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627:. The final war therefore will be fought between the children of God and the children of Satan, between good and evil. This is possibly why the 188th commandment exists, to wipe out Amalek completely, male and female, young and old, sparing none, since evil has no future. There is however, one obscure prophecy that states that all nations will eventually worship God alone, which begs the question of how can there possibly be a third temple when Amalek is wiped out. The Midrash states there is no quandry, given the last Amalekite is a convert to Judaism.
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204:. She replied she would rather be a handmaiden to the dregs of Israel than be a mistress of another gentile nation. To punish the Patriarchs for their attitudes, Timna birthed Amalek, whose descendants would cause Israel much distress. Amalek was also the product of an incestuous union since Eliphaz was Timna's stepfather, according to 1 Chronicles 1:36, after he committed adultery with the wife of Seir the Horite, who was Timna's biological father. First-century Roman-Jewish scholar and historian
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1036:, Elliot Horowitz, and Josef Stern suggest that the Amalekites represent an "eternally irreconciliable enemy" that wants to murder Jews. In post-biblical times, Jews associated contemporary enemies with Amalek or Haman and, occasionally, believed pre-emptive violence is acceptable against such enemies. Groups identified with Amalek include the
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man, woman, infant and suckling. This massacre is believed to be a retelling of the raids in 1 Samuel 14:48, although it additionally specifies that it occurred in the "city of Amalek", which was believed to be the "principal place of arms" or the "metropolis" of Amalek. In 1 Samuel 15:33, Samuel identifies king
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and
Gezirite allies. He kills every man and woman but takes sheep, cattle, donkey, camels and clothing. These Amalekites were theorized to be refugees who fled from Saul or a separate Amalekite faction that dwelt to the south of Israel. Gili Kluger believes these narratives were anti-Saul propaganda,
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In 1 Samuel 15:1–9, Samuel identifies Amalek as the enemy of
Israelites, saying "Thus says the Lord of hosts: I will punish Amalek for what he did to Israel, how he ambushed him on the way when he came up from Egypt," a reference to Exodus. God then commands Saul to destroy the Amalekites, by killing
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In Psalm 83:7, Amalek joins Israel's other historic enemies in annihilating Israel. Their attempts are thwarted by God. Although most scholars believe the passage refers to a real historical event, they are unsure which event it should be identified with. One likely answer is that it occurred during
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Professor Philip
Jenkins notes that Christian extremists have historically labelled enemies such as Native Americans, Protestants, Catholics and Tutsis as Amalekites to justify their genocides. Jews and victims of the Crusades were also called Amalekites. Because of this, modern Christian scholars
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such as "man and woman" and Near
Easterners valued "bravado and exaggeration" when reporting warfare. Kluger believes this is an earnest attempt to absolve the Israelites, and their God, of moral responsibility. Nonetheless, she argues Copan's interpretation still "normalizes mass violence" and
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commands existed to prevent the Jewish community from being endangered but believes people should think twice before literally following them. Nathan Lopes
Cardazo argues that the Torah's ethically questionable laws were intentional since they were a result of God working with an underdeveloped
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in retribution for "what Amalek did to on the way as were coming out of Egypt", a reference to the
Amalekite ambush on the Israelites at Rephidim. Earlier, in Deuteronomy 7:1–16 and Deuteronomy 25:16–18, they are commanded to utterly destroy all the inhabitants of the idolatrous cities in the
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concluded that there were no
Amalekites and that the Biblical stories concerning them were entirely ahistorical and mythological. Although archaeological research has improved knowledge about nomadic Arabs, no specific artifact or site has been linked to Amalek with certainty.
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commands were not uncommon in the ancient Near East. Their purpose was to show that the deity was on the aggressor's side and that the enemy deserved said deity's wrath for their "sins". It also allowed kings to pursue militarist policies without taking moral responsibility.
859:, have Amalekite connections. If this hypothesis is correct, it is likely that Saul's anti-Amalekite campaigns were motivated by a strategic desire to wrest control of copper production at Tel Masos. Copper was valuable to the early Israelites and their theology and ritual.
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commands to be an exceptional component to
Israelite and Judahite warfare since they were erratically applied, even in the early stages of national and ethnic identity formation. They were an extreme means to eradicate the threat of chaos. Similar attitudes were held by
802:. However, she notes that the Hebrew Bible is surprisingly neutral when describing the Amalekites and that the texts do not provide an adequate explanation on why they were singled out for complete annihilation, compared to the Egyptians and Canaanites for example.
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Adam J. Silverstein observes that most of the medieval Muslim world ignored the Book of Esther or modified its details, despite their familiarity with the
Persian Jewish community. This was caused by their attempt to reconcile the Biblical Esther with the
1122:. This was because Haman was considered to be an Amalekite although this label is more likely to be symbolic rather than literal. Some Iranophilic Jews interpreted Haman's Amalekite background as being anathema to both Jews and 'pure-blooded Iranians'.
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No reference to Amalek or the
Amalekites has been found in surviving Egyptian and Assyrian monumental inscriptions and records, even though both groups recorded various tribes and peoples of the Levant in the relevant time period(s). Therefore,
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watch from a nearby hill. When Moses' hands holding his staff are raised, the Israelites prevail, but when his hands are lowered, the Israelites falter. He sits with his hands held up by Aaron and Hur until sunset, securing the Israelite
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said that the Israeli government was "committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world", and he also stated: "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember". At an argument to the
1003:, concerning Balaam's utterance: "Amalek was the first one of the nations, but his end afterward will be even his perishing", Richard Watson attempts to associate this passage to the "first one of the nations" that developed
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and not in present times; this limitation is widely supported by medieval authorities. According to the Midrash, every nation on Earth has a guardian angel overseeing its destiny, except for two: Israel rejected archangel
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presented the comments as inciting genocide against the Palestinian people. Netanyahu denied that was his intention, stating the South African accusation reflected a "deep historical ignorance" since he was referring to
1296:, some Israeli politicians and extremists have compared Palestinians to Amalek, stated that the Palestinians are the Amalekites or accuse Arabs of exhibiting "behavior" that is "typical" of Amalekites.
