481:. It is recommended that horses be vaccinated against equine influenza annually, and competition horses that travel frequently be given a booster every six months as they are at higher risk of contracting the virus. Foals are initially vaccinated at six months of age with a booster 3 to 6 weeks later and again between 10 and 12 months. Standard schedules may not maintain absolutely foolproof levels of protection, and more frequent administration is advised in high-risk situations.
31:
553:
population, and farms). Horse and mule power was used for moving wagons and carriages, and pulling plows and farm equipment. The census of 1870 counted 7.1 million horses and 1.1 million mules, as well as 39 million humans. With most urban horses and mules incapacitated for a week or two, humans used wheelbarrows and pulled the wagons. About 1% of the animals died, and the rest fully recovered.
689:
587:
reported that a complete suspension of travel had been noted in the state. The same report also took note of massive freight backups being caused by the lack of transportation ability that was arising as a result of the outbreak. Cities such as
Buffalo and New York were left without effective ways to
394:
of one to three days. Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F ), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. Secondary infections may include pneumonia. Horses that are mildly affected will recover within 2 to 3 weeks; however, it
668:
Within the week following the initial UK infections, four further vaccinated horses tested positive for equine flu in stables in
Newmarket, but after six days the BHA declared that (with stricter rules regarding vaccinations) racing would resume. While some in the industry welcomed the resumption of
647:
Australia had remained free of equine influenza until an outbreak in August 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over a period of three months. The cost to eradicate the disease was estimated at $ 1 billion and eventually the virus was successfully contained and
Australia has returned to its equine
424:
endemic to horses. Viruses that cause equine influenza were first isolated in 1956. The equine-1 virus affects heart muscle, while the equine-2 virus is much more severe and systemic. The virus is spread by infected, coughing horses in addition to contaminated buckets, brushes, tack and other stable
377:
While equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans, impacts of past outbreaks have been devastating due to the economic reliance on horses for communication (postal service), military (cavalry), and general transportation. In modern times the ramifications of equine influenza are most
660:
had raced the previous day. Following the first three cases at these stables, a further three cases were reported. It became known that there had recently been several outbreaks across Europe, and 7 in the UK since the start of 2019. In the latest incident, initially three vaccinated horses tested
595:
Boston was hard hit by a major fire downtown on
November 9 as firemen pulled the necessary firefighting equipment by hand. The city commission investigating the fire found that fire crews' response times were delayed by only a matter of minutes. The city then began to buy steam-powered equipment.
433:
When a horse contracts the equine influenza virus, rest and supportive care is advised so that complications do not occur. Veterinarians recommend at least one week of rest for every day that the fever persists with a minimum of three days' rest. This allows the damaged mucocilliary apparatus to
373:
now considers H7N7 strains likely to be extinct since these strains have not been isolated for over 20 years. Predominant international circulating H3N8 strains are
Florida sublineage of the American lineage; clade 1 predominates in the Americas and clade 2 in Europe. (Elton and Cullinane, 2013;
599:
In New York, 7,000 of the city's approximately 11,000 horses fell ill, and mortality rates ranged between 1.0% and 10%. Many horses were unable to stand in their stalls; those that could stand coughed violently and were too weak to pull any loads or support riders. The vast majority of affected
552:
An epizootic outbreak of equine influenza during 1872 in North
America became known as "The Great Epizootic of 1872". The outbreak is known as the "most destructive recorded episode of equine influenza in history". In 1870, three fourths of Americans lived in rural areas (towns under 2,500
484:
Equine influenza virus (EIV) undergoes continuous antigenic drift, and vaccine protection from immunogenic stimulation is maximised when vaccines strains have greater homogeneity to circulating strains. Subclinically affected vaccinated horses can shed live virus and represent a threat to
545:
665:(BHA) calling off races and putting in place "quarantine and biosecurity measures". The BHA stated "The full extent of potential exposure is unknown". The disease has been spreading across northern Europe, with the Republic of Ireland, France, Belgium and the Netherlands all affected.
402:"An epizootic specific fever of a very debilitating type, with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, and less frequently of other organs, having an average duration of ten to fifteen days, and not conferring immunity from a second attack in subsequent epizootics."
673:
warned that
British racing is "not out of the woods yet". Eight times as many flu cases were reported among UK horses in the first six weeks of 2019 as in the whole of 2018, and there was particular concern about its appearance in vaccinated horses and thoroughbreds.
