677:, the Vietnamese general who helped Nguyễn Ánh—the future Emperor Gia Long—put down the Tây Sơn rebellion, unify Vietnam and establish the Nguyễn dynasty, and many of the high-ranking mandarins opposed Gia Long's succession plan. Duyệt and many of his southern associates tended to be favourable to Christianity, and supported the installation of Nguyễn Cảnh's descendants on the throne. As a result, Duyệt was held in high regard by the Catholic community. According to the historian Mark McLeod, Duyệt was more concerned with military rather than social needs, and was thus more interested in maintaining strong relations with Europeans so that he could acquire weapons from them, rather than worrying about the social implications of westernization. Gia Long was aware that Catholic clergy were opposed to the installation of Minh Mạng because they favored a Catholic monarch (Cảnh's son) who would grant them favors.
81:
1155:
652:
72:
916:'s policies generated claims of religious bias even though he sponsored and supported many Buddhist organizations, and Buddhism flourished under his regime. As a member of the Catholic minority, he pursued policies which antagonized the Buddhist majority. The government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, and the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions. Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was from a Buddhist background, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the
1004:
353:
61:
52:
23:
6206:
1130:
488:
6720:
6730:
825:
780:
529:
6322:
2400:
2303:
751:
740:
993:
337:
984:. Recent scholarships reveal significant understandings about Diệm's own independent agenda and political philosophy. The Personalist Revolution under his regime promoted religious freedom and diversity to oppose communism's atheism. However, this policy itself ultimately enabled religious activists to threaten the state that supported their religious liberty.
696:. This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, who had been supporting the Catholic line of Prince Cảnh. Lê Văn Khôi further promised to protect Catholicism. In 1833, the rebels took over southern Vietnam, with Catholics playing a large role. 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops fought under the command of
685:
disobeyed the order and Minh Mạng was forced to bide his time. The emperor began to slowly wind back the military powers of Duyệt, and increased this after his death. Minh Mạng ordered the posthumous humiliation of Duyệt, which resulted in the desecration of his tomb, the execution of sixteen relatives, and the arrests of his colleagues. Duyệt's son,
924:
Some villages converted en masse in order to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime. The
Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and its holdings were exempt from reform and given extra property acquisition rights, while restrictions against Buddhism remained
920:
converted to
Catholicism to better their prospects. The distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Việt Cộng guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling and
2376:
and prayed there twice aiming to return the property to the local church. The building was located at a historic
Buddhist site until it was confiscated by the French authorities and given to Catholics, before the communist North Vietnamese government confiscated it from the Catholic Church in 1959.
718:
The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the
Christians of Vietnam. New restrictions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries. Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838. In 1836–37 six missionaries
684:
Minh Mạng issued an imperial edict, that ordered missionaries to leave their areas and move to the imperial city, ostensibly because the palace needed translators, but in order to stop the
Catholics from evangelizing. Whereas the government officials in central and northern Vietnam complied, Duyệt
680:
Minh Mạng began to place restrictions on
Catholicism. He enacted "edicts of interdiction of the Catholic religion" and condemned Christianity as a "heterodox doctrine". He saw the Catholics as a possible source of division, especially as the missionaries were arriving in Vietnam in ever-increasing
628:
Gia Long tolerated the
Catholic faith of his French allies and permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of respect to his benefactors. The missionary activities were dominated by the Spanish in Tonkin and the French in the central and southern regions. At the time of his death, there were six
3289:
The spiritual dimension of the
Republic's Personalist Revolution did not involve state interference in all religious activities. Instead, it promoted religious freedom and diversity, provided that the spiritual values they propagated opposed communism's atheism. ... The Republic pledged to defend
971:
celebrations. A few days earlier, Catholics were encouraged to fly religious—that is, papal—flags at the celebration in honour of Thục's anniversary as bishop. Both actions technically violated a rarely enforced law which prohibited the flying of any flag other than the national one, but only the
605:
At one stage during the civil war, the Nguyễn were in trouble, so
Pigneau was dispatched to seek French aid. He was able to recruit a band of French volunteers. Pigneau and other missionaries acted as business agents for Nguyễn Ánh, purchasing munitions and other military supplies. Pigneau also
671:, the son of Gia Long's second wife, was appointed instead. Gia Long chose him for his strong character and his deeply conservative aversion to Westerners, whereas Cảnh's lineage had converted to Catholicism and were reluctant to maintain their Confucian traditions such as ancestor worship.
601:
region in the far south, where he met
Pigneau. Pigneau became Nguyễn Ánh's confidant. Pigneau reportedly hoped that by playing a substantial role in helping Ánh attain victory, he would be in position to gain important concessions for the Catholic Church in Vietnam and helping its expansion
1089:
on 25 January 2007. Official Vatican delegations have been traveling to Vietnam almost every year since 1990 for meetings with its government authorities and to visit Catholic dioceses. In March 2007, a Vatican delegation visited Vietnam and met with local officials. In October 2014,
2385:, who made the same demands for their respective territories. In February 2008, the governments promised to return the building to the Catholic Church. However, in September 2008, the authorities changed their position and decided to demolish the building to create a public park.
2367:
process for him. Benedict XVI expressed "profound joy" at the news of the official opening of the beatification cause. Vietnamese Catholics reacted positively to the news of the beatification. In December 2007, thousands of Vietnamese Catholics marched in procession to the former
972:
Buddhist flags were prohibited in practice. This prompted a protest against the government, which was violently suppressed by Diệm's forces, resulting in the killing of nine civilians. This in turn led to a mass campaign against Diệm's government during what became known as the
3290:
freedom of religion—at least initially—and promoted religious diversity. Ironically, it was precisely because the state could guarantee neither religious equality nor absolute noninterference in religious affairs that religious groups started to challenge its authority.
1105:
Vietnam remains as the only Asian communist country to have an unofficial representative of the Vatican in the country and has held official to unofficial meetings with the Vatican's representatives both in Vietnam and the Holy See—which does not exist in
319:. There are about 7 million Catholics in Vietnam, representing 7.4% of the total population. There are 27 dioceses (including three archdioceses) with 2,228 parishes and 2,668 priests. The main liturgical rites employed in Vietnam are those of the
610:
when it was besieged by a numerically vastly superior Tây Sơn army in 1794. Upon Pigneau's death, Gia Long's funeral oration described the Frenchman as "the most illustrious foreigner ever to appear at the court of Cochinchina".
6685:
1098:. The sides continued discussions about the possibility of establishing normal diplomatic relations, but have not provided a specific schedule for the exchange of ambassadors. The Pope would again meet Vietnamese leader
2931:
6695:
4352:
Makino, Motonori (2009). "The Vietnamese Written Languages and European Missionaries: From the Society of Jesus to the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris". In Shinzo, Kawamura; Veliath, Cyril (eds.).
697:
907:
3332:
5969:
5913:
2352:
to eight years in prison on grounds of "anti-government activities". Nguyen, who had already spent 14 of the past 24 years in prison, was accused of being a founder of a pro-democracy movement
1019:
5954:
4203:
Alberts, Tara (2013). "Priests of a Foreign God: Catholic Religious Leadership and Sacral Authority in Seventeenth-Century Tonkin and Cochinchina". In Alberts, Tara; Irving, D. R. M. (eds.).
2706:
6690:
5840:
4496:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2004). "Les catholiques et la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (1945–1954): une approche biographique". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.).
5850:
6659:
2570:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam.
5918:
5964:
642:
5308:
5863:
5706:
933:
labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic majority villages. In 1959, Diem dedicated his country to the
731:, “false religion.” It is believed that between 130,000 and 300,000 Christians died in the various persecutions. The 117 proclaimed saints represent the many unknown martyrs.
5995:
2925:
5974:
6070:
4266:
Daughton, James P. (2006). "Recasting Pigneau de Béhaine: Missionaries and the Politics of French Colonial History, 1894–1914". In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.).
5774:
6050:
892:
where the border between the two sides was temporarily open, many North Vietnamese Catholics fled southward out of fear that they would be persecuted by the Viet Minh.
4473:
4414:
Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2023). "A Decolonization Gone Too Far? The Vietnamese Catholics' Search for Independence, 1941–1963". In Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (eds.).