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Amalek is described in Genesis 36:16 as the "chief of Amalek" among the "chiefs of the sons of Esau", from which it is surmised that he ruled a clan or territory named after him. In the oracle of
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were equivalent to the Hamite-Arabian Amalekites described by Muslim scholars. He argues the Amalekites were always allied with the Canaanites who descended from Ham, were conquered by the
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fortress and Horvat Haluqim in the Negev, dated to the late 11th to early 10th century BC, could corroborate with the Biblical Israelite-Amalekite confrontations, during the reigns of
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Other Talmudic commentators argued that the calls to spare no Amalekite or "blot out their memory" were metaphorical and did not require the actual killing of Amalekites. Rabbi
1278:, Israel's memorial to the Holocaust, features the phrase on a banner, and in letters between European Jews during the Holocaust, they plead with each other to "bear witness".
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and later, supplanted their population. However, the paganism of the Amalekites and other Arabian tribes negatively influenced the Ishmaelites, including their approach to the
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Hunter, Alastair G. (2003). "Denominating Amalek: Racist stereotyping in the Bible and the Justification of Discrimination". In Bekkenkamp, Jonneke; Sherwood, Yvonne (eds.).
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passages literally. He states that "there is practically no historical evidence that anyone in the Great Church" viewed them as being purely an allegory. In particular,
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The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day
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460:. The Amalekite claims he euthanized Saul, at Saul's request, and removed his crown. David gives orders to his men to kill the Amalekite for killing the
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Stern, Josef (2004). "Maimonides on Amalek, Self-Corrective Mechanisms, and the War against Idolatry"". In Hartman, David; Malino, Jonathan W. (eds.).
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241:, Amalek was called the "first of the nations". One modern scholar believes this attests to Amalek's high antiquity, while traditional commentator
19:
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have re-examined the Biblical narratives that inspired these atrocities using philology, literary analysis, archaeology and historical evidence.
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309:'s agricultural zone. This is probably based on the association of this tribal group with the steppe region of ancient Israel and the area of
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Kluger believes that the extermination verses can be explained by the Israelites seeing the Amalekites as their "unwelcome brother" and the "
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Some commentators have discussed the ethics of the commandment to exterminate all the Amalekites, including children, and the presumption of
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allies, defeat Israel so that the Moabites could oppress them. Judges 10:11–13 confirms Amalek as being one of the many oppressors of Israel.
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passages allegorically; Hofreiter argues that although Origen prioritized a spiritual interpretation of the Bible, he did not deny that the
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that 'raises his hand against the throne of God, his tabernacle and his saints'. He believes the phrase "from generation to generation" in
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ruled that the commandment only applies to a Jewish king or an organized community, and cannot be performed by an individual. According to
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1110:. It is customary for the audience to make noise and shout whenever "Haman" is mentioned, in order to desecrate his name, based on
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By the 19th century, many Western theologians believed that the nation of Amalek could have flourished before the time of Abraham.
885:. Oval fortresses were built during the relevant timeframe. However, other scholars argue that these settlements were inhabited by
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THE MIDRASH SAYS, Copyright 1980 Rabbi Moshe Weissman, Brooklyn, NY. Benei Yakov Publications 1742 E.7th St. Brooklyn, NY 11223.
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of Amalek as an enemy and killer, saying "As your sword has made women childless, so shall your mother be childless among women."
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3140:"Shabbat Zachor: "Remember what Amalek did to you!" But why did he do it? Can we reconcile with our eternal sworn enemies?"
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as its guardian, in favor of God himself. The other is Amalek, since his guardian angel is the foremost angel of evil, the
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Maimonides elaborates that when the Jewish people wage war against Amalek, they must request the Amalekites to accept the
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Remember Amalek!: Vengeance, Zealotry, and Group Destruction in the Bible according to Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and Josephus
606:, the Amalekites were sorcerers who could transform themselves to resemble animals, in order to avoid capture. Thus, in
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Some commentators claim that this passage is a reference to the territory which was later inhabited by the Amalekites.
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In Numbers 14:45, the Amalekites and Canaanites kill a group of Israelites that tried to enter the hill country of the
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According to Christian Hofreiter, almost all Christian authorities and theologians have historically interpreted the
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movement see Arabs as the "Amalek of today". One reason includes the belief that Amalek is any nation that prevents
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3540:"'Amalek's Accomplices' Blaming Zionism for the Holocaust: Anti-Zionist Ultra-Orthodoxy in Israel during the 1980s"
1079:. This is sometimes known as the "Amalekite doctrine". In contemporary times, religious Jews associate Amalek with
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said that God would perform the elimination of Amalek and that Jews only need to remember what Amalek did to them.
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As a people, the Amalekites are identified throughout the Hebrew Bible as a recurrent enemy of the Israelites:
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2941:"Masseboth Shrine at Horvat Haluqim: Amalekites in the Negev Highlands-Sinai Region? Evaluating the Evidence"
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In 1 Chronicles 4:43, the Simeonites kill the remaining survivors of Amalek and live in their settlements.
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2891:"Tel Masos: Its Importance in Relation to the Settlement of the Tribes of Israel in the Northern Negev,"
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957:, and that the Edomites never rescued these Amalekites from Saul's campaigns due to inter-tribal feuds.
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European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie
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3235:"Unmasking Purim, Fighting Amalek: Behind the whimsy of this holiday lie some deep lessons for living"
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led a successful mission against the Amalekites to recover "all that the Amalekites had carried away".
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said that the command was to destroy "the remembrance of Amalek" rather than actual Amalekites. The
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1584:"Abraham in Islamic Perspective Reflections on the Development of Monotheism in Pre-Islamic Arabia"
924:, the "field of the Amalekites" is mentioned, but the person who is named Amalek was not born yet.
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enumerated several speculative reasons for the existence of a "more ancient Amalek" than Abraham.
