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insulted. He went up to his father arrogantly. But the father asked the son whether he thought that he was respected on his own account, when the son was respected only on account of the respect that was due to the father. So the father renounced the son, and as a result, no one took any notice of him. So when Israel went out of Egypt, the fear of them fell upon all the nations, as Exodus 15:14–16 reported, "The peoples have heard, they tremble; pangs have taken hold on the inhabitants of
Philistia. Then were the chiefs of Edom frightened; the mighty men of Moab, trembling takes hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan are melted away. Terror and dread falls upon them." But when Israel transgressed and sinned, God asked Israel whether it thought that it was respected on its own account, when it was respected only on account of the respect that was due to God. So God turned away from them a little, and the Amalekites came and attacked Israel, as Exodus 17:8 reports, "Then Amalek came, and fought with Israel in Rephidim," and then the Canaanites came and fought with Israel, as Numbers 21:1 reports, "And the Canaanite, the king of Arad, who dwelt in the South, heard tell that Israel came by the way of Atharim; and he fought against Israel." God told the Israelites that they had no genuine faith, as Deuteronomy 32:20 says, "they are a very disobedient generation, children in whom is no faith." God concluded that the Israelites were rebellious, but to destroy them was impossible, to take them back to Egypt was impossible, and God could not change them for another people. So God concluded to chastise and try them with suffering.
2206:). The offender would thus be prevented from doing repentance and would not have the power to return from the offense, and the offender would die and be lost because of the offense. Maimonides read this to be what God said in Isaiah 6:10, "Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and their eyes weak, lest they see with their eyes and hear with their ears, and their hearts will understand, do repentance and be healed." Similarly, 2 Chronicles 36:16 reports, "They ridiculed the messengers of God, disdained His words and insulted His prophets until the anger of God rose upon the people, without possibility of healing." Maimonides interpreted these verses to teach that they sinned willingly and to such an egregious extent that they deserved to have repentance withheld from them. And thus because Pharaoh sinned on his own at the beginning, harming the Jews who lived in his land, as Exodus 1:10 reports him scheming, "Let us deal craftily with them," God issued the judgment that repentance would be withheld from Pharaoh until he received his punishment, and therefore God said in Exodus 14:4, "I will harden the heart of Pharaoh." Maimonides explained that God sent Moses to tell Pharaoh to send out the Jews and do repentance, when God had already told Moses that Pharaoh would refuse, because God sought to inform humanity that when God withholds repentance from a sinner, the sinner will not be able to repent. Maimonides made clear that God did not decree that Pharaoh harm the Jewish people; rather, Pharaoh sinned willfully on his own, and he thus deserved to have the privilege of repentance withheld from him.
1331:, who became a wall of fire between the Israelites and the Egyptians. The Egyptians wanted to follow the Israelites, but they are unable to come near because of the fire. The angels saw the Israelites' misfortune all the night, but they uttered neither praise nor sanctification, as Exodus 14:20 says, "And the one came not near the other all the night." God told Moses (as Exodus 14:16 reports) to "Stretch out your hand over the sea and divide it." So (as Exodus 14:21 reports) "Moses stretched out his hand over the sea," but the sea refused to be divided. So God looked at the sea, and the waters saw God's Face, and they trembled and quaked, and descended into the depths, as Psalm 77:16 says, "The waters saw You, O God; the waters saw You, they were afraid: the depths also trembled." Rabbi Eliezer taught that on the day that God said Genesis 1:9, "Let the waters be gathered together," the waters congealed, and God made them into twelve valleys, corresponding to the twelve tribes, and they were made into walls of water between each path, and the Israelites could see each other, and they saw God, walking before them, but they did not see the heels of God's feet, as Psalm 77:19 says, "Your way was in the sea, and Your paths in the great waters, and Your footsteps were not known."
1884:. The Gemara explained that Miriam was a prophetess, as Exodus 15:20 says: "And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand." The Gemara asked why this verse mentions only Aaron and not Moses. Rav Naḥman said that Rav said that she prophesied when she was only Aaron's sister, before Moses was born, saying that her mother was destined to bear a son who would deliver the Jewish people to salvation. When Moses was born, the entire house was filled with light, and her father stood and kissed her on the head and told her that her prophecy had been fulfilled. But when Moses was cast into the river, her father patted her on the head, asking what had become of her prophecy, as it looked as though Moses would soon die. That is why Exodus 2:4 reports: "And his sister stood at a distance to know what would be done to him," for Miriam wanted to know how her prophecy would be fulfilled. Similarly, the
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fight for you, and (4) you be quiet." The
Jerusalem Talmud taught that at the sea, the Israelites divided into four groups. One group said, "Let us throw ourselves into the sea." A second group said, "Let us go back to Egypt." A third group said, "Let us fight against them." And a fourth group said, "Let us cry out against them." To the group that said, "Let us throw ourselves into the sea," Moses said (in Exodus 14:13), "Fear not, stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord." To the group that said, "Let us go back to Egypt," Moses said (in Exodus 14:13), "the Egyptians you have seen today, you shall never see them again." To the group that said, "Let us fight against them," Moses said (in Exodus 14:14), "The Lord will fight for you." And to the group that said, "Let us cry out against them," Moses said (in Exodus 14:14), "You be quiet."
1976:). Rabbi Johanan said to Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish that even school children know that the Torah protects against painful disease. For Exodus 15:26 says, "And He said: 'If you will diligently hearken to the voice of the Lord your God, and will do that which is right in His eyes, and will give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put none of the diseases upon you that I have put upon the Egyptians; for I am the Lord Who heals you." Rather one should say that God visits those who can study the Torah and do not do so with ugly and painful sufferings which stir them up. For Psalm 39:3 says, "I was dumb with silence, I kept silence from the good thing, and my pain was stirred up." "The good thing" refers only to the Torah, as Proverbs 4:2 says, "For I give you good doctrine; forsake not My teaching."
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until a fixed time, because God knows what is good for me." Similarly, when their livelihood comes in only what they need for basic food, it is proper for them to tell themselves: "The God who prepared my sustenance at my mother's breast, in my beginning, according to my need, and what was sufficient for me day by day, until God replaced it for me with something better, and the milk's coming exactly did not damage me at all, so too I will not be damaged now at all, by God's sending me my food in this limited amount, until the end of my days. Baḥya taught that they will be rewarded for this, as God told our ancestors in the Sinai desert, who were in a similar situation, in Exodus 16:4, "The people shall go out each day and gather what they need for the day."
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1043:." In another Midrash reading "heart" and "mouth" in Deuteronomy 30:11–14 to symbolize the beginning and the end of fulfilling a precept, Rabbi Levi said in the name of Hama bar Hanina that if one begins a precept and does not complete it, and another comes and completes it, it is attributed to the one who has completed it. The Midrash illustrated this by citing how Moses began a precept by taking the bones of Joseph with him, as Exodus 13:19 reports, "And Moses took the bones of Joseph with him." But because Moses never brought Joseph's bones into the Land of Israel, the precept is attributed to the Israelites, who buried them, as Joshua 24:32 reports, "And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, they buried in
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1031:, who began a precept and did not complete it. When Joseph came to his brothers and they sought to kill him, as Joseph's brothers said in Genesis 37:20, "Come now therefore, and let us slay him," Judah did not let them, saying in Genesis 37:26, "What profit is it if we slay our brother?" and they listened to him, for he was their leader. And had Judah called for Joseph's brothers to restore Joseph to their father, they would have listened to him then, as well. Thus because Judah began a precept (the good deed toward Joseph) and did not complete it, he buried his wife and two sons, as Genesis 38:12 reports, "Shua's daughter, the wife of Judah, died," and Genesis 46:12 further reports, "
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Moses, in words parallel those of Exodus 14:15, "My beloved ones are drowning in the sea, and you prolong prayer before Me!" Moses asked God, "Lord of the
Universe, what is there in my power to do?" God replied in the words of Exodus 14:15–16, "Speak to the children of Israel, that they go forward. And lift up your rod, and stretch out your hand over the sea, and divide it; and the children of Israel shall go into the midst of the sea on dry ground." Because of Naḥshon's actions, Judah merited becoming the ruling power in Israel, as Psalm 114:2 says, "Judah became His sanctuary, Israel His dominion," and that happened because, as Psalm 114:3 says, "The sea saw , and fled."
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required grinding. The Gemara concluded that the manna fell in different forms for different classes of people: For the righteous, it fell as bread; for average folk, it fell as cakes that required baking; and for the wicked, it fell as kernels that required grinding. The Gemara asked how one could reconcile Exodus 16:31, which reported that "the taste of it was like wafers made with honey," with
Numbers 11:8, which reported that "the taste of it was as the taste of a cake baked with oil." Rabbi Jose ben Hanina said that the manna tasted differently for different classes of people: It tasted like honey for infants, bread for youths, and oil for the aged.
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2315:—connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness—as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in Exodus 4:10 and heavy arms in Exodus 17:12; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in Exodus 7:14; 8:11, 28; 9:7, 34; and 10:1; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in Exodus 5:9; God in response sent heavy plagues in Exodus 8:20; 9:3, 18, 24; and 10:14, so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in Exodus 14:4, 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a "heavy cloud," first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 19:16; 24:16–17; 29:43; 33:18, 22; and 40:34–38.
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2116:, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.'" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "there" in Exodus 30:6 with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in Numbers 17:25 with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in Exodus 16:33 with regard to the manna and "generations" in Exodus 30:31 with regard to the anointing oil.
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disobeyed and saved the manna, so God caused many worms to breed during that night so that the sinners should not be able to smell the staleness of the manna in the evening and throw it out. The
Midrash told that Moses became so angry with them that he forgot to tell them to gather two omers for each person on the sixth day. So when they went out and gathered on the sixth day and found a double portion, the princes told Moses, as Exodus 16:22 reports, "And all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses." The Midrash noted that Moses told them (in Exodus 16:23), "This is that which
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1888:, reading the words, "And Miriam the Prophetess," in Exodus 15:20, asked where Miriam had prophesied. The Mekhilta reported that Miriam had told her father that he was destined to have a son who would save Israel from the hands of the Egyptians. Then, after the events of Exodus 2:1–3, Miriam's father reproached her, asking what had become of her prediction. But she still held on to her prophecy, as Exodus 2:4 says, "And his sister stood afar off, to know what would be done to him." For the Mekhilta taught that the expression "standing" suggests the presence the Holy Spirit, as in
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son of
Hakkanah, thus cited Pharaoh as an example of the power of repentance. Pharaoh rebelled most grievously against God, saying, as reported in Exodus 5:2, "Who is the Lord, that I should hearken to His voice?" But then Pharaoh repented using the same terms of speech with which he sinned, saying the words of Exodus 15:11, "Who is like You, O Lord, among the mighty?" God thus delivered Pharaoh from the dead. Rabbi Nechunia deduced that Pharaoh had died from Exodus 9:15, in which God told Moses to tell Pharaoh, "For now I had put forth my hand, and smitten you."
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the cask to its proper place. So when the brothers sold Joseph, it was from
Shechem that they sold him, as Genesis 37:13 reports, "And Israel said to Joseph: 'Do not your brothers feed the flock in Shechem?'" God told the brothers that since they had sold Joseph from Shechem, they needed to return Joseph's bones to Shechem. And as the Israelites completed the precept, it is called by their name, demonstrating the force of Deuteronomy 30:11–14, "For this commandment that I command you this day . . . is very near to you, in your mouth, and in your heart."
1464:: (1) the one that the Israelites recited at the first Passover in Egypt, as Isaiah 30:29 says, "You shall have a song as in the night when a feast is hallowed"; (2) the Song of the Sea in Exodus 15; (3) the one that the Israelites sang at the well in the wilderness, as Numbers 21:17 reports, "Then sang Israel this song: 'Spring up, O well'"; (4) the one that Moses spoke in his last days, as Deuteronomy 31:30 reports, "Moses spoke in the ears of all the assembly of Israel the words of this song"; (5) the one that Joshua recited, as
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Egyptians failed to note that while God had sworn not to bring another flood on the whole world, God could still bring a flood on only one people. Alternatively, the
Egyptians failed to note that they could fall into the waters, as indicated by the words of Exodus 14:27, "the Egyptians fled towards it." This all bore out what Rabbi Eleazar said: In the pot in which they cooked, they were themselves cooked—that is, with the punishment that the Egyptians intended for the Israelites, the Egyptians were themselves punished.
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the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no way be construed as a violation of the
Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah."
2428:"firm reliance." Thus, Mendelssohn concluded that Scripture does not command faith, but accepts no other commands than those that come by way of conviction. Its propositions are presented to the understanding, submitted for consideration, without being forced upon our belief. Belief and doubt, assent and opposition, in Mendelssohn's view, are not determined by desire, wishes, longings, fear, or hope, but by knowledge of truth and untruth. Hence, Mendelssohn concluded, ancient Judaism has no articles of faith.
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day. The
Tosefta also taught that God gave the Israelites seven clouds in the wilderness—one on their right, one on their left, one before them, one, behind them, one over their heads, and one among them. And the seventh pillar of cloud went ahead of them and would kill snakes and scorpions; burn off thorns, brambles, and prickly bushes; and level down high places and raise up low places, making for them a straight path, as Numbers 10:33 says, "the ark of the covenant of the Lord went before them."
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276:)) within the open portion divisions. The first open portion divides the first reading. The second open portion covers the balance of the first and all of the second readings. The third open portion is coincident with the third reading. The fourth open portion covers the fourth and fifth readings. The fifth open portion is coincident with the sixth reading. The sixth and seventh open portion divisions divide the seventh reading. And the eighth open portion is coincident with the
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864:. Antiochus's soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, Exodus 16:22–30), a thousand died. 1 Maccabees 2:39–41 reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath.
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explanation, Moses sang, "I will sing to the Lord," and the Israelites responded, "I will sing to the Lord"; then Moses sang, "For He has triumphed gloriously," and the Israelites responded, "For He has triumphed gloriously." Rabbi Nehemiah taught that Moses sang the opening, the Israelites repeated the opening, and then Moses and the Israelites recited the balance together, as where a schoolteacher recited the
1255:) taught that in Exodus 14:15, God was saying that the Israelites' faith in God was sufficient cause for God to divide the sea for them. For notwithstanding their fear, the Israelites had believed in God and followed Moses that far. Rabbi Akiva taught that for Jacob's sake God divided the sea for Jacob's descendants, for in Genesis 28:14, God told Jacob, "You shall spread abroad to the west, and to the east."
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permits the wicked to accomplish some of their evil purposes against the just, but in the end frustrates them. And "thus was it with proud Pharaoh, he was lifted up on high, with sure expectations of destroying the Israelites and dividing the spoil, flushed with the hopes of certain success, he rushes forward, till his glory, his pomp and his multitude are altogether buried in the sea."
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1588:) and praised God. Rabbi Meir said that even fetuses in their mothers' wombs sang the song, as Psalm 68:27 says, "Bless the Lord in the Congregations, even the Lord, from the source of Israel." (And a person's "source" is the womb.) The Gemara asked how fetuses could see the Divine Presence. Rabbi Tanhum said that the abdomen of pregnant women became transparent and the fetuses saw.
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406:, they could not drink the bitter water, so they grumbled against Moses. God showed Moses a piece of wood to throw into the water, and the water became sweet. God told Moses that if he would diligently hearken to God and obey God's commandments, then God would give the Israelites none of the diseases that God had given the Egyptians. A closed portion ends here.
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1407:, however, said that Pharaoh alone survived, teaching that Exodus 9:16 speaks of Pharaoh when it says, "But in very deed for this cause have I made you to stand." And some taught that later on Pharaoh went down and was drowned, as Exodus 15:19 says, "For the horses of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea."
920:, and the land of the Philistines were ready to rise against the Israelites on their departure from Egypt, God thought that the Israelites must not see the battle, lest they return to Egypt, as God says in Exodus 13:17, "Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt." So God led them by another route.
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argued that the sin with which the Israelites were charged at Massah was that of trying to find out whether belief in God was worthwhile. Leibowitz said that the Israelites did not really need to ask if God was among them or not, for surely they had by then plainly benefitted from God's kindnesses on
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ruled: "Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue,
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read the report of Exodus 14:31 that "the Israelites saw and trusted in the Eternal and in Moses, his servant" along with the report of Genesis 15:6 that "Abraham trusted in the Eternal" to demonstrate that the word often translated as "faith" actually means, in most cases, "trust," "confidence," and
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The Mishnah quoted Exodus 17:11, which described how when Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed, and asked whether Moses' hands really made war or stopped it. Rather, the Mishnah read the verse to teach that as long as the Israelites looked upward and submitted their hearts to God, they would grow
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asked about an apparent contradiction of Scriptural passages in the presence of Rabbi Eleazar, or, according to another version, he asked in the name of Rabbi Eleazar. Exodus 24:18 says: "And Moses entered into the midst of the cloud," whereas Exodus 40:35 reads: "And Moses was not able to enter into
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pillar of fire overlapped the pillar of cloud. So she thought of lighting the Sabbath lights very early. But an elder told her that one may kindle when one chooses, provided that one does not light too early (as it would not evidently honor the Sabbath) or too late (later than just before nightfall).
