766:(CBD) (1993) brought genetic resources under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of national governments. However, the CBD recognised the special and distinctive nature of agricultural genetic resources: they were international – crossing countries and continents – their conservation and sustainable use requires distinctive solutions and they were important internationally for food security. Subsequently, the IU was renegotiated, to bring it in harmony with the CBD, and was renamed as a treaty. An account of the long process to achieve the treaty called
654:(CGRFA) and since 2006 has its own Governing Body under the aegis of the FAO. The Governing Body is the highest organ of the Treaty as established in Article 19. Composed of representatives of all Contracting Parties, its basic function is to promote the full implementation of the Treaty, including the provision of policy guidance on the implementation of the Treaty. The Governing Body elects its Chairperson and Vice-Chairpersons, in conformity with its Rules of Procedure. They are collectively referred to as "the Bureau".
679:
erosion, food insecurity, extreme poverty and the effects of climate change; and calls upon parties and relevant stakeholders to prioritize activities relevant to the MLS, sustainable use of PGRFA, and
Farmers' Rights, and to mobilize more funds. With the addition of 'compliance' mechanisms and financial rules, these issues took up most negotiating time in the Governing Body meeting. The relationship of the Treaty with the CGRFA, the CBD's
108:
814:. FAO estimates humans have used some 10,000 species for food throughout history. However, only about 120 cultivated species provide around 90% of food requirements and four species (maize, wheat, rice and potatoes) provide about 60% of human dietary energy for the world's population. Of the myriad of varieties of these crops developed by farmers over millennia, which form an important part of
746:
ventured forth, looking for new lands, their seeds were part of their diasporas. As a result, we now live in a world in which not one country can be considered self-sufficient in terms of being able to survive solely on crops indigenous within its borders. The Treaty facilitates the continued open exchange of food crops and their genetic materials.
618:, argue, the interpretation and realisation of farmers' rights is weak and is not the same across all countries. Without a consistent, strong international focus on realising the rights of farmers who conserve and sustainably use PGRFA to save, use, exchange and sell seeds saved on-farm, genetic variety of crops and related
678:
The Fourth
Session of the Governing Body was held in Bali, Indonesia in March 2011. Prior to the Governing Body meeting, Ministers adopted the Bali Declaration on the Treaty that commits them to engage in further enhancing Treaty implementation to help meet the challenges of agricultural biodiversity
833:
be allowed on genetic resources in the MLS, within treaty rules: some argue an agreement aiming at open access to genetic resources for food and agriculture should not allow restrictive property rights, and the treaty says in
Article 12.3.d that "Recipients shall not claim any intellectual property
851:
While the whole
Brassica family (Cruciferae) including all its sub-species and varieties is in the MLS, the total number of food crops and forages and their relatives included in the treaty is very limited. Soya, sugar cane, oil palm and groundnut are among important crops missing from the list in
847:
The first group of 11 projects funded by the treaty was announced during the Third
Session of the Governing Body in Tunis in June 2009. The projects were funded according to criteria established by the Governing Body including regional balance: 5 from Latin America, 5 from Africa and 1 from Asia.
745:
Even foods that have been part of a culture for centuries often are indigenous to a region on the other side of the world. This global dispersal shows the generosity with which farmers and farming communities have always shared seeds and genetic materials with neighbors or through trade. As people
670:
The Second
Session of the Governing Body was held in Rome in October/November 2007. This meeting discussed the implementation of Farmers' Rights, financial rules; the funding strategy, relationship with the Global Crop Diversity Trust; implementation of the Multilateral System (MLS) for access and
674:
The Third
Session of the Governing Body was held in Tunis in June 2009. This meeting continued the unfinished business of the previous meeting and discussed, among other issues, funding strategy, compliance, sustainable use, the implementation of Farmers' Rights, relationship with the Global Crop
797:
In accordance with
Article 28, the treaty entered into force on the ninetieth day after the deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, provided that at least twenty instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession have been deposited by
657:
Some believe the treaty could be an example of responsible global governance for ensuring that plant genetic resources essential for present and future food security can be kept accessible to all farmers and in the public domain. Chapter 7 of the Second Report on the State of the World's Plant
622:
will suffer. India, for example, includes an interpretation of farmers' rights in its Plant
Variety Protection and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001, allowing farmers a restricted right to save and sell seed they have produced on-farm as they always have, even if it contains genes from a
798:
Members of FAO. Having reached the required number of instruments in order for the treaty to enter into force (40) on 31 March 2004, on which date 13 instruments (including the
European Union) were deposited with the Director-General of FAO, the date of entry into force was on 29 June 2004.