912:. "Agag" may have been the hereditary name of the Amalekite kings. The one depicted was killed by
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derives three commandments, two positive and one negative, related to references to Amalek in the
3726:"Metaphysical Hatred and Sacred Genocide: The Questionable Role of Amalek in Biblical Literature"
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1193:. Likewise, Charles Ellicott notes that the Amalekites were collectively called 'the sinners' in
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In 2 Samuel 1:5–10, an Amalekite tells David that he found Saul leaning on his spear after the
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deported and mixed the nations, so it is no longer possible to determine who is an Amalekite.
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3610:"Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case"
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3161:"ISIS a Reenactment of Biblical War Between Israel and the Amalekites, Military Analysts Say"
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2336:"Netanyahu rejects South Africa's claim that his quote about 'Amalek' was a call to genocide"
2249:(Commentary to Exodus 17:16), Sefer HaYereim (435), Hagahot Maimoniyot (Hilchot Melachim 5:5)
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designed to make him appear weak compared to David, since no losses were attributed to David.
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3695:(David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East: Military Violence in Light of Cosmology and History
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Islamic commentators believe the Amalekites were an ancient Arabian tribe. The monotheistic
881:. They lived in tents, rode camels, participated in the copper trade and worshipped gods at
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interpreted the command as fully hating Amalek, without performing any physical action. The
610:, it was considered necessary to destroy the livestock when destroying Amalek. According to
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and the best livestock of the Amalekites in 1 Samuel 15 in defiance of these commandments.
8:
3578:"Netanyahu invokes 'Amalek' narrative in speech about expanding ground operation in Gaza"
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Eynei Kol Ḥai, 73, on Sanhedrin 96b. Also Minchat Chinuch, parshat Ki Tetze, mitzvah 434.
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Some Arabian stories mention an Arab tribe called "Amaliq" that existed at the time of
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Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands
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Is God a Vindictive Bully? Reconciling Portrayals of God in the Old and New Testaments
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3592:"PM's office says it's 'preposterous' to say his invoking Amalek was a genocide call"
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192:, Timna was a princess who tried to convert to Judaism. However, she was rejected by
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Making Sense of Old Testament Genocide: Christian Interpretations of Herem Passages
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Rabbis generally agree that Amalekites no longer exist, based on the argument that
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132:, 'a people who lick (blood)', but most scholars regard the origin to be unknown.
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It is possible that some of the fortified settlements in the Negev highlands and
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state that the Amalekites were extinct by the second half of Hezekiah's reign.
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and pay a tax to the Jewish kingdom. If they refuse, they are to be executed.
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theorized that the Amalekites were not the descendants of Amalek by taking a
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1255:, who affirmed the Amalekite origins of Haman and his antisemitic vendetta.
1011:, the Amalekites were the "first" in their hostility toward the Israelites.
98:. The name "Amalek" can refer to the descendants of Amalek, the grandson of
3804:
The Punishment of Amalek in Jewish Tradition: Coping with the Moral Problem
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Sanctified aggression: legacies of biblical and post-biblical vocabularies
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Copan, Paul (Fall 2010). "How Could God Command Killing the Canaanites?".
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identified Palestinians as the descendants of the ancient Amalekites and
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290:) were claimed to be Amalek's descendants through the genealogy of Esau.
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Britt, Brian; Lipton, Diana; Soltes, Ori Z.; Walfish, Barry Dov (2010).
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2712:"Ethical Criticism of the Bible: The Case of Divinely Mandated Genocide"
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The Bible's Top Fifty Ideas: The essential concepts everyone should know
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In Deuteronomy 25:17–19, The Israelites are specifically commanded to "
153:"Amalekites" redirects here. For Amalekites in the Book of Mormon, see
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3765:(3rd and corr. print. ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press.
1189:, where Amalek and other antichristian states are exterminated by the
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Laying Down the Sword: Why We Can't Ignore the Bible's Violent Verses
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1045:
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Amalek is the archetypal enemy of the Jews and the symbol of evil in
848:
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25:17, 19 – "Remember what Amalek has done to you ... do not forget."
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442:
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3279:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
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Introduction to positive commandments, Beer Mayim Hayim, letter Alef
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Not to forget the wicked deeds which Amalek perpetrated against us
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states: "He came before all of them to make war with Israel". The
3913:
A discussion with R. Eliezer Breitowitz & Dr. Elliott Malamet
3889:- Amalek symbolism in relations between Israelis and Palestinians
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the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the 9th to 7th centuries BC.
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Judaism and modernity: the religious philosophy of David Hartman
1102:
is read in commemoration of the salvation of Jewish people from
972:. However, the modern biblical scholar Gerald L. Mattingly uses
3818:
Israeli PM invokes the Amalek in the context of the war on Gaza
3293:"Amalek and the amalekites in the ancient christian literature"
3075:
Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion
2754:"Religion, nationalism and genocide: ancient Judaism revisited"
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A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad
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elaborates this concept by making a comparison: one might say "
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In some rabbinical interpretations, Amalek is etymologised as
3904:
2965:
2924:"A Metallurgical Perspective on the Birth of Ancient Israel,"
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Is God a Moral Monster? Making Sense of the Old Testament God
2258:
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1718:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 77–79.
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763:, the king of Israel, to depose the Amalekites, which caused
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have defended a literal reading of these passages at length.
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to help humanity evolve in their understanding of the Torah.
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3095:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 99–105.
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to be defensive warfare since the Amalekites were invaders.
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According to the Hebrew Bible, the Amalekites inhabited the
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and his men conduct raids against the Amalekites and their
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promised land and their livestock; scripture purports that
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115:
99:
59:
53:
3806:, Harvard Theological Review Vol.87, No.3, p. 323-46.