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5:12–15 commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one's control to work—so that one's subordinates might also rest—and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by
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and stank. On the sixth day they gathered double the food, Moses instructed them to put aside the excess until morning, and it did not turn foul the next day, the Sabbath. Moses told them that on the Sabbath, they would not find any manna on the plain, yet some went out to gather and found nothing. A
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12:14, "For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea." And the Mekhilta taught that the expression, "What would be done to him in Exodus 2:4 also suggested the Holy Spirit, as "doing" suggests the presence of the Holy Spirit in Amos 3:7, "For
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Ben Avvai said that everything is judged according to the principle of measure for measure; just as the Egyptians were proud, and cast the male children into the river, so God cast the Egyptians into the sea, as Exodus 15:1 says, "I will sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed triumphantly; the horse
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taught that God was telling Moses that there is a time to pray briefly and a time to pray at length. God was telling Moses that God's children were in trouble, the sea cut them off, the enemy pursued, and yet Moses stood and said a long prayer! God told Moses that it was time to cut short his prayer
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said that the Israelites advanced to enter the Reed Sea, but they turned backwards, fearing that the waters would come over them. The tribe of Judah sanctified God's Name and entered the sea first, as Psalm 114:2 says, "Judah became his sanctuary (in order to sanctify God), Israel his dominion." The
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said that the Egyptians pursued after the Israelites as far as the Reed Sea and encamped behind them. The enemy was behind them, and the sea was in front of them. The Israelites saw the Egyptians and became greatly afraid. The Israelites cast away all their Egyptian abominations, repented sincerely,
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A Midrash illustrated a precept to finish what one starts by citing how Moses began performing a commandment by taking the bones of Joseph with him, as Exodus 13:19 reports, but failed to complete the task. Reading Deuteronomy 30:11–14, "For this commandment that I command you this day . . . is very
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In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses that God would rain bread from heaven, and twice as much on the sixth day. Moses and Aaron told the Israelites that they would see God's glory, for God had heard their murmurings against God, and the Israelites saw God's glory appear in a cloud. The
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events, the Exodus from Egypt and the conquest of the land of Canaan." Oden compared the holy war poem of Exodus 15, which follows a prose version of the same event in Exodus 14, to Judges 5, which follows a prose version of the same event in Judges 4, arguing that both poems were already difficult
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to "that proud and haughty Monarch Pharaoh, king of Egypt." Fitch argued that God appeared to aid the Israelites when they shook off the yoke of Egyptian bondage, and Pharaoh and his host pursued them and seemed to leave them no way of escape, and so God would aid the colonists. Fitch said that God
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argued that if the Israelites lacked drinking water, then they were justified in complaining, and to whom should they have turned if not to their leader Moses? So Abravanel asked why Exodus 17:7 should term this conduct of theirs "trying," as it appeared to be an absolutely legitimate and essential
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and blossoms referred to in Numbers 17:23, and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in 1 Samuel 6:8, "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof ; and send
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9:1, "I saw the Lord standing beside the altar"; and in 1 Samuel 3:10, "And the Lord came and stood"; and in Deuteronomy 31:14, "Call Joshua and stand . . . ." The Mekhilta taught that the expression: "afar off" in Exodus 2:4 also suggests the presence of the Holy Spirit, as in Jeremiah 31:2, "From
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A Baraita taught that the words, "I will send My terror before you, and will discomfort all the people to whom you shall come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you," in Exodus 23:27, and the words, "Terror and dread fall upon them," in Exodus 15:16 show that no creature was able
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The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer taught that when in Exodus 15:11 the Israelites sang, "Who is like You among the divine creatures, O Lord?" Pharaoh replied after them, saying the concluding words of Exodus 15:11, "Who is like You, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?" Rabbi Nechunia,
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said that on the fourth day, the Israelites encamped by the edge of the sea. The Egyptians were floating like skin-bottles upon the surface of the waters, and a north wind cast them opposite the Israelites' camp. The Israelites saw the Egyptians and recognized them, saying that these were officials
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The Jerusalem Talmud noted that in Exodus 14:13–14, Moses made four responses to the complaining Israelites: "(1) Fear not, stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which God will work for you today; (2) for the Egyptians you have seen today, you shall never see them again. (3) The Lord will
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wife used to kindle the Sabbath lights late (just before nightfall). Rav Joseph told her that it was taught in a Baraita that the words of Exodus 13:22, "the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, departed not," teach that the pillar of cloud overlapped the pillar of fire, and the
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brought up out of Egypt." And the Midrash explained that the reason that they buried Joseph's bones in Shechem could be compared to a case in which some thieves stole a cask of wine, and when the owner discovered them, the owner told them that after they had consumed the wine, they needed to return
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A Midrash compared the words of Exodus 13:17, "God led the people about," to a merchant who bought a cow for use in his home and not for slaughter. As the merchant's house was near the slaughterhouse, he thought to himself that he had better lead the new cow home by another route, for if he led the
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told how he saw some treading wine presses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the
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read the listing of places in Deuteronomy 1:1 to allude to how God tested the Israelites with ten trials in the Wilderness, and they failed them all, including at Exodus 17:3. The Avot of Rabbi Natan interpreted the words "On the plain" in Deuteronomy 1:1 to allude to how they complained about not
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that the Lord has given you the Sabbath" in Exodus 16:29, a Midrash asked why it says "see" when "know" would have been better. The Midrash explained that God told them that when nonbelievers would come and question why the Israelites kept the Sabbath on the day that they did, the Israelites could
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Rabbi Jose the Galilean reasoned that as the phrase "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 referred to 10 plagues, "the great hand" (translated "the great work") in Exodus 14:31 (in connection with the miracle of the Reed Sea) must refer to 50 plagues upon the Egyptians, and thus to a variety of cruel
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The Midrash taught that the six days of darkness occurred in Egypt, while the seventh day of darkness was a day of darkness of the sea, as Exodus 14:20 says: "And there was the cloud and the darkness here, yet it gave light by night there." So God sent clouds and darkness and covered the Egyptians
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Rabbi Eliezer said that on the third day of Creation, when God said in Genesis 1:9, "Let the waters be gathered together," the waters of the Reed Sea congealed and were made into twelve valleys (or paths), corresponding to the twelve tribes of Israel. And they were made into walls of water between
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stepped forward and went into the sea first, praying in the words of Psalm 69:2–16, "Save me O God, for the waters come into my soul. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing . . . . Let not the water overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up." Moses was then praying, so God prompted
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noted that Exodus 14:6, "With three on all of them," reported chariots with three horses, while Genesis 41:43, "And he made him ride in his double chariot," reported chariots with two horses. The Baraita deduced that at first, though the time of Joseph, only two horses pulled chariots, but a later
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taught in Isaiah 1:12–13 that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In Isaiah 58:13–14, the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed
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In the continuation of the reading in chapter 14, God told Moses to tell the Israelites to turn back and encamp by the sea, so that Pharaoh might think that the Israelites were trapped and follow after them. When Pharaoh learned that the people had fled, he had a change of heart, and he chased the
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taught that religion only acquires the force of law by means of a sovereign power. Therefore, Moses was not able to punish those who, before the covenant, and consequently while still in possession of their rights, violated the Sabbath (in Exodus 16:27). However, Moses was able to do so after the
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The Gemara asked how one could reconcile Exodus 16:4, which reported that manna fell as "bread from heaven"; with Numbers 11:8, which reported that people "made cakes of it," implying that it required baking; and with Numbers 11:8, which reported that people "ground it in mills," implying that it
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also counted as Kingship verses Deuteronomy 6:4, "Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God the Lord is One"; Deuteronomy 4:39, "And you shall know on that day and lay it to your heart that the Lord is God, . . . there is none else"; and Deuteronomy 4:35, "To you it was shown, that you might know that the
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in the days of Joshua, and those who stood against them were immediately panic-stricken and lost control of their bowels. And the words, "till Your people pass over, O Lord," in Exodus 15:16 allude to the first advance of the Israelites into the Promised Land in the days of Joshua. And the words,
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20:21 reports: "when he had taken counsel with the people, he appointed them that should sing to the Lord, and praise in the beauty of holiness, as they went out before the army, and say, 'Give thanks to the Lord, for His mercy endures forever'"; and (10) the song that will be sung in the time to
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The Tosefta read Exodus 13:22, "the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, departed not from before the people," to teach that the one who served by day completed the work of the one who served by night, and the one who served by night completed the work of the one who served by
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A Midrash employed a fanciful translation of Exodus 13:18 to imagine God's response to the Israelites' complaints in the wilderness. The Midrash taught that God asked the Israelites whether when a mortal king went into the wilderness, the king found there the same ease, the same food, or the same
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that "the finger of God has indeed been so conspicuous in every stage of our glorious struggle, that it seems as if the wonders and miracles performed for Israel of old, were repeated anew for the American Israel, in our day." Payson also likened George III to pharaoh, saying: "The hardness that
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Baḥya ibn Paquda taught that the proper way for those who trust in God, when their livelihood is withheld, is to say in their hearts: "The God who took me out from the womb to this world at a particular moment, and did not take me out earlier or later, is the One who is withholding my livelihood
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argued that the greatest benefit that God bestowed on humanity and the strongest proof of God's existence is the Torah that God gave humanity and God's manifestation of God's presence, as Exodus 14:31 says, "And Israel saw the great work which the Lord wrought upon the Egyptians, and the people:
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The Mishnah taught that all Jews have a portion in the world to come, for in Isaiah 60:21, God promises, "Your people are all righteous; they shall inherit the land for ever, the branch of My planting, the work of My hands, that I may be glorified.' But Rabbi Akiva warned that one who whispered
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Rabbi Judah ben Simon expounded on God's words in Deuteronomy 32:20, "I will hide My face from them." Rabbi Judah ben Simon compared Israel to a king's son who went into the marketplace and struck people but was not struck in return (because of his being the king's son). He insulted but was not
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in the Synagogue. The Gemara explained that each of the three interpreted Exodus 15:1: Rabbi Akiva held that the word "saying" in Exodus 15:1 refers to the first clause, "I will sing to the Lord," and that was the Israelites' only response. Rabbi Eliezer son of Rabbi Jose the Galilean held that
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Reading Isaiah 43:12, "I have declared, and I have saved, and I have announced," a Midrash taught that God "declared" to Egypt that the Israelites had fled, so that they would hear, pursue after them, and be drowned in the sea, as Exodus 14:5 reports, "And it was told the king of Egypt that the
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In the continuation of the reading, Amalek attacked Israel at Rephidim. Moses stationed himself on the top of the hill, with the rod of God in his hand, and whenever Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed; but whenever he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. When Moses grew weary, he sat on a
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reported that on Sunday, September 23, 1492, the sea was calm and smooth, causing the crew to grumble, saying that since there were no heavy seas in those parts, no wind would ever carry them back to Spain. But later, to their astonishment, the seas rose high without any wind. Referring to the
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Reading the words "and it bred worms and rotted" in Exodus 16:20, a Midrash asked whether anything exists that first produces worms and then rots (implying that surely, rot precedes worms). Answering in the negative, the Midrash taught that God wished to reveal to people the deeds of those who
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that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the
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Rabbi Hama ben Hanina deduced from Exodus 1:10 that Pharaoh meant: "Come, let us outwit the Savior of Israel." Pharaoh concluded that the Egyptians should afflict the Israelites with water, because as indicated by Isaiah 54:9, God had sworn not to bring another flood to punish the world. The
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The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael cited four reasons for why "Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea-shore," as reported in Exodus 14:30: (1) so that the Israelites should not imagine that the Egyptians escaped the sea on the other side, (2) so that the Egyptians should not imagine that the
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cited Exodus 13:19 for the proposition that as Joseph had the merit of burying Jacob, so it was that only Moses took the trouble to care for Joseph's bones. The Tosefta deduced from this that the rest of the Israelites were occupied with plunder, but Moses occupied himself with performing a
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the Galilean taught that Moses sang the entire song, one verse at a time, and the Israelites respond after him by repeating the entire song, one verse at a time, as where a minor read the Hallel for a congregation and they repeated after the minor all that minor had said. According to this
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Reading Exodus 14:6, "And he made ready his chariot," to indicate that Pharaoh prepared his chariot personally, a Midrash remarked that surely, he had plenty of slaves who could have done so for him. The Midrash concluded that the intensity of Pharaoh's hate thus upset the natural order.
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each path, and between each path were windows. The Israelites could see one another, and they saw God walking before them, but they did not see the heels of God's feet, as Psalm 77:19 says, "Your way was in the sea, and your paths in the great waters, and your footsteps were not known."
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have spoken," because Moses had forgotten. For this reason, the Midrash taught, in Exodus 16:28, God asked, "How long will you refuse to keep My commandments and My laws?" including Moses among them (as Moses should not have given vent to his anger, thereby forgetting God's command).
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and his rider has he thrown into the sea." (Ben Avvai read the double expression of "triumphing" in Exodus 15:1 to imply that just as the Egyptians triumphed over the Israelites by casting their children into the sea, so God triumphed over the Egyptians by casting them into the sea.)
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Rabbis in the Talmud gave differing explanations of how, as Exodus 15:1 reports, the Israelites sang the song of Exodus 15:1–19 along with Moses. Rabbi Akiva taught that Moses sang the entire song, and the Israelites respond after him with the leading word, as where an adult read the
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and none of his brothers were greater than he was, so Joseph merited the greatest of Jews, Moses, to attend to his bones, as reported in Exodus 13:19. And Moses, in turn, was so great that none but God attended him, as Deuteronomy 34:6 reports that God buried Moses. Similarly, the
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to deliver one-and-a-half times as many bodies. To pay the debt, when Sisera came to attack the Israelites, God had the Kishon wash the Canaanites away. The Gemara calculated one-and-a-half times as many bodies from the numbers of chariots reported in Exodus 14:7 and Judges 4:13.
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In the incident of the manna in Exodus 16:22–30, Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one's place on the seventh day.
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and called upon God, as Exodus 14:10 reports, "And when Pharaoh drew near, the children of Israel lifted up their eyes." Moses saw the Israelites' anguish and prayed on their behalf. God replied to Moses in Exodus 14:15, "Speak to the children of Israel, that they go forward."
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In the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Rabbi Eliezer said that the Israelites at Massah said that if God satisfied their needs, they would serve God, but if not, they would not serve God. Thus, Exodus 17:7 reports their "trying the Lord, saying: 'Is the Lord in our midst or not?'"
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drink that he enjoyed in his own palace. The Midrash taught that the Israelites, however, were slaves in Egypt, and God brought them out of there and caused them to recline on lordly couches. In support of this, the Midrash reread Exodus 13:18, "But God led the people about, (
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Lord is God, there is none else beside Him"; but Rabbi Judah said that none of these three is a Kingship verse. (The traditional Rosh Hashanah liturgy follows Rabbi Jose and recites Numbers 23:21, Deuteronomy 33:5, and Exodus 15:18, and then concludes with Deuteronomy 6:4.)
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A Midrash taught that a slave's master wept when slaves escaped, while the slaves sang when they had thrown off bondage. So the Egyptians wept when the Israelites escaped (as Exodus 14:5 reports). The Israelites, however, chanted a song when they were released from bondage.
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the tent of meeting because the cloud abode thereon." The Gemara concluded that this teaches us that God took hold of Moses and brought him into the cloud. Alternatively, the school of Rabbi Ishmael taught in a Baraita that in Exodus 24:18, the word for "in the midst" (
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In the short second reading, Pharaoh overtook the Israelites by the sea. Greatly frightened, the Israelites cried out to God and complained to Moses. Moses told the people not to fear, for God would fight for them. The second reading and second open portion end here.
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In the third reading, God told Moses to lift up his rod, hold out his arm, and split the sea. Moses did so, and God drove back the sea with a strong east wind, and the Israelites marched through on dry ground, the waters forming walls on their right and left. The
742:. Exodus 20:8–11 commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one's control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it.
1447:"). According to this explanation, Moses sang, "I will sing to the Lord," and the Israelites responded, "I will sing to the Lord"; then Moses sang, "For He has triumphed gloriously," and the Israelites once again responded, "I will sing to the Lord." Rabbi
210:. The Sabbath when it is read is known as Shabbat Shirah, as the Song of the Sea is sometimes known as the Shirah (song). Some communities' customs for this day include feeding birds and reciting the Song of the Sea out loud in the regular prayer service.
1139:. The Gemara explained that of the two at the sea, one was in Exodus 14:11, when the Israelites said, "Because there were no graves in Egypt, have you taken us away to die in the wilderness? What is this you have done to us, to take us out of Egypt."
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near to you, in your mouth, and in your heart," a Midrash interpreted "heart" and "mouth" to symbolize the beginning and end of fulfilling a precept and thus read Deuteronomy 30:11–14 as an exhortation to complete a good deed once started. Thus Rabbi
1762:. The Baraita thus concluded that the Israelites were worthy that God should perform a miracle on their behalf during the second advance as in the first advance, but that did not happen because the Israelites' sin caused God to withhold the miracle.
456:. The Israelites gathered as much of it as they required; those who gathered much had no excess, and those who gathered little had no deficiency. Moses instructed none to leave any of it over until morning, but some did, and it became infested with
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A Baraita taught that the words of Exodus 15:2, "This is my God, and I will adorn him," teach that one should adorn oneself before God in the fulfillment of the commandments. Thus, the Gemara taught that in God's honor, one should make a beautiful
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it away that it may go." Having observed that Deuteronomy 28:36 predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as 2 Chronicles 35:3 reports, "And he said to the
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Israelites were lost in the sea as the Egyptians had been, (3) so that the Israelites might take the Egyptians' spoils of silver, gold, precious stones, and pearls, and (4) so that the Israelites might recognize the Egyptians and reprove them.
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splitting of the sea in Exodus 14, Columbus then said, "I was in great need of these high seas because nothing like this had occurred since the time of the Jews when the Egyptians came out against Moses who was leading them out of captivity."
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The people's murmuring at Massah and Meribah, and perhaps the rock that yielded water, of Exodus 17:2–7 are reflected in Psalm 95, which is in turn the first of the six Psalms recited at the beginning of the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service.
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deduced from Exodus 1:22 that the Egyptians took pride before God only on account of the water of the Nile, and thus God exacted punishment from them only by water when in Exodus 15:4 God cast Pharaoh's chariots and army into the Reed Sea.
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commandment. When the Israelites saw Moses caring for Joseph's bones, they concluded that they should let Moses do so, so that Joseph's honor would be greater when his rites were taken care of by great people instead of unimportant people.
2671:, recounts the reasoning of Rabbi Jose the Galilean that as the phrase "the finger of God" in Exodus 8:15 referred to 10 plagues, "the great hand" (translated "the great work") in Exodus 14:31 must refer to 50 plagues upon the Egyptians.
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argued that the Bible thematically associates Pharaoh with the forces of chaos, and thus that God's vanquishing Pharaoh at the sea in Exodus 14–15 reenacts God's primordial victory over the sea monster and chaos in creating the world.
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The Mishnah taught that the manna that Exodus 16:14–15 reports came down to the Israelites was among 10 miraculous things that God created on Sabbath eve at twilight on the first Friday at the completion of the Creation of the world.