749:
The list of plant genetic material included in the Multilateral System of the Treaty is made of major food crops and forages. The Forages are also divided in legume forages and grass forages. They were selected taking into account the criteria of food security and country interdependence.
860:. From the entry into force, countries that previously signed are allowed to ratify the treaty, while countries that did not sign the treaty before it came into force can also accede to it. The instrument of ratification has to be deposited with the Director-General of FAO.
793:
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was open to accession a year after adoption and once closed to signatures (Article 27), i.e., on 4 November 2002. 77 countries and the European Union had signed the treaty by that date.
777:
The treaty was approved during the FAO Conference (31st Session resolution 3/2001) on 3 November 2001, with 116 votes and 2 abstentions (US and Japan). In accordance with its Article 25, it was opened for signatures until 4 November 2002 by all members of
658:
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (SoWPGR-2) entitled "Access to Plant Genetic Resources, the sharing of benefits arising out of their utilization and the realization of Farmers' Rights" is mainly dedicated to the International Treaty.
599:, at the national level, on matters related to the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. The Treaty establishes the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing to facilitate plant
1355:
Ximena Flores Palacios, 1998. Contribution to the Estimation of Countries' Inter-dependence in the Area of Plant Genetic Resources. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Background Study Paper no. 7, Rev.1, FAO.
1400:
821:
Some fear that corporate financial interests might prevent safeguarding of livelihoods, promotion of food security, biodiversity-rich farming under control of local communities, and implementation of Farmers' Rights.
638:
The treaty has implemented a Multilateral System (MLS) of access and benefit sharing, among those countries that ratify the treaty, for a list of 64 of some of the most important food and forage crops essential for
759:
595:
for food and agriculture; b) the right to equitably participate in sharing benefits arising from the utilisation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; and c) the right to participate in
834:
or other rights that limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received from the Multilateral System";
726:
a request to the Secretary to report on relevant discussions that relate to Farmers' Rights within other UN fora including the Committee on World Food Security. Civil Society including NGOs (e.g.
1402:
The Explanatory Guide to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper Number 57. 2005
848:
The ranking of the projects was done by a Group of Experts nominated by the 7 regional representatives of the Bureau and the final approval was done by the Bureau on behalf of the Governing Body.
904:
856:
The treaty came into force on 29 June 2004, at which time there were more than 54 ratifications by countries. An article prepared on the occasion of the treaty becoming law is posted at
701:
1409:
694:
The Fifth Session of the Governing Body was held in Muscat, Oman in September 2013. The session was preceded by two days of regional consultations. The Fifth Session achieved:
2254:
1639:
717:
commitments to review and change the multi-lateral Access and Benefit Sharing mechanism (MLS), to prevent pillaging of the System by patents on native traits, for example;
1799:
667:
The Governing Body met for the first time in Madrid in June 2006. It had a ministerial segment and a ministerial declaration was adopted and included in the Report.
720:
significant new voluntary financial contributions from Norway for the Global Crop Diversity Trust and for the benefit sharing fund to support on-farm conservation;
651:
647:
2374:
1563:
2354:
1024:
909:
723:
acceptance of the distinction between NGOs and Farmers' Organisations and the need to include representatives of farmers' social movements in negotiations;
627:
300:
1594:
1430:
2194:
714:
actions designed to improve the sustainable use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, linked to commitments to realise Farmers' Rights;
1739:
1460:
771:
1220:
GB-2/07/REPORT, Report of the Second Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
1450:
1258:
GB-3/09/REPORT, Report of the Third Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
1182:
GB-1/06/REPORT, Report of the First Session of the Governing Body of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
2364:
2009:
1754:
2309:
1344:
1104:
1634:
1368:
Shawn N. Sullivan, 2004. Plant Genetic Resources and the Law: Past, Present, and Future. Plant Physiology May 2004 vol. 135 no. 1 10–15.