3450:"The Dangerous History Behind Netanyahu's Amalek Rhetoric"
2657:
The Ethics of War: Shared problems in different traditions
1565:
M. Weippert, Semitische Nomaden des zweiten Jahrtausends.
1376:
allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
425:
According to 1 Samuel 30:1–2, the Amalekites invaded the
258:
47:
3521:
Defining Israel:The Jewish State, Democracy, and the Law
3265:
Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
3264:
3041:
2627:
Divine Command Ethics: Jewish and Christian perspectives
2436:"1 Samuel 15: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
1975:"1 Samuel 15: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
783:. It has also been described as genocidal, according to
3830:
Amalek, Based on the teachings of the Lubavitcher Rebbe
3481:
Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence
3345:"1 Samuel 15 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
3252:
3111:
Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence
3013:
3011:
2901:
2458:"1 Samuel 14: Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible"
1716:
A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume I (Part I: A – Cyrus)
1522:
1520:
953:, existed before the Edomite Amalekites thus affirming
305:
or seminomadic lifestyle along the fringes of southern
3023:
1770:
1768:
1669:
1498:
725:
of Alexandria is sometimes cited as having viewed the
2869:(2004 reprint ed.). Cornell University Library.
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
501:. The text at the side (in Dutch and Hebrew) is from
282:
273:
160:
According to the Hebrew Bible, Amalek was the son of
62:
3187:"Destroying Amalek: Removing Doubt & Insecurity"
3008:
1517:
1170:) to defeat the demonic Strong Man, as described in
743:
commands were hyperbolic since the passages contain
354:
blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven
279:
267:
56:
16:
Nation and a character described in the Hebrew Bible
3962:
Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
3852:
Latznu: Popular Culture and the Disciples of Amalek
3212:"Esther 3 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"
2593:
2591:
2589:
1765:
328:, the Amalekites ambush the Israelites encamped at
261:
255:
50:
44:
3641:. London: K. Paul, Trench, & Company. p.
2033:
1652:"Timna, concubine of Eliphaz: Midrash and Aggadah"
939:", though Gaul only later became known as France.
3367:"1 Chronicles 4 Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary"
2245:(Sefer Hamitzvot, end of positive commandments),
1648:For an Rabbanic explanation of Timna lineage see
1354:groups consider Zionists to be Amalekites due to
1270:Since the Holocaust, the phrase as it appears in
896:
340:to lead the Israelites into battle, while Moses,
145:, but it is not clear if this is the same tribe.
3918:
3478:
2586:
1545:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43, 244.
874:. Bruins discovered that their inhabitants were
3067:
3065:
2261:, 1 Samuel 15:3 commentary, The Rubin Edition,
1577:
1575:
1338:are not related to Amalekites and prior to the
1158:. Origen sees the battle as an allegory of the
3835:Remember Amalek: A lesson in Divine Providence
1304:of our generation" by 200 rabbis. Many in the
464:king, believing him to be guilty by admission.
102:, or anyone who lived in their territories in
3857:Antiquities of the Jews - by Josephus Flavius
2507:. Oxford University Press. pp. 247–248.
2144:. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
1656:The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
676:explains that the Amalekites were subject to
585:To constantly remember what Amalek did to us
449:and taking its citizens away into captivity.
3474:
3472:
3470:
3086:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 360–362.
3062:
2806:
2670:Rogerson, John William; Carroll, M. Daniel.
2329:
2327:
1758:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1572:
1489:
1487:
1471:
1469:
1460:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1177:John Gill believes that Amalek is a type of
441:border area towards the end of the reign of
3206:
3204:
2672:Theory and Practice in Old Testament Ethics
2604:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63.
2597:
570:"You shall blot out the memory of Amalek" (
398:allies, destroy Israelite farms "as far as
3515:
3513:
3290:
2412:Cardazo, Nathan Lopes (October 19, 2016).
2321:, Hilchot Melachim uMilchamot, 6:1 and 6:4
1709:
682:in the Book of Samuel for the purposes of
660:world. He believes that God appointed the
3686:
3467:
2907:
2709:
2689:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9.
2501:Hofreiter, Christian (16 February 2018).
2500:
2324:
1538:
1511:
1484:
1466:
356:" once they have taken possession of the
3421:
3201:
3107:
2654:
1631:
1581:
1431:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
1197:, which was only used elsewhere for the
1052:, and bellicose Iranian leaders such as
900:
484:
216:
18:
3667:
3510:
3497:
3387:
3072:
2751:
2684:
2411:
2388:
2333:
2278:
1953:"1 Samuel 15: Matthew Poole Commentary"
1675:
1342:, some Jews associated Amalek with the
1125:
1014:
3919:
3779:
3723:
3709:
3649:
3232:
3180:
3178:
3158:
3090:
3017:
2998:
2938:
2864:
2829:
2639:
2414:"The Deliberately Flawed Divine Torah"
2048:
1649:
1526:
733:passages described historical events.
614:, the commandment only applies to the
148:
3786:A Biblical and theological dictionary
3756:
3537:
3233:Finley, Mordecai (21 February 2018).
3081:
2807:Taggar-Cohen, Ada (October 6, 2022).
2567:
2552:
2527:
2135:
1774:
1222:
942:John Gill believes the Amalekites of
748:"hostility towards targeted groups".
3500:Imperial Israel and the Palestinians
3184:
2389:Sassoon, Isaac S.D. (May 14, 2015).
2132:, Camden, NJ: Thomas Nelson and Sons
1019:
228:(1860), representing Exodus 17:8–16.
75:
3631:
3175:
3029:
2640:Elkins, Dov Peretz; Treu, Abigail.
1281:
1166:, who recruits strong people (i.e.
588:"Remember what Amalek did to you" (
394:In Judges 6:1–6, Amalek, and their
13:
3795:
3447:
3422:Goldberg, Jeffrey (May 24, 2004).
2624:
2142:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
2120:
1650:Kadari, Tamar (31 December 1999).
774:
598:Many rabbinic authorities such as
567:To exterminate the seed of Amalek
383:In Judges 3:13, Amalek, and their
14:
3988:
3811:
3638:Balaam: An Exposition and a Study
3222:from the original on Jul 2, 2023.
3159:Zaimov, Stoyan (April 29, 2017).
2948:Negev, Dead Sea and Arava Studies
2532:. Baker Books. pp. 175–176.
2217:"Mishneh Torah, Positive Mitzvot"
2190:"Mishneh Torah, Positive Mitzvot"
2163:"Mishneh Torah, Negative Mitzvot"
1142:consider the defeat of Amalek in
1114:. It is also customary to recite
1075:rejection of God, which leads to
988:, and in the early 19th century,
862:Archaeological evidence from the
475:
208:refers to Amalek as a "bastard" (
3693:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
3602:
3584:
3570:
3531:
3491:
3441:
3415:
3406:
3381:
3359:
3337:
3258:
3171:from the original on 2021-04-16.
