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and at the same time the newly constituted regime of the French
Republic." She was depicted as "a woman holding a stave surmounted by a cap and trampling a yoke underfoot; this is the emblem that the ancients gave to Liberty won through valor." The feminine civic allegory of Marianne was distant from the controversial personalities of National Convention; therefore, Marianne's "abstraction and impersonality" allowed the symbol to endure the different phases of the Revolution. In addition, Marianne's close resemblance to the Catholic figure of Mary created unity between the rational revolutionaries and the devout peasantry. The emblem of Marianne was not only widely accepted, but also widely diffused in France. However, as the Revolution radicalized in 1793 with the rise of the Committee on Public Safety, the emblem of Marianne was replaced by a far more formidable symbol of the Revolution:
425:"the king was the sacred center and culture was firmly fixed in the longstanding notions of a catholic hierarchical order." By de-centering this frame of traditional authority while overthrowing the monarchy, revolutionaries realized that the cultural framework of the past could not be carried into the future, and that the use of the king as the insignia of the seal had to be replaced with a new seal signifying the Republic. Revolutionaries began iconoclastically destroying tangible reminders of the Old Regime, such as breaking the seals of royalty, the scepter and the crown and melting them into republican coins.
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more urgent. In the end, "the choice of a new insignia seemed almost automatic." In order to dispel all traces of monarchical influence, the members of the
National Convention "proposed the choice of Liberty." The choice was a clear one and deputies of the Convention like Abbe Grégoire proposed that the Republic's image should be "Liberty, 'so that our emblem, circulating all over the globe, should present to all peoples the beloved image of Republican liberty and pride.'" This notion of Liberty is, in a sense, "the very essence of the Republic."
233:
537:, after sealing the Constitution of October 4, 1958, it became common practice to seal some constitutional modifications. Used in 1946, and twice at the beginning of the Fifth Republic, the sealing ceremonies became much less common from 1963 to 1991 period when only two laws – ordinary, but of great symbolic importance – were sealed. Since 1992, the pace of ceremonies has increased again: the constitutional changes since then were often the subject of a seal.
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25:
347:", "Universal suffrage"). At her right, in the background, are symbols of the arts (painter's tools), architecture (Ionic order), education (burning lamp), agriculture (a sheaf of wheat) and industry (a cog wheel). The scene is surrounded by the legend "RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE, DÉMOCRATIQUE, UNE ET INDIVISIBLE" ("French Republic, democratic, one and indivisible") and "24 FEV.1848" (24 February 1848) at the bottom.
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540:
The date of the ceremony was very close to the date of passage of the law until 1964. It was subsequently clearly separated from the vote and publication of the text. An extreme case consists in the
Constitutional Law no. 99-569 of July 8, 1999 on equality between women and men, sealed March 8, 2002,
424:
led by the monarchy; it also challenged the traditional symbols that had thus far defined the French people. Anthropologists have argued that every society needs a "center" which includes social and political mapping that gives the people a sense of their place. In the traditional model of authority,
445:
worn by this figure of liberty was representative of the inherent freedom of the French people and provided a sharp contrast to the crown of the monarchy. According to
Maurice Agulhon, an expert on this particular symbol of the French Revolution, Marianne "represented both Liberty, an eternal value,
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argued, civilized people found that "a sign, a type, was necessary to give character to authenticity" to all public acts. The nation would only be recognizable by its public symbolic representation, and hence it was agreed that a new seal of state would be created to give the new republic a sense of
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puts it, "new symbols could make new men." The French
Revolution stood for the notion that members of a society could invent culture and politics for themselves. As the National Convention worked to unify the Republic after the fall of the monarchy, the process to declare a national symbol became
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The reverse bears the words "AU NOM DU PEUPLE FRANÇAIS" ("in the name of the French people") surrounded by a crown of oak (symbol of perennity and justice) and laurel (symbol of glory) leaves tied together with wheat and grapes (agriculture and wealth), with the circular national motto
307:, symbol of the revolution. It evolved to show that the people developed their culture and politics. In modern times, it depicts Liberty, along with aspects of culture such as art, education, and agriculture.
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Nowadays, a liquid wax is fed directly into the inferior part of a shape made of a stamp and a mobile metallic ring; the shape is closed and the wax cools down until it becomes pasty before it is applied.