1308:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1234:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1196:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1166:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1510:
762:(IU), was adopted in 1983. However, the IU was reliant on the principle of genetic resources being the common heritage of humanity. The
2054:
711:
warm acceptance of the offer by Farmers' Organisations to produce a report for GB6 on the state of implementation of Farmers' Rights;
2379:
2289:
315:
2369:
2314:
1789:
1604:
841:, and what enforcement procedures will be used by national governments to ensure principles of Farmers' Rights will be respected;
615:
80:
2389:
1053:
1271:
2139:
1759:
550:
for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of
1296:
1233:
1195:
2154:
2099:
160:
2359:
1629:
1079:
471:
256:
2014:
1889:
968:
894:
787:
763:
531:
2219:
2199:
2044:
1714:
165:
1307:
2269:
2249:
2174:
1824:
1794:
1769:
1644:
1624:
1435:. SGRP (System-Wide Genetic Resources Programme), IPGRI (now Bioversity International). Rome, Italy. Archived from
497:
2214:
2074:
2059:
2029:
2024:
1979:
1764:
1679:
1547:
132:
122:
825:
Critics say many of the central issues are unresolved or open to interpretation. Some of the points raised are:
697:
a resolution on Farmers' Rights (FRs), which renewed the commitment of governments to implement Farmers' Rights;
2394:
2334:
2244:
2224:
2104:
2064:
2019:
1919:
1879:
1669:
1579:
572:
17:
1432:
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: A Primer for the Future of CGIAR
1357:
675:
Diversity Trust and the CGRFA, implementation of the Multilateral System (MLS) for access and benefit-sharing.
2349:
2319:
2259:
2234:
2229:
2164:
2144:
2124:
2039:
1969:
1899:
1839:
1809:
1729:
1724:
1709:
1436:
1552:
1541:
1536:
1259:
1221:
1183:
2399:
2329:
2294:
2204:
2179:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1949:
1934:
1909:
1904:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1829:
1814:
1804:
1774:
1719:
1684:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1559:
UK Agricultural Biodiversity Copendium: Civil Society pages on the International Treaty and its negotiation
830:
137:
1469:
1345:
https://web.archive.org/web/20170518163129/ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/training/brochure07_en.pdf
2344:
2324:
2304:
2299:
2264:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2134:
2114:
2034:
1989:
1974:
1959:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1854:
1784:
1734:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1659:
1609:
684:
604:
283:
278:
127:
929:
2384:
2339:
2284:
2274:
2239:
2189:
2169:
2129:
2109:
2094:
1964:
1954:
1939:
1914:
1869:
1859:
1819:
1749:
1689:
211:
155:
1492:
Introduction to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: Module 1
2279:
2149:
2119:
2049:
1984:
1929:
1924:
1844:
1779:
1744:
1530:
815:
619:
446:
1137:"The Second Report on the State of the World's Plant and Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"
837:
to what extent will farmers and communities be allowed to freely use, exchange, sell and breed the
688:
1111:
1614:
879:
807:
547:
527:
1525:
1521:
986:"Contracting Parties | International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"
1944:
1599:
1584:
366:
1381:
1589:
451:
391:
251:
246:
181:
985:
628:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and other people working in rural areas
591:, subject to national laws to: a) the protection of traditional knowledge relevant to plant
844:
The mechanism for dispute settlement under the Third Party Beneficiary and the role of FAO.
490:
426:
310:
221:
206:
201:
191:
1369:
8:
611:
441:
421:
361:
295:
196:
1054:"An issue of survival: Landraces' plant genetic resources are crucial to human survival"
1444:
790:. It was subject to ratification, acceptance or approval (Article 26), by all members.