434:
regenerate. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are administered if the fever reaches greater than 104 °F (40 °C). If complications occur, such as the onset of pneumonia, or if the fever last more than 3 to 4 days, antibiotics are often administered.
535:
Prevalence of influenza is found in historic records in the centuries of the Middle Ages, but direct implication of horses is not always clear. Neither are recorded instances of record deaths among horses and other animals clear on the exact cause of death.
531:
epidemic affected Europe. Spanish records noted cases in which "The horse carried his head drooping, would eat nothing, ran from the eyes, and there was hurried beating of the flanks. The malady was epidemic, and in that year one thousand horses died."
574:
reported on the extent of the outbreak, claiming that nearly all public stables in the city had been affected, and that the majority of the horses owned in the private sector had essentially been rendered useless to their owners. Only days later, the
485:
unvaccinated or inappropriately vaccinated horses. Neutralising immunity leading to an absence of infection is rare. (Paillot, 2014) An OIE expert surveillance panel annually assesses circulating strains and makes relevant vaccine recommendations.
579:
went on to report that 95% of all horses in
Rochester, New York, had been affected, while the disease was also making its way quickly through the state of Maine and had already affected all fire horses in the city of Providence, Rhode Island.
588:
move merchandise through the streets, and even the Erie Canal was left with boats full of goods idling in its waters because they were pulled by horses. By
November, many states were reporting cases. The
442:
Prevention of equine influenza outbreaks is maintained through vaccines and hygiene procedures. Isolation of horses for two weeks is common practice when they are being moved to a new environment.
1653:
524:, described a disease in the horse population having the general characters of influenza, which the report mentions as the earliest clear record of equine influenza in the lower animals.
937:
500:
A comprehensive report describing the disease—compiled in response to the 1872 outbreak of the disease in North
America—provided a thorough examination of the history of the disease.
1959:
1954:
895:
1485:
Racing resumes on Wednesday after a six day shutdown, but states all runners must have been vaccinated against the virus in the last six months as opposed to 12 months previously
677:
The outbreak continued at an elevated rate for the first half of the year and a peak in cases was seen at the end of June. From mid-August only isolated sporadic cases were seen.
1697:
425:
equipment. The influenza virus causes symptoms by replicating within respiratory epithelial cells, resulting in destruction of tracheal and bronchial epithelium and cilia.
1287:"Description of the outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 2003, during which recently vaccinated horses in Newmarket developed respiratory disease"
301:
656:
In February 2019, an outbreak led to horse-racing meetings being cancelled in Britain between February 7 and February 12, after horses from an infected yard in
477:) live, plus various combinations) are a major defense against the disease. Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of vaccines, followed by
374:
Paillot, 2014; Slater et al., 2013). The disease has a nearly 100% infection rate in an unvaccinated horse population with no prior exposure to the virus.
2114:
1640:
1627:
2355:
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influenza-free status. However, the outbreak had significant effects on the country's horse-racing industry and the Australian economy in general.
1650:
568:
were affected within only three days. By the middle of October, the disease had reached Montreal, Detroit, and New England. On October 25, 1872,
489:
395:
may take up to 6 months for recovery for severely affected horses. Horses that become immune may not show signs but will still shed the virus.
945:
1072:
903:
329:
1038:
1144:
2404:
642:
243:
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race dogs in January 2004. The exposure and transfer apparently occurred at horse-racing tracks where dog racing had also occurred.
1619:
1336:
488:
The UK requires horses participating in show events be vaccinated against equine flu, and a vaccination card must be produced. The
2510:
2515:
856:
Slater, J.; Borchers, K.; Chambers, T.; Cullinane, A.; Duggan, V.; Elton, D.; Legrand, L.; Paillot, R.; Fortier, G. (2014).
1594:
370:
1527:
2051:
1763:
1725:
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An outbreak involving 1,300 horses in 21 racing stables occurred in Newmarket in Spring 2003. Racing was not cancelled.