2344:
Restrictions on Catholic life in Vietnam and the government's desired involvement in the nomination of bishops remain obstacles in bilateral dialogues. In March 2007,
1046:. Joseph-Marie Cardinal Trịnh Văn Căn in 1979, and Paul-Joseph Cardinal Phạm Đình Tụng in 1994, were his successors. The well known Vietnamese Cardinal Francis Xavier
6175:
6045:
4433:
Ostrowski, Brian (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
5959:
5845:
1007:
5103:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2020). "The Role of Education Mobilities and Transnational Networks in the Building of a Modern Vietnamese Catholic Elite (1920s–1950s)".
3358:
1226:
6122:
711:
was captured in the siege, and had been supporting Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father
606:
served as a military advisor and de facto foreign minister until his death in 1799. From 1794, Pigneau took part in all campaigns. He organized the defense of
6040:
2169:
6020:
5979:
5830:
3336:
2331:
5522:
3242:
2119:
727:. The villages of Christians were destroyed and their possessions confiscated. Families were broken apart. Christians were branded on the forehead with
5835:
614:
By 1802, when Nguyễn Ánh conquered all of Vietnam and declared himself Emperor Gia Long, the Catholic Church in Vietnam had three dioceses as follows:
5650:
3440:
2714:
1371:
5532:"The first encounters of Vietnam with the Western literature in the 17th century (a case study of Jeronimo Maiorica's Nôm hagiographic writings)"
3915:
1211:
5984:
4832:
Luria, Keith P. (2017b). "Catholic Marriage and the Customs of the Country: Building a New Religious Community in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam".
4660:
Cooke, Nola (2008). "Strange Brew: Global, Regional and Local Factors behind the 1690 Prohibition of Christian Practice in Nguyễn Cochinchina".
6261:
4517:"Les catholiques vietnamiens et le mouvement moderniste: quelques éléments de réflexion sur la question de modernité fin xix – début xx siècle"
2984:
2949:
2436:
475:
6225:
5556:
3514:
3495:
1050:, who was imprisoned by the Communist regime from 1975 to 1988 and spent nine years in solitary confinement, was nominated secretary of the
6296:
3532:
3402:
1231:
3302:
6609:
1737:
1122:. These relations have improved in recent years, as the Holy See announced they will have a permanent representative in Vietnam in 2018.
585:
played a key role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century. He had come to southern Vietnam to evangelize. In 1777, the
3386:
6230:
6115:
4247:
Cooke, Nola (2013). "Early Christian Conversion in Seventeenth-Century Cochinchina". In Young, Richard Fox; Seitz, Jonathan A. (eds.).
3034:
1031:
182:
163:
94:
80:
6180:
6165:
4753:
Hoang, Tuan (2019). "Ultramontanism, Nationalism, and the Fall of Saigon: Historicizing the Vietnamese American Catholic Experience".
4557:
Wilcox, Wynn (2010). "Đặng Đức Tuấn and the Complexities of Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Christian Identity". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
4538:
Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2005). "Les Amantes de la Croix: An Early Modern Vietnamese Sisterhood". In Bousquet, Gisèle; Taylor, Nora (eds.).
790:
539:
6654:
6276:
2059:
1787:
981:
6306:
4732:
Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959".
6291:
6185:
2324:
2109:
1051:
681:
numbers. Duyệt protected Vietnamese Catholic converts and westerners from Minh Mạng's policies by disobeying the emperor's orders.
6271:
4142:
Les catholiques vietnamiens pendant la Guerre d'indépendance, 1945–1954: entre la reconquête coloniale et la résistance communiste
3372:
6634:
6170:
2408:
2164:
102:
6281:
6266:
5577:
5082:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2013). "The Challenge for Peace within South Vietnam's Catholic Community: A History of Peace Activism".
4153:
Les missionnaires français au Tonkin et au Siam (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles): analyse comparée d'un relatif succès et d'un total échec
2517:
2377:
This was the first mass civil action by Vietnamese Catholics since the 1970s. Later the protests were supported by Catholics in
6160:
6150:
4329:
4320:
2124:
2019:
6301:
6190:
4811:
Keith, Charles (2008). "Annam Uplifted: The First Vietnamese Catholic Bishops and the Birth of a National Church, 1919–1945".
6220:
6108:
5643:
3606:
2431:
1977:
1802:
6245:
760:
6444:
6359:
6286:
6131:
5928:
4945:
Ngô, Lân (2022). "Prophets and Zealots: The 1873 Synodal Document, Nonconformist Confucianism, and the Vietnamese Clergy".
2394:
2129:
1997:
1982:
1246:
1039:
6155:
5371:. History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. III. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 161–185.
4374:"Native Priests in Christian Societies in the Northern Regions of Pre-Colonial Vietnam: The Appearance of a Glocal Elite?"
6764:
6754:
6240:
6145:
2426:
2317:
2189:
1987:
1138:
902:
6025:
5938:
5479:"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài (tiếp theo)"
4378:
A History of the Social Integration of Visitors, Migrants, and Colonizers in Southeast Asia: Role of Local Collaborators
2548:
1154:
1062:. Vietnamese Catholics who died for their faith from 1533 to the present day were canonized in 1988 by John Paul II as "
629:
European bishops in Vietnam. The population of Christians was estimated at 300,000 in Tonkin and 60,000 in Cochinchina.
6649:
6554:
6085:
5402:. History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. IV. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 31–67.
4164:
Le rôle de missionnaires français en Cochinchine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: fidélité à Rome et volonté d'indépendance
2199:
1907:
1902:
1638:
1585:
4995:
Ramsay, Jacob (2004). "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam".
624:
Diocese of Central and Southern Cochinchina: 60,000 members, 15 Vietnamese priests, 5 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
6235:
5883:
5587:
5566:
5415:
5384:
5320:
5202:
5181:
4782:
Hoang, Tuan (2022). ""Our Lady's Immaculate Heart Will Prevail": Vietnamese Marianism and Anticommunism, 1940–1975".
4566:
4547:
4528:
4505:
4486:
4461:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4385:
4362:
4342:
4313:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4237:
4212:
4099:
4070:
4039:
4018:
3989:
3946:
3936:
3925:
3904:
3883:
3805:
3757:
3739:
3718:
3700:
3682:
3660:
3628:
867:
194:
6759:
5636:
4855:"Local Administrators and the Nguyen Dynasty's Suppression of Christianity during the Reign of Minh Mang 1820–1841"
2227:
2012:
1867:
1286:
98:
4081:
466:
were gradually taking the role of evangelization in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were
6604:
6569:
6524:
2345:
1722:
1615:
1560:
1403:
1386:
1191:
917:
834:
499:
6055:
6000:
5429:
5171:
4452:
Ramsay, Jacob (2007). "Miracles and Myths: Vietnam Seen through Its Catholic History". In Taylor, Philip (ed.).
2567:
Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17
646:
431:, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the
6494:
6489:
6384:
6195:
5787:
5726:
5558:
Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese
4870:
Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2016). "Fighting the First Indochina War Again? Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59".
3862:
3843:
2179:
2114:
2064:
2024:
1967:
1533:
1528:
1463:
1408:
1291:
1221:
1071:
708:
459:
5523:"H-Diplo Article Reviews No. 485 – 'Phát Diệm Nationalism, Religion and Identity in the Franco-Việt Minh War'"
3894:
6614:
6589:
6504:
6484:
6434:
6404:
6394:
5933:
5711:
5396:"Evangelization, Politics, and Technology Transfer in the 17th-Century Cochinchina: The Case of João da Cruz"
2044:
1937:
1897:
1877:
1650:
1620:
1605:
1540:
1518:
1493:
1468:
1396:
1381:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1271:
1206:
1118:—due to long and historical relations between Vietnam and the Catholic Church dating to before the period of
312:
5923:
5492:
Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013a). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective".
5466:"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài"
6700:
6579:
6574:
6454:
5721:
5685:
5309:"Victims of Atheist Persecution: Transnational Catholic Solidarity and Refugee Protection in Cold War Asia"
2289:
2234:
2149:
2099:
2074:
1872:
1707:
1595:
1590:
1508:
1498:
1336:
889:
800:
549:
238:
5192:
6644:
6594:
6549:
6529:
6519:
6419:
5817:
5132:
Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2022). "Thanh Lao Công in Tonkin, 1935–1945: From Social to Political Activism".
3437:
2279:
2269:
2254:
2159:
2084:
2054:
2029:
1992:
1952:
1947:
1922:
1792:
1670:
1610:
1580:
1565:
1555:
1483:
1443:
1418:
1261:
1256:
1236:
1201:
1186:
689:, along with the southerners who had seen their and Duyệt's power curtailed, revolted against Minh Mạng.
211:
199:
5943:
3855:
French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam, 1857–1914: A Documentary Survey
3766:
McLeod, Mark W. (1992). "Nationalism and Religion in Vietnam: Phan Boi Chau and the Catholic Question".