2727:, Sephardi Jews each week base the songs of the services on the content of that week's parashah. For Parashat Beshalach, Sephardi Jews apply Maqam Ajam, which commemorates the joy and song of the Israelites as they crossed the sea.
1729:." For the ministering angels sing praises on high, and Israel sings praises on earth below. Thus Exodus 15:11 says, "fearful in praises, doing wonders," and Psalm 22:4 says, "You are holy, O You Who inhabit the praises of Israel."
758:, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested.
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20:10–22 how God gave the Israelites God's Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God's fury upon them, but God stayed God's hand.
2271:) as the medium in which God appears on the terrestrial plane—in the Burning Bush of Exodus 3:2, the cloud pillar of Exodus 13:21–22 and 14:24, atop Mount Sinai in Exodus 19:18 and 24:17, and upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 40:38.
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taught that the "certain men who were unclean by the dead body of a man, so that they could not keep the Passover on that day" in Numbers 9:6 were those who bore Joseph's coffin, as implied in Genesis 50:25 and Exodus 13:19. The
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possessed the heart of Pharaoh of old, seems to have calloused the heart of the British King; and the madness that drove that ancient tyrant and his hosts into the sea, appears to have possessed the British court and councils."
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The Gemara tied together God's actions in the parashah and the haftarah. To reassure the Israelites that their enemies did not still live, God had the Reed Sea spit out the dead Egyptians. To repay the seas, God committed the
7552:, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.).
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afar the Lord appeared to me." The Mekhilta taught that the expression "to know" in Exodus 2:4 also suggests the presence of Holy Spirit, as in Isaiah 11:9, "For the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord" and in
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Citing Exodus 13:19, the Tosefta taught that just as "Moses took the bones of Joseph with him" into the Levites' camp, so one who was impure by reason of corpse contamination—and even a corpse—could enter the Temple Mount.
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reading that concludes the parashah, God instructed Moses to inscribe a document as a reminder that God would utterly blot out the memory of Amalek. The seventh reading, the eighth open portion, and the parashah end here.
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in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in Exodus 16:23 and 29; 20:8–11; 23:12; 31:13–17; 35:2–3; Leviticus 19:3; 23:3; Numbers 15:32–36; and Deuteronomy 5:12.
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Reading the words, "there remained not so much as one of them," in Exodus 14:28, Rabbi Judah taught that not even Pharaoh himself survived, as Exodus 15:4 says, "Pharaoh's chariots and his host has He cast into the sea."
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In the continuation of the reading, Moses ordered that a jar of the manna be kept throughout the ages. The Israelites ate manna 40 years. The sixth reading and the fifth open portion end here with the end of chapter 16.
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The statement of God's eternal sovereignty in Exodus 15:18, "God will reign for ever and ever!" may have found paraphrase in Psalm 146:10, "Adonai shall reign throughout all generations," which in turn appears in the
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The Mishnah cited Exodus 13:19 for the proposition that Providence treats a person measure for measure as that person treats others. And so because, as Genesis 50:7–9 relates, Joseph had the merit to bury his father
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assembled the Hebrew Bible. Oden grouped Exodus 15 along with Judges 5, Habakkuk 3, and Psalm 68 as exemplars of holy war hymns that revealed the religion of the Tribal League that preceded the formation of Israel.
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Noting that Ezekiel 29:3 addresses the Pharaoh as a "mighty monster," thus associating him with the primeval sea monster that Psalm 74:13–14 reports God defeated in establishing order and creating the world, Rabbi
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Reading Exodus 15:11, the Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer taught that the Israelites said to God that there is none like God among the ministering angels, and therefore all the angels' names contain part of a Name for God
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taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed—the
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147:, in January or February. As the parashah describes God's deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt, Jews also read part of the parashah, Exodus 13:17–15:26, as the initial Torah reading for the seventh day of
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Baḥya ibn Paquda cited Exodus 15:26 for the proposition that the relation of nature to the Torah is that of a servant to a master, and the forces of nature operate in harmony with the teaching of the Torah.
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spoke, as 2 Samuel 22:1 reports, "David spoke to the Lord the words of this song in the day that the Lord delivered him out of the hand of all his enemies, and out of the hand of Saul"; (8) the one that
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people had fled." God "saved," as Exodus 14:30 reports, "Thus the Lord saved Israel that day." And God "announced" to the rest of the world, as Exodus 15:14 says, "The peoples have heard, they tremble."
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stronger, but when they did not, they would fall. The Mishnah taught that the fiery serpent placed on a pole in Numbers 21:8 worked much the same way, by directing the Israelites to look upward to God.
1312:, as well, God will bring darkness to sinners, but light to Israel, as Isaiah 60:2 says: "For, behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the peoples; but upon you the Lord will shine."
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The references to God's mighty hand and arm in Exodus 15:6, 12, and 16 are reflected in Psalm 98:1, which is also one of the six Psalms recited at the beginning of the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service.
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come, as Isaiah 42:10 says, "Sing to the Lord a new song, and His praise from the end of the earth," and Psalm 149:1 says, "Sing to the Lord a new song, and His praise in the assembly of the saints."
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1650:) as a reward for the manner in which he praised God in two expressions that Moses employed. When the Israelites crossed the Red Sea, Moses began to chant, in the words of Exodus 15:11, "Who (
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said that God told Moses that because Naḥshon sanctified God's Name by the sea, he would get to be the first to present his offering in the newly constructed Tabernacle, as reported in Numbers 7:12.
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Abba Hanan interpreted the words of Psalm 89:9, "Who is a mighty one like You, O God?" to teach: Who is like God, mighty in self-restraint, that God heard the blaspheming and insults of the wicked
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that on the days of the 8-day Passover holiday, Jews read the various passages in the Torah relating to Passover. Thus, on the seventh day of Passover, Jews read Exodus 13:17–15:26 and as haftarah
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The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 2: Expansions of the "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works
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Egyptians wanted to follow the Israelites, but they turned back, fearing that the waters would return over them. God appeared before them like a man riding on the back of a mare, as it is said in
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concluded that it is possible for a person to commit such a great sin, or so many sins, that God decrees that the punishment for these willing and knowing acts is the removal of the privilege of
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The Gemara counted Exodus 15:18, "The Lord shall reign for ever and ever," among only three verses in the Torah that indisputably refer to God's Kingship, and thus are suitable for recitation on
1575:) in Exodus 15:2 to mean "and I will be like Him." Thus, Abba Saul reasoned, we should seek to be like God. Just as God is gracious and compassionate, so should we be gracious and compassionate.
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4780:
A discourse, the substance of which was delivered at Hopkinton, on the Lord's-Day, March 24th, 1776, being the next Sabbath following the precipitate flight of the British troops from Boston
2806:) Israel's enemies. Both the parashah and the haftarah report waters sweeping away Israel's enemies. Both the parashah and the haftarah report singing by women to celebrate, the parashah by
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taught that if one begins a precept and does not complete it, the result will be that he will bury his wife and children. The Midrash cited as support for this proposition the experience of
2004:
A Midrash read the words "but some of them left of it until the morning" in Exodus 16:20 to refer to the people who lacked faith. Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish) identified them with
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The Gemara cited the language of Exodus 15:18, "The Lord shall reign for ever and ever," as a premier example of how Scripture indicates permanence. A Baraita taught at the school of Rabbi
2802:. Both the parashah and the haftarah report how the leaders of Israel's enemies assembled hundreds of chariots. Both the parashah and the haftarah report how God "threw . . . into panic" (
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The Four Voyages: Being his own log-book, letters and dispatches with connecting narrative drawn from the Life of the Admiral by his son Hernando Colon and other contemporary historians
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wrote that scholars have established that Semitic languages did not originally have a definite article (corresponding to the word "the" in English), but later developed one (the prefix
2858:
The Standard Guide to the Jewish and Civil Calendars: A Parallel Jewish and Civil Calendar from 1899 to 2050 with Parashiyyot and Haftarot and Candle-Lighting Times for Selected Cities
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with darkness, but gave light to the Israelites, as God had done for them in Egypt. Hence Psalm 27:1 says: "The Lord is my light and my salvation." And the Midrash taught that in the
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In the long fourth reading, on God's instruction, Moses held out his arm, and the waters covered the chariots, the horsemen, and all the Egyptians. Moses and the Israelites—and then
1909:) indicate that God commanded the Israelites to observe the Sabbath when they were at Marah, about which Exodus 15:25 reports, "There He made for them a statute and an ordinance."
5546:. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 357–470, 841, 845–46, 855, 870, 878, 890; volume 2, pages 1187, 1245, 1577. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.
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5473:
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1457:"saying" refers to every clause of the song. And Rabbi Nehemiah held that "and spoke" indicates that they all sang together, and "saying" indicates that Moses began first.
1769:. The Gemara also counted Numbers 23:21, "The Lord his God is with him, and the shouting for the King is among them"; and Deuteronomy 33:5, "And He was King in Jeshurun."
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Psalms 9:6 (God blots out the names of enemies); 95 (God as "the Rock," generation of the Wilderness); 114 (God's power over the sea); 146:10 (God's eternal sovereignty).
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Rabbi Meir taught in a Baraita that Exodus 15:1 provides a proof of the resurrection of the dead in the Torah. Exodus 15:1 says: "Then Moses and the children of Israel
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7327:, pages 15, 22, 31–34, 39–40, 50, 56, 81, 86, 92–93, 95–96, 105, 108–10, 116, 121–22, 136–39, 151, 159, 164, 190, 195, 198. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
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5590:, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 1–3, 5, 7, 13, 16–19, 20, 22–26, 31, 33, 36, 45, 47. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2020. And in, e.g.,
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Similarly, Propp considered it likely that the Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1b–18HE) originally circulated independently and should thus be considered another source.
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In a Baraita, Rabbi Judah taught that the Israelites tried God with ten trials: two at the sea, two with water, two with the manna, two with the quail, one with the
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you" (in which Moses used the past tense for the word "commanded," indicating that God had commanded the Israelites to observe the Sabbath before the revelation at
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of Pharaoh's palace, and those were taskmasters. The Israelites recognized every one, as Exodus 14:30 says, "And Israel saw the Egyptians dead upon the sea shore."
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covenant (in Numbers 15:36), because all the Israelites had then yielded up their natural rights, and the ordinance of the Sabbath had received the force of law.
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them with the heritage of Jacob. And in Isaiah 66:23, the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God.
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Reading God's statement in Exodus 14:4, "I will harden Pharaoh's heart," and similar statements in Exodus 4:21; 7:3; 9:12; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; and 14:8 and 17,
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When the Pharaoh Was Told that the People Had Escaped, He Changed His Mind (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
7740:"Was There an Exodus? Many are sure that one of Judaism's central events never happened. Evidence, some published here for the first time, suggests otherwise."
2139:
A Midrash taught that wherever Scripture uses the word "men," Scripture implies righteous people, as in Exodus 17:9, "And Moses said to Joshua: 'Choose us out
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and Ezekiel had not, for she saw God. And as soon as the Israelites saw God, they recognized God, and they all sang, "This is my God, and I will glorify Him."
1371:) appears, and it also appears in Exodus 14:22: "And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea." Just as in Exodus 14:22, the word "in the midst" (
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2263:
wrote that one may see the entire Exodus story as "the movement of the fiery manifestation of the divine presence." Similarly, William Propp identified fire (
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1379:) implies a path, as Exodus 14:22 says, "And the waters were a wall unto them," so here too in Exodus 24:18, there was a path (for Moses through the cloud).
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recounted that Moses cried out to God that the enemy was behind them and the sea in front of them, and asked which way they should go. So God sent the angel
1281:
in the phrase "And one did not come near the other all the night" in Exodus 14:20 to teach that when the Egyptians were drowning in the sea, the ministering
4514:
For more on medieval Jewish interpretation, see, e.g., Barry D. Walfish, "Medieval Jewish Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
3569:
For more on early nonrabbinic interpretation, see, e.g., Esther Eshel, "Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
492:, there was no water and the people quarreled with Moses, asking why Moses brought them there just to die of thirst. God told Moses to strike the rock at
2701:
prayer in each of the three Jewish services/prayer services. And the statement of God's eternal sovereignty in Exodus 15:18 also appears verbatim in the
1860:
The Sages taught in a Baraita in the Babylonian Talmud that seven prophetesses prophesied on behalf of the Jewish people. The Gemara identified them as
286:) reading that concludes the parashah. Closed portion divisions separate the fourth and fifth readings, and divide the fifth and sixth readings.
1829:, Psalm 48:9 says, "As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the Lord of hosts, in the city of our God—God establish it forever. Selah." Using
1758:"till the people pass over whom You have gotten," in Exodus 15:16 allude to the second advance of the Israelites into the Promised Land in the days of
908:, although that was near" in Exodus 13:17 to indicate that God recognized that the way would have been nearer for the Israelites to return to Egypt.
798:
depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates.
4976:
3482:
2012:, reasoning that Numbers 16:26 uses the word "men" to refer to Dathan and Abiram, and thus the word "men" in Exodus 16:20 must also refer to them.
1517:
sing this song to the Lord." It does not say "sang" but "will sing," indicating that Moses will come back to life and sing the song in the future.
8379:
7995:
7834:
7304:
6794:. "East of Suez to the Mount of the Decalogue: Following the Trail Over Which Moses Led the Israelites from the Slave-Pens of Egypt to Sinai."
2092:
in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of not walking beyond permitted limits in Exodus 16:29.
6174:. Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 266–341. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.
2463:
features) that "it has been preserved from a very early stage of the Hebrew language and thus may be one of the oldest parts of the Bible."
302:
In the first reading, when Pharaoh let the Israelites go, God led the people roundabout by way of the Sea of Reeds. Moses took the bones of
2794:" about God's deliverance of the Israelites from Pharaoh, and the haftarah in the "Song of Deborah" about the Israelites' victory over the
2073:. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come.
1563:, and a beautiful Torah Scroll, and write it with fine ink, a fine reed pen, and a skilled penman, and wrap it about with beautiful silks.
2103:
referred to in Exodus 16:33, the Ark referred to in Exodus 37:1–5, the anointing oil referred to in Exodus 30:22–33, Aaron's rod with its
7907:
6693:
2394:
based on Exodus 14, with "Moses lifting up his Wand, and dividing the Red Sea, and Pharaoh, in his Chariot overwhelmed with the Waters."
2040:
Some people paid no attention and saved part of it. (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
6922:, pages 83–127. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1950; reprinted Whitefish, MT: Literary Licensing, 2013. (on “The Song of Miriam”).
4783:
1658:) is like You, o Lord." And when Moses completed the Torah, he said, in the words of Deuteronomy 33:26, "There is none like God (
732:
Exodus 16:22–30 refers to the Sabbath. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times.
9022:
8965:
7503:
1736:
The Women Celebrated as Moses' Sister Miriam Sang (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
5331:
Genesis 1:9–10 (God separated water to reveal dry land); 14:7 (Amalekites); 36:12 (Amalek); 36:16 (Amalek); 50:24–26 (Joseph's bones).
2455:, in Hebrew). That the song of Exodus 15:1–19 does not contain even one definite article indicated to Kugel (along with other ancient
735:
Genesis 2:1–3 reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God's work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day.
8960:
6243:, pages 18, 21, 26, 28, 30–31, 37, 58, 61, 107, 203, 210, 213, 271, 305, 324, 326, 339, 349, 383. New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
1748:
Israel Enters the Promised Land (illustration from a Bible card published between 1896 and 1913 by the Providence Lithograph Company)
5307:, elucidated by Eliezer Herzka, Dovid Kamenetsky, Eli Shulman, Feivel Wahl, and Mendy Wachsman, edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr and
9017:
765:, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath.
1243:
Reading Exodus 14:15, "And the Lord said to Moses: 'Why do you cry to Me? Speak to the children of Israel, that they go forward,"
6333:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 653–711. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
5418:
379:—sang a song to God, celebrating how God hurled horse and driver into the sea. The fourth reading and a closed portion end here.
6630:
5616:
1603:
and kept silent? In the school of Rabbi Ishmael, it was taught that the words of Exodus 15:11, "Who is like You among the gods (
993:) of the Israelites in Egypt left Egypt; and some say that only one out of 50 did; and others say that only one out of 500 did.
8903:
8873:
7674:
7010:
5414:
1630:
A Midrash taught that as God created the four cardinal directions, so also did God set about God's throne four angels—Michael,
2835:
6201:
2549:
1968:, refers only to painful sufferings, as Deuteronomy 32:24 says, "The wasting of hunger, and the devouring of the fiery bolt (
1293:
replied that a close reading of Deuteronomy 28:63 shows that God does not rejoice personally, but does make others rejoice.
1289:
with angelic singing. But God rebuked them: "The work of my hands is being drowned in the sea, and you want to sing songs?"
1225:
1:9, "To a steed in Pharaoh's chariots." Pharaoh's horse saw the mare of God, and it neighed and ran into the sea after it.
1000:
Moses took with him the body of Joseph (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
927:
taught that God did not lead the Israelites by the way of the land of the Philistines (as reported in Exodus 13:17) because
1429:
Moses and the People Sang to the Lord (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
1303:
Moses Held Out His Hand Over the Sea (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
8893:
8868:
8372:
7988:
6187:
4534:
2085:(Deuteronomy 6:4–9), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah.
6104:. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 143–204. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994.
3643:
1901:
Rav Judah taught in Rav's name that the words of Deuteronomy 5:12, "Observe the Sabbath day . . . as the Lord your God
1539:
is my God, and I will glorify Him," indicate that the lowliest servant-girl at the Red Sea perceived what the prophets
7727:
6902:, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997.
4962:, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997.
2311:) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly, Propp identified the root
1582:
and I will exalt Him," Rabbi Jose the Galilean taught that even newborn and suckling children all saw God's Presence (
912:
cow past the slaughterhouse and it saw the blood there, it might turn tail and flee. Similarly, as the inhabitants of
6873:
Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. (Exodus 16:22–30).
6057:. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.
4621:
4573:
1334:
367:
pursued, but God slowed them by locking their chariot wheels. The third reading and the third open portion end here.
7728:"Az—the great and powerful: Who else can withhold his actions for the sake of giving all people freedom of choice?"