248:
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2056:
1054:
253:
113:
108:
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2317:
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732:
258:
198:
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The first cases of the disease were reported from Ontario, Canada. By October 1, 1872, the first case occurred in
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1939:
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96:
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1969:
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1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
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858:"Report of the International Equine Influenza Roundtable Expert Meeting at Le Touquet, Normandy, February 2013"
390:
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short
74:
52:
1675:
1373:"Insights into the economic consequences of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia: EQUINE INFLUENZA"
662:
1637:
1624:
2143:
2061:
2046:
1172:"The Horse Plague: Fifteen Thousand Horses in this City Unfit for Use." The New York Times 25 Oct. 1872:
1121:"Running Like Wildfire - A Study of the most destructive recorded episode of equine influenza in history"
263:
238:
315:
2489:
2104:
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species. Equine influenza occurs globally, previously caused by two main strains of virus: equine-1 (
1273:
The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America's First Subway
2551:
1590:
407:
1528:
The Latest on Equine Flu: Press release from The British Equestrian Federation (BEF) - 8 July 2019
2536:
2446:
2332:
2302:
2297:
2191:
1996:
1718:
233:
213:
1083:
2505:
2307:
2109:
2077:
2012:
1558:"History and Course of the Epizoötic among Horses upon the North American Continent in 1872-73"
1008:
296:
286:
188:
2087:
1035:
896:"About of Equine influenza | Definition of Equine influenza - Viral Infections Blog Articles"
857:
818:
1663:
2097:
626:
473:
463:
8:
2157:
2041:
1758:
1352:
670:
126:
1669:
1372:
2541:
2289:
2231:
1978:
1748:
1711:
1574:
1557:
794:
767:
570:
527:
The report notes the next recorded equine influenza case in 1299, the same year that a
291:
181:
138:
1512:
2312:
2241:
1799:
1753:
1604:
McClure, James P. "The epizootic of 1872: Horses and disease in a nation in motion."
1579:
1392:
1388:
1159:
James P. McClure, "The epizootic of 1872: Horses and disease in a nation in motion."
877:
838:
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421:
391:
89:
1496:
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1424:
1409:
40:
2454:
2389:
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1991:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1569:
1478:
Rhianydd Lee-Jones: Equine flu: Vaccine rules could disrupt Cheltenham preparations
1384:
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830:
789:
779:
707:
620:
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In December 1872, Mexico sent aid to the United States in the form of live horses.
208:
59:
1461:
1425:
Equine flu: British horse racing meetings cancelled because of equine flu outbreak
2427:
2411:
1692:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1446:
Frank Keogh: ‘Racing not out of woods’ over equine flu, says animal health expert
1410:
Frank Keogh: Equine flu: British horse racing to resume after shutdown over virus
1321:
1042:
702:
69:
47:
30:
1360:
Where did canine influenza viruses come from and how long have they been around?
2166:
1773:
1462:
Equine flu: Four new positive tests returned at Simon Crisford's Newmarket yard
694:
1497:
Frank Keogh: Equine flu: Trainers welcome racing return after six-day shutdown
1337:
JoAnna Pendergrass, DVM Canine Influenza A Virus Outbreak in the United States
2530:
2459:
2322:
1237:
Cash, Tokens, and Transfers: A History of Urban Mass Transit in North America
1120:
203:
1680:
784:
740:
2469:
2092:
1768:
1583:
1396:
1261:
McClure, "The epizootic of 1872: Horses and disease in a nation in motion."
938:"Equine Influenza: Respiratory Diseases of Horses: Merck Veterinary Manual"
881:
842:
803:
478:
468:
458:
379:
1058:
2474:
2201:
2196:
2184:
1986:
565:
509:
350:
193:
158:
148:
143:
1685:
1314:
1209:"The Horse Plague: Fifteen Thousand Horses in this City Unfit for Use."
768:"A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination"
2432:
2350:
2226:
2179:
2174:
1778:
600:
horses that survived were back to full health by the following spring.
521:
281:
163:
133:
873:
834:
2484:
2479:
2259:
2218:
2211:
2206:
1734:
1181:“The Horse Distemper: Further Increase of the Epidemic in this City”
630:
614:
168:
153:
101:
22:
1150:, Kentucky Equine Research, 20 October 2007, accessed 17 March 2019
657:
517:
354:
226:
2394:
1698:
Great Epizootic of 1872 ravaged the horse population - Pantagraph
819:"Equine influenza: Antigenic drift and implications for vaccines"
629:
in the United States. The infection in dogs was first noticed in
557:
528:
450:
1599:
Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1872
544:
2264:
855:
513:
454:
2464:
410:, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1872
398:
An 1872 report on equine influenza describes the disease as:
358:
1703:
688:
995:
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1872
589:
561:
366:
362:
1550:
American Disasters: 201 Calamities That Shook the Nation
1250:
American Disasters: 201 Calamities That Shook the Nation
508:
The report notes putative cases dating as far back as
1193:
1191:
1100:
420:
Equine influenza is caused by several strains of the
1670:
Equine flu resources: Q&A, latest news, contacts
684:
1055:"Welcome to United Association Eventim Equestrian!"