3077:. Pluto Press. pp. 129–131.
2809:"War at the Command of the Gods"
2655:Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David.
2490:from the original on 2013-12-17.
2480:"1 Samuel 15: Gill's Exposition"
2446:from the original on 2014-11-08.
1997:"1 Samuel 15: Benson Commentary"
1247:, who was the antagonist of the
767:'s hostility to the Jews in the
251:
40:
3903:'s controversial view that the
3544:Journal of Contemporary History
3315:
3291:Paczkowski, Mieczysław (2014).
3284:
3226:
3152:
3132:
3101:
3035:
2970:
2958:
2932:
2913:
2883:
2858:
2823:
2800:
2745:
2703:
2678:
2663:
2648:
2633:
2618:
2572:. Baker Academic. p. 205.
2561:
2546:
2521:
2494:
2472:
2450:
2428:
2405:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2312:
2303:
2291:from the original on 2020-03-04
2279:Klapper, Aryeh (4 March 2020).
2272:
2252:
2236:
2209:
2182:
2155:
2129:Peake's Commentary on the Bible
2126:Black, Matthew, editor (1962),
2109:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2022:
2011:
1989:
1967:
1945:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1857:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1745:
1732:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1642:
1625:
1569:vol. 55, 1974, 265-280, 427-433
1387:, not Palestinians as a whole.
1258:
1056:. More metaphorically, to some
805:Ada Taggar-Cohen observes that
667:
3893:Contemporary Amalek - Hirhurim
3886:Between Rephidim and Jerusalem
3763:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
3716:Penny Cyclopaedia, Volumes 1-2
3672:. Hebrew Union College Press.
3392:. HarperCollins Religious US.
2978:"Genesis 14 Gill's Exposition"
2281:"How Not to Talk About Amalek"
1614:
1559:
1532:
1448:
1411:Antisemitism in the Arab world
1372:International Court of Justice
1274:is used as a call to witness.
897:Alternative theories of origin
833:
301:. They appear to have lived a
1:
3742:10.1080/14623528.2020.1827781
3687:Mattingly, Gerald L. (2000).
3323:"Exodus 17 Gill's Exposition"
2598:Silverstein, Adam J. (2018).
1436:
1365:(beginning in October 2023),
1130:Early Church fathers such as
232:
226:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
3870:A Kabbalistic view of Amalek
3730:Journal of Genocide Research
3656:Illustrated Bible Dictionary
2836:(1st ed.). De Gruyter.
2361:Commentary to Deuteronomy 25
1714:. In Hastings, James (ed.).
1441:
1288:Far-right politics in Israel
1150:defeating the powers of the
698:describes the cherem as the
365:ultimately loses favor with
128:
121:
86:
31:fighting Amalek (Exodus 17).
7:
2939:Bruins, Hendrik J. (2022).
2685:Naimark, Norman M. (2017).
2334:Kampeas, Ron (2024-01-16).
1390:
1300:was called "the Amalek and
1185:specifically refers to the
855:and possibly equivalent to
813:C. L. Crouch considers the
380:without Moses's permission.
155:Amalekites (Book of Mormon)
94:as the enemy nation of the
25:Phillip Medhurst Collection
10:
3993:
3907:were considered Amalekites
3761:. In Roger Bullard (ed.).
3624:
3556:10.1177/002200949202700408
3525:Hebrew Union College Press
3485:Princeton University Press
3281:Retrieved 13 February 2017
3116:Princeton University Press
3108:Horowitz, Elliott (2018).
1600:10.1515/islm.2004.81.2.184
1421:Jewish extremist terrorism
1285:
1106:, who plotted to kill all
759:believed that God ordered
480:
324:In Exodus 17:8–16, during
222:Battle with the Amalekites
210:
152:
3757:Mills, Watson E. (1997).
3668:Feldman, Louis H (2004).
3566:– via SageJournals.
3479:Elliott Horowitz (2018).
3311:– via ResearchGate.
2770:10.1017/S000397560000686X
2752:Freeman, Michael (1994).
2731:10.1007/s11841-011-0261-5
2687:Genocide: A World History
2341:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1582:Athamina, Khalil (2005).
1539:Patterson, David (2011).
1294:Israel–Palestine conflict
976:to glean that the use of
369:for failing to kill King
214:) in a derogatory sense.
76:
3911:"Amalek" (Passages 1999)
3659:(2nd ed.). London:
3388:Jenkins, Philip (2013).
2865:Singer, Isidore (1901).
1710:Macpherson, J. (2004) .
1632:Ginzberg, Louis (1913).
751:
3895:- a blog post by Rabbi
3863:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3824:Wipe Out Amalek, Today?
3276:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2710:Morriston, Wes (2012).
1635:The Legends of the Jews
1610:– via De Gruyter.
1231:evangelized to them in
3957:Massacres in the Bible
3651:Easton, Matthew George
3373:. 2024. Archived from
3351:. 2024. Archived from
3329:. 2024. Archived from
3309:10.12775/TiCz.2014.021
3273:; et al. (eds.).
2984:. 2024. Archived from
2898:vol. 20, issue 4 1978.
2830:Crouch, C. L. (2009).
2464:. 2022. Archived from
2003:. 2024. Archived from
1981:. 2024. Archived from
1959:. 2024. Archived from
1426:Religious antisemitism
1162:mysteriously invoking
1108:Jews in Persian Empire
917:
506:
229:
90:) is described in the
32:
3879:Catholic Encyclopedia
3789:. London: John Mason.
3724:Kugler, Gili (2020).
3377:on February 12, 2024.
3355:on February 12, 2024.
3333:on February 12, 2024.
3143:Pardes from Jerusalem
3073:Masalha, Nur (2000).
2988:on February 12, 2024.
2842:10.1515/9783110223521
2424:on February 12, 2024.