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featured the king sitting on this throne and giving justice, yet every king had his own personal seal, a unique item which passed with him. All edicts, orders, decrees and declarations were then sealed.
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The abolition of royalty, however, led to questions about the importance of having a unified symbol. In the beginning, seals were only used to compensate for the imperfection of writing. Yet as
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on
January 21, 1793. This act of regicide demonstrated that "the Convention had irreversibly ruled out any compromise with the Revolution's opponents." With the absence of the king, the
303:. After the 1792 revolution established the First French Republic, the insignia of the monarchy was removed from the seal. Over time, the new seal changed. At first, it featured
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Under the Second
Republic, usage of the Great Seal of France tended to be reduced to sealing laws, decrees of the National Assembly and diplomatic treaties. The function of
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The
Constitution of 1946 is sealed with red wax. The Constitution of 1958 and subsequent documents were sealed with yellow wax, until 2002 when green was again used.
988:
189:
836:
Introduction à l'état sommaire des versements faits aux archives nationales par les ministères et les administrations qui en dépendant (série BB Justice)
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Guillaume (Marc), "Le Sceau de France, titre nobiliaire et changement de nom", paper delivered at the Académie des sciences morales et politiques,
519:, the practice of applying seals to laws was gradually abandoned and restricted to constitutional acts and diplomatic treaties (for instance, the
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Usage of the Great Seal having become obsolete between 1920 and 1946, the recipe for the wax was lost. In 1946, trials had to be made by the
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926:
Le sanglot judiciaire, la désacralisation de la justice, VIIIe-XXe siècles, Séminaire de
Royaumont sous la direction de Frédéric Chauvaud
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kings to authenticate their orders. Merely rings originally, later worn on a necklace, the royal seals grew bigger and bigger under the
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Les constitutions de la France, 1791-1992. Exposition réalisée par le Ministère de la
Justice et l'association « Expo 200 »,
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Liberty was officially represented by the female figure of Marianne, which adheres to traditional iconographic expectations. The
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Monnerie (Michel), "Sceller avec le grand Sceau de l'État. Mode d'emploi", Histoire de la Justice, 7, 1994, p. 199-207.
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permanence. The seal was not only a representation of public authority, but it signified the new republican mold. As
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52:
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Yvorel (Jean-Jacques), " 'Déritualisation' et désacralisation de l'audience du sceau (XVIIIe-XIXe siècles)",
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sealed on wide yellow and blue silk ribbons; the Republic and the Consulate, on a tricolor braid.
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which they shaped by hand into generally circular pieces which were definitely shaped by a press.
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sought a new national symbol. It was from these tumultuous times that the French symbol of
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to reach around 12 cm (4.7 in). These are the modern dimensions of the seal.
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683:(Third ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 194.
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used a green wax for important documents, and a yellow for less important ones.
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Marseille, Imprimerie marseillaise-Moullot, 1950, 181 p. : p. 87-89.
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Les textes constitutionnels de 1791 Ă 1995. Analyse technique des documents,
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Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789-1880
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Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789-1880
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Marianne into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France 1789-1880
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Obverse (left) and reverse (right) side of the great seal, adopted in 1848
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at that time (the French Minister of Justice is popularly referred to "
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and early French nation. At her feet is a vase with the letters "SU" ("
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Nielen-Vandevoorde (Marie-Adélaïde), "Le sceau de la 5e République",
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used the same red and green ribbon as the Monarchy. Since 1946 (the
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Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1973, 92 p. : 35-36.
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Les Sceaux de la Grande Chancellerie de France de 458 Ă nos jours
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Histoire des structures du Ministère de la Justice, 1789-1945,
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Durand-Barthez (Pascal), "Qu'est-ce que le Sceau de France",
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two and a half years after the entry into force of the law.
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963:. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998.
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featured on the obverse side is similar to that of the
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Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution
956:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988.
420:not only challenged the political authority of the
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
947:The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations
775:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 18.
872:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
319:, wearing a crown with seven arches. She holds a
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473:all used monarchical seals like the Old Regime,
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942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
831:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
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838:, t. IV, lxxxxiii pages, Paris, Didier, 1947.
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681:The Oxford History of the French Revolution
396:On August 13, 1792, representatives of the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1426:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
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945:Kafker, Frank A., and James Michael Laux.
