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638:. The final war therefore will be fought between the children of God and the children of Satan, between good and evil. This is possibly why the 188th commandment exists, to wipe out Amalek completely, male and female, young and old, sparing none, since evil has no future. There is however, one obscure prophecy that states that all nations will eventually worship God alone, which begs the question of how can there possibly be a third temple when Amalek is wiped out. The Midrash states there is no quandry, given the last Amalekite is a convert to Judaism.
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215:. She replied she would rather be a handmaiden to the dregs of Israel than be a mistress of another gentile nation. To punish the Patriarchs for their attitudes, Timna birthed Amalek, whose descendants would cause Israel much distress. Amalek was also the product of an incestuous union since Eliphaz was Timna's stepfather, according to 1 Chronicles 1:36, after he committed adultery with the wife of Seir the Horite, who was Timna's biological father. First-century Roman-Jewish scholar and historian
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1047:, Elliot Horowitz, and Josef Stern suggest that the Amalekites represent an "eternally irreconciliable enemy" that wants to murder Jews. In post-biblical times, Jews associated contemporary enemies with Amalek or Haman and, occasionally, believed pre-emptive violence is acceptable against such enemies. Groups identified with Amalek include the
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man, woman, infant and suckling. This massacre is believed to be a retelling of the raids in 1 Samuel 14:48, although it additionally specifies that it occurred in the "city of Amalek", which was believed to be the "principal place of arms" or the "metropolis" of Amalek. In 1 Samuel 15:33, Samuel identifies king
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and
Gezirite allies. He kills every man and woman but takes sheep, cattle, donkey, camels and clothing. These Amalekites were theorized to be refugees who fled from Saul or a separate Amalekite faction that dwelt to the south of Israel. Gili Kluger believes these narratives were anti-Saul propaganda,
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In 1 Samuel 15:1–9, Samuel identifies Amalek as the enemy of
Israelites, saying "Thus says the Lord of hosts: I will punish Amalek for what he did to Israel, how he ambushed him on the way when he came up from Egypt," a reference to Exodus. God then commands Saul to destroy the Amalekites, by killing
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In Psalm 83:7, Amalek joins Israel's other historic enemies in annihilating Israel. Their attempts are thwarted by God. Although most scholars believe the passage refers to a real historical event, they are unsure which event it should be identified with. One likely answer is that it occurred during
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Professor Philip
Jenkins notes that Christian extremists have historically labelled enemies such as Native Americans, Protestants, Catholics and Tutsis as Amalekites to justify their genocides. Jews and victims of the Crusades were also called Amalekites. Because of this, modern Christian scholars
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such as "man and woman" and Near
Easterners valued "bravado and exaggeration" when reporting warfare. Kluger believes this is an earnest attempt to absolve the Israelites, and their God, of moral responsibility. Nonetheless, she argues Copan's interpretation still "normalizes mass violence" and
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commands existed to prevent the Jewish community from being endangered but believes people should think twice before literally following them. Nathan Lopes
Cardazo argues that the Torah's ethically questionable laws were intentional since they were a result of God working with an underdeveloped
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in retribution for "what Amalek did to on the way as were coming out of Egypt", a reference to the
Amalekite ambush on the Israelites at Rephidim. Earlier, in Deuteronomy 7:1–16 and Deuteronomy 25:16–18, they are commanded to utterly destroy all the inhabitants of the idolatrous cities in the
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concluded that there were no
Amalekites and that the Biblical stories concerning them were entirely ahistorical and mythological. Although archaeological research has improved knowledge about nomadic Arabs, no specific artifact or site has been linked to Amalek with certainty.
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commands were not uncommon in the ancient Near East. Their purpose was to show that the deity was on the aggressor's side and that the enemy deserved said deity's wrath for their "sins". It also allowed kings to pursue militarist policies without taking moral responsibility.
870:, have Amalekite connections. If this hypothesis is correct, it is likely that Saul's anti-Amalekite campaigns were motivated by a strategic desire to wrest control of copper production at Tel Masos. Copper was valuable to the early Israelites and their theology and ritual.
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commands to be an exceptional component to
Israelite and Judahite warfare since they were erratically applied, even in the early stages of national and ethnic identity formation. They were an extreme means to eradicate the threat of chaos. Similar attitudes were held by
813:. However, she notes that the Hebrew Bible is surprisingly neutral when describing the Amalekites and that the texts do not provide an adequate explanation on why they were singled out for complete annihilation, compared to the Egyptians and Canaanites for example.