2360:
1047:
952:
universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-influenced academic environment.
664:
6534:
6514:
6399:
6389:
6010:
5792:
4306:
Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach
2481:
2284:
2259:
2239:
2214:
2142:
2089:
2069:
1972:
1927:
1887:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1702:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1570:
1428:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1306:
1301:
1251:
1196:
1171:
1146:
977:
455:
was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.
384:
in the 16th century. The earliest missions did not bring impressive results. Only after the arrival of
5272:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
5053:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56".
3257:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
1082:
621:
Diocese of Western Tonkin: 120,000 members, 65 Vietnamese priests, 46 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
90:
6664:
6599:
6564:
6499:
6479:
6469:
6429:
6414:
6409:
5802:
5395:
5364:
3458:
2264:
2244:
2209:
2104:
2094:
2039:
2034:
1962:
1942:
1932:
1917:
1912:
1892:
1862:
1857:
1832:
1822:
1755:
1732:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1660:
1600:
1478:
1473:
1438:
1433:
1366:
1321:
1281:
1176:
1164:
618:
Diocese of Eastern Tonkin: 140,000 members, 41 Vietnamese priests, 4 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
6015:
2992:
2946:
1099:
187:
6705:
6624:
6584:
6559:
6539:
6474:
6449:
6439:
6424:
6376:
6352:
5716:
5701:
2249:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2079:
1957:
1882:
1852:
1742:
1727:
1717:
1575:
1550:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1488:
1413:
1356:
1311:
1296:
1276:
1266:
1241:
1181:
4627:
Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the
2382:
667:
had already died, it was assumed that Cảnh's son would succeed Gia Long as emperor, but, in 1816,
6544:
6509:
6464:
6459:
6368:
5807:
5659:
5579:
Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin
4184:
3511:
3492:
2454:
2419:
2274:
2154:
2049:
1712:
1682:
1677:
1545:
1456:
1423:
1326:
1216:
1023:
651:
4974:
Nyan, Francis (2011). "Half-Brothers: The Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes in Vietnam, 1900–1945".
4186:
Nguyễn–Catholic History (1770s–1890s) and the Gestation of Vietnamese Catholic National Identity
4010:
3529:
3418:
3399:
2378:
5870:
3981:
1043:
996:
838:
471:
5241:
Michaud, Jean (2004). "Missionary Ethnographers in Upper-Tonkin: The Early Years, 1895–1920".
5024:
Tran, Anh Q. (2022). "Catholicism and the Development of the Vietnamese Alphabet, 1620–1898".
3619:
Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response
845:
715:. This showed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt and Father Marchand was executed.
663:
system of Vietnam was not to last. Gia Long himself was Confucian in outlook. As Crown Prince
5875:
5812:
5448:"Western Missionaries' Overview on Religion in Tonkin (North of Vietnam) in the 18th Century"
4249:
Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present
3873:
674:
158:
146:
4606:
Chu, Lan T. (2008). "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam".
4029:
3973:
Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnam
3031:
71:
5194:
An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914
4585:
Alberts, Tara (2012). "Catholic Written and Oral Cultures in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam".
3674:
3310:
2369:
1055:
227:
4893:"Resistance, Negotiation and Development: The Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam, 1954–2010"
2475:
849:
8:
6674:
6345:
5764:
5622:
5531:
5447:
4224:
4091:
2464:
2449:
944:" was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam. The newly constructed
796:
720:
703:
The rebellion was suppressed after three years of fighting. The French missionary Father
545:
440:
421:
223:
5779:
4173:
3789:
The Lost Mandate of Heaven: The American Betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam
1003:
686:
602:
throughout Southeast Asia. From then on he became a politician and military strategist.
6326:
6090:
5509:
5433:
5351:
5258:
5229:
5149:
5120:
5070:
5041:
5012:
4962:
4799:
4770:
4720:
4687:
4648:
4304:
Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "Catholics in Vietnam and the War; Lê Hữu Từ; Vatican".
4205:
Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World
3693:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
3617:
3549:
3188:
2515:
2459:
2307:
1063:
638:
582:
573:
4083:
Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
3475:
3243:
Taylor on Nguyen, 'The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam'
394:
105:
represent various architectural styles of Vietnamese, Baroque, Gothic, and Romanesque.
6729:
5769:
5759:
5754:
5583:
5562:
5513:
5478:
5465:
5411:
5380:
5355:
5316:
5233:
5198:
5177:
5153:
5124:
5074:
5045:
5016:
4966:
4803:
4774:
4724:
4691:
4652:
4562:
4543:
4524:
4501:
4482:
4457:
4438:
4419:
4400:
4381:
4358:
4338:
4309:
4290:
4271:
4252:
4233:
4208:
4123:
4110:
4095:
4066:
4035:
4014:
3985:
3942:
3921:
3900:
3879:
3858:
3839:
3801:
3753:
3735:
3714:
3696:
3678:
3656:
3624:
3602:
1086:
1059:
712:
452:
428:
352:
5797:
5613:
5262:
719:
were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, José Fernández, François Jaccard,
594:
5749:
5744:
5604:
5543:
5501:
5403:
5372:
5343:
5293:
5283:
5250:
5221:
5141:
5112:
5091:
5062:
5033:
5004:
4983:
4954:
4931:
4904:
4879:
4841:
4820:
4791:
4762:
4741:
4712:
4677:
4669:
4640:
4615:
4594:
4118:
4087:
4056:
4006:
3977:
3775:
3571:
3278:
3268:
3183:
3168:
3090:
2500:
1119:
949:
590:
413:
412:). These missionaries were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Two priests,
385:
341:
242:
151:
5547:
3779:
2524:
Based on individual diocesan statistics variously reported in 2012, 2013 and 2014.
6030:
5825:
4052:
A Vietnamese Moses: Philiphê Bỉnh and the Geographies of Early Modern Catholicism
3815:
3638:
3575:
3536:
3518:
3499:
3462:
3444:
3406:
3113:
3038:
2953:
2935:
2552:
2521:
973:
704:
693:
463:
404:
392:
begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of
284:
117:
5254:
2469:
597:
was the most senior member of the family to have survived, and he fled into the
6100:
6005:
5888:
5407:
5376:
4795:
3727:
3051:
945:
139:
134:
60:
5505:
5288:
5271:
5145:
5066:
5008:
4958:
4716:
4673:
4644:
4598:
3273:
3256:
1074:
was opened by Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận in the diocese of Belley-Ars, France.
1054:, and made its president in 1998. On 21 February 2001, he was elevated to the
447:
6748:
6723:
6035:
5225:
5037:
4845:
4050:
4000:
3917:
Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam
2545:
2364:
2348:(b. 1946), a dissident Catholic priest, was sentenced by Vietnamese court in
1011:
964:
960:
913:
898:
885:
881:
668:
51:
5434:"Tam giáo chư vọng (1752) – Một cuốn sách viết tay bàn về tôn giáo Việt Nam"
5347:
4824:
4745:
4619:
3971:
3875:
Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
3648:
1091:
1067:
1027:
941:
724:
660:
598:
432:
389:
320:
175:
127:
6337:
6205:
5628:
4987:
4909:
4892:
4766:
4175:
The Nôm Works of Geronimo Maiorica, S.J. (1589–1656) and Their Christology
3373:"Holy See to have permanent representative in Vietnam | ROME REPORTS"
22:
6733:
5858:
4516:
4287:
The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
4285:
Dutton, George (2006). "Christians and Christianity in the Tây Sơn Era".
3590:
2404:
1111:
934:
467:
409:
304:
487:
424:
and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.
5095:
4330:"Narrating Women's Catholic Conversions in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam"
4111:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"
4061:
607:
417:
373:
303:. Vietnam has the fifth largest Catholic population in Asia, after the
5298:
4682:
4031:
Pierre Pigneaux: Évêque d'Adran et mandarin de Cochinchine (1741–1799)
3283:
655:
Three Catholics confess their faith and refuse to step over the cross.