539:
461:
456:
386:
330:
288:
261:
969:"Golay C. (2017), Research Brief: The Right to Seeds and Intellectual Property Rights"
889:
592:
466:
431:
416:
335:
320:
268:
241:
1080:"The way it always was: India's law on plant variety protection and farmers' rights"
610:
However, as Regine Andersen of the farmers' rights project, among others, including
1275:
731:
411:
1136:
758:
The treaty was under negotiation for 7 years. A previous voluntary agreement, the
1237:
1199:
899:
680:
643:
and interdependence. The genera and species are listed in Annex 1 to the treaty.
596:
568:
543:
483:
436:
406:
376:
371:
273:
1619:
783:
576:
401:
381:
325:
1573:
857:
811:
760:
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
640:
535:
396:
186:
554:. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004.
345:
340:
305:
236:
231:
216:
146:
1490:
944:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"
72:
151 contracting parties (150 states, 1 organization) as of 1 February 2024
1566:– CGIAR's agricultural biodiversity research centre's pages on the Treaty
1553:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071226173200/http://www.croptrust.org/main/
1542:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130721052109/http://globalplanofaction.org/
1311:
512:
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
38:
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
943:
1272:"Fourth Session of the Governing Body | the International Treaty"
1165:
884:
869:
600:
1428:
874:
107:
1010:
1558:
1333:
99:
1515:
753:
630:
reaffirmed the farmers' rights contained in the Plant Treaty.
838:
705:
567:
There are 152 contracting parties to the Plant Treaty (151
54:
727:
900:
Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity
779:
1468:. Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, UK. Archived from
652:
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
1370:
http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/135/1/10.full#sec-2
990:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
948:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
648:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1358:
ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb1/bsp/bsp7e.pdf
818:, more than 75% have been lost in the past 100 years.
1640:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
90:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
1548:
FAO: Second Report on the State of the World's PGRFA
1488:
1260:
ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb3/gb3repe.pdf
1222:
ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb2/gb2repe.pdf
1184:
ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/planttreaty/gb1/gb1repe.pdf
910:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
858:
International Seed Treaty becomes Law - 29 June 2004
1458:
1398:
740:
2255:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
1526:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
1800:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1571:
708:to report on their impacts on Farmers' Rights;
2375:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1429:Fowler, C., Moore, G. and Hawtin, G. (2003).
491:
1449:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
801:
2355:Treaties entered into by the European Union
806:Plant genetic resources are essential to a
754:History, negotiations, and entry into force
730:) and the International Farmers' Movement,
1595:Food and Agriculture Organization treaties
1518:FAO's official website of the Plant Treaty
905:UPOV Convention on New Varieties of Plants
562:
498:
484:
1498:. IT PGRFA Secretariat, FAO, Rome, Italy.
1740:Treaties of the Central African Republic
1537:FAO: Leipzig Global Plan of Action (GPA)
1051:
551:
226:
616:Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
81:Secretary-General of the United Nations
14:
2365:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2010:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1572:
1564:http://www.bioversityinternational.org
633:
603:exchanges and benefit sharing through
27:2001 treaty on plant genetic resources
1755:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1105:"Women at the Centre of Biodiversity"
1077:
734:, were active throughout the Session.
2310:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
671:benefit-sharing, among other issues.
605:Standard Material Transfer Agreement
1635:Treaties entered into force in 2004
1025:"Seed policy and the right to food"
24:
1392:
1052:Andersen, Regine (24 March 2010).
895:Convention on Biological Diversity
788:International Atomic Energy Agency
764:Convention on Biological Diversity
691:were also included in resolutions.