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544:Sealing ceremonies are always held at the
331:carved or printed on it, representing the
903:, Marseille, imprimerie de la société du
882:Unpublished report, October 1996, 27 p. .
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215:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
961:A Short History of the French Revolution
912:La Chancellerie et les Sceaux de France,
894:A Short History of the French Revolution
705:A Short History of the French Revolution
192:of all important aspects of the article.
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293:Grand Sceau de la République française
188:Please consider expanding the lead to
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372:The first seals were created by the
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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954:Festivals and the French Revolution
917:Vallet (J.), "Le Sceau de France",
844:Paris, 6 novembre-31 décembre 1992.
480:The present seal dates back to the
13:
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928:, Créaphis, 1999, p. 209-224.
889:, 161, July 2003, p. 27 Ă 29.
707:(Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010), 74.
591:service of the National Archives.
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500:was officially linked to that of
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34:This article has multiple issues.
662:), a tricolor ribbon is in use.
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949:. New York: Random House, 1968.
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620:kept the yellow wax, while the
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75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1416:Liberty, equality, brotherhood
921:August, 14-20 1977, p. 5.
896:. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.
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271:Liberty Enlightening the World
190:provide an accessible overview
1:
1487:1848 establishments in France
907:, 1935, 94 p. : 83-84. .
323:and is supported by a ship's
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355:LIBERTÉ, ÉGALITÉ, FRATERNITÉ
252:; 176 years ago
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1507:National emblems with birds
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573:Originally, sealers used a
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1141:Personification of Liberty
998:National symbols of France
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1421:All men are created equal
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847:Durand-Barthez (Pascal),
523:was sealed in this way).
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383:All the seals under the
315:The Great Seal features
679:Doyle, William (2018).
261:. The headdress of the
16:National seal of France
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99:"Great Seal of France"
858:n° 22, February 1962.
1497:Government of France
1466:Right-libertarianism
1446:Civil libertarianism
1400:Water and sanitation
1136:Moral responsibility
521:Treaty of Versailles
392:Revolutionary period
285:Great Seal of France
84:improve this article
1456:Left-libertarianism
1451:Drug liberalization
856:Histoire pour tous,
834:Bourgin (Georges),
558:Minister of Justice
554:Keeper of the Seals
508:Le Garde des Sceaux
502:Minister of Justice
498:Keeper of the seals
448:Jacques-Louis David
398:National Convention
339:), a symbol of the
959:Popkin, Jeremy D.
938:Agulhon, Maurice.
919:La Vie judiciaire,
892:Popkin, Jeremy D.
827:Agulhon, Maurice.
703:Jeremy D. Popkin,
486:Jacques-Jean Barre
345:Suffrage Universel
295:) is the official
275:republican symbols
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1131:Cognitive liberty
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1036:Diplomatic emblem
910:Rouvier (Louis),
905:Petit Marseillais
899:Rouvier (Louis),
771:Maurice Agulhon,
690:978-0-19-255995-1
564:Sealing documents
418:French Revolution
267:Statue of Liberty
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1310:Information
1275:Family life
1245:Association
1063:Joan of Arc
863:www.asmp.fr
610:Restoration
578:sealing wax
569:Sealing wax
467:Louis XVIII
374:Merovingian
311:Description
1481:Categories
1270:Fair trial
1058:Great Seal
552:where the
533:Since the
526:Under the
515:After the
422:Old Regime
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1436:Anarchism
1370:Sexuality
1265:Education
1224:Political
1178:Free will
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762:Hunt, 93.
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435:Lynn Hunt
400:arrested
182:summarize
45:talk page
1441:Autonomy
1409:See also
1350:Religion
1340:Property
1325:Movement
1240:Assembly
1233:By right
1214:Internet
1204:Economic
1194:Academic
1146:Libertas
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1024:Armorial
628:and the
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1385:Thought
1375:Silence
1345:Protest
1335:Privacy
1300:Housing
1187:By type
1117:Liberty
1031:Cockade
639:Ribbons
575:plastic
363:History
327:with a
317:Liberty
299:of the
263:Liberty
255: (
124:scholar
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1355:Repair
1295:Health
1255:Choice
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1395:Truth
1330:Press
1260:Death
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492:Usage
341:Gauls
131:JSTOR
117:books
1315:Life
1285:Food
1041:Flag
685:ISBN
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