5460:
Institute for Religious Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
5400:
Europe and China: Science and the Arts in the 17th and 18th Centuries
5365:"Traditional Vietnamese Astronomy in Accounts of Jesuit Missionaries"
4936:
4919:
4854:
4373:
4162:
4151:
4140:
3512:"Archbishop of Hanoi confirms restitution of nunciature, thanks pope"
3303:"Vatican: Vietnam working on full diplomatic relations with Holy See"
2353:
439:
marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called
436:
357:
316:
5116:
4883:
4454:
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam
3938:
Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975
3530:"In Hanoi, stance of repression against Catholics seems to have won"
2565:
930:
6321:
2302:
1078:
1035:
569:
445:(literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional
377:
300:
5313:
Refugees and Religion: Ethnographic Studies of Global Trajectories
2399:
692:
Khôi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of
5173:
Conflict and Conversion: Catholicism in Southeast Asia, 1500–1700
3423:
2711:
Rev. John Trần Công Nghị, Religious Education Congress in Anaheim
2415:
2349:
992:
956:
750:
739:
586:
292:
5442:
Viện Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam.
5212:
Hoang, Tuan (2022a). "New Histories of Vietnamese Catholicism".
3640:
Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis
659:
The peaceful coexistence of Catholicism alongside the classical
416:
and Diogo Carvalho, established the first Catholic community in
336:
4335:
Conversions: Gender and Religious Change in Early Modern Europe
3836:
Les Missions-Étrangères et la pénétration française au Viêt-Nam
399:
288:
4355:
Beyond Borders: A Global Perspective of Jesuit Mission History
3493:"Vietnamese Catholics broaden their protest demanding justice"
3333:"Vatican and Vietnam edge closer to restoring diplomatic ties"
963:
was archbishop, Buddhists were prohibited from displaying the
271:
3829:(PhD). Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Paris.
2707:"Catholic Church in Vietnam with 470 years of Evangelization"
2373:
1107:
968:
579:
381:
308:
5369:
The Jesuits, the Padroado and East Asian Science (1552–1773)
3359:"Pope Francis welcomes Vietnamese leader's visit to Vatican"
1077:
There have been meetings between leaders of Vietnam and the
3387:"Vatican, Vietnam move closer to full diplomatic relations"
3032:
SNIE 53-2-63, "The Situation in South Vietnam, 10 July 1963
1115:
1095:
769:
296:
170:
5334:(Seventeenth- to Eighteenth-Century Vietnamese Grammar)".
3455:
2574:
4703:
and Interfaith Dialogues in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam".
3750:
The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874
4920:"Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam"
4523:. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 177–196.
4395:
Marr, David G. (2013). "Catholics: Allies or Enemies?".
4230:
A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions
458:
Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the
1066:". On 26 March 1997, the beatification process for the
3053:
Những bí ẩn đằng sau các cuộc thánh chiến tại Việt Nam
210:
Committee for Solidarity of Vietnamese Catholics (in
4859:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
4519:. In Gantès, Gilles de; Nguyen, Phuong Ngoc (eds.).
4399:. University of California Press. pp. 428–441.
3827:
Christianisme et colonialisme au Vietnam (1857–1914)
2418:, including three archdioceses, in a total of three
5105:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
4872:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
4479:
Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties
4270:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 290–322.
3419:"Late Vietnamese cardinal put on road to sainthood"
2359:On 16 September 2007, the fifth anniversary of the
427:In the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries including
5330:Pham, Ly Thi Kieu (2019). "The True Editor of the
4699:Du, Yuqing (2022). "Reconfiguring Inculturations:
4498:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945
4474:"The Catholic Opposition and Political Repression"
4472:
4328:
4223:
3616:
2564:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019).
2356:and a member of the Progression Party of Vietnam.
4337:. Manchester University Press. pp. 195–215.
4289:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 175–196.
6746:
6130:
5311:. In Meyer, Birgit; Veer, Peter van der (eds.).
4481:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–222.
4308:. NIAS Press. pp. 90–91, 262–263, 481–482.
4002:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation
3210:
3208:
1081:, including a visit by Vietnam's Prime Minister
1014:is today common in many churches for decoration.
34:
5084:Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research
4917:
4416:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity
4397:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)
3934:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2527:
895:In a country where Buddhists were the majority,
344:in Vietnamese (Kinh Thiên Chúa 經天主) written in
4924:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
3599:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
2437:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Ho Chi Minh City
518:
237:72/12 Trần Quốc Toản Street, Võ Thị Sáu Ward,
6353:
6116:
5644:
5476:
5463:
5445:
5428:
4357:. Sophia University Press. pp. 342–349.
4333:. In Ditchfield, Simon; Smith, Helen (eds.).
4145:(PhD). Institut d'études politiques de Paris.
3205:
2325:
793:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
542:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
388:in the first decades of the 17th century did
5367:. In Saraiva, Luís; Jami, Catherine (eds.).
4561:. Cornell University Press. pp. 71–87.
4437:. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–39.
4160:
2694:
6367:
5658:
1094:met with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng in
578:The French missionary priest and Bishop of
474:(in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the
470:(in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans &
420:in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese
6360:
6346:
6123:
6109:
5651:
5637:
5575:
3614:
3587:Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development
3186:(17 June 1963). "Diệm and the Buddhists".
3182:
2332:
2318:
880:From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into
848:. Please do not remove this message until
803:this issue before removing this message.
552:this issue before removing this message.
5297:
5287:
5190:
4935:
4908:
4681:
4432:
4171:
4122:
4060:
4027:
4011:10.1525/california/9780520272477.001.0001
3636:
3570:
3542:
3282:
3272:
2947:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
2580:
868:Learn how and when to remove this message
348:in the book, 聖教經願 Thánh giáo kinh nguyện.
5576:Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006).
5169:
5162:
4500:. Les Indes savantes. pp. 253–276.
4265:
3982:10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.001.0001
3176:
3049:
2563:
2398:
2363:'s death, the Catholic Church began the
1052:Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
1002:
991:
844:Relevant discussion may be found on the
770:Catholicism in South Vietnam (1954–1975)
650:
351:
335:
5240:
4584:
4221:
4202:
3596:
3159:
2879:
2877:
2743:
2741:
1102:and his associates in Vatican in 2016.
1032:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
632:
272:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
164:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
6747:
5393:
5362:
5306:
5269:
5211:
4994:
4890:
4869:
4852:
4831:
4731:
4556:
4542:. Les Indes savantes. pp. 51–66.
4456:. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 371–398.
4451:
4413:
4371:
4351:
4326:
4303:
4284:
4149:
4048:
3969:
3957:
3892:
3871:
3813:
3795:
3765:
3747:
3726:
3690:
3647:
3335:. AFP. 19 October 2014. Archived from
3254:
3088:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?".
2985:"South Viet Nam: The Religious Crisis"
2903:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2835:
2833:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2789:
6341:
6104:
5632:
5536:Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5491:
4810:
4781:
4752:
4659:
4626:
4246:
3998:
3713:, New York: Oxford University Press,
3708:
2927:The Cambridge History of Christianity
2821:
1120:French colonization in Southeast Asia
5554:
5529:
5520:
5329:
5131:
5102:
5081:
5052:
5023:
4973:
4559:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
4537:
4514:
4495:
4470:
4435:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
4418:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4394:
4167:(PhD). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne.
4156:(PhD). Université Paris VII-Diderot.
4138:
4108:
4079:
3913:
3852:
3786:
3695:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield,
3668:
3584:
3473:
3074:
3072:
2874:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2738:
2676:
2649:
2640:
2533:
2395:List of Catholic dioceses in Vietnam
955:In May 1963, in the central city of
818:
773:
522:
482:
287:, under the spiritual leadership of
4944:
4629:Annales de la Propagation de la Foi
4605:
4577:
4182:
3824:
2898:
2886:
2860:
2851:
2830:
2812:
2800:
2786:
2685:
2667:
2631:
2595:
2539:
2509:
2427:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Hanoi
797:create a more balanced presentation
546:create a more balanced presentation
13:
6086:Bible translations into Vietnamese
4997:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4698:
4662:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4633:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4092:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001
4055:. University of California Press.
4005:. University of California Press.
3833:
3081:
2613:
2409:Roman Catholic Diocese of Hưng Hóa
1034:was founded in 1980. In 1976, the
14:
6776:
5884:Christian and Missionary Alliance
5623:"Catholic processions in Vietnam"
5598:
5332:Manuductio ad linguam Tunkinensem
4228:. In Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia (ed.).
3069:
2586:
2432:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Huế
921:demolition of pagodas occurred.
6728:
6719:
6718:
6320:
6204:
6176:Diocese of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng
5841:Ignacio Clemente Delgado Cebrián
5530:Tran, Thi Phuong Phuong (2020).
5494:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
4207:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 84–117.
4195:
4172:Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2006).
4161:Massot-Marin, Catherine (1998).