1188:
615:2004 United States outbreak: H3N8 transfer to dogs
1370:
2528:
539:
1279:
990:
988:
986:
816:
490:International Federation for Equestrian Sports
1719:
1681:Equine Quarterly Disease Surveillance Reports
1415:, 12 February 2019, accessed 12 February 2019
1371:Smyth, Gb; Dagley, K; Tainsh, J (July 2011).
1006:
761:
759:
757:
323:
16:Influenza caused by viruses adapted to horses
1275:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 142.
1315:Equine influenza: What is Equine influenza?
983:
636:
472:
462:
1726:
1712:
1353:Key Facts about Canine Influenza (Dog Flu)
754:
625:The equine influenza virus H3N8 caused an
330:
316:
1573:
1358:, accessed 15 February 2019, see section
793:
783:
643:2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak
1664:Caring for a horse with equine influenza
1118:
592:industry ground to a halt in late 1872.
543:
1441:
1439:
1437:
765:
492:requires vaccination every six months.
2529:
1555:
1197:
1106:
727:
725:
723:
349:) is the disease caused by strains of
2516:US influenza statistics by flu season
1707:
1310:
1308:
1638:Controlling Equine Influenza - Japan
1434:
1270:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
651:
371:World Organisation for Animal Health
1293:. The Veterinary record. March 2006
720:
606:
13:
2511:2017–2018 United States flu season
1541:
1305:
669:racing, Dr Richard Newton, of the
14:
2563:
2250:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
1700:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
1625:EI Vaccination Debate - Australia
1613:
917:
817:Elton, D.; Cullinane, A. (2013).
385:
1562:Public Health Papers and Reports
1389:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00777.x
687:
520:, a Greek veterinarian from 330
503:
259:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
29:
1521:
1506:
1490:
1471:
1455:
1418:
1403:
1364:
1346:
1330:
1264:
1255:
1242:
1229:
1216:
1203:
1175:
1166:
1153:
1145:"Changes in the Horse Industry"
1137:
1112:
1065:
1047:
1029:
1222:"The Terrible Horse Disease."
1057:. 26 July 2012. Archived from
1000:
959:
888:
849:
810:
1:
2308:Russian flu (1889–1890)
1733:
1377:Australian Veterinary Journal
1341:americanveterinarian.com/news
967:"Flu Virus in Horses | petMD"
713:
663:British Horseracing Authority
437:
1556:Judson, Adoniram B. (1873).
1356:cdc.gov/flu/other/canine-flu
540:1872 North American outbreak
428:
7:
1595:"Equine Influenza Epidemic"
1503:, accessed 14 February 2019
1468:, accessed 12 February 2019
1452:, accessed 14 February 2019
1343:, accessed 15 February 2019
680:
661:positive, resulting in the
445:
114:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
2568:
2083:Transmission and infection
1431:, accessed 7 February 2019
1327:, accessed 7 February 2019
640:
627:influenza outbreak in dogs
618:
495:
249:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
2498:
2445:
2420:
2382:
2375:
2363:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
2341:
2303:Influenza pandemic (1557)
2298:Influenza pandemic (1510)
2288:
2277:
2240:
2165:
2156:
2136:
2127:
2070:
2034:
2025:
2005:
1977:
1968:
1823:
1787:
1741:
1548:Campbell, Ballard C. ed.
1487:accessed 12 February 2019
1248:Ballard C. Campbell, ed.
1009:"Equine/Canine Influenza"
862:Equine Veterinary Journal
823:Equine Veterinary Journal
415:
2405:2007 Australian outbreak
766:Paillot, Romain (2014).
637:2007 Australian outbreak
2192:Neuraminidase inhibitor
1651:Great Epizootic of 1872
1119:O'Reilly, CuChullaine.
785:10.3390/vaccines2040797
264:2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak
2506:Influenza-like illness
2175:Adamantane derivatives
1552:(2008) pp. 131–32
1534:, accessed 28 May 2020
1518:, accessed 28 May 2020
942:www.merckvetmanual.com
549:
413:
302:Vaccine reformulations
297:Influenza-like illness
244:2007 Australian equine
2547:Animal viral diseases
2356:1989–1990 UK outbreak
2318:Asian flu (1957-1958)
1601:. (Washington, 1872).
1163:(1998) 79#1 pp: 4-22.