7051:. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 162–229. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as
2355:
2036:
1732:
1425:
1315:
1299:
996:
382:
289:
124:
5035:, translated by Charles B. Chavel (London: Soncino Press, 1967), volume 2, page 296; Charles Wengrov, translator,
2790:
Both the parashah and the haftarah contain songs that celebrate the victory of God's people, the parashah in the "
2318:
2076:
A Midrash asked to which commandment Deuteronomy 11:22 refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all
7917:
6827:
Abraham Isaac Kook: the Lights of Penitence, the Moral Principles, Lights of Holiness, Essays, Letters, and Poems
6546:
2391:
2331:
6633:. Hungary, 1864. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, volume 1, pages 387–88. New York: Moznaim Publishing Corp., 1991.
5343:
Joshua 3:16–17 (crossing waters); 4:22–24 (crossing waters); 11:20 (hardening of heart); 24:32 (Joseph's bones).
5340:
Deuteronomy 2:30 (hardening of heart); Deuteronomy 15:7 (hardening of heart); Deuteronomy 25:17–19 (Amalekites).
2470:
called Exodus 15 "almost certainly the oldest single extended poem in the Hebrew Bible," describing "the parade
1201:
Similarly, a Midrash taught that Naḥshon was called that name because he was the first to plunge into the wave (
1157:
taught that when the Israelites stood by the sea, the tribes competed over who would go into the sea first. The
772:
23:1–3, God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation.
8551:
8365:
7981:
7470:
7391:
6957:
6145:
4972:
4638:
329:
Israel's Escape from Egypt (illustration from a Bible card published 1907 by the Providence Lithograph Company)
3506:
For more on inner-Biblical interpretation, see, e.g., Benjamin D. Sommer, "Inner-biblical Interpretation," in
1068:
cited their doing so to support the law that one who is engaged on one religious duty is free from any other.
7200:
6400:. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 346–71. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997.
6149:
5488:. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 208–29; 304, 321, 449, 604, 686. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
2409:" employed the image of Moses at the shore of the sea and the liberation of the Israelites in the context of
1391:
7922:
2112:
who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, 'Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of
6748:
6141:
5556:. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 125–72; volume 2, pages 1–36. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.
5161:
5079:
The Interlinear Haggadah: The Passover Haggadah, with an Interlinear Translation, Instructions and Comments
2410:
1443:(Psalms 113–118) for a congregation and they responded after him with the leading word (or some say, with "
1319:
The Water Was Divided (1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
7462:, pages 103, 217–32, 234, 237, 278, 291, 392, 414, 418, 425, 532, 631–32, 650. New York: Free Press, 2007.
4801:
A Memorial of Lexington Battle, and of Some Signal Interpositions of Providence in the American Revolution
7774:
7154:
7030:
7018:
6386:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 968–1019. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.
6319:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 921–1022. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003.
6227:
6218:. Edited, annotated, and translated, with an introduction by Joseph I. Gorfinkle, pages 95–96. New York:
5148:
1296:
Rabbi Eliezer said that a maidservant at the sea saw what Isaiah and Ezekiel and the prophets never saw.
7190:
Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel
6093:
2019:
The Giving of Quail (illustration from a Bible card published 1901 by the Providence Lithograph Company)
1979:
8640:
6860:
6589:
5604:
2:2; 11:1; 15:4; 19:4–45:1; 48:2; 49:2; 50:2; 54:2; 61:2; 81:1. Land of Israel, 5th century. In, e.g.,
5595:
5578:; Megillah 2a, 8a, 25a, 32a; Ketubot 30a; Nedarim 12b; Sotah 8b, 27b; Sanhedrin 60b; Avodah Zarah 14b.
4992:
3557:
2540:
found continuity with the Mesopotamian view of divinity that freely granted the reality of other gods.
2154:(who would naturally be like him)"; and in 1 Samuel 1:11, "But will give to Your handmaid seed who are
7967:
7932:
7691:
6686:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 634–96. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
6418:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 429–69. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000.
6347:. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 367–94. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001.
8888:
8627:
7567:
6933:
6421:
6219:
5549:
4589:
4553:
4395:
1885:
901:
34:
6108:
2335:
1277:
taught that God does not rejoice in the downfall of the wicked. Rabbi Johanan interpreted the words
26:
8511:
7522:
7442:
6720:
6389:
6216:
The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Shemonah Perakim): A Psychological and Ethical Treatise
5601:
4550:
The Eight Chapters of Maimonides on Ethics (Shemonah Perakim): A Psychological and Ethical Treatise
4014:
2456:
1869:
1386:
1193:
answered Rabbi Meir that in reality, no tribe was willing to be the first to go into the sea. Then
704:
Noting that the Hebrew Bible cited the events at the Sea recounted in Exodus 15:1–18 repeatedly—in
7947:
7350:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
8645:
7633:
Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption
7125:
Bernard F. Batto. "Red Sea or Reed Sea? How the Mistake Was Made and What Yam Sûp Really Means."
6985:
6855:
6554:
6497:
6285:
Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 176–248. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973.
5410:
4844:
3519:
2861:
2524:: The second core element, a triumphal procession of the Victor to the throne. (Exodus 15:13–17.)
2065:
1913:
Exodus 15:26 as an incantation over a wound to heal it would have no place in the world to come.
1028:
6470:
5146:
See Mark L. Kligman, "The Bible, Prayer, and Maqam: Extra-Musical Associations of Syrian Jews,"
3487:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement: 1986–1990
8728:
8665:
7826:
7739:
7670:
7582:
7492:
7353:
7240:
7049:
The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses
7006:
6925:
6900:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970
6596:
6542:
5430:
5393:
4960:
Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970
4720:
4387:
3833:
2476:
2406:
2362:
1324:
861:
6956:. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 155–207. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press,
6240:
931:'s grandson was still alive, and God did not want the Israelites to violate Abraham's oath of
8546:
8516:
7957:
7222:
6984:. Edited by Howard N. Bream, Ralph D. Heim, and Carey A. Moore, pages 163–203. Philadelphia:
6791:
6672:
6636:
6602:
6336:
5434:
5387:
5377:
5365:
4778:
4657:
3606:, "Classical Rabbinic Interpretation," in ," in Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, editors,
3590:
3582:
2195:
1622:
1146:
303:
7166:
God Was in This Place and I, I Did Not Know: Finding Self, Spirituality and Ultimate Meaning
5594:. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and
1920:(Resh Lakish) deduced that painful sufferings keep away from one who studies the Torah from
825:
409:
8768:
8635:
8004:
7731:
7518:
7514:
7395:, volume 122 (number 1) (Spring 2003): pages 3–21. ("The Lord is a warrior." Exodus 15:3.).
7345:
7076:
6967:, pages 28–29. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007.
6746:
Franklin E. Hoskins. "The Route Over Which Moses Led the Children of Israel Out of Egypt."
6663:
6478:
6437:
6128:. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 133–87. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
5440:
2810:, and the haftarah by Deborah. Finally, both the parashah and the haftarah mention Amalek.
2553:
2327:
1916:
The Gemara deduced from Exodus 15:26 that Torah study keeps away painful sufferings. Rabbi
1906:
1244:
1032:
472:
65:
7144:
The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation
6803:
Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch
6613:
1358:) in Exodus 14:22 to resolve an apparent contradiction between two Biblical verses. Rabbi
8:
8996:
8723:
8587:
8346:
8316:
8288:
8268:
8233:
8020:
7762:
7334:. Edited by Ora Wiskind Elper and Susan Handelman, pages 430–46. New York and Jerusalem:
7293:
6977:
6895:
6714:
6527:. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 573–623. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999.
6486:
6305:. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934.
6256:
5574:; Pesachim 32a, 47b; Shekalim 2b; Sukkah 28b; Beitzah 19a; Rosh Hashanah 21b; Taanit 3b,
5567:
5563:
5381:
4955:
4887:
4706:
4601:
4361:
3821:
3494:
2889:
2772:
2379:
2367:
2125:
1898:
the Lord will do nothing, but God reveals God's counsel to God's servants the prophets."
1853:
1778:
1721:
The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer noted that Exodus 15:11 does not employ the words "fearful in
1639:
1506:
1498:
1328:
1290:
1274:
1267:
1186:
743:
254:
7667:
The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect
7122:. Edited by Howard Schwartz. New York: Avon, 1983. Reissue edition, Jason Aronson, 1991.
5608:. Translated by W. David Nelson, pages 7, 33, 50, 79–195, 214, 217, 228, 249, 279, 370.
5575:
3857:
1468:
10:12 reports, "Then spoke Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the
420:
In the continuation of the reading, the Israelites traveled to the springs and palms of
248:) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter
8806:
8713:
8440:
8296:
8190:
8180:
8170:
8132:
7902:
7713:. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 157–233. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012.
7558:. "Into Life: The Humanism of the Exodus: Parashat Beshalach (Exodus 13:17–17:16)." In
7341:
7195:
6818:
6586:
Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus
6569:
6368:. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 173–219. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.
5399:
3740:
2730:
2660:
2486:
2398:
2070:
1116:
Pharaoh made chariots drawn by three horses. And the Baraita further reported that the
1076:
108:
to split the sea, allowing the Israelites to escape, then closed the sea back upon the
7532:, pages 298–398. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
7204:. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 788–823. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
5571:
4456:
4424:
218:
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or
8776:
8753:
8743:
8556:
8410:
8253:
8162:
8102:
7652:
7611:
7427:
7417:
7335:
7171:
6915:
6702:. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, page 673. New York: Little, Brown & Company, 1960.
6563:
6530:
5063:
4891:
4857:
4755:
4665:
3534:
3511:
2693:
2580:
2460:
2424:
2402:
2387:
2150:
17:12, "And the man was an old man (and thus wise) in the days of Saul, coming among
1917:
1410:
1210:
1158:
1060:
769:
425:
389:(1984 illustration by Jim Padgett, courtesy of Distant Shores Media/Sweet Publishing)
342:
7874:
7792:
The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus
7594:"Exodus and Asylum: Uncovering the Relationship between Biblical Law and Narrative."
5083:
JPS Commentary on the Haggadah: Historical Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
1805:; the process to which it refers never ceases. The Gemara cited these proofs: Using
716:
argued that the Bible treated those events "as proof of God's wonderous salvation."
8991:
8986:
8612:
8582:
8263:
8025:
7770:
7680:
7662:
7593:
7546:
7499:
7373:
7161:
7108:
6622:
6510:
6163:
5587:
5559:
5539:
5465:
5308:
4615:
4567:
4502:
3724:
2724:
2597:
2209:
2045:
1949:
1894:
1770:
1448:
1252:
1112:
852:
2:27–38 told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest
814:
791:
755:
739:
8496:
7717:
6728:
2532:: The conclusion, an enthronement formula anticipating God's reign (Exodus 15:18.)
1744:
8898:
8842:
8660:
8536:
8238:
8225:
8012:
7869:
7822:
7700:
7383:
7330:
Jane Falk. "Rhetorical Questions: The First Words of the Children of Israel." In
7324:
7256:
7185:
6949:
6830:
6689:
6516:
6357:
6322:
6308:
6268:
6197:. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, pages 140–48. New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1990.
6160:
Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 60, 167, 202–03. New York: Schocken, 1964.
6050:
5531:
5426:
4920:. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, page 802. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
4787:
4593:
2791:
2706:
2681:
2676:
2645:
2617:
2537:
2375:
2260:
2240:
2147:
2089:
1813:, Isaiah 57:16 says, "For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always (
1262:
1236:
1136:
943:
932:
857:
806:
529:
195:
172:
57:
7887:
7767:
Archaeology of the Bible: The Greatest Discoveries From Genesis to the Roman Era
3809:
2366:
Franklin's design for the Great Seal of the United States (1856 illustration by
1177:
threw stones at them, as Psalm 68:28 says: "the princes of Judah their council (
1161:
went first, as Psalm 68:28 says: "There is Benjamin, the youngest, ruling them (
1083:
830:
8955:
8940:
8708:
8692:
8677:
8655:
8577:
8392:
8301:
8094:
7835:“A Notice About Manna and Uprooted Oppression at Serabit el-Khadim (Improved).”
7628:
7578:
7563:
7555:
7438:
7311:
7139:
7025:
6972:
Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel
6743:, pages 99–104. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012.
6267:. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 442–77. Jerusalem:
4548:, chapter 8 (Egypt, late 12th century), in, e.g., Joseph I. Gorfinkle, editor,
3667:
3640:
2755:
2668:
2568:
2467:
2351:
2285:
1848:
1754:
1481:
1465:
1404:
1190:
1174:
1024:
924:
846:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:
709:
325:
258:)). Parashat Beshalach has four further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (
229:
224:
164:
151:. And Jews also read the part of the parashah about Amalek, Exodus 17:8–16, on
101:
85:
7912:
7321:
Exodus to Deuteronomy : A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series)
6475:
Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash
5477:
5469:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5247:
5235:
5231:
5219:
5215:
5203:
5048:
5024:
4648:, translated by Yehuda ibn Tibbon and Daniel Haberman, volume 1, pages 416–17.
4628:, translated by Yehuda ibn Tibbon and Daniel Haberman, volume 1, pages 184–87.
4477:
4271:
3797:
3469:
3439:
3353:
3341:
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3206:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3108:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3034:
3022:
2948:
2936:
2924:
1228:
1185:
as "stoned them." For that reason, Benjamin merited hosting the site of God's
9011:
8883:
8878:
8786:
8650:
8526:
8420:
8112:
7648:
7535:
7246:
7232:
7226:
7098:
7037:
Charles R. Krahmalkov. "A Critique of Professor Goedicke's Exodus Theories."
6998:
6887:
6765:
6648:
6492:
6403:
6182:
6153:
6131:
6075:
5258:
5199:
5187:
5178:
5173:
5019:
4947:
4529:
3785:
3628:
3490:
3427:
3415:
3390:
3378:
3243:
3231:
3120:
3010:
2985:
2973:
2877:
2762:
2634:
2471:
2347:
1766:
1626:
Miriam and the Israelites Rejoicing (illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible)
1453:
1347:
1309:
1222:
713:
403:
160:
144:
109:
81:
7028:. "The Exodus and the Crossing of the Red Sea, According to Hans Goedicke."
5766:
5762:
5758:
5527:
5523:
5503:
4198:
4128:
2136:
The Mishnah reported that in synagogues at Purim, Jews read Exodus 17:8–16.
1642:—with Michael at God's right. The Midrash taught that Michael got his name (
8919:
8748:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8501:
8243:
8040:
7562:. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by
7489:
Unlocking the Torah Text: An In-Depth Journey into the Weekly Parsha: Shmot
7477:
7413:
7398:
7332:
Torah of the Mothers: Contemporary Jewish Women Read Classical Jewish Texts
6863:, pages 577, 788. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Originally published as
6844:
6740:
6609:
Edited by Michael Warner, pages 665–73. New York: Library of America, 1999.
6482:
6448:
6441:
6371:
5998:
5994:
5609:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5154:
Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music, and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn
4988:
4803:, page 8. Boston: Benjamin Edes & Sons, 1782. Quoted in James P. Byrd.
4742:
4420:
4357:
4100:
4067:
3712:
3603:
3553:
3507:
2815:
2416:
2213:
feared the Lord, and they believed in the Lord and in Moses, His servant."
1889:
1150:
The Destruction of Pharaoh's Army (illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible)
1117:
421:
350:
237:
97:
6772:. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by
5990:
5986:
5902:
5535:
5461:
5457:
5346:
Isaiah 56:6–7 (keeping the Sabbath); 66:23 (universally observed Sabbath).
4481:
4416:
4353:
4234:
1983:
The Israelites Gather Manna in the Wilderness (illustration from the 1728
1524:
977:
The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael interpreted the word translated as "armed" (
8945:
8738:
8733:
8718:
8607:
8195:
7467:“‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.”
7455:
7105:, pages xix–xx, 3, 47, 54–55, 74, 97. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990.
6850:
6836:
6773:
6042:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5910:
5906:
5898:
5894:
5798:
4934:
4761:
4544:(New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1990), pages 140–48; see also Maimonides.
4222:
4170:
4030:
3845:
2865:
2621:
2444:
2292:
2171:
1921:
1578:
Reading the words of Exodus 15:2, "This is my God and I will praise Him,
1502:
1217:
1132:
905:
849:
505:
493:
464:
207:
129:
123:
The parashah is made up of 6,423 Hebrew letters, 1,681 Hebrew words, 116
7973:
7639:
7603:
7466:
7178:, volume 1, pages 231–89. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as
7150:
7103:
The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
6588:. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 96–139. Jerusalem:
6102:
The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated
6082:. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
6061:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5890:
5886:
5718:
5714:
5334:
Exodus 4:21; 7:3; 9:12; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10 (hardening Pharaoh's heart).
5300:
4275:
3932:
1338:
Pharaoh and His Host Drowned in the Red Sea (illustration from the 1728
532:
of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule:
8981:
8950:
8924:
8781:
8682:
8622:
8481:
8415:
8321:
8215:
8107:
8055:
8030:
7937:
7387:
7087:
6274:
6177:
6038:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
5806:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
4581:
4238:
4088:
3928:
3728:
3655:
2593:
2191:
1444:
1285:
wanted to sing a song of rejoicing, as Isaiah 6:3 associates the words
1154:
935:
21:23–24 not to deal falsely with Abimelech, his son, or his grandson.
853:
762:
488:
In the seventh reading, in chapter 17, when the Israelites encamped at
399:
314:
by night. The first open portion ends here with the end of chapter 13.
93:
20:
7474:, volume 126 (2007): 635–37. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Exodus Story”).
7069:
Trude Dothan. "Gaza Sands Yield Lost Outpost of the Egyptian Empire."
6982:
A Light unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of Jacob M. Myers
6366:
Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus
6247:
6034:
6030:
6006:
5982:
5826:
5814:
5810:
5802:
5778:
5754:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5634:
5630:
5152:, volume 45 (number 3) (Autumn 2001): pages 443–479; Mark L. Kligman,
5135:
Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals
5122:
Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals
5109:
Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals
5096:
Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals
4440:
4287:
4259:
4186:
3773:
3670:
1:2; see also Exodus Rabbah 25:7 (making a similar playful reading of
2431:
2015:
904:
interpreted the words "God led them not by the way of the land of the
696:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
8801:
8672:
8435:
8127:
7840:
7787:
7586:
7044:
6710:
6656:
6644:
6046:
6002:
5882:
5878:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5774:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5662:
4980:
4790:(Boston: John Boyle, 1776; reprinted by Gale, Sabin Americana, 2012).