582:
532:Convention on Biological Diversity
25:
2411:
2195:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
1511:Official text of the Plant Treaty
1504:
661:
646:The treaty was negotiated by the
2055:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
741:List of crops covered in Annex 1
557:
106:
2380:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2290:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
1374:
1362:
1349:
1338:
1326:
1300:
1290:
1264:
1252:
1226:
1214:
1188:
1176:
1158:
1129:
133:Natural rights and legal rights
123:Claim rights and liberty rights
2370:Treaties extended to Greenland
2315:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1790:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1605:Intellectual property treaties
1531:Official website of the Treaty
1459:Coupe, S.; Lewins, R. (2008).
1399:Moore, G.; Witold, T. (2003).
1332:CSO summary of results of GB5
1097:
1078:Suhai, Suman (29 March 2020).
1071:
1045:
1017:
1003:
978:
961:
936:
922:
573:intergovernmental organization
13:
1:
2390:Treaties of the United States
1555:– Global Crop Diversity Trust
1489:IT PGRFA Secretariat (2011).
915:
626:In 2019, the adoption of the
534:, which aims at guaranteeing
161:Economic, social and cultural
2140:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
1760:Treaties of the Cook Islands
1334:http://www.ukabc.org/gb5.htm
831:intellectual property rights
457:Self-determination of people
138:Negative and positive rights
7:
2155:Treaties of the Philippines
2100:Treaties of the Netherlands
1462:Negotiating the Seed Treaty
863:
782:or any state member of the
768:Negotiating the Seed Treaty
685:Global Crop Diversity Trust
128:Individual and group rights
10:
2416:
2360:Treaties extended to Aruba
1630:Treaties concluded in 2001
2015:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1890:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1544:– Portal for PGRFA issues
1011:"Farmers' Rights website"
816:agricultural biodiversity
802:Discussions and criticism
620:agricultural biodiversity
520:International Seed Treaty
86:
76:
68:
60:
50:
42:
37:
2220:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2200:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
2045:Treaties of the Maldives
1715:Treaties of Burkina Faso
930:"UN treaties repository"
689:Bioversity International
115:Theoretical distinctions
2270:Treaties of Switzerland
2250:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2175:Treaties of South Korea
1825:Treaties of El Salvador
1795:Treaties of North Korea
1770:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1645:Treaties of Afghanistan
1625:Sustainable agriculture
880:Plant genetic resources
808:sustainable agriculture
563:Participating countries
548:plant genetic resources
528:international agreement
2215:Treaties of Seychelles
2075:Treaties of Montenegro
2060:Treaties of Mauritania
2030:Treaties of Madagascar
2025:Treaties of Luxembourg
1980:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1765:Treaties of Costa Rica
1680:Treaties of Bangladesh
587:The treaty recognises
354:Other groups of rights
2395:Treaties of Argentina
2335:Treaties of Venezuela
2245:Treaties of Sri Lanka
2225:Treaties of Singapore
2105:Treaties of Nicaragua
2065:Treaties of Mauritius
2020:Treaties of Lithuania
1920:Treaties of Indonesia
1880:Treaties of Guatemala
1670:Treaties of Australia
1580:Agricultural treaties
1382:"Fao – C 2001/report"
526:) is a comprehensive
174:Rights by beneficiary
2350:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2320:Treaties of Tanzania
2260:Treaties of Eswatini
2235:Treaties of Slovenia
2230:Treaties of Slovakia
2165:Treaties of Portugal
2145:Treaties of Paraguay
2125:Treaties of Pakistan
2040:Treaties of Malaysia
1970:Treaties of Kiribati
1900:Treaties of Honduras
1840:Treaties of Ethiopia
1810:Treaties of Djibouti
1730:Treaties of Cameroon
1725:Treaties of Cambodia
1710:Treaties of Bulgaria
1522:Genetic Imperialism?