583:On October 30, 1872,
547:
400:
189:1889-1890 Russian flu
2323:Hong Kong flu (1968)
2115:Pandemic preparation
1672:Horsetalk.co.nz (NZ)
1666:Horsetalk.co.nz (NZ)
1483:, 12 February 2019,
900:viralinfections.info
1427:, 7 February 2019,
1271:Most, Doug (2014).
1036:equiflunet_vaccines
671:Animal Health Trust
548:Spread of epizootic
287:Influenza evolution
199:1957-1958 Asian flu
2313:Spanish flu (1918)
2232:Baloxavir marboxil
2057:West Bengal (2008)
1992:1977 (Russian flu)
1987:1918 (Spanish flu)
1691:2011-07-13 at the
1660:equinetrader.co.nz
1656:2016-03-03 at the
1647:equinetrader.co.nz
1643:2012-03-06 at the
1634:equinetrader.co.nz
1630:2012-03-06 at the
1608:(1998) 79(1):4-22.
1499:13 February 2019,
1464:11 February 2019,
1448:14 February 2019,
1320:2016-07-06 at the
1224:The New York Times
1211:The New York Times
1183:The New York Times
1041:2006-01-10 at the
1016:primerdesign.co.uk
1007:Primerdesign Ltd.
733:"Equine Influenza"
585:The New York Times
571:The New York Times
550:
292:Influenza research
204:1968 Hong Kong flu
139:Baloxavir marboxil
2524:
2523:
2441:
2440:
2371:
2370:
2351:Fujian flu (H3N2)
2273:
2272:
2152:
2151:
2123:
2122:
2078:Genetic structure
2021:
2020:
1825:Influenza A virus
1764:Genome sequencing
1676:Veterinary Record
1513:UK Outbreak curve
1339:15 December 2017
1235:Brian J. Cudahy,
1061:on 22 March 2005.
874:10.1111/evj.12302
835:10.1111/evj.12148
652:2019 UK outbreaks
564:horses and major
422:influenza A virus
340:
339:
2559:
2455:Acute bronchitis
2380:
2379:
2333:Swine flu (2009)
2328:1977 Russian flu
2286:
2285:
2222:
2163:
2162:
2134:
2133:
2032:
2031:
1997:2009 (Swine flu)
1975:
1974:
1795:Orthomyxoviridae
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1606:New York History
1587:
1577:
1535:
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1519:
1510:
1504:
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1459:
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1400:
1368:
1362:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1291:researchgate.net
1283:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:(2008) pp 131-32
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:New York History
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:. Archived from
1077:
1073:"FEI guidelines"
1069:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1004:
998:
992:
981:
980:
978:
977:
963:
957:
956:
954:
953:
944:. Archived from
934:
915:
914:
912:
911:
902:. Archived from
892:
886:
885:
853:
847:
846:
814:
808:
807:
797:
787:
763:
752:
751:
749:
748:
739:. Archived from
729:
708:Canine influenza
697:
692:
691:
621:Canine influenza
607:2003 UK outbreak
476:
466:
411:
365:) and equine-2 (
343:Equine influenza
332:
325:
318:
254:2008 West Bengal
209:1977 Russian flu
194:1918 Spanish flu
33:
19:
18:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2552:Animal vaccines
2527:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2494:
2437:
2416:
2367:
2337:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2236:
2220:
2167:Antiviral drugs
2148:
2119:
2105:Human mortality
2098:clinical trials
2066:
2017:
2001:
1964:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1783:
1737:
1732:
1693:Wayback Machine
1658:Wayback Machine
1645:Wayback Machine
1632:Wayback Machine
1616:
1611:
1544:
1542:Further reading
1539:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1481:bbc.co.uk/sport
1476:
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23:Influenza (flu)
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53:A/H5N1 subtype
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2458:
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2088:Global spread
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1501:bbc.com/sport
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1466:bbc.com/sport
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1450:bbc.com/sport
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1226:30 Oct. 1872:
1225:
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1199:
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1185:26 Oct. 1872:
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1108:
1103:
1089:on 2007-10-26
1085:
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1017:
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989:
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972:
968:
962:
948:on 2016-11-15
947:
943:
939:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
906:on 2016-12-20
905:
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743:on 2016-03-10
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504:Early records
501:
493:
491:
486:
482:
480:
479:booster shots
475:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
443:
435:
426:
423:
409:
403:
399:
396:
393:
383:
381:
378:clear in the
375:
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364:
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352:
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328:
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137:
135:
132:
131:
128:
123:
122:
115:
112:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:2009 pandemic
95:
94:
91:
86:
85:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
54:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
42:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
2490:Strep throat
2470:Otitis media
2399:
2047:India (2006)
1769:Reassortment
1620:Equi Flu Net
1605:
1598:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1531:
1530:8 July 2019
1523:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1473:
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1428:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1380:
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1366:
1359:
1355:
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1340:
1332:
1324:
1295:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1213:25 Oct. 1872
1210:
1205:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1102:
1091:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1079:
1067:
1059:the original
1049:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1002:
994:
974:. Retrieved
970:
961:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
941:
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
899:
890:
865:
861:
851:
826:
822:
812:
775:
771:
745:. Retrieved
741:the original
737:www.aaep.org
736:
676:
667:
655:
646:
624:
610:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
576:
569:
555:
551:
534:
526:
507:
499:
487:
483:
449:
441:
432:
419:
401:
397:
389:
380:horse-racing
376:
346:
342:
341:
64:
2475:Pharyngitis
2421:Non-mammals
2202:Laninamivir
2197:Oseltamivir
2185:Rimantadine
2013:2009 A/H1N1
1815:Influenza D
1810:Influenza C
1805:Influenza B
1800:Influenza A
1383:: 151–158.