4597:
4365:
4210:
4140:
3752:
2912:
2651:
2281:
1584:
1564:
928:
913:
795:
364:
7897:
7856:
6566:, page 100. Hanover, New Hampshire: Brandeis University Press, 1983.
6462:
5978:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5838:
5770:
5694:
5081:(Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005), pages 51–52; Joseph Tabory,
4860:(Hanover, New Hampshire: Brandeis University Press, 1983), page 100.
4672:(Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993), volume 1, page 285; reprinted as
4428:
4182:
4116:
4104:
4046:
4026:
3983:
3910:
Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah, chapter 4; Exodus Rabbah 21:8.
3869:
2674:
The Song of the Sea, Exodus 15:1–18, appears in its entirety in the
444:
In the sixth reading, God heard their grumbling, and in the evening
398:
In the short fifth reading, the Israelites went three days into the
16:
Sixteenth portion in the annual Jewish cycle of weekly Torah reading
8821:
8816:
8811:
8758:
8687:
8561:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8336:
8331:
8311:
8200:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8070:
8060:
7619:
7388:"The Zeal of Phinehas: The Bible and the Legitimation of Violence."
6970:
Frank Moore Cross Jr. "The Song of the Sea and Canaanite Myth." In
6809:
6577:
6539:
Moses Mendelssohn: Writings on Judaism, Christianity, and the Bible
6317:
Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher
5842:
5834:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5579:
5423:
The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition
5405:
4818:
Sacred Scripture, Sacred War: The Bible and the American Revolution
4805:
Sacred Scripture, Sacred War: The Bible and the American Revolution
4577:
4444:
4311:
4299:
3700:
2908:
2747:
2513:
2490:
1667:
1124:
917:
818:
787:
489:
148:
7942:
7892:
7599:, volume 34 (number 3) (March 2010): pages 243–66. (Exodus 14–15).
7450:
Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems
7192:, page 8. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
7168:, pages 26–27. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1993. (crossing the sea).
6877:
6847:, pages 376–493. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
5722:
3971:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
512:
overwhelmed Amalek in battle. The seventh open portion ends here.
8852:
8847:
8826:
8541:
8521:
8506:
8491:
8460:
8357:
8341:
8326:
8152:
8050:
8045:
8035:
7113:
A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus
6785:
6777:
6581:
6513:, pages 437, 457. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982.
6345:
Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah
6117:
5491:
5453:
5396:
11:22 (Joseph's bones); 11:28 (first Passover). Late 1st century.
5157:
2784:
2601:
1873:
1865:
1631:
1619:)?" (For in the face of Titus's blasphemy, God remained silent.)
1592:
1560:
1497:
recited, as Psalm 30:1 reports, "a song at the Dedication of the
1494:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1194:
1044:
1011:
939:
877:
802:
776:
719:
497:
319:
176:
168:
140:
89:
77:
7952:
7640:"A Critical Analysis of the Formula 'Yahweh Strikes and Heals.'"
6756:
5544:
The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction
4718:
Shai Held, "Let Me Sing unto the Lord for He Surged, O Surged,"
4540:(Egypt. Circa 1170–1180), in, e.g., Eliyahu Touger, translator,
1189:, as Deuteronomy 33:12 says: "He dwells between his shoulders."
8531:
8258:
8248:
8185:
8075:
8065:
7794:, pages 155–64. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
7424:
Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading
7380:, pages 98–106. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002.
7282:
7271:
7208:
6732:
6713:, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted
6429:
6136:
6097:
5626:
5039:(Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers, 1991), volume 1, pages 137–41.
4905:
Exodus 1–18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
4849:
4738:
4703:
Exodus 1–18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
3884:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2640:
2612:
2343:
2177:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2009:
2005:
1881:
1877:
1706:). For example, the names Michael and Gabriel contain the word
1556:
1548:
1540:
1461:
1440:
1359:
1065:
1040:
881:
779:
761:
In Exodus 35:1–3, just before issuing the instructions for the
705:
509:
496:
to produce water, and they called the place Massah (trial) and
376:
278:
272:
233:
188:
156:
117:
60:
for "when let go" (literally: "in (having) sent"), the second
7816:"Pharaoh's Administration Offers a Cautionary Tale for Today."
7811:, pages 50–52. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
7705:
Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons
7146:, pages 68–97. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
2500:: The introduction announces the core theme. (Exodus 15:1–3.)
1837:, Exodus 15:18 says, "The Lord shall reign for ever and ever (
8796:
8617:
8486:
8476:
8430:
8306:
8278:
8273:
8210:
8122:
7903:
American Jewish University—Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
7784:, pages 97–102. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016.
7452:, pages 16, 78. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007.
7056:
6679:
6562:. Translated by Allan Arkush; introduction and commentary by
6411:
6298:
6232:
6085:
5322:
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
5311:(Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1998), volume 11, page 118b.
5028:
2769:
For Ashkenazi Jews, the haftarah is the longest of the year.
2113:
2100:
1861:
1635:
1600:
1552:
1489:
1477:
1282:
1006:
887:
873:
453:
449:
445:
429:
307:
203:
152:
113:
105:
64:
and first distinctive word in the parashah) is the sixteenth
7752:, pages 79–84. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015.
7448:
Suzanne A. Brody. "I'm still groping" and "Desert Heat." In
5402:
17:17. Late 1st century. (changing hearts to God's purpose).
5183:
5181:
2905:
The Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
2239:
Reading the account of Massah and Meribah in Exodus 17:1–7,
966:, to mean God caused them "to recline" (using the same root
523:
191:, Agag fathered a child, from whom Haman in turn descended.
8205:
8175:
7798:
7750:
Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible
7500:"The Problem of Finite Verb Translation in Exodus 15.1–18."
7301:
Teaching Jewish Virtues: Sacred Sources and Arts Activities
7237:
The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah
7134:
Does God Have a Big Toe? Stories About Stories in the Bible
6906:
6805:, pages 48–51. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936.
2536:
In Exodus 15:11, "Who is like you among the gods, O Lord?"
2506:: The first core element, a victory song (Exodus 15:4–10.)
1759:
1036:
311:
199:
184:
180:
61:
7685:"The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat."
7083:, pages 67–70. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987.
6940:
5085:(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2008), page 95.
3986:; see also Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah chapter 6.
3602:
For more on classical rabbinic interpretation, see, e.g.,
2560:
1611:)?" may be read to mean, "Who is like You among the mute (
8085:
7703:. "Defeating Evil: Thoughts on the Arizona Massacre." In
7657:
The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath
7460:
How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
7279:
Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities
6833:, pages 137, 146. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press 1978.
6737:
The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet
6379:
5552:: 19:1–46:2. Land of Israel, late 4th century. In, e.g.,
5352:
Esther 3:1 (Agagite, read as Amalekite via Numbers 24:7).
4871:
How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
4556:, 1912; reprinted by Forgotten Books, 2012), pages 95–96.
4035:
How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now
829:
Mattathias appealing to Jewish refugees (illustration by
457:
136:
7847:, pages 193–261. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.
7420:, pages 133–43. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
7120:
Gates to the New City: A Treasury of Modern Jewish Tales
6607:
American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King Jr.
6289:
6263:. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach.
6172:
Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot)
6126:
Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation
3458:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3404:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3367:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3330:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3257:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3220:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3195:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3134:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3097:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
3048:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
2999:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
2962:
Schottenstein Edition Interlinear Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
754:
In Exodus 31:12–17, just before giving Moses the second
7707:, pages 93–99. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012.
7560:
Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible
7542:, pages 95–100. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009.
7405:, pages 388–415. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
7368:
Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies
7219:
In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah
7151:"Song of Moses, Song of Miriam: Who Is Seconding Whom?"
6477:. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 142–59.
6436:. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 1, pages 195–256.
6195:
Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Teshuvah: The Laws of Repentance
5598:. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009.
4584:, circa 1080), in, e.g., Bachya ben Joseph ibn Paquda,
4542:
Mishneh Torah: Hilchot Teshuvah: The Laws of Repentance
4468:
Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, tractate Vayassa, chapter 7.
974:) in the manner of kings reclining upon their couches.
867:
88:. It constitutes Exodus 13:17–17:16. In this parashah,
7782:
Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible
7403:
The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary
7073:, volume 162 (number 6) (December 1982): pages 739–69.
7016:
Robert R. Wilson, "The Hardening of Pharaoh's Heart."
1460:
The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael counted 10 songs in the
1350:
reasoned from the meaning of the word "in the midst" (
841:
7723:, volume 38 (number 1) (September 2013): pages 15–33.
7482:
Daughters of Miriam: Women Prophets in Ancient Israel
7268:
Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities
7092:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
6890:, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath."
6643:. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 174–235.
6535:
Sefer Netivot Hashalom (The "Bi'ur," The Explanation)
4950:, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath."
1753:
to withstand the Israelites as they entered into the
1535:
Rabbi Eliezer taught that the words of Exodus 15:2, "
1484:
5:1 reports, "Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of
985:) in Exodus 13:18 to mean that only one out of five (
112:
army. The Israelites also experience the miracles of
7540:
Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion
7307:: A.R.E. Publishing, 1999. (Exodus 13:18–19; 15:20).
6717:: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
6384:
Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba
5372:. 2nd century BCE. Translated by R.G. Robertson. In
2608:
Not to walk outside permitted limits on the Sabbath.
2165:
1781:
said that wherever Scripture employs the expression
436:
fifth reading and the fourth open portion end here.
370:
175:
24:7 identifies the Agagites with the Amalekites. A
7507:, volume 32 (number 3) (March 2008): pages 287–310.
7426:Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 105–10. Jerusalem:
7066:, volume 161 (number 4) (April 1982): pages 420–61.
6782:
Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums
3483:"A Complete Triennial Cycle for Reading the Torah,"
3452:
3450:
3448:
2252:The parashah is discussed in these modern sources:
1567:
interpreted the word for "and I will glorify Him" (
691:
393:
198:, which is traditionally chanted using a different
7575:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary
7158:, volume 54 (number 2) (April 1992): pages 211–20.
5592:The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary
5390:9:14–18. 1st century. (hardening Pharaoh's heart).
297:
7361:The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus
6770:Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism
6214:, chapter 8. Egypt. Late 12th century. In, e.g.,
5033:The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides
4829:See Scott M. Langston. "Modern American use." In
4757:Digest of Columbus's Log-Book on His First Voyage
4013:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah, chapter 7;
2516:affirms God's distinctiveness. (Exodus 15:11–12.)
1852:Moses in the Bulrushes (19th Century painting by
483:
9009:
7132:Marc Gellman. "The Dolphins of the Red Sea." In
6780:: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as
5562:: Berakhot 4b, 24a, 43b, 51a, 94b; Peah 5a, 9b;
5068:(New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2003), page 114.
3687:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah, chapter 1.
3445:
1960:) your eyes to it (the Torah)? It is gone." And
1173:, "descended into the sea." Then the princes of
448:covered the camp, and in the morning fine flaky
439:
357:
333:
266:) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter
240:), Parashat Beshalach has eight "open portion" (
7435:The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition
7370:, pages 21–29. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002.
7266:Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden.
7118:Marc A. Gellman. "A Tent of Dolphin Skins." In
7081:Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture
7041:, volume 7 (number 5) (September/October 1981).
7034:, volume 7 (number 5) (September/October 1981).
6974:, pages 112–44. Harvard University Press, 1973.
6343:. Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama.
6301:2:44a–67a. Spain, late 13th century. In, e.g.,
4931:Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: Third Edition
4250:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Shirata, chapter 10.
3995:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshalah, chapter 7.
3539:(New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2008), page 27.
1390:The Egyptians Drown in the Red Sea (woodcut by
306:with them. God went before them in a pillar of
7735:, volume 25 (number 2) (May 5, 2014): page 47.
7711:Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot
7635:, pages 95–123. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010.
6283:Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah.
6100:, France, late 11th century. In, e.g., Rashi.
4386:Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva. Circa 700. Quoted in
4079:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Shirtah, chapter 3.
4058:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Shirata, chapter 1.
4004:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshalah chapter 7.
3944:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Shirata, chapter 3.
3619:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Beshallah chapter 1.
2783:The haftarah for Beshalach tells the story of
2061:, the manna does not descend on the Sabbath."
206:using a distinctive brick-like pattern in the
120:attacked, but the Israelites were victorious.
8373:
7989:
7136:, pages 73–75. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.
6776:, page 328. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted
6695:Poem 1642 ("Red Sea," indeed! Talk not to me)
6473:, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel.
6156:, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi.
4916:Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In
4689:, pages 16–17. New York: Behrman House, 1969.
1266:Crossing the sea (illustration from the 1493
500:(quarrel). The sixth open portion ends here.
7615:, volume 60 (number 2) (2010): pages 167–71.
6894:, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York:
6651:, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as
6605:. "War with Amalek." Philadelphia, 1864. In
6560:Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism
6158:Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel.
4954:, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York:
4854:Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism
2787:. At 52 verses, it is the longest haftarah.
2779:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
2737:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
1531:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
1090:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
416:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)
7645:, volume 61 (number 1) (2011): pages 16–33.
7363:, pages 199–246. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
7253:, pages 149–66. New York: UAHC Press, 1996.
7022:, volume 41 (number 1) (1979): pages 18–36.
6416:Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah
6235:, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides.
6222:, 1912. Reprinted by Forgotten Books, 2012.
5582:, Land of Israel, circa 400 C.E. In, e.g.,
4697:
4695:
4037:(New York: Free Press, 2007), pages 225–27.
2247:
8966:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
8380:
8366:
7996:
7982:
7918:The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash
7721:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7597:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7550:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7547:"Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel."
7504:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
7129:, volume 10 (number 4) (July/August 1984).
7115:, pages 32–41. New York: UAHC Press, 1991.
7095:, number 273 (February 1989): pages 57–66.
6867:. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
6364:. Italy, between 1492 and 1509. In, e.g.,
5542:. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g.,
4644:, in, e.g., Bachya ben Joseph ibn Paquda,
4624:, in, e.g., Bachya ben Joseph ibn Paquda,
2894:, chapter 20. Targum Sheni to Esther 4:13.
2655:A page from a 14th-century German Haggadah
2493:to the song of Exodus 15:1–19 as follows:
712:51:9–10 and 63:11–13 (among other places)—
8961:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
8003:
7809:The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary
7217:Judith S. Antonelli. "The Shekhinah." In
6682:, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto.
5305:Talmud Bavli: Tractate Pesachim: Volume 3
958:) by the way of the wilderness," reading
528:Jews who read the Torah according to the
524:Readings according to the triennial cycle
428:and grumbled in hunger against Moses and
7963:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
7797:
7690:
7618:
7310:
7207:
7059:: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
6939:
6905:
6876:
6808:
6755:
6662:
6612:
6541:. Edited Michah Gottlieb, pages 211–15.
6465:, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as
6447:
6288:
6246:
6200:
6124:. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g.,
6107:
6060:
5615:
4692:
4017:26:6; see also Exodus Rabbah 5:14, 23:9.
2771:
2729:
2650:
2611:
2559:
2430:
2415:
2361:
2317:
2176:
2035:
2014:
1978:
1847:
1743:
1731:
1621:
1523:
1424:
1385:
1333:
1314:
1298:
1261:
1227:
1145:
1082:
995:
886:
824:
718:
463:
408:
381:
341:
324:
288:
25:
7888:Academy for Jewish Religion, California
7870:Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
7003:The Problem of War in the Old Testament
6980:. "Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15." In
6414:, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich.
6315:. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g.,
5443:7:14–16. 2nd century. (Joseph's bones).
5037:Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of Education
4161:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, chapters 42–43.
9010:
7675:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
7011:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
6892:Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly
6653:Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert
4952:Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly
4852:, 1783), in Allan Arkush, translator,
4664:(Italy, between 1492–1509); quoted in
2648:recounts events from Exodus 14:21–31.
2575:
2543:
2439:
2374:Similarly, the Massachusetts minister
2274:
2255:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2185:
2129:having water, as Exodus 17:3 reports.
1991:
1433:
708:66:6, 77:17–21, 78:13, and 114:3; and
402:and found no water. When they came to
92:changed his mind and chased after the
31:Pharaoh's Army Engulfed by the Red Sea
8361:
7977:
7893:Academy for Jewish Religion, New York
7845:Founding God's Nation: Reading Exodus
7292:, volume 2, pages 461–622. New York:
6700:The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson
6523:. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar.
5447:
2550:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
1051:brought up out of Egypt," but "Which
1047:." Joshua 24:32 does not say, "Which
159:and the Jewish people's victory over
7687:New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012.
6991:Harvey Arden. "In Search of Moses."
6841:The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus
6525:Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah
6341:Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac)
6193:. Egypt. Circa 1170–1180. In, e.g.,
5359:
5031:, Egypt, 1170–1180), in Maimonides,
2119:
1120:made chariots drawn by four horses.
1094:
895:
868:In classical rabbinic interpretation
727:
699:
167:. Esther 3:1 identifies Haman as an
8894:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
6920:Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry
6509:. England, 1651. Reprint edited by
6469:. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn.
6331:Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus
6281:. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g.,
6078:20:1–26:3. 10th century. In, e.g.,
5612:: Jewish Publication Society, 2006.
5554:Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael
5355:Nehemiah 9:12, 19 (pillar of fire).
4983:, 1670), in, e.g., Baruch Spinoza,
4199:Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashanah 32b
3901:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, chapter 42.
3516:The Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
3456:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3402:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3365:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3328:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3255:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3218:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3193:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3132:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3095:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
3046:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
2997:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
2960:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
2903:See, e.g., Menachem Davis, editor,
2718:
2170:The parashah is discussed in these
872:The parashah is discussed in these
842:In early nonrabbinic interpretation
171:, and thus a descendant of Amalek.
163:plan to kill the Jews, told in the
127:, and 216 lines in a Torah Scroll (
13:
8387:
7855:
7378:The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot
7366:Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss.