4124:10.1163/2468-7723_jho_COM_210470
3768:The International History Review
2546:Catholic Encyclopedia, Indochina
2501:Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá
2301:
2120:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1227:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1153:
1128:
823:
778:
759:Làng Sông, once the seat of the
749:
738:
527:
486:
462:and Spanish missionaries of the
331:
79:
70:
59:
50:
21:
5944:Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận
4587:Journal of Early Modern History
3920:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
3798:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
3563:
3523:
3505:
3486:
3476:"Holy row over land in Vietnam"
3467:
3449:
3431:
3411:
3393:
3379:
3365:
3351:
3325:
3309:. 12 March 2007. Archived from
3295:
3248:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3196:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3107:
3098:
3060:
3043:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2940:
2919:
2910:
2842:
2777:
2729:
2658:
2622:
2499:Antôn Nguyễn Ngọc Sơn (2020). "
987:
982:assassinated on 2 November 1963
918:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
6686:British Indian Ocean Territory
5851:Valentín Faustino Berrio Ochoa
5727:Vietnam Evangelical Fellowship
5521:Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2014).
5315:. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–67.
4515:Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2009).
4380:. Toyo Bunko. pp. 35–73.
4268:Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories
3857:. Liverpool University Press.
3601:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
3550:"Catholic Dioceses in Vietnam"
2991:. 14 June 1963. Archived from
2604:
2557:
2493:
2478:(Vietnamese Lenten meditation)
925:in force. Catholics were also
761:Apostolic Vicariate of Quinhon
709:Paris Foreign Missions Society
295:who are in communion with the
1:
5712:Baptist Convention of Vietnam
5707:Evangelical Church of Vietnam
5548:10.24411/2618-9453-2020-10035
5336:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5214:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5134:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5026:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4976:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4947:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4918:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2009).
4897:Studies in World Christianity
4813:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4784:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4734:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4705:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4608:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4521:Vietnam: Le moment moderniste
4376:. In Hirosue, Masashi (ed.).
4189:(PhD). Georgetown University.
3976:. Stanford University Press.
3962:
3935:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023).
3834:Lê, Nicole-Dominique (1975).
3780:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640628
3637:Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966),
3172:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6.
2403:Ceremonial procession of the
1022:, was consecrated in 1933 at
1018:The first Vietnamese bishop,
959:, where Diệm's elder brother
6132:Catholic dioceses in Vietnam
5914:Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng
5722:Assemblies of God in Vietnam
5686:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
5582:. Cornell University Press.
5561:. Cornell University Press.
5276:The Journal of Asian Studies
5191:Daughton, James P. (2006a).
4471:Stur, Heather Marie (2020).
4115:Jesuit Historiography Online
4028:Mantienne, Frédéric (2012).
3941:. Cornell University Press.
3893:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
3878:. Harvard University Press.
3853:Tuck, Patrick J. N. (1987).
3671:A History of South-east Asia
3261:The Journal of Asian Studies
2487:
1020:Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng
7:
5929:Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
5871:Discalced Augustinian Order
5255:10.1080/1463136042000221876
5197:. Oxford University Press.
5176:. Oxford University Press.
4232:. Brill. pp. 269–302.
4086:. Oxford University Press.
3800:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,
3796:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000),
3734:, New York: Penguin Books,
3577:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
3539:, Asianews], September 2008
3502:, Asianews, 15 January 2008
2965:Gettleman, pp. 275–76, 366.
2443:
2388:
1040:Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
967:during the sacred Buddhist
961:Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục
850:conditions to do so are met
589:brothers killed the ruling
519:Missionaries and the Nguyễn
212:Vietnamese Fatherland Front
36:Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam
10:
6781:
6765:Catholic Church by country
6755:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5793:Pierre Lambert de la Motte
5775:Giovanni Filippo de Marini
5672:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5614:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5605:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5408:10.1142/9789814390446_0002
5398:. In Saraiva, Luís (ed.).
5377:10.1142/9789812771261_0007
4796:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.126
4178:(PhD). Cornell University.
4049:Dutton, George E. (2016).
3094:. 29 June 1963. p. 9.
2503:Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam
2482:Holy See-Vietnam relations
2392:
1147:Catholic Church by country
903:Excessive citations inline
636:
567:
326:
281:Catholic Church in Vietnam
27:Catholic Church in Vietnam
6714:
6673:
6633:
6375:
6315:
6254:
6213:
6202:
6138:
6079:
5899:
5803:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
5737:
5694:
5678:
5666:
5506:10.1017/S1876404512001133
5289:10.1017/S0021911818000505
5146:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.93
5067:10.1080/14682740500284747
5009:10.1017/S0022463404000165
4959:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.64
4853:Makino, Motonori (2013).
4834:French Historical Studies
4755:American Catholic Studies
4717:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.38
4674:10.1017/S0022463408000313
4645:10.1017/S0022463404000141
4599:10.1163/15700658-12342325
4372:Makino, Motonori (2020).
4327:Luria, Keith P. (2017a).
4251:. Brill. pp. 29–52.
3643:, New York: Penguin Books
3615:Choi Byung, Wook (2004),
3274:10.1017/S0021911818000505
2472:(Vietnamese cantillation)
2361:Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận
283:is part of the worldwide
267:
256:
248:
233:
219:
205:
193:
181:
169:
157:
145:
133:
123:
113:
44:
31:
20:
6435:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6369:Catholic Church in Asia
6026:Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu
5939:Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền
5788:Foreign Missions Society
5717:Vietnam Mennonite Church
5702:Protestantism in Vietnam
5555:Dror, Olga, ed. (2002).
5452:Religious Studies Review
5307:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2021).
5270:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
5226:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.1
5038:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.9
4846:10.1215/00161071-3857016
3748:McLeod, Mark W. (1991),
3655:, Boston: E. P. Dutton,
3498:24 November 2015 at the
3461:26 December 2016 at the
3255:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
3166:"Diệm's other crusade".
2934:31 December 2013 at the
2735:Buttinger, pp. 241, 311.
2520:18 December 2016 at the
2422:. The archdioceses are:
2420:ecclesiastical provinces
1212:Central African Republic
460:Foreign Missions Society
6760:Catholic Church in Asia
6696:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6226:Diocese of Ban Mê Thuột
5965:Philípphê Phan Văn Minh
5955:Vinh Sơn Phạm Hiếu Liêm
5808:Jacques-Benjamin Longer
5660:Christianity in Vietnam
5394:Volkov, Alexei (2012).
5363:Volkov, Alexei (2008).
5348:10.1525/vs.2019.14.2.68
5170:Alberts, Tara (2013a).
4825:10.1525/vs.2008.3.2.128
4746:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173
4620:10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151
4139:Trân, Thi Liên (1997).
3999:Keith, Charles (2012).
3872:Miller, Edward (2013).
3825:Cao, Huy Thuan (1969).
3787:Shaw, Geoffrey (2015).
3597:Chapuis, Oscar (1995),
3535:5 December 2016 at the
3438:UCANews at Catholic.org
3241:Taylor, K. W. (2020). "
3013:Tucker, pp. 49, 291–93.
2455:Christianity in Vietnam
1085:to the Vatican to meet
908:considered for deletion
6327:Catholicism portal
5818:Léopold Michel Cadière
5477:Trần Văn Toàn (2005).
5464:Trần Văn Toàn (2005).
5446:Trần Văn Toàn (2007).
4540:Le Viêt Nam au féminin
4222:Alberts, Tara (2018).
4150:Forest, Alain (1997).
4034:. Les Indes savantes.
3970:Ramsay, Jacob (2008).
3896:Vietnam: A New History
3814:Warner, Denis (1963),
3709:Jones, Howard (2003),
3669:Hall, D.G. E. (1981),
3585:Cady, John F. (1964),
3405:27 August 2016 at the
3078:Gettleman, pp. 280–82.
2713:. 2004. Archived from
2628:Buttinger, pp. 237–40.
2411:
2346:Thaddeus Nguyễn Văn Lý
2308:Catholicism portal
1788:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1015:
1000:
656:
472:Discalced Augustinians
369:
349:
35:
6292:Diocese of Phan Thiết
6282:Diocese of Long Xuyên
6262:Archdiocese of Saigon
6146:Archdiocese of Hà Nội
5970:Gioakim Đặng Đức Tuấn
5876:Hilario di Jesu Costa
5163:Supplementary sources
4988:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.1
4910:10.3366/swc.2019.0269
4891:Nguyen, Thao (2019).
4767:10.1353/acs.2019.0014
4225:"Missions in Vietnam"
4109:Tran, Anh Q. (2018).