1297:12 February
1198:Judson 1873
1107:Judson 1873
1021:December 4,
510:Hippocrates
351:influenza A
159:Rimantadine
149:Oseltamivir
144:Laninamivir
2531:Categories
2227:Umifenovir
2219:Peramivir
2180:Amantadine
2158:Treatments
1779:Flu season
1591:Law, James
1568:: 88–109.
1516:Equiflunet
1130:2019-03-17
1093:2007-06-07
976:2016-12-04
952:2016-12-04
910:2016-12-04
747:2016-12-04
714:References
560:. All the
438:Prevention
382:industry.
282:Flu season
164:Umifenovir
134:Amantadine
2542:Influenza
2485:Sinusitis
2480:Pneumonia
2376:Non-human
2343:Epidemics
2290:Pandemics
2281:epidemics
2260:Pandemrix
2212:Zanamivir
2207:Peramivir
2144:2020–2022
2137:Outbreaks
2052:UK (2007)
2035:Outbreaks
1979:Pandemics
1759:Treatment
1735:Influenza
1686:Horse Flu
1125:lrgaf.org
631:Greyhound
562:streetcar
529:catarrhal
429:Treatment
408:James Law
353:that are
347:horse flu
227:Outbreaks
182:Pandemics
169:Zanamivir
154:Peramivir
127:Treatment
102:Pandemrix
2242:Vaccines
1827:subtypes
1749:Research
1689:Archived
1654:Archived
1641:Archived
1628:Archived
1584:19599890
1397:21711317
1318:Archived
1039:Archived
882:25146166
843:24117935
804:26344892
772:Vaccines
681:See also
658:Cheshire
518:Absyrtus
469:QI05AD02
459:QI05AA01
451:Vaccines
446:Vaccines
405:—
355:enzootic
276:See also
90:Vaccines
2383:Mammals
2093:Vaccine
2071:Science
2006:Science
1788:Viruses
1754:Vaccine
1575:2272691
1325:oie.int
1148:ker.com
795:4494246
558:Toronto
496:History
471: (
461: (
457:codes:
369:). The
2400:Equine
2395:Feline
2390:Canine
2265:Audenz
2255:Brands
1582:
1572:
1395:
880:
841:
802:
792:
514:Livius
455:ATCvet
416:Causes
65:Equine
60:Canine
2465:Croup
2428:Avian
2412:Swine
1960:H11N9
1955:H11N2
1950:H10N8
1945:H10N7
1940:H10N3
1087:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
577:Times
359:horse
70:Swine
48:Avian
41:Types
2129:H5N8
2027:H5N1
1970:H1N1
1935:H9N2
1930:H7N9
1925:H7N7
1920:H7N4
1915:H7N3
1910:H7N2
1905:H7N1
1900:H6N1
1895:H5N9
1890:H5N8
1885:H5N6
1880:H5N3
1875:H5N2
1870:H5N1
1865:H3N8
1860:H3N2
1855:H3N1
1850:H2N3
1845:H2N2
1840:H1N2
1835:H1N1
1580:PMID
1393:PMID
1299:2019
1143:see
1023:2016
878:PMID
839:PMID
800:PMID
512:and
367:H3N8
363:H7N7
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