6954:A Commentary on the Book of Exodus
5606:Mekhilta de-Rabbi Shimon bar Yohai
5317:
4884:The Old Testament: An Introduction
3962:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer chapter 42.
3822:Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim 72b (8:2)
3560:, 1944; reprinted 2018), page 203.
2350:minister Elijah Fitch likened the
1924:5:7, which says, "And the sons of
155:, which commemorates the story of
14:
9034:
9023:Weekly Torah readings from Exodus
7851:
7757:The Exodus You Almost Passed Over
7180:New Studies in the Weekly Parasha
6752:. (December 1909): pages 1011–38.
6382:, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g.,
4937:: Fortress Press, 2018), page 37.
4856:, introduction and commentary by
4674:New Studies in the Weekly Parasha
4366:Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 2a–157b
3858:Jerusalem Talmud Taanit 12a (2:5)
2627:
2166:In medieval Jewish interpretation
371:Fourth reading—Exodus 14:26–15:26
8084:
7875:Hear the parashah read in Hebrew
7263:. Sisu Home Entertainment, 1997.
6798:. (December 1927): pages 708–43.
6739:. Translated and interpreted by
6329:. Early 14th century. In, e.g.,
5294:
5281:
5268:
5252:
5241:
5225:
5209:
5193:
5167:
5140:
5127:
5114:
5101:
5088:
5071:
5054:
5042:
5011:
4998:
4987:, translated by Samuel Shirley (
4965:
4940:
4923:
4910:
4897:
4876:
4863:
4836:
4823:
4810:
4807:. Oxford University Press, 2013.
4793:
4771:
4748:
4727:
4712:
4679:
4651:
4631:
4607:
4604:, 1996), volume 1, pages 216–17.
4559:
4521:
4508:
4496:
4487:
4471:
4462:
4450:
4434:
4429:Babylonian Talmud Eruvin 2a–105a
4410:
4401:
4380:
4371:
4362:Jerusalem Talmud Shabbat 1a–113b
4347:
4338:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4293:
4281:
4265:
4253:
4244:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4176:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4134:
4122:
3935:(attributing to Rabbi Jonathan).
692:In inner-biblical interpretation
394:Fifth reading—Exodus 15:27–16:10
194:The parashah is notable for the
9018:Weekly Torah readings in Shevat
7880:
7659:. New York: Howard Books, 2011.
7511:The Torah: A Women's Commentary
7408:Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In
7062:Harvey Arden. "Eternal Sinai."
6599:." United States, 19th Century.
6398:Sforno: Commentary on the Torah
5337:Numbers 14:14 (pillar of fire).
5301:Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 118b
4995:, 2nd edition, 2001), page 214.
4705:, volume 2, page 36. New York:
4516:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
4457:Avot of Rabbi Natan, chapter 34
4276:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 90a
4117:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 30b–31a
4110:
4094:
4082:
4073:
4068:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 91b
4061:
4052:
4040:
4027:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 30b–31a
4020:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3977:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3933:Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 39b
3922:
3913:
3904:
3875:
3870:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 36b–37a
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3718:
3706:
3690:
3681:
3661:
3649:
3634:
3622:
3613:
3608:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
3596:
3576:
3571:Jewish Study Bible: 2nd Edition
3563:
3542:
3525:
3500:
3475:
3463:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3212:
3200:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2777:Jael Smote Sisera, and Slew Him
2632:The concluding blessing of the
2587:
2475:to understand at the time that
2392:Great Seal of the United States
1948:, refers only to the Torah, as
822:gates to sanctify the Sabbath.
387:God Made the Water Fit To Drink
349:(watercolor circa 1896–1902 by
322:. The first reading ends here.
298:First reading—Exodus 13:17–14:8
7471:Journal of Biblical Literature
7392:Journal of Biblical Literature
7348:. "Did the Exodus Happen?" In
7277:Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In
7176:New Studies in Shemot (Exodus)
6843:. London, 1940. Translated by
6376:Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh)
5486:The Mishnah: A New Translation
5006:New Studies in Shemot (Exodus)
4985:Theological-Political Treatise
4768:(London: Penguin Books, 1992).
4670:New Studies in Shemot (Exodus)
4482:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 30b
4425:Jerusalem Talmud Eruvin 1a–71a
4235:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 14a
4223:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 14a
4089:Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 133b
3929:Babylonian Talmud Megillah 10b
3729:Babylonian Talmud Pesachim 67a
3481:See, e.g., Richard Eisenberg,
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2897:
2883:
2871:
2850:
2828:
484:Seventh reading—Exodus 17:1–16
432:. A closed portion ends here.
1:
6995:. (January 1976): pages 2–37.
4973:Theologico-Political Treatise
4441:Babylonian Talmud Horayot 12a
4288:Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 5a
4260:Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 87b
4187:Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 4a
3846:Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 15a
3774:Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 23b
3701:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 8b–9b
3548:Abraham E. Millgram, editor,
2735:Deborah Beneath the Palm Tree
1392:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
891:Possible routes of the Exodus
440:Sixth reading—Exodus 16:11–36
358:Third reading—Exodus 14:15–25
334:Second reading—Exodus 14:9–14
7830:. January 11, 2018, page 19.
7807:Steven Levy and Sarah Levy.
7437:. Revised edition edited by
6735:, before 1906. Excerpted in
6212:The Eight Chapters on Ethics
5162:Wayne State University Press
4831:Exodus Through the Centuries
4546:The Eight Chapters on Ethics
4211:Babylonian Talmud Eruvin 54a
4141:Babylonian Talmud Gittin 56b
3753:Babylonian Talmud Sukkah 25a
2644:prayer in each of the three
2411:slavery in the United States
1952:23:5 says, "Will you close (
1940:)." He argued that the word
876:sources from the era of the
7:
7923:Jewish Theological Seminary
7521:, pages 379–406. New York:
7491:, pages 99–123. Jerusalem:
7261:And You Shall Be a Blessing
7201:The New Interpreter's Bible
7198:. "The Book of Exodus." In
7155:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
7127:Biblical Archaeology Review
7039:Biblical Archaeology Review
7031:Biblical Archaeology Review
7019:Catholic Biblical Quarterly
7005:, pages 25, 35–36, 38, 67.
6444:/Feldheim Publishers, 2002.
6237:The Guide for the Perplexed
6228:The Guide for the Perplexed
6069:
5325:
5062:Or Hadash: A Commentary on
4918:The New Interpreter's Bible
4183:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 36a
4105:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 30b
4047:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 30b
3984:Babylonian Talmud Sotah 11a
3533:Or Hadash: A Commentary on
2741:
2638:, immediately prior to the
1670:." The Midrash taught that
1233:The Crossing of the Red Sea
347:The Egyptians Are Destroyed
213:
10:
9039:
7581:, volume 1, pages 211–24.
7573:Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In
7441:, pages 431–67. New York:
7359:Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg.
7285:: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
7274:: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
7239:, pages 109–15. New York:
7182:. Lambda Publishers, 2010.
6801:Alexander Alan Steinbach.
6590:Breslov Research Institute
6457:Avraham Yehoshua Heschel.
6396:. Venice, 1567. In, e.g.,
6265:Chizkuni: Torah Commentary
6170:. France, 1153. In, e.g.,
5380:, pages 816–19. New York:
5008:, volume 1, page 286, 288.
4993:Hackett Publishing Company
4676:(Lambda Publishers, 2010).
4445:Babylonian Talmud Yoma 52b
4312:Babylonian Talmud Yoma 75b
4300:Babylonian Talmud Yoma 75a
3558:Jewish Publication Society
1686:) to form the name
794:17:19–27 that the fate of
738:The Sabbath is one of the
461:closed portion ends here.
414:The Gathering of the Manna
310:by day and in a pillar of
18:
8974:
8933:
8912:
8889:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
8861:
8835:
8767:
8701:
8628:Pillars of fire and cloud
8570:
8469:
8403:
8287:
8224:
8161:
8093:
8082:
8011:
7833:Michael Shelomo Bar-Ron.
7759:. Aleph Beta Press, 2016.
7638:Aaron Jonathan Chalmers.
7568:New York University Press
7566:, pages 89–92. New York:
7352:, pages 48–71. New York:
6934:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
6825:. Early 20th century. In
6547:Brandeis University Press
6459:Commentaries on the Torah
6422:Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz
6351:
6220:Columbia University Press
6053:, 6th century. In, e.g.,
5550:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
5484:. 3rd century. In, e.g.,
5421:. Circa 93–94. In, e.g.,
5066:for Shabbat and Festivals
4554:Columbia University Press
4503:Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:8
4396:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
4358:Tosefta Shabbat 1:1–17:29
3972:Babylonian Talmud Yoma 4b
3671:
3593:, 1976), pages 5, 234–35.
2836:"Torah Stats for Shemoth"
2448:
2304:
2296:
2264:
2199:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1886:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1612:
1604:
1568:
1449:Eliezer son of Rabbi Jose
1372:
1364:
1351:
1202:
986:
978:
967:
959:
951:
902:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
508:supported his hands, and
283:
267:
259:
249:
241:
219:
116:and clean water. And the
69:
53:
35:Frederick Arthur Bridgman
7958:Union for Reform Judaism
7863:
7443:Union for Reform Judaism
7088:"A Search for Maḥanaim."
6721:Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter
6677:Commentary on the Torah.
6558:, § 2. Berlin, 1783. In
6537:. Berlin, 1780–1783. In
6390:Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno
6191:, chapter 3, paragraph 3
5602:Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon
5077:Menachem Davis, editor,
5025:Negative Commandment 321
4833:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
4754:Bartolomé de las Casas,
4538:, chapter 3, paragraph 3
4417:Mishnah Eruvin 1:1–10:15
4354:Mishnah Shabbat 1:1–24:5
4015:Mekhilta of Rabbi Simeon
2864:: Behrman House, 1986);
2822:
2600:, there is one negative
2584:more than one occasion.
2248:In modern interpretation
2057:tell the nonbelievers, "
2028:has spoken," not "which
1209:) of the sea. And Rabbi
1181:)," and Rabbi Meir read
1165:)," and Rabbi Meir read
452:covered the ground like
179:tells that between King
19:Not to be confused with
7545:Rebecca G.S. Idestrom.
7484:. Fortress Press, 2008.
7305:Springfield, New Jersey
7303:, pages 69–84, 283–98.
7251:The Haftarah Commentary
6986:Temple University Press
6965:The World of the Talmud
6936:, 1951. Reprinted 2005.
6865:Joseph und seine Brüder
6856:Joseph and His Brothers
6705:Samson Raphael Hirsch.
6408:Commentary on the Torah
6394:Commentary on the Torah
6362:Commentary on the Torah
6327:Commentary on the Torah
6313:Commentary on the Torah
6279:Commentary on the Torah
6168:Commentary on the Torah
6122:Commentary on the Torah
5411:Antiquities of the Jews
4735:The Five Books of Moses
4662:Commentary on the Torah
4421:Tosefta Eruvin 1:1–8:24
4407:Deuteronomy Rabbah 4:4.
3725:Tosefta Kelim Kamma 1:8
3522:, 2014), pages 1835–41.
3520:Oxford University Press
3497:, 2001), pages 383–418.
2862:West Orange, New Jersey
2330:'s log from Columbus's
2066:Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva
1678:) combined with
938:The Rabbis taught in a
559:2025, 2028, 2031 . . .
556:2024, 2027, 2030 . . .
553:2023, 2026, 2029 . . .
504:stone, while Aaron and
424:, and then came to the
96:, trapping them at the
8729:Stations of the Exodus
7948:Reconstructing Judaism
7860:
7827:Washington Jewish Week
7803:
7696:
7671:Grand Rapids, Michigan
7624:
7592:Jonathan P. Burnside.
7583:Grand Rapids, Michigan
7493:Gefen Publishing House
7410:The Jewish Study Bible
7316:
7259:. "Miriam's Song." In
7213:
7086:Robert A. Coughenour.
7007:Grand Rapids, Michigan
6945:
6926:Abraham Joshua Heschel
6911:
6882:
6871:The Sabbath Anthology.
6814:
6761:
6668:
6641:The Pentateuch: Exodus
6618:
6543:Waltham, Massachusetts
6453:
6294:
6252:
6206:
6113:
6080:Midrash Rabbah: Exodus
6066:
5621:
5435:Hendrickson Publishers
5431:Peabody, Massachusetts
4724:(winter 2019), page 8.
4721:Jewish Review of Books
4658:Abarbanel, Exodus 17:0
4642:, section 4, chapter 4
4388:Abraham Joshua Heschel
4272:Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1
3834:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer
2780:
2758:: Judges 4:4–5:31; and
2738:
2656:
2624:
2620:as it is written in a
2565:
2436:
2421:
2371:
2336:Bartolomé de las Casas
2323:
2303:) and "stubbornness" (
2182:
2095:A Baraita taught that
2041:
2020:
1988:
1857:
1749:
1737:
1627:
1532:
1430:
1399:
1343:
1325:Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer
1320:
1304:
1271:
1240:
1151:
1091:
1088:The Waters Are Divided
1053:the children of Israel
1001:
892:
862:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
838:
724:
476:
417:
390:
354:
330:
294:
202:and is written by the
139:read it the sixteenth
84:and the fourth in the
38:
8904:In Antebellum America
8869:Sources and parallels
8517:High Priest of Israel
8005:Weekly Torah Portions
7943:Pardes from Jerusalem
7859:
7801:
7694:
7622:
7602:Aaron Michael Butts.
7314:
7223:Northvale, New Jersey
7211:
6958:The Hebrew University
6943:
6909:
6898:of America, 1951. In
6880:
6812:
6792:Maynard Owen Williams
6759:
6673:Samuel David Luzzatto
6666:
6637:Samson Raphael Hirsch
6627:Kitzur Shulchon Oruch
6616:
6451:
6337:Isaac ben Moses Arama
6292:
6250:
6204:
6111:
6064:
5619:
5378:James H. Charlesworth
5366:Ezekiel the Tragedian
4958:of America, 1951, in
4618:(Duties of the Heart)
4570:(Duties of the Heart)
4394:, page 73. New York:
3591:Doubleday and Company
3583:Jonathan A. Goldstein
3550:The Sabbath Anthology
2915:, 2008) pages 88–119.
2866:“Parashat Beshalach,”
2775:
2750:for the parashah is:
2733:
2711:service for Shabbat.
2654:
2615:
2563:
2434:
2419:
2397:The 19th century pre-
2365:
2321:
2180:
2039:
2018:
1982:
1851:
1747:
1735:
1625:
1527:
1428:
1389:
1337:
1318:
1302:
1265:
1231:
1149:
1086:
1075:The Gemara told that
999:
890:
856:rebelled against the
828:
747:an outstretched arm.
722:
467:
412:
385:
345:
328:
292:
29:
7933:MyJewishLearning.com
7732:The Jerusalem Report
7718:"Deborah and Moses."
7530:Commentary on Exodus
7515:Tamara Cohn Eskenazi
7346:Neil Asher Silberman
7288:William H.C. Propp.
6823:The Moral Principles
6788:: Gustav Fock, 1919.
6479:Southfield, Michigan
6438:Southfield, Michigan
4907:, volume 2, page 49.
4903:William H.C. Propp.
4892:The Teaching Company
4701:William H.C. Propp.
4687:Understanding Exodus
4622:section 2, chapter 4
4574:section 2, chapter 5
4493:Numbers Rabbah 16:5.
4478:Mishnah Megillah 3:6
4377:Exodus Rabbah 25:11.
4344:Exodus Rabbah 25:10.
4335:Exodus Rabbah 25:10.
4152:Numbers Rabbah 2:10.
3881:Numbers Rabbah 13:7.
2913:Mesorah Publications
2891:Seder Eliyahu Rabbah
2554:Conservative Judaism
2328:Christopher Columbus
2295:noted that "glory" (
2099:hid away the jar of
1501:"; (9) the one that
1488:"; (7) the one that
1472:"; (6) the one that
1422:and strange deaths.
1396:Die Bibel in Bildern
1195:Naḥshon ben Aminadab
1169:, "ruling them," as
1039:died in the land of
473:John Everett Millais
66:weekly Torah portion
8997:Zipporah at the inn
8759:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
8588:Ark of the Covenant
7953:Sephardic Institute
7908:Bar-Ilan University
7775:National Geographic
7763:Jean-Pierre Isbouts
7528:Thomas B. Dozeman.
7498:Robert Shreckhise.
7241:G. P. Putnam's Sons
7071:National Geographic
7064:National Geographic
7053:La Voix de la Thora
6993:National Geographic
6978:David Noel Freedman
6896:Rabbinical Assembly
6796:National Geographic
6749:National Geographic
6715:Lexington, Kentucky
6597:Mary Don't You Weep
6552:Moses Mendelssohn.
6487:Feldheim Publishers
6257:Hezekiah ben Manoah
6241:Michael Friedländer
4956:Rabbinical Assembly
4888:Chantilly, Virginia
4842:Moses Mendelssohn,
4646:Duties of the Heart
4626:Duties of the Heart
4602:Feldheim Publishers
4586:Duties of the Heart
3953:Exodus Rabbah 14:3.
3919:Exodus Rabbah 21:8.
3810:Genesis Rabbah 55:8
3697:Mishnah Sotah 1:7–9
3495:Rabbinical Assembly
2407:Mary Don't You Weep
2380:American Revolution
2126:Avot of Rabbi Natan
2052:Reading the words "
1985:Figures de la Bible
1854:Hippolyte Delaroche
1725:," but "fearful in
1340:Figures de la Bible
1268:Nuremberg Chronicle
1137:wilderness of Paran
187:and his killing by
8874:Textual variations
8714:Massah and Meribah
8632:Priestly clothing
8552:Pharaoh's daughter
7968:Yeshiva University
7861:
7821:2018-01-12 at the
7804:
7745:. (March 2, 2015).
7697:
7625:
7465:Kenton L. Sparks.
7433:W. Gunther Plaut.
7342:Israel Finkelstein
7317:
7214:
7196:Walter Brueggemann
7149:J. Gerald Janzen.