2391:"Obliterating Cherem"
1416:Antisemitism in Islam
1340:Arab–Israeli conflict
1316:, which includes the
1312:from settling in the
1146:to be reminiscent of
1067:), Amalek represents
962:Matthew George Easton
904:
781:collective punishment
639:Samson Raphael Hirsch
493:) by Dick Stins is a
488:
326:the Exodus from Egypt
220:
22:
3947:Hebrew Bible nations
3689:"Amalek, Amalekites"
3538:Porat, Dina (1992).
3424:"Among the Settlers"
3197:on January 23, 2024.
2819:on February 9, 2024.
2568:Copan, Paul (2022).
2528:Copan, Paul (2011).
2468:on January 23, 2024.
2401:on February 9, 2024.
2007:on January 23, 2024.
1985:on January 23, 2024.
1963:on January 23, 2024.
1820:Deuteronomy 25:16–18
1798:Deuteronomy 25:17–19
1356:Zionist antisemitism
1126:Christian traditions
1120:Shabbat before Purim
1116:Deuteronomy 25:17–18
1015:Abrahamic traditions
616:future messianic era
612:Haggahot Maimuniyyot
413:In 1 Samuel 27:8–9,
332:, but are defeated.
164:(himself the son of
3759:"Amalek/Amalekites"
3297:Teologia i Człowiek
3267:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
3032:, pp. 125–126.
2927:Entangled Religions
2895:Expedition Magazine
2644:. pp. 315–316.
2629:. pp. 137–138.
2625:Harris, Michael J.
2285:The Times of Israel
1638:. pp. 422–423.
1361:During the 2023–24
1350:. Conversely, some
1348:medieval Christians
1209:Carl Friedrich Keil
1089:Jewish doubt in God
1081:violent antisemites
1054:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
702:being carried out.
180:Timna. Timna was a
172:and the brother of
149:In the Hebrew Bible
3972:Pre-Islamic Arabia
3845:2016-03-04 at the
3840:Remembering Amalek
3802:Sagi, Avi (1994).
3616:. 18 January 2024.
3598:. 16 January 2024.
3045:Amalek, Amalekites
2889:Aharon Kempinski,
2555:Enrichment Journal
1809:Deuteronomy 7:1–16
1367:Benjamin Netanyahu
1334:. Genealogically,
1223:Islamic traditions
1077:unethical hedonism
1063:(particularly the
918:
700:law of retaliation
655:believes that the
653:Isaac S.D. Sassoon
632:Seven Laws of Noah
507:
495:Holocaust memorial
230:
168:, ancestor of the
33:
23:Illustration from
3125:978-0-691-19039-6
3055:978-3-11-018355-9
2696:978-0-19-976526-3
2514:978-0-19-253900-7
2370:Shemot Zachor 646
2105:1 Chronicles 4:43
1621:1 Chronicles 1:36
1480:1 Chronicles 1:36
1399:, an ancestor of
1272:Deuteronomy 25:17
1020:Jewish traditions
910:The Death of Agag
883:masseboth shrines
879:agro-pastoralists
785:genocide scholars
596:
595:
552:"Do not forget" (
188:. According to a
84:
3984:
3977:Tribes of Arabia
3901:Rav Soloveitchik
3865:, 1901-6: Amalek
3790:
3776:
3753:
3720:
3719:. Great Britain.
3706:
3683:
3664:
3646:
3618:
3617:
3614:Associated Press
3606:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3193:. Archived from
3185:Koperwas, Josh.
3182:
3173:
3172:
3156:
3150:
3145:, 18 Feb. 2018.
3136:
3130:
3129:
3118:. pp. 1–7.
3105:
3099:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2420:. Archived from
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:. Archived from
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:1 Samuel 30:9–20
2069:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1452:
1363:Israel–Hamas war
1282:In modern Israel
1249:Exodus narrative
974:textual analysis
966:literal approach
864:Tell el-Qudeirat
851:, which is near
739:argues that the
674:Charles Ellicott
526:
525:
458:battle of Gilboa
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
213:
212:
206:Flavius Josephus
176:) and Eliphaz's
131:
89:
83:romanized:
82:
80:
78:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
46:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3917:
3916:
3847:Wayback Machine
3814:
3809:
3798:
3796:Further reading
3793:
3781:Watson, Richard
3773:
3711:Knight, Charles
3703:
3680:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3596:Times of Israel
3590:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3536:
3532:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3487:. pp. 2–4.
3477:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3289:
3285:
3271:Singer, Isidore
3259:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3231:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3183:
3176:
3157:
3153:
3147:Elmad by Pardes
3137:
3133:
3126:
3106:
3102:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:(2–4): 121–142.
2943:
2937:
2933:
2920:Nissim Amzallag
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2828:
2824:
2805:
2801:
2750:
2746:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2653:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2596:
2587:
2580:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
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2356:
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2325:
2317:
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2308:
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2237:
2227:
2225:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2083:2 Samuel 1:5–10
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2061:1 Samuel 30:1–2
2059:
2055:
2047:
2034:
2029:1 Samuel 27:8–9
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1908:1 Samuel 15:1–9
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1864:Judges 10:11–13
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1674:
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1660:
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1643:
1630:
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1580:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1474:
1467:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1393:
1290:
1284:
1261:
1225:
1213:Franz Delitzsch
1128:
1026:Jewish religion
1022:
1017:
1007:. According to
984:is actually an
899:
836:
822:rulers such as
777:
775:Modern academia
754:
670:
483:
478:
254:
250:
235:
158:
151:
124:
110:descendants of
72:Biblical Hebrew
43:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
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3939:
3934:
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3890:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3813:
3812:External links
3810:
3808:
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3583:
3569:
3550:(4): 695–729.
3530:
3527:. p. 281.
3509:
3506:. p. 113.
3490:
3466:
3448:Lanard, Noah.
3440:
3428:The New Yorker
3414:
3405:
3399:978-0061990724
3398:
3380:
3358:
3336:
3314:
3303:(2): 137–155.
3283:
3251:
3239:Jewish Journal
3225:
3200:
3174:
3165:Christian Post
3151:
3138:Roth, Daniel.
