrection
3488:
3476:
3453:
3449:Jules Brévié
3437:
3424:
3405:
3376:
3374:
3369:middle class
3356:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3311:
3302:war monument
3299:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3236:
3224:
3207:
3205:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3081:
3066:
3063:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3022:
3000:
2973:
2960:
2957:Mekong Delta
2925:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2825:
2821:
2784:Indian Ocean
2777:
2771:
2767:French women
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:brancardiers
2743:
2721:
2708:
2688:North Africa
2684:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2622:in the year
2609:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:Cao Xuân Dục
2547:
2539:
2524:tribes (the
2510:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2479:
2474:
2454:
2452:
2435:
2429:
2418:
2407:
2403:Phạm Duy Tốn
2396:for writing
2390:Confucianism
2385:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2273:
2261:Qing dynasty
2236:
2233:
2205:
2186:
2171:
2151:20th century
2137:
2133:Mekong River
2122:
2104:
2096:Trần Quý Cáp
2073:
2058:
2054:
2045:Karayuki-san
2042:
2027:
1992:
1950:) renounced
1937:
1934:Guangzhouwan
1892:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:Napoleon III
1840:
1821:
1789:19th century
1768:
1760:Khmer Empire
1756:Mekong Delta
1741:
1685:
1659:. After the
1645:World War II
1619:
1591:Guangzhouwan
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1495:
1474:
1458:
1417:French Union
1413:
1365:
1269:
1251:
1220:
1172:
1154:
1132:
1118:Qing dynasty
1114:
1094:
1048:Protectorate
1032:Protectorate
1028:
1010:Succeeded by
1009:
1004:
977:• 1937
967:• 1900
948:• Total
881:9 March 1945
832:Guangzhouwan
830:Addition of
802:established
719:Guangzhouwan
635:Christianity
630:Baháʼí Faith
590:Confucianism
259:Guangzhouwan
235:
205:
187:Motto:
186:
29:
12628: /
12616:105°51′00″E
12596:Pacific War
12154:Nguyễn Thân
12139:Trần Bá Lộc
12070:Jean Decoux
11998:Tạ Thu Thâu
11978:Hồ Chí Minh
11857:Trương Định
11786:Duy Tân Hội
11695:World War I
11592:Claimed by
11586:Claimed by
11471:Adélie Land
11389:Sui generis
11120:Cochinchina
10937:Saint Lucia
10691:Upper Volta
10634:West Africa
10278:World War I
10168:Cochinchina
10161:territories
10159:Constituent
10080:(in French)
9978:28 December
9896:28 November
9864:28 November
9496:28 November
9274:28 November
9176:(1): 1–17.
8944:(in French)
6925:(in French)
6733:34: 57–98.
6622:Le Van Ho,
5571:, pp. 39–77
5323:(5): 5–19.
5066:(in French)
4832:East Indies
4789:Walt Disney
4618:, built by
4606:, in Hanoi.
4600:Paul Doumer
4499:, salt and
4487:(colony of
4326:Montagnards
4066:(1902–1945)
3991:Established
3911:Vietnam War
3769:Free French
3676:Hồ Chí Minh
3464:Tạ Thu Thâu
3119:Duy Tân Hội
3024:Duy Tân Hội
2949:German Army
2759:egalitarian
2661:Cochinchina
2611:Viện cơ mật
2594:World War I
2475:Duy Tân Hội
2463:Tongmenghui
2459:Sun Yat-Sen
2455:Duy Tân Hội
2448:martial law
2436:tirailleurs
2375:Duy Tân Hội
2371:Duy Tân Hội
2361:Duy Tân Hội
2216:Angkor Thom
2197:Siam Nakhon
2176:and around
2145:Shan region
2107:World War I
2007:Cochinchina
1746:missionary
1669:Hồ Chí Minh
1607:Cochinchina
1597:regions of
1517:seal script
1488:Gallic cock
1066:Cochinchina
1005:Preceded by
814:Addition of
650:Indochinese
557:, etc...),
300:(1902–1945)
291:(1887–1902)
12643:Categories
12613:21°02′00″N
12039:Thành Thái
11958:Ngô Đức Kế
11640:Vietnamese
11588:Madagascar
11497:Saint Paul
11329:Martinique
11324:Guadeloupe
11079:Pondichéry
10790:Madagascar
10662:Mauritania
10123:Background
9739:B000K13QGO
9594:27 October
9532:B006DCCM9Q
9515:B000MBU21O
8821:Stable URL
8797:22 January
8390:0802133622
8361:0520041569
8254:0275956601
8065:0253335396
7730:0803296274
7701:0804751862
7565:1134650124
7330:9 November
6716:, in: The
6155:. Page 18.