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Adam J. Silverstein observes that most of the medieval Muslim world ignored the Book of Esther or modified its details, despite their familiarity with the
Persian Jewish community. This was caused by their attempt to reconcile the Biblical Esther with the
1133:. This was because Haman was considered to be an Amalekite although this label is more likely to be symbolic rather than literal. Some Iranophilic Jews interpreted Haman's Amalekite background as being anathema to both Jews and 'pure-blooded Iranians'.
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No reference to Amalek or the
Amalekites has been found in surviving Egyptian and Assyrian monumental inscriptions and records, even though both groups recorded various tribes and peoples of the Levant in the relevant time period(s). Therefore,
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watch from a nearby hill. When Moses' hands holding his staff are raised, the Israelites prevail, but when his hands are lowered, the Israelites falter. He sits with his hands held up by Aaron and Hur until sunset, securing the Israelite
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said that the Israeli government was "committed to completely eliminating this evil from the world", and he also stated: "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember". At an argument to the
1014:, concerning Balaam's utterance: "Amalek was the first one of the nations, but his end afterward will be even his perishing", Richard Watson attempts to associate this passage to the "first one of the nations" that developed
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and not in present times; this limitation is widely supported by medieval authorities. According to the Midrash, every nation on Earth has a guardian angel overseeing its destiny, except for two: Israel rejected archangel
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presented the comments as inciting genocide against the Palestinian people. Netanyahu denied that was his intention, stating the South African accusation reflected a "deep historical ignorance" since he was referring to
1307:, some Israeli politicians and extremists have compared Palestinians to Amalek, stated that the Palestinians are the Amalekites or accuse Arabs of exhibiting "behavior" that is "typical" of Amalekites.
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Amalek is described in Genesis 36:16 as the "chief of Amalek" among the "chiefs of the sons of Esau", from which it is surmised that he ruled a clan or territory named after him. In the oracle of
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were equivalent to the Hamite-Arabian Amalekites described by Muslim scholars. He argues the Amalekites were always allied with the Canaanites who descended from Ham, were conquered by the
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fortress and Horvat Haluqim in the Negev, dated to the late 11th to early 10th century BC, could corroborate with the Biblical Israelite-Amalekite confrontations, during the reigns of
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Other Talmudic commentators argued that the calls to spare no Amalekite or "blot out their memory" were metaphorical and did not require the actual killing of Amalekites. Rabbi
1289:, Israel's memorial to the Holocaust, features the phrase on a banner, and in letters between European Jews during the Holocaust, they plead with each other to "bear witness".
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and later, supplanted their population. However, the paganism of the Amalekites and other Arabian tribes negatively influenced the Ishmaelites, including their approach to the
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Hunter, Alastair G. (2003). "Denominating Amalek: Racist stereotyping in the Bible and the Justification of Discrimination". In Bekkenkamp, Jonneke; Sherwood, Yvonne (eds.).
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passages literally. He states that "there is practically no historical evidence that anyone in the Great Church" viewed them as being purely an allegory. In particular,
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The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day
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471:. The Amalekite claims he euthanized Saul, at Saul's request, and removed his crown. David gives orders to his men to kill the Amalekite for killing the
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Stern, Josef (2004). "Maimonides on Amalek, Self-Corrective Mechanisms, and the War against Idolatry"". In Hartman, David; Malino, Jonathan W. (eds.).
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252:, Amalek was called the "first of the nations". One modern scholar believes this attests to Amalek's high antiquity, while traditional commentator
30:
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have re-examined the Biblical narratives that inspired these atrocities using philology, literary analysis, archaeology and historical evidence.
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320:'s agricultural zone. This is probably based on the association of this tribal group with the steppe region of ancient Israel and the area of
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Kluger believes that the extermination verses can be explained by the Israelites seeing the Amalekites as their "unwelcome brother" and the "
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Some commentators have discussed the ethics of the commandment to exterminate all the Amalekites, including children, and the presumption of
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allies, defeat Israel so that the Moabites could oppress them. Judges 10:11–13 confirms Amalek as being one of the many oppressors of Israel.
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passages allegorically; Hofreiter argues that although Origen prioritized a spiritual interpretation of the Bible, he did not deny that the
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that 'raises his hand against the throne of God, his tabernacle and his saints'. He believes the phrase "from generation to generation" in
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ruled that the commandment only applies to a Jewish king or an organized community, and cannot be performed by an individual. According to
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1121:. It is customary for the audience to make noise and shout whenever "Haman" is mentioned, in order to desecrate his name, based on
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By the 19th century, many Western theologians believed that the nation of Amalek could have flourished before the time of Abraham.