6946:
6912:
6883:
6819:Abraham Isaac Kook
6815:
6762:
6707:The Jewish Sabbath
6669:
6619:
6584:, before 1811. In
6570:Nachman of Breslov
6454:
6432:, 1602. In, e.g.,
6295:
6253:
6207:
6114:
6067:
5622:
5448:Classical rabbinic
5004:Nehama Leibowitz,
4786:2017-02-05 at the
4637:Baḥya ibn Paquda,
4613:Baḥya ibn Paquda,
4565:Baḥya ibn Paquda,
4518:, pages 1891–1915.
4129:Tosefta Sotah 3:13
3798:Numbers Rabbah 3:6
3786:Exodus Rabbah 29:5
3764:Tosefta Sotah 4:2.
3741:Deuteronomy Rabbah
2781:
2739:
2657:
2625:
2566:
2491:chiastic structure
2487:Walter Brueggemann
2437:
2422:
2372:
2324:
2183:
2081:recitation of the
2042:
2021:
1989:
1858:
1750:
1738:
1628:
1533:
1431:
1400:
1344:
1321:
1305:
1272:
1241:
1235:(1634 painting by
1152:
1092:
1002:
893:
839:
725:
477:
471:(1871 painting by
418:
391:
355:
331:
295:
39:
33:(1900 painting by
9005:
9004:
8754:Wilderness of Sin
8744:Battle of Refidim
8641:golden head plate
8557:Shiphrah and Puah
8355:
8354:
7653:David Klinghoffer
7643:Vetus Testamentum
7612:Vetus Testamentum
7428:Urim Publications
7418:Marc Zvi Brettler
7336:Urim Publications
6916:Frank Moore Cross
6698:. Circa 1885. In
6564:Alexander Altmann
6531:Moses Mendelssohn
6434:Kli Yakar: Shemos
6325:(Baal Ha-Turim).
5759:Rosh Hashanah 29a
5584:Talmud Yerushalmi
5496:Shabbat 1:1–17:29
5466:Rosh Hashanah 3:8
5360:Early nonrabbinic
5064:Siddur Sim Shalom
4929:John J. Collins,
4858:Alexander Altmann
4799:Phillips Payson,
4685:Moshe Greenberg.
4590:Yehuda ibn Tibbon
4101:Tosefta Sotah 6:4
3713:Tosefta Sotah 4:7
3535:Siddur Sim Shalom
3512:Marc Zvi Brettler
3207:Exodus 15:27–16:3
2604:in the parashah:
2576:Exodus chapter 17
2544:Exodus chapter 16
2440:Exodus chapter 15
2425:Moses Mendelssohn
2401:African-American
2388:Benjamin Franklin
2368:Benson J. Lossing
2326:In his digest of
2275:Exodus chapter 14
2256:Exodus chapter 13
2235:Exodus chapter 17
2226:Exodus chapter 16
2217:Exodus chapter 15
2186:Exodus chapter 14
2120:Exodus chapter 17
1992:Exodus chapter 16
1918:Shimon ben Lakish
1779:Eliezer ben Jacob
1434:Exodus chapter 15
1211:Simeon bar Yochai
1159:tribe of Benjamin
1135:, and one in the
1111:A Baraita in the
1095:Exodus chapter 14
1061:Jose the Galilean
896:Exodus chapter 13
728:Exodus chapter 16
700:Exodus chapter 15
689:
688:
426:wilderness of Sin
9030:
8992:Ten Commandments
8987:Plagues of Egypt
8862:Textual analysis
8613:Incense offering
8583:Ark of bulrushes
8382:
8375:
8368:
8359:
8358:
8347:V'Zot HaBerachah
8088:
7998:
7991:
7984:
7975:
7974:
7780:Jonathan Sacks.
7771:Washington, D.C.
7769:, pages 108–13.
7748:Jonathan Sacks.
7716:Bruce Herzberg.
7681:Daniel S. Nevins
7663:William G. Dever
7439:David E.S. Stern
7374:Michael Fishbane
7270:, pages 107–12.
7247:W. Gunther Plaut
7221:, pages 167–74.
7172:Nehama Leibowitz
7162:Lawrence Kushner
7109:Harvey J. Fields
6999:Peter C. Craigie
6859:. Translated by
6829:. Translated by
6684:Torah Commentary
6623:Shlomo Ganzfried
6511:C. B. Macpherson
6467:Chanukat HaTorah
6239:. Translated by
6189:Hilchot Teshuvah
6164:Abraham ibn Ezra
5588:Chaim Malinowitz
5560:Jerusalem Talmud
5462:Eruvin 1:1–10:15
5458:Shabbat 1:1–24:5
5425:. Translated by
5312:
5309:Chaim Malinowitz
5298:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5266:
5256:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5229:
5223:
5213:
5207:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5144:
5138:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5092:
5086:
5075:
5069:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5015:
5009:
5002:
4996:
4971:Baruch Spinoza,
4969:
4963:
4944:
4938:
4927:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4882:Robert A. Oden.
4880:
4874:
4869:James L. Kugel.
4867:
4861:
4840:
4834:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4808:
4797:
4791:
4775:
4769:
4752:
4746:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4710:
4699:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4666:Nehama Leibowitz
4655:
4649:
4640:Chovot HaLevavot
4635:
4629:
4616:Chovot HaLevavot
4611:
4605:
4588:, translated by
4568:Chovot HaLevavot
4563:
4557:
4536:Hilchot Teshuvah
4525:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4485:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4369:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4324:Mishnah Avot 5:6
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4029:; see generally
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3610:, pages 1859–78.
3600:
3594:
3580:
3574:
3573:, pages 1841–59.
3567:
3561:
3546:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3504:
3498:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2765:: Judges 5:1–31.
2725:the Weekly Maqam
2719:The Weekly Maqam
2703:Kedushah D'Sidra
2598:Sefer ha-Chinuch
2581:Nehama Leibowitz
2450:
2378:preached of the
2342:In a March 1776
2306:
2298:
2266:
2210:Baḥya ibn Paquda
2201:
2174:Jewish sources:
2145:
2078:this commandment
1971:
1963:
1955:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1821:) angry." Using
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1614:
1606:
1570:
1529:The Songs of Joy
1374:
1366:
1353:
1253:Judah the Prince
1204:
1113:Jerusalem Talmud
988:
980:
969:
961:
953:
756:Tablets of Stone
740:Ten Commandments
535:
534:
318:Israelites with
285:
269:
261:
251:
243:
221:
76:) in the annual
71:
55:
9038:
9037:
9033:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8970:
8929:
8908:
8899:Song of the Sea
8857:
8831:
8763:
8697:
8566:
8537:Nadab and Abihu
8465:
8399:
8398:
8386:
8356:
8351:
8283:
8220:
8157:
8089:
8080:
8007:
8002:
7972:
7883:
7866:
7854:
7823:Wayback Machine
7755:David Fohrman.
7743:Mosaic Magazine
7738:Joshua Berman.
7726:Sidney Slivko.
7701:Shmuel Herzfeld
7519:Andrea L. Weiss
7487:Shmuel Goldin.
7384:John J. Collins
7325:Athalya Brenner
7299:Susan Freeman.
7257:Debbie Friedman
7186:Aaron Wildavsky
7077:Pinchas H. Peli
6950:Umberto Cassuto
6831:Ben Zion Bokser
6690:Emily Dickinson
6517:Chaim ibn Attar
6358:Isaac Abravanel
6354:
6323:Jacob ben Asher
6309:Bahya ben Asher
6269:Ktav Publishers
6072:
6051:Sasanian Empire
5987:Avodah Zarah 2b
5915:Sanhedrin 11a–b
5903:Bava Metzia 86b
5568:Shabbat 1a–113b
5540:Kelim Kamma 1:8
5532:Sanhedrin 12:10
5500:Eruvin 1:1–8:24
5450:
5429:, pages 74–83.
5427:William Whiston
5362:
5328:
5320:
5318:Further reading
5315:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5273:
5269:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5242:
5232:Exodus 14:27–28
5230:
5226:
5214:
5210:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5168:
5149:Ethnomusicology
5145:
5141:
5133:Reuven Hammer,
5132:
5128:
5124:, pages 4, 227.
5120:Reuven Hammer,
5119:
5115:
5107:Reuven Hammer,
5106:
5102:
5098:, pages 102–03.
5094:Reuven Hammer,
5093:
5089:
5076:
5072:
5060:Reuven Hammer,
5059:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5016:
5012:
5003:
4999:
4970:
4966:
4945:
4941:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4898:
4881:
4877:
4868:
4864:
4841:
4837:
4828:
4824:
4816:James P. Byrd,
4815:
4811:
4798:
4794:
4788:Wayback Machine
4776:
4772:
4753:
4749:
4743:Word Publishing
4732:
4728:
4717:
4713:
4700:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4656:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4612:
4608:
4594:Daniel Haberman
4564:
4560:
4526:
4522:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4439:
4435:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3597:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3547:
3543:
3531:Reuven Hammer,
3530:
3526:
3505:
3501:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3440:Exodus 17:12–13
3438:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3342:Exodus 16:32–33
3340:
3336:
3327:
3323:
3317:Exodus 16:25–27
3315:
3311:
3305:Exodus 16:22–24
3303:
3299:
3293:Exodus 16:19–20
3291:
3287:
3281:Exodus 16:15–18
3279:
3275:
3269:Exodus 16:11–14
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3158:Exodus 15:23–24
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3109:Exodus 14:26–28
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3084:Exodus 14:23–25
3082:
3078:
3072:Exodus 14:21–22
3070:
3066:
3060:Exodus 14:15–16
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3035:Exodus 14:13–14
3033:
3029:
3023:Exodus 14:10–12
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2949:Exodus 13:21–22
2947:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2925:Exodus 13:17–18
2923:
2919:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2884:
2878:Esther 1:1–10:3
2876:
2872:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2792:Song of the Sea
2744:
2721:
2705:section of the
2697:section of the
2682:morning service
2680:section of the
2677:P'sukei D'zimra
2667:section of the
2646:prayer services
2630:
2618:Song of the sea
2590:
2578:
2546:
2538:John J. Collins
2442:
2376:Phillips Payson
2277:
2261:Moshe Greenberg
2258:
2250:
2241:Isaac Abravanel
2237:
2228:
2219:
2188:
2168:
2143:
2122:
1994:
1580:my father's God
1436:
1237:Nicolas Poussin
1097:
925:Jose ben Hanina
898:
870:
844:
835:La Sainte Bible
730:
723:Sabbath candles
702:
694:
530:triennial cycle
526:
486:
442:
396:
373:
360:
336:
300:
216:
196:Song of the Sea
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9036:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8976:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8956:Eye for an eye
8953:
8948:
8943:
8941:I Am that I Am
8937:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8773:
8771:
8769:Torah readings
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8693:Temple menorah
8690:
8685:
8680:
8678:Staff of Moses
8675:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8393:Book of Exodus
8388:
8385:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8362:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8099:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8017:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8001:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7978:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7938:Orthodox Union
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7862:
7853:
7852:External links
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7831:
7814:Bill Dauster.
7812:
7796:
7795:
7785:
7778:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7736:
7724:
7714:
7708:
7689:
7688:
7678:
7660:
7646:
7636:
7629:Jonathan Sacks
7617:
7616:
7600:
7590:
7579:John H. Walton
7571:
7564:Judith Plaskow
7556:Jay Michaelson
7553:
7543:
7533:
7526:
7508:
7496:
7485:
7475:
7463:
7456:James L. Kugel
7453:
7446:
7431:
7421:
7406:
7396:
7381:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7354:The Free Press
7339:
7328:
7309:
7308:
7297:
7286:
7281:, pages 1–19.
7275:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7230:
7206:
7205:
7193:
7183:
7169:
7159:
7147:
7140:Nahum M. Sarna
7137:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7106:
7096:
7084:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7042:
7035:
7026:Hershel Shanks
7023:
7014:
6996:
6989:
6975:
6968:
6963:Morris Adler.
6961:
6938:
6937:
6923:
6904:
6903:
6886:Morris Adler,
6875:
6874:
6868:
6848:
6834:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6789:
6754:
6753:
6744:
6718:
6703:
6687:
6661:
6660:
6634:
6611:
6610:
6600:
6593:
6567:
6550:
6528:
6514:
6490:
6446:
6445:
6419:
6401:
6387:
6369:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6334:
6320:
6306:
6287:
6286:
6272:
6245:
6244:
6223:
6199:
6198:
6175:
6161:
6129:
6106:
6105:
6083:
6071:
6068:
6059:
6058:
5907:Bava Batra 16b
5895:Bava Kamma 82a
5799:Moed Katan 25b
5695:Eruvin 2a–105a
5614:
5613:
5599:
5596:Edward Goldman
5566:; Terumot 7a;
5557:
5547:
5489:
5478:Sanhedrin 10:1
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5293:
5280:
5267:
5259:Exodus 17:8–16
5251:
5240:
5224:
5208:
5192:
5177:
5174:Exodus 15:1–18
5166:
5139:
5126:
5113:
5100:
5087:
5070:
5053:
5041:
5010:
4997:
4964:
4946:Morris Adler,
4939:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4875:
4862:
4835:
4822:
4809:
4792:
4777:Elijah Fitch.
4770:
4747:
4726:
4711:
4691:
4678:
4650:
4630:
4606:
4558:
4520:
4507:
4495:
4486:
4470:
4461:
4449:
4433:
4409:
4400:
4379:
4370:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4264:
4252:
4243:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4175:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4093:
4081:
4072:
4060:
4051:
4039:
4031:James L. Kugel
4019:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3883:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3717:
3705:
3689:
3680:
3668:Numbers Rabbah
3660:
3648:
3641:Genesis Rabbah
3633:
3621:
3612:
3595:
3585:, translator,
3575:
3562:
3541:
3524:
3499:
3474:
3462:
3444:
3432:
3428:Exodus 17:9–11
3420:
3408:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3261:
3248:
3244:Exodus 16:5–10
3236:
3224:
3211:
3199:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3125:
3121:Exodus 15:1–21
3113:
3101:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2896:
2882:
2870:
2849:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2756:Ashkenazi Jews
2743:
2740:
2720:
2717:
2629:
2628:In the liturgy
2626:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2574:
2569:Baruch Spinoza
2545:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2468:Robert A. Oden
2441:
2438:
2286:Yeshivat Hadar
2276:
2273:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2187:
2184:
2167:
2164:
2121:
2118:
1993:
1990:
1932:, fly upward (
1555:, a beautiful
1551:, a beautiful
1499:House of David
1435:
1432:
1405:Rabbi Nehemiah
1394:from the 1860
1346:The school of
1096:
1093:
1025:Hiyya bar Abba
897:
894:
869:
866:
843:
840:
833:from the 1866
729:
726:
701:
698:
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
574:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
525:
522:
485:
482:
469:Victory O Lord
441:
438:
395:
392:
372:
369:
359:
356:
335:
332:
299:
296:
230:Masoretic Text
215:
212:
183:'s capture by
165:book of Esther
86:Book of Exodus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9035:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8884:Exodus Rabbah
8882:
8880:
8879:Covenant Code
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8667:
8666:undergarments
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8402:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8383:
8378:
8376:
8371:
8369:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8087:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8006:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7987:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7858:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7783:
7779:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7649:Joe Lieberman
7647:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7536:Reuven Hammer
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7233:Ellen Frankel
7231:
7228:
7227:Jason Aronson
7224:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7099:Mark S. Smith
7097:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6888:Jacob B. Agus
6885:
6884:
6879:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6861:John E. Woods
6858:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6766:Hermann Cohen
6764:
6763:
6758:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6729:Góra Kalwaria
6726:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6649:Judaica Press
6646:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6603:David Einhorn
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6493:Thomas Hobbes
6491:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6404:Moshe Alshich
6402:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:Mishneh Torah
6179:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6076:Exodus Rabbah
6074:
6073:
6063:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6043:Arakhin 15a–b
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5887:Kiddushin 32a
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:Eruvin 1a–71a
5569:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5284:
5277:
5271:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5201:
5200:Exodus 14:6–7
5196:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5057:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:Mishneh Torah
5014:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:Jacob B. Agus
4943:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4889:
4886:, lecture 2.
4885:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4763:
4762:John M. Cohen
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4733:Everett Fox.
4730:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:Mishneh Torah
4524:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4240:
4239:Sotah 12b–13a
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3836:, chapter 42.
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3629:Exodus Rabbah
3625:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3391:Exodus 17:5–7
3387:
3380:
3379:Exodus 17:1–2
3375:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3232:Exodus 16:4–5
3228:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2986:Exodus 14:5–8
2982:
2975:
2974:Exodus 14:1–4
2970:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2763:Sephardi Jews
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:The Passover
2653:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:According to
2585:
2582:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:In 1950, the
2541:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:morphological
2454:
2446:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:Massachusetts
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:World To Come
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1839:לְעֹלָם וָעֶד
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:Rosh Hashanah
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:Promised Land
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1348:Rabbi Ishmael
1341:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:Messianic Age
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Rabbi Eleazar
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Rabbi Johanan
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:Rabbi Eliezer
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:Song of Songs
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1008:
998:
994:
992:
984:
975:
973:
965:
957:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
909:
907:
903:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
836:
832:
827:
823:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
781:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
752:
748:
745:
741:
736:
733:
721:
717:
715:
714:Reuven Hammer
711:
707:
697:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
550:
549:
545:
542:
539:
537:
536:
533:
531:
521:
518:
513:
511:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
481:
474:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
388:
384:
380:
378:
368:
366:
352:
348:
344:
340:
327:
323:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
291:
287:
281:
280:
275:
274:
265:
257:
256:
247:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Simchat Torah
142:
138:
134:
132:
131:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Torah reading
79:
75:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
28:
22:
8920:Nash Papyrus
8791:
8603:Burning bush
8598:Bronze laver
8593:Asherah pole
8425:
8391:
8244:Behaalotecha
8117:
8041:Chayei Sarah
7928:Mechon Hadar
7881:Commentaries
7844:
7841:Leon R. Kass
7825:
7808:
7791:
7781:
7766:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7730:
7720:
7710:
7704:
7669:, page 246.
7666:
7656:
7642:
7632:
7610:
7608:in Ex 15:6."