5567:Fourniau,
5446:1134757166
5253:Simi Press
5185:Llewellyn.
5029:References
4970:Vietnamese
4904:Vietnamese
4882:Indo-Chine
4768:Battambang
4764:Phnom Penh
4703:) and the
4685:Beaux-Arts
4454:See also:
4298:Vietnamese
4249:Population
4178:Phnom Penh
4039:Main organ
3735:Kuomintang
3616:Wa (Japan)
3612:Three Alls
3522:propaganda
3458:and their
3184:Du-học-báo
3003:the allies
2983:See also:
2933:Muang Sing
2874:submarines
2800:Battambang
2796:Marseilles
2779:La Réunion
2696:Madagascar
2554:Thượng thư
2522:Lao Theung
2506:Phnom Penh
2398:Vietnamese
2303:Pháp thuộc
2280:Minh Hương
2212:Angkor Wat
2193:Battambang
2182:Chantaburi
2013:) and the
1956:Battambang
1952:suzerainty
1920:See also:
1888:Định Tường
1836:courtesans
1804:See also:
1775:Nguyễn Ánh
1719:Background
1595:Vietnamese
1305:Kingdom of
1289:Kingdom of
1224:Lao Issara
1098:Twelve Tai
981:23,300,000
971:15,164,500
957:Population
656:Membership
645:Demonym(s)
454:Vietnamese
432:Kam Mueang
330:Vietnamese
324:(official)
270:Federation
168:Great Seal
62:Vietnamese
12245:Manchukuo
11842:Phạm Bành
11821:Việt Minh
11776:Cần Vương
11594:Mauritius
11453: (
10863:Louisiana
10744:Cameroons
10055:Indochina
9956:"Vietnam"
9190:111066738
9068:Colonies.
9048:21 August
8768:10 August
8716:10 August
8678:145582758
8480:2691-0403
7979:145374444
7224:Ngô Văn,
7154:Gunn 2014
7074:. p. 276.
6991:21 August
6833:21 August
6613:. Page 4.
6519:21 August
6397:21 August
6340:VnExpress
5950:21 August
5842:17 August
5483:21 August
5355:Saigoneer
5337:162718081
4874:Indochine
4805:Indochine
4760:Vientiane
4719:in Laos.
4671:Marseille
4655:Yunnanese
4653:with the
4536:Australia
4234:Hương ước
4220:(鄉例) and
4213:Hương ước
4142:but were
3999:Dissolved
3687:Roosevelt
3668:Communist
3664:Việt Minh
3489:With the
3445:Leon Blum
3420:Cần Vương
3318:Khải Định
3055:Bolshevik
2941:Yunnanese
2913:Hong Kong
2900:regarded
2854:war bonds
2804:Siem Reap
2788:Khải Định
2736:logistics
2628:Đại Pháp
2624:Khải Định
2618:to Great
2467:Guangdong
2326:Cần Vương
2307:Cần Vương
2251:over the
2224:Siem Pang
2220:Siem Reap
2178:Champasak
1960:Siem Reap
1904:Vĩnh Long
1667:, led by
1665:Viet Minh
1462:Zhanjiang
1273:Empire of
1050:of Tonkin
792:1858–1885
573:Religion
565:, etc...)
515:, etc...)