4080:Tran, Anh Q. (2017).
3914:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022).
3820:, New York: Macmillan
3711:Death of a Generation
3691:Jacobs, Seth (2006),
3623:, SEAP Publications,
3400:Asia News, March 2007
3307:Catholic News Service
2402:
2110:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1372:São Tomé and Príncipe
1232:Republic of the Congo
1072:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
1042:the first Vietnamese
1006:
995:
698:Father Nguyễn Văn Tâm
654:
376:visited Vietnam from
355:
339:
6610:United Arab Emirates
6302:Diocese of Vĩnh Long
6297:Diocese of Phú Cường
6241:Diocese of Nha Trang
6191:Diocese of Thanh Hóa
6186:Diocese of Thái Bình
6181:Diocese of Phát Diệm
6166:Diocese of Hải Phòng
5934:Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình
4183:Ngo, Lan A. (2016).
3580:, Praeger Publishers
3517:4 March 2016 at the
3427:. 17 September 2007.
3037:1 April 2010 at the
2995:on 30 September 2007
2952:4 March 2008 at the
2551:3 March 2016 at the
2370:apostolic nunciature
1738:United Arab Emirates
1056:College of Cardinals
1024:St. Peter's Basilica
940:The white and gold "
633:Later Nguyễn dynasty
368:, late 18th century.
195:Apostolic Delegation
6637:limited recognition
6307:Diocese of Xuân Lộc
6246:Diocese of Qui Nhơn
6171:Diocese of Hưng Hóa
6151:Diocese of Bắc Ninh
5919:Dominic Hồ Ngọc Cẩn
5846:Jerónimo Hermosilla
5765:Alexandre de Rhodes
5483:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
5470:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
5438:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
3958:Specialized sources
3653:A Death in November
3443:6 June 2011 at the
3389:. 21 December 2018.
2974:Moyar, pp. 215–216.
2465:Our Lady of La Vang
2450:Religion in Vietnam
2125:Trinidad and Tobago
2020:Antigua and Barbuda
837:of this article is
721:Jean-Charles Cornay
422:Alexandre de Rhodes
372:The first Catholic
214:), state-controlled
6272:Diocese of Cần Thơ
6255:Province of Saigon
6236:Diocese of Kon Tum
6231:Diocese of Đà Nẵng
6221:Archdiocese of Huế
6161:Diocese of Hà Tĩnh
6156:Diocese of Bùi Chu
6091:Vietnamese Martyrs
6031:Empress Nam Phương
5924:Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ
5831:Juan de Santa Cruz
5618:Catholic-Hierarchy
5096:10.1111/pech.12040
4062:10.1525/luminos.22
3817:The Last Confucian
3732:Vietnam: A history
3474:Pham, Nga (2008).
3339:on 22 October 2014
3232:Moyar, pp. 212–13.
3189:The New York Times
3129:Buttinger, p. 993.
2848:McLeod, pp. 28–29.
2774:Buttinger, p. 269.
2765:Buttinger, p. 268.
2682:Buttinger, p. 267.
2610:Buttinger, p. 234.
2583:, pp. 23, 38.
2460:Vietnamese Martyrs
2412:
2407:at Dị Nậu parish,
2060:Dominican Republic
1064:Vietnamese Martyrs
1016:
1001:
657:
639:Vietnamese Martyrs
583:Pigneau de Behaine
574:Pigneau de Behaine
498:. You can help by
370:
350:
188:Joseph Nguyễn Năng
89:The Cathedrals of
6742:
6741:
6679:other territories
6335:
6334:
6287:Diocese of Mỹ Tho
6277:Diocese of Đà Lạt
6267:Diocese of Bà Rịa
6139:Province of Hanoi
6098:
6097:
5770:Girolamo Maiorica
5760:Christoforo Borri
5755:Francisco de Pina
3791:. Ignatius Press.
3608:978-0-313-29622-2
3572:Buttinger, Joseph
3245:". H-Net Reviews.
3184:Halberstam, David
3147:Buttinger p. 933.
3118:The Two Viet-Nams
3056:. pp. 47–50.
3050:Lữ Giang (2009).
2342:
2341:
1247:Equatorial Guinea
1087:Pope Benedict XVI
1060:Pope John Paul II
976:. Diệm was later
912: President
878:
877:
870:
817:
816:
795:. Please help to
787:This section may
713:Jean-Louis Taberd
566:
565:
544:. Please help to
536:This section may
516:
515:
453:Girolamo Maiorica
429:Francisco de Pina
340:A variant of the
277:
276:
263:
215:
6772:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6691:Christmas Island
6377:Sovereign states
6362:
6355:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6325:
6324:
6208:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6071:Hoàng Trọng Thừa
6001:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
5996:Anê Lê Thị Thành
5859:Franciscan Order
5836:Raimondo Lezzoli
5813:Théophane Vénard
5780:João de Loureiro
5750:Francesco Buzomi
5745:Society of Jesus
5653:
5646:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5625:photo collection
5593:
5572:
5551:
5526:
5517:
5486:
5473:
5459:
5441:
5421:
5390:
5359:
5326:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5266:
5237:
5208:
5187:
5157:
5128:
5099:
5078:
5055:Cold War History
5049:
5020:
4991:
4970:
4941:
4939:
4937:10.7202/044402ar
4914:
4912:
4887:
4866:
4849:
4828:
4807:
4790:(2–3): 126–157.
4778:
4749:
4728:
4701:Hội Đồng Tứ Giáo
4695:
4685:
4656:
4623:
4602:
4593:(4–5): 383–402.
4578:Journal articles
4572:
4553:
4534:
4511:
4492:
4476:
4467:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4391:
4368:
4348:
4332:
4319:
4300:
4281:
4262:
4243:
4227:
4218:
4190:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4133:Doctoral theses:
4128:
4126:
4105:
4076:
4064:
4045:
4024:
3995:
3952:
3931:
3910:
3889:
3868:
3849:
3830:
3821:
3810:
3792:
3783:
3762:
3744:
3723:
3705:
3687:
3665:
3649:Hammer, Ellen J.
3644:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3593:
3581:
3558:
3557:
3546:
3540:
3527:
3521:
3509:
3503:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3465:
3453:
3447:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:on 13 March 2007
3299:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3276:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3203:
3202:Topmiller, p. 2.
3200:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2944:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2896:
2893:
2884:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2798:
2795:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2664:Mantienne, p.135
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:Ostrowski (2010)
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2379:Hồ Chí Minh City
2334:
2327:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2190:Papua New Guinea
2165:Marshall Islands
1988:Northern Ireland
1157:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1048:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
1038:made Archbishop
929:exempt from the
911:
873:
866:
862:
859:
853:
827:
826:
819:
812:
809:
782:
781:
774:
753:
742:
665:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh
647:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
561:
558:
531:
530:
523:
511:
508:
490:
483:
414:Francesco Buzomi
268:Official website
261:
243:Ho Chi Minh City
209:
83:
74:
63:
54:
40:
38:
25:
18:
17:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6710:
6678:
6669:
6650:Northern Cyprus
6636:
6629:
6371:
6366:
6336:
6331:
6319:
6311:
6250:
6214:Province of Hue
6209:
6200:
6196:Diocese of Vinh
6134:
6129:
6099:
6094:
6075:
6056:Nguyễn Đình Đầu
5991:
5950:
5895:
5882:
5857:
5826:Dominican Order
5824:
5786:
5733:
5690:
5679:Orthodox Church
5674:
5667:Catholic Church
5662:
5657:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5569:
5485:(2 #32): 15–20.
5472:(1 #31): 60–68.
5440:(1 #19): 47–54.
5424:
5418:
5387:
5323:
5243:Asian Ethnicity
5205:
5184:
5165:
5160:
5140:(2–3): 93–125.
5117:10.1355/sj35-2c
4884:10.1355/sj31-1f
4580:
4575:
4569:
4550:
4531:
4508:
4489:
4464:
4445:
4426:
4407:
4388:
4365:
4345:
4321:Online resource
4316:
4297:
4278:
4259:
4240:
4215:
4198:
4193:
4102:
4073:
4042:
4021:
3992:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3928:
3907:
3899:. Basic Books.
3886:
3865:
3846:
3808:
3760:
3742:
3728:Karnow, Stanley
3721:
3703:
3685:
3663:
3631:
3609:
3566:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3537:Wayback Machine
3528:
3524:
3519:Wayback Machine
3510:
3506:
3500:Wayback Machine
3491:
3487:
3472:
3468:
3463:Wayback Machine
3454:
3450:
3445:Wayback Machine
3436:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3407:Wayback Machine
3398:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:Karnow, p. 295.