7605:
7596:
7577:. Edited by
7574:
7559:
7549:
7539:
7529:
7513:. Edited by
7510:
7502:
7488:
7481:
7478:Wilda Gafney
7469:
7459:
7449:
7434:
7423:
7414:Adele Berlin
7412:. Edited by
7409:
7402:
7399:Robert Alter
7390:
7377:
7367:
7360:
7349:
7331:
7323:. Edited by
7320:
7300:
7294:Anchor Bible
7289:
7278:
7267:
7260:
7250:
7236:
7218:
7199:
7189:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7153:
7143:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7102:
7090:
7080:
7070:
7063:
7052:
7048:
7038:
7029:
7017:
7002:
6992:
6981:
6971:
6964:
6953:
6932:. New York:
6929:
6919:
6899:
6891:
6870:
6864:
6854:
6845:Walter Jacob
6840:
6826:
6822:
6802:
6795:
6781:
6769:
6747:
6741:Arthur Green
6736:
6724:
6706:
6699:
6694:
6683:
6676:
6659:, 1867–1878.
6652:
6640:
6626:
6606:
6585:
6573:
6559:
6553:
6538:
6534:
6524:
6521:Ohr ha-Chaim
6520:
6496:
6483:Targum Press
6474:
6466:
6458:
6442:Targum Press
6433:
6425:
6415:
6407:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6375:
6372:Abraham Saba
6365:
6361:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6282:
6278:
6264:
6260:
6236:
6226:
6225:Maimonides.
6215:
6211:
6210:Maimonides.
6194:
6188:
6181:
6171:
6167:
6157:
6135:
6132:Judah Halevi
6125:
6121:
6112:Judah Halevi
6101:
6094:Exodus 13–17
6089:
6079:
6055:Talmud Bavli
6054:
6011:Menachot 27a
5699:Pesachim 47b
5610:Philadelphia
5605:
5591:
5586:. Edited by
5583:
5553:
5543:
5485:
5470:Megillah 3:6
5422:
5409:
5382:Anchor Bible
5376:. Edited by
5373:
5369:
5321:
5304:
5303:, in, e.g.,
5296:
5283:
5276:Exodus 14:30
5270:
5254:
5248:Exodus 15:21
5243:
5227:
5216:Exodus 14:24
5211:
5195:
5169:
5153:
5147:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5061:
5056:
5049:Exodus 16:29
5044:
5036:
5032:
5018:
5017:Maimonides,
5013:
5005:
5000:
4989:Indianapolis
4984:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4942:
4930:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4865:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4817:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4779:
4773:
4765:
4760:, in, e.g.,
4756:
4750:
4737:, page 245.
4734:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4707:Anchor Bible
4702:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4625:
4614:
4609:
4585:
4566:
4561:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4527:Maimonides,
4523:
4515:
4510:
4498:
4489:
4473:
4464:
4452:
4436:
4412:
4403:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4267:
4255:
4246:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4178:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4096:
4084:
4075:
4063:
4054:
4042:
4034:
4022:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3720:
3708:
3692:
3683:
3675:
3663:
3656:Megillah 31a
3651:
3636:
3624:
3615:
3607:
3604:Yaakov Elman
3598:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3554:Philadelphia
3549:
3544:
3537:for Weekdays
3532:
3527:
3515:
3508:Adele Berlin
3502:
3486:
3477:
3470:Exodus 17:14
3465:
3457:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3403:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3354:Exodus 16:35
3349:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3182:Exodus 15:26
3177:
3170:Exodus 15:25
3165:
3153:
3146:Exodus 15:22
3141:
3133:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2944:
2937:Exodus 13:19
2932:
2920:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2885:
2873:
2857:
2856:Fred Reiss,
2852:
2842:September 3,
2840:. Retrieved
2838:. Aklah, Inc
2830:
2816:Kishon River
2812:
2803:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2745:
2734:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:for Shabbat
2675:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2591:
2588:Commandments
2579:
2567:
2547:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2489:suggested a
2485:
2482:
2465:
2452:
2443:
2423:
2396:
2385:
2373:
2341:
2332:first voyage
2325:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2291:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2208:
2203:
2189:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1859:
1843:l'olam va'ed
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1776:
1764:
1751:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1666:), O
1659:
1651:
1643:
1629:
1616:
1608:
1598:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1559:, beautiful
1545:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:2 Chronicles
1505:recited, as
1459:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1322:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1232:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1141:
1130:
1122:
1118:Roman Empire
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1077:Rav Joseph's
1074:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1021:
1017:
1003:
990:
982:
976:
971:
963:
955:
948:
937:
922:
910:
899:
871:
848:
845:
834:
831:Gustave Doré
812:
801:The prophet
800:
786:The prophet
785:
774:
767:
760:
753:
749:
737:
734:
731:
703:
695:
665:14:26–15:26
615:15:27–16:10
612:14:26–15:21
587:14:26–15:21
573:14:26–17:16
570:14:15–16:10
567:13:17–15:26
527:
516:
514:
502:
487:
478:
468:
443:
434:
419:
413:
397:
386:
374:
361:
351:James Tissot
346:
337:
316:
301:
277:
271:
263:
253:
245:
238:Hebrew Bible
223:
217:
208:Torah scroll
193:
135:
128:
122:
98:Sea of Reeds
73:
49:
45:
41:
40:
30:
8946:Baal-zephon
8913:Manuscripts
8739:Pi-Ramesses
8734:Pi-HaHiroth
8724:Mount Sinai
8719:Mount Horeb
8636:breastplate
8608:Golden calf
8578:Aaron's rod
8302:Va'etchanan
8289:Deuteronomy
8196:Acharei Mot
7604:"A Note on
7315:Finkelstein
7290:Exodus 1–18
6930:The Sabbath
6851:Thomas Mann
6837:Benno Jacob
6774:Leo Strauss
6275:Nachmanides
6251:Nachmanides
6031:Chullin 14a
5983:Shevuot 15a
5811:Yevamot 13b
5803:Chagigah 5b
5779:Megillah 7a
5631:Berakhot 4a
5625:Babylonian
5564:Kilayim 72b
5474:Sotah 1:7–9
5289:Judges 5:21
5263:Judges 5:14
5236:Judges 5:21
5220:Judges 4:15
5204:Judges 4:13
4935:Minneapolis
4873:, page 227.
4552:(New York:
4443:; see also
4392:The Sabbath
4185:; see also
4173:Prologue 4.
4171:Ruth Rabbah
3931:; see also
3727:; see also
3589:(New York:
3587:I Maccabees
3518:(New York:
3514:, editors,
3460:, page 119.
3416:Exodus 17:8
3406:, page 117.
3369:, page 115.
3332:, page 114.
3259:, page 110.
3222:, page 108.
3197:, page 107.
3136:, page 105.
3011:Exodus 14:9
2622:Sefer Torah
2602:commandment
2466:Similarly,
2445:James Kugel
2420:Mendelssohn
2390:proposed a
2293:Everett Fox
1907:Mount Sinai
1569:וְאַנְוֵהוּ
1503:Jehoshaphat
1411:Rabbi Simon
1218:Rabbi Akiva
1216:Similarly,
1191:Rabbi Judah
1133:Golden Calf
906:Philistines
850:1 Maccabees
744:Deuteronomy
640:15:27–16:3
130:Sefer Torah
9012:Categories
8982:The Exodus
8951:El Shaddai
8925:Papyrus 18
8683:Tabernacle
8623:Mercy seat
8482:Israelites
8322:Ki Teitzei
8216:Bechukotai
8056:Vayishlach
8031:Lech-Lecha
7913:Chabad.org
6725:Sefat Emet
6675:(Shadal).
6205:Maimonides
6178:Maimonides
6090:Commentary
6047:Keritot 5b
6003:Horayot 8b
5879:Gittin 20a
5831:Nedarim 2b
5819:Ketubot 5a
5751:Beitzah 2b
5739:Sukkah 11b
5663:Shabbat 2a
5536:Eduyot 1:1
5504:Sotah 3:13
5400:Revelation
5137:, page 15.
5111:, page 18.
4977:chapter 19
4764:, editor,
4582:Al-Andalus
3099:, page 97.
3050:, page 94.
3001:, page 92.
2964:, page 90.
2594:Maimonides
2356:George III
2305:כָּבֵד לֵב
2196:repentance
2192:Maimonides
2181:Maimonides
1864:, Miriam,
1771:Rabbi Jose
1694:).
1692:מִי-כָּאֵל
1648:מִי-כָּאֵל
1445:Hallelujah
1287:zeh el zeh
1279:zeh el zeh
1155:Rabbi Meir
854:Mattathias
817:13:15–22,
790:taught in
763:Tabernacle
400:wilderness
118:Amalekites
104:commanded
94:Israelites
54:בְּשַׁלַּח
46:Beshallach
21:Vayishlach
8802:Mishpatim
8792:Beshalach
8673:Showbread
8163:Leviticus
8128:Mishpatim
8118:Beshalach
7788:Shai Held
7587:Zondervan
7523:URJ Press
7045:Elie Munk
6711:Frankfurt
6667:Dickinson
6657:Frankfurt
6645:Gateshead
6574:Teachings
6555:Jerusalem
6498:Leviathan
6426:Kli Yakar
6303:The Zohar
5979:Makkot 8b
5771:Taanit 9a
4981:Amsterdam
4845:Jerusalem
4598:Jerusalem
3674:,
3672:וַיַּסֵּב
2796:Canaanite
2663:, in the
2451:,
2403:spiritual
2399:Civil War
2386:In 1776,
2309:kaved lev
2307:,
2299:,
2282:Shai Held
2267:,
2244:request.
2202:,
2200:תְשׁוּבָה
2088:Tractate
2044:Tractate
1972:,
1964:,
1956:,
1944:,
1936:,
1928:,
1903:commanded
1841:,
1833:,
1825:,
1817:,
1809:,
1801:,
1793:,
1785:,
1710:,
1702:,
1615:,
1613:אִלְּמִים
1607:,
1585:Shechinah
1573:v'anveihu
1571:,
1565:Abba Saul
1480:sang, as
1375:,
1367:,
1354:,
1248:and act.
1205:,
991:chamishah
989:,
987:חֲמִשָּׁה
983:chamushim
981:,
979:חֲמֻשִׁים
970:,
962:,
960:וַיַּסֵּב
954:,
952:וַיַּסֵּב
946:22:1–51.
929:Abimelech
796:Jerusalem
770:Leviticus
685:17:14–16
679:15:22–26
651:14:21–25
643:16:28–36
637:14:15–20
629:16:11–27
626:15:22–26
601:15:22–26
598:14:21–25
584:14:15–20
581:13:17–22
365:Egyptians
270: (
262:,
252: (
244:,
228:. In the
222:,
80:cycle of
72:,
70:פָּרָשָׁה
42:Beshalach
8843:Priestly
8822:Vayakhel
8817:Ki Tissa
8812:Tetzaveh
8688:Tefillin
8562:Zipporah
8404:Chapters
8337:Vayelech
8332:Nitzavim
8317:Shofetim
8269:Pinechas
8234:Bemidbar
8201:Kedoshim
8148:Vayakhel
8143:Ki Tissa
8138:Tetzaveh
8071:Vayigash
8061:Vayeshev
8021:Bereshit
7898:Aish.com
7819:Archived
7695:Herzfeld
6578:Bratslav
6471:Piotrkow
6070:Medieval
5843:Sotah 9b
5835:Nazir 2b
5580:Tiberias
5482:Avot 5:6
5406:Josephus
5326:Biblical
5188:Judges 5
5164:, 2009).
4784:Archived
4578:Zaragoza
3676:vayaseiv
3491:New York
2909:Brooklyn
2804:va-yaham
2798:general
2748:haftarah
2742:Haftarah
2694:Kedushah
2661:Haggadah
2514:doxology
2472:holy war
2322:Columbus
2204:teshuvah
2172:medieval
2148:1 Samuel
2026:the Lord
1954:הֲתָעִיף
1950:Proverbs
1895:Habakkuk
1700:אֱלֹהִים
1688:Mi ka'el
1668:Jeshurun
1644:Mi-ka'el
1470:Amorites
1373:בְּתוֹךְ
1365:בְּתוֹךְ
1352:בְּתוֹךְ
1203:נַחשׁוֹל
1183:rigmatam
1179:rigmatam
1125:Gamaliel
964:vayaseiv
956:vayaseiv
944:2 Samuel
918:Ashkelon
880:and the
874:rabbinic
858:Seleucid
819:Nehemiah
815:Nehemiah
805:told in
792:Jeremiah
788:Jeremiah
682:16:8–10
671:17:8–16
668:16:8–10
623:14:9–14
564:Reading
490:Rephidim
320:chariots
246:petuchah
214:Readings
149:Passover
110:Egyptian
74:parashah
56:—
50:Beshalah
8934:Phrases
8853:Elohist
8848:Jahwist
8836:Sources
8827:Pekudei
8807:Terumah
8782:Va'eira
8571:Objects
8547:Pharaoh
8542:Oholiab
8522:Ithamar
8507:Gershom
8497:Eliezer
8492:Bezalel
8342:Haazinu
8327:Ki Tavo
8297:Devarim
8226:Numbers
8191:Metzora
8181:Shemini
8171:Vayikra
8153:Pekudei
8133:Terumah
8108:Va'eira
8051:Vayetze
8046:Toledot
8036:Vayeira
8013:Genesis
7837:(2020).
7777:, 2016.
7677:, 2012.
7606:neʾdārî
7589:, 2009.
7570:, 2009.
7525:, 2008.
7495:, 2008.
7445:, 2006.
7430:, 2005.
7356:, 2001.
7338:, 2000.
7296:, 1998.
7243:, 1996.
7229:, 1995.
7013:, 1978.
6988:, 1974.
6960:, 1967.
6944:Cassuto
6910:Heschel
6786:Leipzig
6778:Atlanta
6731:(Ger),
6592:, 2011.
6582:Ukraine
6549:, 2011.
6489:, 2004.
6271:, 2013.
6261:Hizkuni
6142:1:85–86
6118:Rashbam
5943:91b–92a
5807:13b–14a
5795:30b–31a
5723:Yoma 4b
5651:39b–40a
5492:Tosefta
5454:Mishnah
5437:, 1987.
5394:Hebrews
5384:, 1985.
5370:Exagōgē
5158:Detroit
4894:, 1992.
4848:, § 2 (
4745:, 1995.
4709:, 1998.
4398:, 1951.
2868:Hebcal.
2785:Deborah
2708:Minchah
2564:Spinoza
2477:editors
2461:lexical
2352:British
2297:כְּבוֹד
2110:Levites
2105:almonds
2046:Shabbat
1874:Abigail
1866:Deborah
1727:praises
1640:Raphael
1632:Gabriel
1617:illemim
1593:Tosefta
1561:tzitzit
1495:Solomon
1486:Abinoam
1474:Deborah
1377:be-tokh
1369:be-tokh
1356:be-tokh
1329:Michael
1251:Rabbi (
1207:naḥshol
1171:rad yam
1123:Rabban
1045:Shechem
1012:Tosefta
940:Baraita
933:Genesis
878:Mishnah
807:Ezekiel
803:Ezekiel
777:prophet
676:Maftir
657:17:1–7
654:16:4–7
609:14:5–8
595:14:1–4
546:Year 3
543:Year 2
540:Year 1
515:In the
498:Meribah
458:maggots
264:setumah
232:of the
177:Midrash
173:Numbers
169:Agagite
161:Haman's
141:Sabbath
90:Pharaoh
8975:Events
8777:Shemot
8702:Places
8661:turban
8532:Miriam
8512:Jethro
8470:People
8259:Chukat
8254:Korach
8249:Shlach
8186:Tazria
8103:Shemot
8095:Exodus
8076:Vaychi
8066:Miketz
7283:Denver
7272:Denver
6733:Poland
6617:Hirsch
6463:Cracow
6452:Hobbes
6430:Lublin
6352:Modern
6154:Toledo
6137:Kuzari
6098:Troyes
5627:Talmud
5620:Talmud
5415:2:14:5
5388:Romans
4850:Berlin
4739:Dallas
3631:20:17.
2808:Miriam
2800:Sisera
2699:Amidah
2641:Amidah
2344:sermon
2146:"; in
2097:Josiah
2090:Eruvin
2010:Abiram
2006:Dathan
1974:reshef
1970:רֶשֶׁף
1966:reshef
1962:רֶשֶׁף
1958:hataif
1930:reshef
1926:רֶשֶׁף
1882:Esther
1880:, and
1878:Huldah
1870:Hannah
1819:nezach
1811:nezach
1787:nezach
1723:praise
1704:Elohim
1684:כָּאֵל
1664:כָּאֵל
1638:, and
1557:shofar
1549:sukkah
1541:Isaiah
1482:Judges
1466:Joshua
1462:Tanakh
1441:Hallel
1360:Zerika
1283:angels
1187:Temple
1066:Gemara
1059:Rabbi
1041:Canaan
923:Rabbi
882:Talmud
780:Isaiah
710:Isaiah
706:Psalms
517:maftir
510:Joshua
377:Miriam
304:Joseph
279:maftir
273:samekh
234:Tanakh
225:aliyot
204:scribe
200:melody
189:Samuel
157:Esther
143:after
125:verses
78:Jewish
58:Hebrew
8797:Yitro
8709:Egypt
8656:tunic
8618:Manna
8527:Marah
8487:Aaron
8477:Moses
8461:38–40
8456:35–38
8451:30–34
8446:27–30
8441:25–27
8436:21–24
8431:18–20
8426:13–17
8421:10–13
8312:Re'eh
8307:Eikev
8279:Masei
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8264:Balak
8211:Behar
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8026:Noach
7864:Texts
7623:Sacks
7212:Plaut
7057:Paris
6881:Cross
6760:Cohen
6680:Padua
6412:Safed
6299:Zohar
6293:Zohar
6233:Cairo
6086:Rashi
6065:Rashi
6023:53a–b
5899:92a–b
5847:11a–b
5735:75a–b
5655:54a–b
5419:3:2:5
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2665:magid
2635:Shema
2435:Kugel
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1862:Sarah
1835:va'ed
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1175:Judah
1167:rodem
1163:rodem
1049:Moses
1029:Judah
1007:Jacob
860:king
494:Horeb
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430:Aaron
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153:Purim
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8646:robe
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900:The
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