422:Cantonese
12034:Hàm Nghi
12022:Emperors
11943:Cường Để
11349:Overseas
11309:Overseas
11167:Damascus
11116:Vietnam
11107:Cambodia
11084:Karaikal
10901:Dominica
10696:Togoland
10362:Treaties
10183:Cambodia
9817:(2001).
9729:(1969).
9566:4 August
9414:(1976).
9402:4 August
9295:4 August
9207:Archived
9117:Archived
8934:Archived
8824:Archived
8550:, p. 17.
7574:Archived
7295:23746947
7260:30171359
7209:Archived
7116:ABC-CLIO
7070:(1971):
7068:Berkeley
6860:(2001):
6858:Berkeley
6609:(2015):
6569:Archived
6215:(2001).
6185:Archived
6151:(2015):
5607:Conquête
5596:, pg. 68
5517:7 August
5376:Archived
5276:Archived
5234:Archived
4826:See also
4815:'s 1939
4744:Haiphong
4651:Haiphong
4584:Michelin
4493:monopoly
4450:Language
4375:Buddhism
4353:Religion
4218:Hương lệ
4180:in 1896.
4174:elephant
4151:Gia Long
4145:de facto
4122:Annamite
4079:governor
4031:and the
3986:Overview
3691:Stilwell
3592:Cambodia
3338:Trung Kỳ
3015:Tsingtao
2841:system.
2792:Sisowath
2730:and the
2702:and the
2353:Cường Để
2299:mandarin
2241:Japanese
2201:Sisophon
2080:Hàm Nghi
1948:Thailand
1946:(modern
1896:Châu Đốc
1884:Gia Định
1880:Biên Hòa
1752:Nam Tiến
1583:Cambodia
1499:Used on
1450:Cambodia
1369:State of
1291:Cambodia
1255:Thailand
1238:Thailand
1034:of Annam
990:Currency
620:Hinduism
605:Caodaism
580:Buddhism
12224:during
12159:Lê Hoan
12049:Bảo Đại
12044:Duy Tân
11781:Đông Du
11582:Comoros
11339:Réunion
11334:Mayotte
11252:Present
11210:Vanuatu
11198:Oceania
10970:Berbice
10906:Grenada
10762:Anjouan
10754:Comoros
10706:Albreda
10679:Senegal
10647:Dahomey
10624:Tunisia
10619:Morocco
10614:Algeria
9909:Vietnam
9234:Bailey.
9148:30 June
8999:Peters.
8877:(ed.).
8670:1408716
8612:29 July
7595:Twitter
7571:Alt URL
7510:22 July
7045:22 June
6939:, p. 45
6345:22 June
6319:22 June
6285:16 June
6250:2 April
5105:2730333
4787:In the
4695:), the
4659:Kunming
4477:Economy
4419:Algeria
4417:Unlike
4399:Hòa Hảo
4397:'s and
4395:Cao Đài
4377:, with
4278:Yun-nan
4273:Lac-Kaï
4222:Lệ làng
4139:de jure
4083:Đà Nẵng
3904:Bảo Đại
3805:of the
3761:Bảo Đại
3758:Emperor
3674:led by
3636:In the
3588:Vietnam
3408:Yên Bái
3314:Quy ước
3220:alcohol
3180:Bảo Đại
3106:Germany
2921:Beijing
2917:Bangkok
2870:Algeria
2782:in the
2774:Duy Tân
2724:cholera
2650:⁄
2630:vạn tuế
2556:of the
2530:Nyaheun
2502:Norodom
2471:Guangxi
2444:Đề Thám
2349:Đông Du
2344:Đông Du
2263:to the
2011:Vietnam
1973:in 1893
1940:Norodom
1900:Hà Tiên
1843:Da Nang
1779:Tây Sơn
1714:History
1692:Bảo Đại
1643:during
1442:Vietnam
1371:Vietnam
1275:Vietnam
1192:of Siam
1190:Kingdom
1100:Cantons
926:•
913:•
900:•
887:•
874:•
859:•
844:•
828:•
812:•
798:•
785:•
610:Hòa Hảo
535:Negrito
524:Germans
493:Chinese
427:Siamese
407:Teochew
402:Tai Dam
357:Cao Lan