3131:
3124:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3088:
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3054:
3048:. De Gruyter.
3034:
3022:
3007:
3001:, p. 35,
2991:
2969:
2957:
2931:
2912:
2908:Mattingly 2000
2900:
2882:
2876:978-1112115349
2875:
2857:
2851:978-3110223514
2850:
2822:
2799:
2764:(2): 259–282.
2744:
2725:(1): 117–135.
2702:
2695:
2677:
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2647:
2632:
2617:
2611:978-0198797227
2610:
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2579:978-1540964557
2578:
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2539:978-0801072758
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2462:StudyLight.org
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2075:
2064:
2053:
2032:
2021:
2018:1 Samuel 15:33
2010:
1988:
1966:
1944:
1941:1 Samuel 14:48
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1897:Judges 7:11–13
1889:
1886:Judges 6:32–34
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1801:
1790:
1787:Exodus 17:8–16
1779:
1764:
1744:
1731:
1724:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1678:, p. 8–9.
1668:
1641:
1624:
1613:
1594:(2): 193–196.
1571:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1529:, p. 411.
1516:
1512:Mattingly 2000
1497:
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1418:
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1403:
1392:
1389:
1352:ultra-Orthodox
1314:Land of Israel
1283:
1280:
1260:
1257:
1224:
1221:
1195:1 Samuel 15:18
1172:Ephesians 6:12
1144:Exodus 17:8–13
1127:
1124:
1100:Book of Esther
1096:Purim festival
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
990:Richard Watson
916:(1 Samuel 15).
898:
895:
835:
832:
789:Norman Naimark
776:
773:
769:Book of Esther
753:
750:
715:Thomas Aquinas
690:considers the
684:incapacitation
669:
666:
594:
593:
586:
583:
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562:
558:
557:
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482:
479:
477:
476:Interpretation
474:
473:
472:
468:
465:
454:
423:
411:
403:
392:
381:
374:
350:
234:
231:
184:and sister of
150:
147:
123:
120:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3989:
3978:
3975:
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3970:
3968:
3965:
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3909:
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3902:
3898:
3894:
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3868:
3866:
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3788:
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3774:
3772:9780865543737
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3702:9780802824004
3698:
3694:
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3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
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3634:
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3593:
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3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
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3514:
3505:
3501:
3498:Nur Masalha.
3494:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3451:
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3429:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3340:
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3328:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3162:
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3148:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3020:, p. 50.
3019:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2910:, p. 49.
2909:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2847:
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2814:
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2795:
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2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2674:. p. 92.
2673:
2666:
2659:. p. 98.
2658:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
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2489:
2485:
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2463:
2459:
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2441:
2437:
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2392:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2319:Mishneh Torah
2315:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2267:1-57819-333-8
2264:
2260:
2255:
2248:
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2239:
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2223:
2218:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2150:0-13-614934-0
2147:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2094:2 Samuel 1:16
2090:
2084:
2079:
2073:
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2019:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:1 Samuel 15:3
1926:
1920:
1919:1 Samuel 15:2
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:Numbers 14:45
1838:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 21.
1776:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1725:9781410217226
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:Numbers 24:20
1695:
1689:
1688:Genesis 36:16
1684:
1677:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
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1622:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
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1578:
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1568:
1562:
1554:
1552:9781139492430
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1514:, p. 48.
1513:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1495:
1494:Numbers 13:29
1490:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1476:Genesis 36:12
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
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1422:
1419:
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1402:
1398:
1395:
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1388:
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1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:2014 Gaza war
1320:. During the
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Yasser Arafat
1295:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Quranic Haman
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:Genesis 13:13
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Messianic Age
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Justin Martyr
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Baal Shem Tov
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Numbers 24:20
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
955:Numbers 24:20
952:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
845:
842:
841:Hugo Winckler
831:
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825:
821:
816:
811:
808:
803:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
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770:
766:
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758:
749:
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738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Matthew Henry
685:
681:
680:
675:
665:
663:
658:
654:
650:
648:
647:Chofetz Chaim
644:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
608:1 Samuel 15:3
605:
601:
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581:
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548:
545:
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527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
512:Mishneh Torah
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Star of David
489:"Davidster" (
487:
469:
466:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
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409:
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358:Promised Land
355:
351:
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343:
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322:
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318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
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141:
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130:
119:
117:
114:, the son of
113:
109:
108:North African
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
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67:
37:
30:
26:
21:
3967:Antisemitism
3952:Torah people
3885:
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3803:
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3520:
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3457:. Retrieved
3454:Mother Jones
3453:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:
3417:
3408:
3389:
3383:
3375:the original
3371:Biblehub.com
3370:
3361:
3353:the original
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3348:
3339:
3331:the original
3327:Biblehub.com
3326:
3317:
3300:
3296:
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3274:
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3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3228:
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3195:the original
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2395:TheTorah.com
2394:
2384:
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2345:. Retrieved
2339:
2314:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2284:
2274:
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2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2220:
2211:
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2193:
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2172:. Retrieved
2166:
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2100:
2089:
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2000:
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1983:the original
1978:
1969:
1961:the original
1956:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1875:Judges 6:1–6
1870:
1859:
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1815:
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1793:
1782:
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1734:
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1676:Feldman 2004
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1566:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1458:
1450:
1406:Anti-Judaism
1380:South Africa
1360:
1344:Roman Empire
1325:
1324:, a leading
1318:Palestinians
1291:
1269:
1262:
1259:Modern usage
1241:
1226:
1217:
1207:
1183:Exodus 17:16
1176:
1129:
1112:Exodus 17:14
1093:
1023:
994:
982:Genesis 14:7
977:
970:Genesis 14:7
959:
951:Chedorlaomer
944:Genesis 14:7
941:
926:
922:Genesis 14:7
919:
909:
906:Gustave Doré
876:semi-nomadic
861:
846:
837:
828:Assurbanipal
814:
812:
806:
804:
796:rejected son
793:
778:
755:
740:
735:
730:
726:
706:
704:
691:
678:
671:
668:Christianity
656:
651:
636:
629:
597:
535:Commandment
510:
508:
319:
292:
246:
236:
221:
159:
134:
125:
92:Hebrew Bible
35:
34:
24:
3899:explaining
3897:Gil Student
3633:Cox, Samuel
3504:Pluto Press
3459:15 November
3433:14 November
3244:22 February
3018:Watson 1832
2999:Easton 1894
2929:12.2 (2021)
2347:13 February
2247:Nachmanides
2049:Kugler 2020
1853:Judges 3:13
1831:1 Samuel 15
1753:"Amalekite"
1527:Knight 1833
1332:Philistines
1306:Gush Emunim
1265:Sennacherib
1253:Ibn Khaldūn
1229:Ishmaelites
1094:During the
1034:Nur Masalha
986:anachronism
834:Historicity
800:self-hatred
757:Ibn Khaldūn
719:John Calvin
672:Theologian
590:Deut. 25:17
572:Deut. 25:19
554:Deut. 25:19
503:Deuteronomy
3921:Categories
3826:chabad.org
3679:0878204636
3003:Am'alekite
2964:Including
2557:: 138–143.