3222:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:Karnow, p. 294.
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3104:Warner, p. 210.
3103:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3066:Tucker, p. 291.
3065:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3039:Wayback Machine
3030:
3026:
3022:Maclear, p. 63.
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2954:Wayback Machine
2945:
2941:
2936:Wayback Machine
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2883:Chapuis, p. 192
2882:
2875:
2870:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2827:Choi, pp. 60–61
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2783:Choi, pp. 56–57
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2717:on 14 June 2010
2705:
2704:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2553:Wayback Machine
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2522:Wayback Machine
2514:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2446:
2439:(former Saigon)
2397:
2391:
2338:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2200:Solomon Islands
2145:
2135:
2134:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1908:North Macedonia
1758:
1748:
1747:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1167:
1129:
1083:Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
1008:Chợ Quán Church
990:
974:Buddhist crisis
896:
874:
863:
857:
854:
843:
828:
824:
813:
807:
804:
783:
779:
772:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:, then and now.
756:
755:
754:
745:
744:
743:
705:Joseph Marchand
669:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm
649:
635:
576:
568:Main articles:
562:
556:
553:
532:
528:
521:
512:
506:
503:
496:needs expansion
477:Propaganda Fide
464:Dominican Order
334:
329:
285:Catholic Church
109:
108:
107:
106:
86:
85:
84:
76:
75:
66:
65:
64:
56:
55:
32:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6778:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6342:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6051:Nguyễn Mạnh Hà
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6016:Nguyễn Hữu Bài
6013:
6011:Huỳnh Tịnh Của
6008:
6006:Trương Vĩnh Ký
6003:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Phêrô Trần Lục
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5889:William Cadman
5880:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:François Pallu
5795:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5620:
5611:
5600:
5599:External links
5597:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5573:
5567:
5552:
5527:
5518:
5500:(2): 229–252.
5489:
5488:
5487:
5474:
5443:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5391:
5385:
5360:
5327:
5321:
5304:
5282:(3): 741–771.
5267:
5249:(2): 179–194.
5238:
5209:
5203:
5188:
5182:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5129:
5111:(2): 243–270.
5100:
5090:(4): 446–473.
5079:
5061:(4): 427–449.
5050:
5021:
5003:(2): 311–328.
4992:
4971:
4953:(2–3): 64–92.
4942:
4930:(2): 138–159.
4915:
4903:(3): 297–323.
4888:
4878:(1): 207–246.
4867:
4865:(71): 109–139.
4850:
4840:(3): 457–473.
4829:
4819:(2): 128–171.
4808:
4779:
4750:
4740:(3): 173–211.
4729:
4711:(2–3): 38–63.
4696:
4668:(3): 383–409.
4657:
4639:(2): 261–285.
4624:
4614:(1): 151–192.
4603:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4554:
4548:
4535:
4529:
4512:
4506:
4493:
4487:
4468:
4462:
4449:
4443:
4430:
4424:
4411:
4405:
4392:
4386:
4369:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4324:
4314:
4301:
4295:
4282:
4276:
4263:
4257:
4244:
4238:
4219:
4213:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4180:
4169:
4158:
4147:
4130:
4129:
4106:
4100:
4077:
4071:
4046:
4040:
4025:
4019:
3996:
3990:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3932:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3890:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3850:
3844:
3831:
3822:
3811:
3806:
3793:
3784:
3774:(4): 661–680.
3763:
3758:
3745:
3740:
3724:
3719:
3706:
3701:
3688:
3683:
3666:
3661:
3645:
3634:
3629:
3612:
3607:
3594:
3582:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3522:
3504:
3485:
3466:
3448:
3430:
3410:
3392:
3378:
3364:
3350:
3324:
3294:
3267:(3): 741–771.
3247:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3214:Jarvis, p. 59.
3204:
3195:
3175:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3106:
3097:
3080:
3068:
3059:
3042:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2939:
2918:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2859:
2857:McLeod, p. 29.
2850:
2841:
2839:McLeod, p. 28.
2829:
2820:
2818:McLeod, p. 27.
2811:
2809:McLeod, p. 26.
2799:
2797:McLeod, p. 24.
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2737:
2728:
2693:
2691:Karnow, p. 78.
2684:
2675:
2673:Karnow, p. 77.
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2637:McLeod, p. 10.
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2573:
2556:
2538:
2526:
2508:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1978:United Kingdom
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1100:Trần Đại Quang
997:Cửa Bắc Church
989:
986:
890:300-day period
876:
875:
831:
829:
822:
815:
814:
799:. Discuss and
786:
784:
777:
771:
768:
758:
757:
748:
747:
746:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
634:
631:
626:
625:
622:
619:
564:
563:
548:. Discuss and
535:
533:
526:
520:
517:
514:
513:
493:
491:
333:
330:
328:
325:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
235:
231:
230:
221:
217:
216:
207:
203:
202:
200:Marek Zalewski
197:
191:
190:
185:
183:CBCV President
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
114:Classification
111:
110:
88:
87:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6777:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:South Ossetia
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6358:
6356:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:Ngô Đình Diệm
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Anrê Dũng Lạc
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:Protestantism
5693:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5591:
5589:9780877277712
5585:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5568:9780877277323
5564:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:Trần Văn Toàn
5427:
5426:
5419:
5417:9789814401579
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5386:9789814474269
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5322:9781350167162
5318:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5204:9780195305302
5200:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5183:9780199646265
5179:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5032:(2–3): 9–37.
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4568:9780877277828
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4549:9782846540759
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4530:9782821885653
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4507:9782846540643
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4488:9781316676752
4484:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4463:9789812304568
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4444:9780877277828
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4425:9781512824964
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4406:9780520274150
4402:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4387:9784809703034
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4364:9784324086100
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4344:9780719099151
4340:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4315:9788776940638
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4296:9780824829841
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4277:9780299217747
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4258:9789004251298
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4239:9789004355286
4235:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4214:9780857722836
4210:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4196:Book chapters
4188:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4101:9780190677602
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4072:9780520293434
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4041:9782846542883
4037:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4020:9780520272477
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3991:9780804756518
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3950:
3948:9781501770579
3944:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3927:9780824887865
3923:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3906:9780465094363
3902:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3885:9780674072985
3881:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:1-57607-040-9
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3759:0-275-93562-0
3755:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3741:0-670-84218-4
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:0-19-505286-2
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3702:0-7425-4447-8
3698:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3684:0-333-24163-0
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3662:0-525-24210-4
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:0-87727-138-0
3626:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3555:
3554:GCatholic.org
3551:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3156:Jacobs p. 91.
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3114:Fall, Bernard
3110:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2916:McLeod, p. 32
2913:
2907:McLeod, p. 31
2904:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2871:McLeod, p. 30
2868:
2866:
2864:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2756:Cady, p. 409.
2753:
2747:Cady, p. 408.
2744:
2742:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2655:Hall, p. 431.
2652:
2646:Cady, p. 284.
2643:
2634:
2625:
2619:McLeod, p. 9.
2616:
2607:
2601:Hall, p. 423.
2598:
2592:McLeod, p. 7.
2589:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:Ngắm Mùa Chay
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:There are 27
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2365:beatification
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:South America
2224:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:United States
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:North America
2009:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Liechtenstein
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Guinea-Bissau
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1012:Neon lighting
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
965:Buddhist flag
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
914:Ngô Đình Diệm
909:
905:
904:
900:
893:
891:
887:
886:South Vietnam
883:
872:
869:
861:
851:
847:
841:
840:
836:
830:
821:
820:
811:
802:
798:
794:
792:
785:
776:
775:
762:
752:
741:
732:
730:
726:
723:, and Bishop
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
690:
688:
682:
678:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
653:
648:
644:
643:Đặng Đức Tuấn
640:
630:
623:
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
609:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
575:
571:
560:
551:
547:
543:
541:
534:
525:
524:
510:
501:
497:
494:This section
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
359:
354:
347:
343:
342:Lord's Prayer
338:
332:Early periods
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
270:
266:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
213:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
73:
62:
53:
43:
39:
37:
30:
24:
19:
16:
6675:Dependencies
6619:
6605:Turkmenistan
6570:Saudi Arabia
6064:Evangelicals
6063:
6062:
6046:Vũ Đình Tụng
6021:Mai Lão Bạng
5980:Cao Văn Luận
5904:
5738:Missionaries
5671:
5617:
5608:
5578:
5557:
5542:(4): 71–80.