336:Tây Bồi
280:Capital
206:Anthem:
87:Chinese
74:Chữ Hán
12387:
12029:Tự Đức
11648:Events
11162:Aleppo
11130:Tonkin
11089:Yanaon
11069:Madras
10947:Tobago
10868:Canada
10858:Acadia
10772:Mohéli
10657:Guinea
10559:Former
10414:French
10212:Events
10173:Tonkin
10065:, in:
10021:
10002:
9944:
9921:
9887:
9855:
9825:
9803:
9775:
9756:
9737:
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9056:Berlin
9040:, and
8962:
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8893:
8815:. In:
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8668:
8583:
8546:Fall,
8530:
8503:
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8414:
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8331:
8305:
8278:
8251:
8224:
8197:
8170:
8062:
7977:
7837:
7810:
7783:
7756:
7727:
7698:
7672:
7645:
7618:
7562:
7535:
7355:
7293:
7258:
7122:
7015:French
6999:Berlin
6983:, and
6959:London
6935:
6883:French
6841:Berlin
6825:, and
6801:French
6780:French
6759:French
6696:French
6675:French
6649:London
6632:French
6527:Berlin
6511:, and
6474:French
6448:
6405:Berlin
6389:, and
6234:(free)
6127:
6094:
6065:
5970:aid. "
5958:Berlin
5942:, and
5850:Berlin
5834:, and
5491:Berlin
5475:, and
5443:
5420:Ranker
5335:
5228:
5120:Kahin.
5103:
5007:French
4962:French
4896:French
4774:, and
4772:Kampot
4740:Đà Lạt
4713:Đà Lạt
4632:Saigon
4579:rubber
4572:timber
4566:, and
4556:pepper
4552:coffee
4516:francs
4462:, and
4320:, and
4232:. The
4216:(鄉約),
4055:Saigon
4015:Leader
3718:Lu Han
3528:, 1942
3377:corvée
3218:, and
2995:, and
2961:corvée
2919:, and
2898:Surêté
2858:francs
2838:corvée
2828:rubber
2657:Tonkin
2620:France
2486:Cholon
2335:Đi Tây
2313:, the
2290:(天地會,
2257:Manchu
2237:Sûreté
2036:, and
2003:Tonkin
1932:, and
1764:Champa
1744:Jesuit
1736:, and
1663:, the
1615:Saigon
1599:Tonkin
1457:
1136:French
1064:French
733:
585:Taoism
551:Stieng
520:French
497:Bahnar
488:, etc)
445:(1936)
387:Stieng
367:Bahnar
322:French
288:Saigon
266:Status
208:
125:
111:
97:
83:
80:印度支那聯邦
58:
48:French
44:
11125:Annam
10980:Inini
10921:Haïti
10729:Gabon
10674:Niger
10652:Sudan
10178:Annam
9311:[
9186:S2CID
8860:(PDF)
8674:S2CID
8666:JSTOR
7975:S2CID
7324:(PDF)
7313:(PDF)
7291:JSTOR
7256:JSTOR
6900:Paris
6879:Paris
6797:Paris
6776:Paris
6755:Paris
6692:Paris
6671:Paris
6628:Paris
6590:Paris
6470:Paris
6425:Paris
5333:S2CID
5279:(PDF)
5226:JSTOR
5101:JSTOR
4984:Khmer
4918:Khmer
4858:Notes
4736:Hanoi
4717:Pakse
4709:Sa Pa
4678:union
4616:Hanoi
4497:opium
4322:Jarai
4318:Chams
4310:Muong
4306:Khmer
4282:Hanoi
4230:Korea
4226:China
4064:Hanoi
4007:State
3731:VNQDĐ
3526:Hanoi
3212:opium
3170:1920s
3111:Egypt
2937:Hmong
2866:euros
2807:King
2765:with
2558:Hộ Bộ
2259:-led
2253:white
2138:King
1999:Annam
1987:Hanoi