2295:16 January
2243:Maimonides
2228:15 January
2201:15 January
2174:15 January
2116:Psalm 83:7
1775:Mills 1997
1661:16 January
1437:References
1286:See also:
1276:Yad Vashem
1179:antichrist
1168:Christians
1046:Stalinists
1009:Samuel Cox
1005:post-Flood
935:went into
891:Simeonites
853:Beer-sheba
824:Esarhaddon
737:Paul Copan
600:Maimonides
445:, burning
439:Philistine
247:Amalekites
233:Amalekites
96:Israelites
27:depicting
3750:228959516
3661:T. Nelson
3564:154626003
2794:170860040
2778:0003-9756
2739:159560414
1608:170567885
1588:Der Islam
1442:Citations
1199:Sodomites
978:Amalekite
929:C. Knight
849:Tel Masos
711:Augustine
696:John Gill
643:Sfat Emet
582:Positive
564:Positive
546:Negative
499:The Hague
443:King Saul
419:Geshurite
396:Midianite
363:King Saul
178:concubine
122:Etymology
3942:Genocide
3843:Archived
3783:(1832).
3736:: 1–16.
3713:(1833).
3653:(1894).
3635:(1884).
3220:Archived
3216:Biblehub
3169:Archived
3030:Cox 1884
2786:23997469
2488:Archived
2484:Biblehub
2444:Archived
2440:Biblehub
2289:Archived
2001:Biblehub
1979:Biblehub
1957:Biblehub
1712:"Amalek"
1455:"Amalek"
1391:See also
1136:Irenaeus
1085:nihilism
1030:folklore
997:exegesis
887:Edomites
820:Assyrian
462:anointed
389:Ammonite
378:Amorites
349:victory.
330:Rephidim
170:Edomites
3881:article
3625:Sources
3191:Sefaria
2269:, p. 93
2222:Sefaria
2195:Sefaria
2168:Sefaria
1567:Biblica
1327:yeshiva
1292:In the
1154:at the
1140:Cyprian
1118:on the
1073:cynical
1071:or the
1069:atheism
1058:Hasidic
995:In his
948:Shemite
745:merisms
621:Michael
538:Source
509:In the
481:Judaism
433:in the
385:Moabite
336:orders
317:14:7).
315:Genesis
303:nomadic
194:Abraham
190:midrash
162:Eliphaz
143:Ishmael
140:prophet
137:Islamic
87:ʿĂmālēq
79:
77:עֲמָלֵק
3927:Amalek
3875:Amalec
3769:
3748:
3699:
3676:
3562:
3396:
3263:
3122:
3052:
2873:
2848:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2737:
2719:Sophia
2693:
2608:
2576:
2536:
2511:
2265:
2148:
1722:
1606:
1549:
1374:about
1302:Hitler
1164:Christ
1098:, the
1061:rabbis
1038:Romans
937:France
933:Caesar
914:Samuel
857:Hormah
815:cherem
807:cherem
741:cherem
727:cherem
723:Origen
707:cherem
692:cherem
679:cherem
657:cherem
517:Rambam
447:Ziklag
435:Judean
431:Ziklag
367:Yahweh
338:Joshua
311:Kadesh
307:Canaan
239:Balaam
182:Horite
174:Israel
129:am lak
104:Canaan
36:Amalek
29:Joshua
3905:Nazis
3746:S2CID
3560:S2CID
3269:. In
2966:Rashi
2944:(PDF)
2790:S2CID
2782:JSTOR
2735:S2CID
2715:(PDF)
2259:Rashi
1739:Rashi
1604:S2CID
1401:Haman
1385:Hamas
1336:Arabs
1237:Kaaba
1233:Mecca
1156:cross
1152:devil
1148:Jesus
1104:Haman
1042:Nazis
872:David
787:like
765:Haman
752:Islam
731:herem
662:Sages
625:Satan
604:Rashi
532:Type
521:Torah
451:David
427:Negev
415:David
342:Aaron
334:Moses
299:Sinai
295:Negev
243:Rashi
224:, by
211:νόθος
202:Jacob
198:Isaac
186:Lotan
106:, or
3937:Esau
3932:Edom
3767:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3461:2023
3435:2023
3394:ISBN
3246:2018
3120:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2774:ISSN
2691:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2349:2024
2297:2022
2263:ISBN
2230:2024
2203:2024
2176:2024
2146:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1663:2022
1547:ISBN
1397:Agag
1346:and
1310:Jews
1211:and
1191:Lamb
1138:and
1087:and
1050:ISIS
1028:and
870:and
868:Saul
826:and
761:Saul
717:and
579:189
561:188
429:and
408:Agag
400:Gaza
387:and
371:Agag
344:and
297:and
200:and
166:Esau
116:Noah
100:Esau
3738:doi
3643:125
3552:doi
3305:doi
2838:doi
2766:doi
2727:doi
1596:doi
1201:in
1160:Law
999:of
980:in
968:to
920:In
889:or
543:59
497:in
346:Hur
112:Ham
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