829:to what extent will
530:in harmony with the
472:Water and sanitation
2400:Treaties of Bolivia
2330:Treaties of Uruguay
2295:Treaties of Tunisia
2205:Treaties of Senegal
2180:Treaties of Romania
2090:Treaties of Namibia
2085:Treaties of Myanmar
2080:Treaties of Morocco
2070:Treaties of Moldova
2005:Treaties of Liberia
2000:Treaties of Lesotho
1995:Treaties of Lebanon
1950:Treaties of Jamaica
1935:Treaties of Ireland
1910:Treaties of Iceland
1905:Treaties of Hungary
1865:Treaties of Germany
1850:Treaties of Finland
1835:Treaties of Estonia
1830:Treaties of Eritrea
1815:Treaties of Ecuador
1805:Treaties of Denmark
1775:Treaties of Croatia
1720:Treaties of Burundi
1685:Treaties of Belgium
1675:Treaties of Austria
1665:Treaties of Armenia
1655:Treaties of Algeria
1650:Treaties of Albania
1516:www.planttreaty.com
1439:on 4 December 2007.
1415:on 15 November 2021
1278:on 22 February 2011
634:Multilateral system
623:protected variety.
612:Olivier De Schutter
579:) as of July 2024.
156:Civil and political
34:
2345:Treaties of Zambia
2325:Treaties of Tuvalu
2305:Treaties of Uganda
2300:Treaties of Turkey
2265:Treaties of Sweden
2210:Treaties of Serbia
2185:Treaties of Rwanda
2160:Treaties of Poland
2135:Treaties of Panama
2115:Treaties of Norway
2035:Treaties of Malawi
1990:Treaties of Latvia
1975:Treaties of Kuwait
1960:Treaties of Jordan
1895:Treaties of Guyana
1885:Treaties of Guinea
1875:Treaties of Greece
1855:Treaties of France
1785:Treaties of Cyprus
1735:Treaties of Canada
1705:Treaties of Brunei
1700:Treaties of Brazil
1695:Treaties of Bhutan
1660:Treaties of Angola
1610:Plant conservation
1475:on 7 February 2012
32:
2385:Treaties of Malta
2340:Treaties of Yemen
2285:Treaties of Tonga
2275:Treaties of Syria
2240:Treaties of Spain
2190:Treaties of Samoa
2170:Treaties of Qatar
2130:Treaties of Palau
2110:Treaties of Niger
2095:Treaties of Nepal
1965:Treaties of Kenya
1955:Treaties of Japan
1940:Treaties of Italy
1915:Treaties of India
1870:Treaties of Ghana
1860:Treaties of Gabon
1820:Treaties of Egypt
1750:Treaties of Chile
1690:Treaties of Benin
1240:on 3 October 2011
1202:on 3 October 2011
593:genetic resources
508:
507:
166:Three generations
94:
93:
16:(Redirected from
2407:
2280:Treaties of Togo
2150:Treaties of Peru
2120:Treaties of Oman
2050:Treaties of Mali
1985:Treaties of Laos
1930:Treaties of Iraq
1925:Treaties of Iran
1845:Treaties of Fiji
1780:Treaties of Cuba
1745:Treaties of Chad
1499:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1408:. Archived from
1407:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1310:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:. Archived from
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1236:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:. Archived from
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1110:. Archived from
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
976:
975:
973:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
940:
934:
933:
926:
770:can be found at
732:La Via Campesina
700:a coded call to
597:making decisions
500:
493:
486:
447:Rest and leisure
110:
96:
95:
35:
31:
21:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2404:
1570:
1569:
1507:
1495:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1442:
1441:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1395:
1393:Further reading
1390:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1117:on 26 July 2011
1114:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
984:
983:
979:
971:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
942:
941:
937:
928:
927:
923:
918:
866:
804:
772:Wayback Machine
756:
743:
681:Nagoya Protocol
664:
636:
589:farmers' rights
585:
583:Farmers' rights
565:
560:
552:farmers' rights
546:of the world's
544:sustainable use
542:, exchange and
514:(also known as
504:
377:Civil liberties
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Plant breeding
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1505:External links
1503:
1502:
1501:
1486:
1456:
1426:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1373:
1361:
1348:
1337:
1325:
1299:
1289:
1263:
1251:
1225:
1213:
1187:
1175:
1157:
1128:
1096:
1070:
1044:
1032:www.srfood.org
1016:
1002:
977:
960:
935:
920:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
865:
862:
854:
853:
849:
845:
842:
835:
803:
800:
784:United Nations
755:
752:
742:
739:
738:
737:
736:
735:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
698:
692:
676:
672:
668:
663:
662:Governing Body
660:
635:
632:
584:
581:
577:European Union
564:
561:
559:
556:
506:
505:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
402:Free migration
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
292:
291:
286:
276:
271:
266:
265:
264:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
117:
116:
112:
111:
103:
102:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
26:
18:Farmers rights
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2412:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:2001 in Italy
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Food security
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Food treaties
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1314:on 2 May 2014
1313:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1006:
991:
987:
981:
970:
964:
949:
945:
939:
931:
925:
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
859:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
826:
823:
819:
817:
813:
812:food security
809:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
747:
733:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
703:
699:
696:
695:
693:
690:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
666:
665:
659:
655:
653:
649:
644:
642:
641:food security
631:
629:
624:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:Member States
558:Main features
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:food security
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1590:Biodiversity
1491:
1477:. Retrieved
1470:the original
1461:
1437:the original
1431:
1417:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1401:
1376:
1364:
1351:
1340:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:the original
1266:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1190:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1143:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:
1019:
1005:
995:10 September
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
924:
855:
824:
820:
805:
796:
792:
776:
767:
757:
748:
744:
656:
645:
637:
625:
609:
588:
586:
566:
540:conservation
538:through the
524:Plant Treaty
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
452:Self defense
442:Reproductive
147:Human rights
64:29 June 2004
33:Plant Treaty
29:
1479:23 November
1419:14 December
1170:www.fao.org
1144:www.fao.org
427:Development
367:Association
262:Transgender
1574:Categories
1533:(archived)
1244:3 November
1206:3 November
916:References
786:or of the
417:Linguistic
392:Fair trial
274:Minorities
242:Indigenous
77:Depositary
1524:from the
1445:cite book
885:Germplasm
870:Biopiracy
614:, the UN
601:germplasm
462:Sexuality
387:Education
311:Prisoners
202:Creditors
197:Consumers
87:Languages
61:Effective
1318:30 April
1282:22 March
1121:23 March
875:Seedbank
864:See also
852:Annex 1.
607:(SMTA).
432:Property
422:Movement
362:Assembly
326:Students
301:Peasants
296:Patients
247:Intersex
212:Disabled
192:Children
51:Location
1150:12 July
1089:2 April
1063:2 April
1037:12 July
953:2 April
890:Genesys
728:CENESTA
516:ITPGRFA
412:Housing
382:Digital
341:Workers
331:Victims
289:Mothers
284:Fathers
279:Parents
232:Fetuses
227:Farmers
187:Animals
182:Accused
69:Parties
1500:155 p.
1425:213 p.
1146:. 2010
683:, the
650:(FAO)
575:, the
571:and 1
467:Speech
437:Repair
407:Health
372:Asylum
321:States
316:Robots
306:Plants
237:Humans
222:Family
217:Elders
100:Rights
43:Signed
1620:Seeds
1496:(PDF)
1485:59 p.
1473:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1455:36 p.
1413:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1140:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
972:(PDF)
839:seeds
346:Youth
336:Women
252:Kings
1481:2007
1451:link
1421:2021
1320:2014
1284:2011
1246:2010
1208:2010
1152:2020
1123:2011
1091:2022
1065:2022
1039:2020
997:2024
955:2022
810:and
706:WIPO
704:and
702:UPOV
687:and
510:The
397:Food
257:LGBT
207:Deaf
55:Rome
46:2001
1084:D+C
1058:D+C
780:FAO
522:or
269:Men
1576::
1447:}}
1443:{{
1168:.
1142:.
1082:.
1056:.
1030:.
988:.
946:.
774:.
518:,
1483:.
1453:)
1423:.
1384:.
1322:.
1286:.
1248:.
1210:.
1172:.
1154:.
1125:.
1093:.
1067:.
1041:.
1013:.
999:.
974:.
957:.
932:.
499:e
492:t
485:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