1985:, in
1611:Hanoi
1603:Annam
1454:China
1414:1946:
1366:1954:
1270:1945:
1252:1941:
1221:1946:
1173:1904:
1155:1900:
1133:1899:
1115:1898:
1095:1889:
1029:1887:
625:Islam
559:Arabs
547:Mnong
543:Jarai
505:Hmong
491:1.4%
460:Khmer
412:Khmer
392:Mnong
382:Jarai
297:Hanoi
176:]
172:[
129:Khmer
11499:and
11112:Laos
11074:Mahé
10724:Chad
10188:Laos
10019:ISBN
10000:ISBN
9980:2010
9942:ISBN
9919:ISBN
9898:2010
9885:ISBN
9866:2010
9853:ISBN
9823:ISBN
9801:ISBN
9773:ISBN
9754:ISBN
9735:ASIN
9713:ISBN
9692:ISBN
9673:ISBN
9654:ISBN
9635:ISBN
9616:ISBN
9596:2015
9583:ISBN
9568:2019
9528:ASIN
9511:ASIN
9498:2010
9485:ISBN
9464:ISBN
9445:ISBN
9424:ISBN
9404:2019
9378:ISBN
9357:ISBN
9336:ISBN
9317:ISBN
9297:2019
9276:2010
9263:ISBN
9150:2010
9095:ISBN
9050:2022
8960:ISBN
8915:ISBN
8891:ISBN
8799:2022
8770:2021
8718:2021
8614:2015
8581:ISBN
8528:ISBN
8501:ISBN
8476:ISSN
8466:ISBN
8439:ISBN
8412:ISBN
8385:ISBN
8356:ISBN
8329:ISBN
8303:ISBN
8276:ISBN
8249:ISBN
8222:ISBN
8195:ISBN
8168:ISBN
8060:ISBN
8004:(2).
7835:ISBN
7808:ISBN
7781:ISBN
7754:ISBN
7725:ISBN
7696:ISBN
7670:ISBN
7643:ISBN
7616:ISBN
7560:ISBN
7533:ISBN
7512:2022
7353:ISBN
7332:2018
7120:ISBN
7047:2022
6993:2022
6933:ISBN
6835:2022
6521:2022
6446:ISBN
6399:2022
6347:2022
6321:2022
6287:2022
6252:2013
6125:ISBN
6092:ISBN
6063:ISBN
5980:..."
5952:2022
5844:2022
5554:and
5519:2021
5485:2022
5441:ISBN
4979:聯邦東洋
4913:東洋屬法
4598:The
4564:zinc
4560:coal
4548:rice
4361:The
4341:Chen
4304:and
4296:The
4228:and
4161:and
4153:era
3787:and
3596:Laos
3594:and
3510:and
3216:salt
3034:The
3009:the
2802:and
2690:and
2659:and
2641:The
2526:Alak
2380:The
2358:The
2199:and
2189:Trat
2166:Trat
2098:and
2019:Laos
1981:The
1971:Laos
1958:and
1944:Siam
1902:and
1886:and
1822:The
1808:and
1702:and
1620:The
1587:Laos
1446:Laos
942:Area
817:Laos
539:Rade
528:Jews
513:Khmu
501:Cham
486:Nung
482:Thái
470:Thai
466:Thai
458:13%
452:72%
397:Koho
377:Rade
362:Brao
352:Cham
347:Arem
342:Akha
154:Flag
101:Thai
69:聯邦東洋
10077:BnF
9178:doi
8883:doi
8658:doi
7967:doi
7879:doi
7860:AFP
7283:doi
7248:doi
6735:doi
6197:doi
5325:doi
5218:doi
5093:doi
5045:. (
4992:Lao
4932:Lao
4813:MGM
4811:In
4776:Kep
4752:Huế
4568:tin
4544:tea
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4314:Tay
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4087:Sắc
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3725:in
3084:on
3013:of
2461:'s
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478:Tay
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464:6%
417:Lao
372:Bru
272:of
115:Lao
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10075:–
9958:.
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9915:29
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