5539:
5535:
5497:
5493:
5482:
5469:
5455:
5451:
5437:
5399:
5368:
5342:(2): 68–92.
5339:
5335:
5331:
5312:
5279:
5275:
5246:
5242:
5220:(2–3): 1–8.
5217:
5213:
5193:
5172:
5137:
5133:
5108:
5104:
5087:
5083:
5058:
5054:
5029:
5025:
5000:
4996:
4979:
4975:
4950:
4946:
4927:
4923:
4900:
4896:
4875:
4871:
4862:
4858:
4837:
4833:
4816:
4812:
4787:
4783:
4758:
4754:
4737:
4733:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4665:
4661:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4611:
4607:
4590:
4586:
4558:
4539:
4520:
4497:
4478:
4453:
4434:
4415:
4396:
4377:
4354:
4334:
4305:
4286:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4204:
4185:
4174:
4163:
4152:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4114:
4082:
4051:
4030:
4001:
3972:
3937:
3916:
3895:
3874:
3854:
3835:
3826:
3816:
3797:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3749:
3731:
3710:
3692:
3670:
3652:
3639:
3618:
3598:
3586:
3576:
3564:Bibliography
3553:
3544:
3525:
3507:
3488:
3479:
3469:
3451:
3433:
3422:
3413:
3395:
3381:
3367:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:the original
3306:
3297:
3288:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3198:
3187:
3178:
3169:New Republic
3167:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3091:New Republic
3089:
3083:
3062:
3052:
3045:
3027:
3018:
3009:
2997:. Retrieved
2993:the original
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2942:
2926:
2921:
2912:
2853:
2844:
2823:
2814:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2710:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2559:
2541:
2529:
2511:
2502:
2495:
2413:
2358:
2343:
1723:Saudi Arabia
1625:
1616:Turkmenistan
1404:South Africa
1387:Sierra Leone
1192:Burkina Faso
1104:
1092:Pope Francis
1076:
1068:Redemptorist
1028:Pope Pius XI
1017:
988:Present time
954:
942:Vatican flag
939:
926:
923:
901:
894:
879:
864:
855:
833:
805:
791:undue weight
788:
728:
725:Pierre Borie
717:
702:
691:
683:
679:
675:Lê Văn Duyệt
673:
658:
627:
613:
604:
599:Mekong Delta
591:Nguyễn lords
577:
554:
540:undue weight
537:
504:
500:adding to it
495:
476:
457:
446:
442:chữ Quốc ngữ
441:
433:Latin script
426:
403:
393:
390:Christianity
374:missionaries
371:
366:chữ Quốc ngữ
365:
361:
345:
321:Latin Church
280:
278:
252:1533 or 1615
234:Headquarters
206:Associations
33:
15:
6734:Asia portal
6635:States with
6555:Philippines
6495:South Korea
6490:North Korea
6385:Afghanistan
5864:José García
5458:(3): 14–28.
4982:(3): 1–43.
4761:(1): 1–36.
3752:, Praeger,
3591:McGraw Hill
2895:Wook, p. 95
2534:Tran (2018)
2405:Virgin Mary
2180:New Zealand
2115:Saint Lucia
2065:El Salvador
1968:Switzerland
1903:Netherlands
1639:Middle East
1586:Philippines
1534:South Korea
1529:North Korea
1464:Afghanistan
1409:South Sudan
1292:Ivory Coast
1112:North Korea
1010:in Saigon.
935:Virgin Mary
888:. During a
808:August 2020
694:Prince Cảnh
687:Lê Văn Khôi
557:August 2020
468:Franciscans
451:, in which
435:with added
410:Cochinchina
356:Vietnamese
305:Philippines
124:Orientation
6749:Categories
6615:Uzbekistan
6590:Tajikistan
6505:Kyrgyzstan
6485:Kazakhstan
6405:Bangladesh
6395:Azerbaijan
5985:Thanh Lãng
5299:1993/34017
4683:1885/27684
3963:Monographs
3864:0853231362
3845:2719306118
3838:. Mouton.
3343:22 October
3284:1993/34017
2956:HistoryNet
2170:Micronesia
2045:Costa Rica
1938:San Marino
1898:Montenegro
1878:Luxembourg
1651:Azerbaijan
1621:Uzbekistan
1606:Tajikistan
1541:Kyrgyzstan
1519:Kazakhstan
1494:East Timor
1469:Bangladesh
1397:Somaliland
1382:Seychelles
1347:Mozambique
1332:Mauritania
1317:Madagascar
1207:Cape Verde
858:April 2020
835:neutrality
637:See also:
608:Diên Khánh
595:Nguyễn Ánh
507:April 2020
405:Đàng Trong
395:Đàng Ngoài
260:7 million
239:District 3
224:Vietnamese
159:Governance
6701:Hong Kong
6655:Palestine
6580:Sri Lanka
6575:Singapore
6455:Indonesia
6041:Ngô Tử Hạ
5905:Catholics
5900:Adherents
5609:GCatholic
5514:154978637
5356:181585717
5234:250519054
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3120:, p. 199.
2488:Citations
2354:Bloc 8406
2290:Venezuela
2235:Argentina
2150:Australia
2100:Nicaragua
2075:Guatemala
1873:Lithuania
1708:Palestine
1596:Sri Lanka
1591:Singapore
1509:Indonesia
1499:Hong Kong
1337:Mauritius
906:is being
846:talk page
707:, of the
661:Confucian
437:diacritic
358:Hail Mary
317:Indonesia
152:Episcopal
135:Scripture
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6724:Category
6645:Abkhazia
6595:Thailand
6550:Pakistan
6530:Mongolia
6525:Maldives
6520:Malaysia
6420:Cambodia
6080:See also
5951:Priests
5910:Bishops
5525:. H-Net.
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3496:Archived
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3459:Archived
3456:UCA News
3441:Archived
3403:Archived
3116:(1963),
3035:Archived
2950:Archived
2932:Archived
2929:, p. 517
2549:Archived
2518:Archived
2470:Đọc kinh
2444:See also
2416:dioceses
2389:Dioceses
2280:Suriname
2270:Paraguay
2255:Colombia
2160:Kiribati
2085:Honduras
2055:Dominica
2030:Barbados
1993:Scotland
1953:Slovenia
1948:Slovakia
1923:Portugal
1793:Bulgaria
1671:Abkhazia
1611:Thailand
1581:Pakistan
1566:Mongolia
1561:Maldives
1556:Malaysia
1484:Cambodia
1444:Zimbabwe
1419:Tanzania
1262:Ethiopia
1257:Eswatini
1237:Djibouti
1202:Cameroon
1187:Botswana
1139:a series
1137:Part of
1070:brother
1044:cardinal
1036:Holy See
999:, Hanoi.
927:de facto
899:template
839:disputed
570:Gia Long
378:Portugal
220:Language
118:Catholic
6620:Vietnam
6535:Myanmar
6515:Lebanon
6445:Georgia
6400:Bahrain
6390:Armenia
3424:Reuters
2383:Hà Đông
2285:Uruguay
2260:Ecuador
2240:Bolivia
2215:Vanuatu
2143:Oceania
2090:Jamaica
2070:Grenada
2025:Bahamas
1983:England
1973:Ukraine
1928:Romania
1888:Moldova
1848:Ireland
1843:Iceland
1838:Hungary
1828:Germany
1818:Finland
1813:Estonia
1808:Denmark
1803:Czechia
1798:Croatia
1783:Belgium
1778:Belarus
1773:Austria
1768:Andorra
1763:Albania
1703:Lebanon
1666:Georgia
1656:Bahrain
1646:Armenia
1626:Vietnam
1571:Myanmar
1429:Tunisia
1392:Somalia
1377:Senegal
1362:Nigeria
1352:Namibia
1342:Morocco
1307:Liberia
1302:Lesotho
1252:Eritrea
1222:Comoros
1197:Burundi
1172:Algeria
1079:Vatican
978:deposed
801:resolve
587:Tây Sơn
550:resolve
448:chữ Nôm
386:Jesuits
362:chữ Nôm
346:chữ Nôm
327:History
293:Vietnam
289:bishops
257:Members
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6665:Taiwan
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1943:Serbia
1933:Russia
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1893:Monaco
1863:Latvia
1858:Kosovo
1833:Greece
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1479:Brunei
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1177:Angola
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2250:Chile
2205:Tonga
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2080:Haiti
1998:Wales
1958:Spain
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1297:Kenya
1277:Ghana
1267:Gabon
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969:Vesak
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