896:. Oval fortresses were built during the relevant timeframe. However, other scholars argue that these settlements were inhabited by
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THE MIDRASH SAYS, Copyright 1980 Rabbi Moshe Weissman, Brooklyn, NY. Benei Yakov Publications 1742 E.7th St. Brooklyn, NY 11223.
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of Amalek as an enemy and killer, saying "As your sword has made women childless, so shall your mother be childless among women."
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3151:"Shabbat Zachor: "Remember what Amalek did to you!" But why did he do it? Can we reconcile with our eternal sworn enemies?"
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as its guardian, in favor of God himself. The other is Amalek, since his guardian angel is the foremost angel of evil, the
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Maimonides elaborates that when the Jewish people wage war against Amalek, they must request the Amalekites to accept the
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Remember Amalek!: Vengeance, Zealotry, and Group Destruction in the Bible according to Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and Josephus
617:, the Amalekites were sorcerers who could transform themselves to resemble animals, in order to avoid capture. Thus, in
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Some commentators claim that this passage is a reference to the territory which was later inhabited by the Amalekites.
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In Numbers 14:45, the Amalekites and Canaanites kill a group of Israelites that tried to enter the hill country of the
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According to Christian Hofreiter, almost all Christian authorities and theologians have historically interpreted the
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movement see Arabs as the "Amalek of today". One reason includes the belief that Amalek is any nation that prevents
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3551:"'Amalek's Accomplices' Blaming Zionism for the Holocaust: Anti-Zionist Ultra-Orthodoxy in Israel during the 1980s"
1090:. This is sometimes known as the "Amalekite doctrine". In contemporary times, religious Jews associate Amalek with
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said that God would perform the elimination of Amalek and that Jews only need to remember what Amalek did to them.
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As a people, the Amalekites are identified throughout the Hebrew Bible as a recurrent enemy of the Israelites:
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2952:"Masseboth Shrine at Horvat Haluqim: Amalekites in the Negev Highlands-Sinai Region? Evaluating the Evidence"
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In 1 Chronicles 4:43, the Simeonites kill the remaining survivors of Amalek and live in their settlements.
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2902:"Tel Masos: Its Importance in Relation to the Settlement of the Tribes of Israel in the Northern Negev,"
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968:, and that the Edomites never rescued these Amalekites from Saul's campaigns due to inter-tribal feuds.
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European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie / Europäisches Archiv für Soziologie
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3246:"Unmasking Purim, Fighting Amalek: Behind the whimsy of this holiday lie some deep lessons for living"
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led a successful mission against the Amalekites to recover "all that the Amalekites had carried away".
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said that the command was to destroy "the remembrance of Amalek" rather than actual Amalekites. The
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1595:"Abraham in Islamic Perspective Reflections on the Development of Monotheism in Pre-Islamic Arabia"
935:, the "field of the Amalekites" is mentioned, but the person who is named Amalek was not born yet.
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enumerated several speculative reasons for the existence of a "more ancient Amalek" than Abraham.
923:. "Agag" may have been the hereditary name of the Amalekite kings. The one depicted was killed by
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derives three commandments, two positive and one negative, related to references to Amalek in the
3737:"Metaphysical Hatred and Sacred Genocide: The Questionable Role of Amalek in Biblical Literature"
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1204:. Likewise, Charles Ellicott notes that the Amalekites were collectively called 'the sinners' in
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In 2 Samuel 1:5–10, an Amalekite tells David that he found Saul leaning on his spear after the
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deported and mixed the nations, so it is no longer possible to determine who is an Amalekite.
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3621:"Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case"
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3172:"ISIS a Reenactment of Biblical War Between Israel and the Amalekites, Military Analysts Say"
2446:
2347:"Netanyahu rejects South Africa's claim that his quote about 'Amalek' was a call to genocide"
2260:(Commentary to Exodus 17:16), Sefer HaYereim (435), Hagahot Maimoniyot (Hilchot Melachim 5:5)
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designed to make him appear weak compared to David, since no losses were attributed to David.
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3706:(David Noel Freedman, Allen C. Myers, Astrid B. Beck ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East: Military Violence in Light of Cosmology and History
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Islamic commentators believe the Amalekites were an ancient Arabian tribe. The monotheistic
892:. They lived in tents, rode camels, participated in the copper trade and worshipped gods at
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interpreted the command as fully hating Amalek, without performing any physical action. The
621:, it was considered necessary to destroy the livestock when destroying Amalek. According to
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and the best livestock of the Amalekites in 1 Samuel 15 in defiance of these commandments.
8:
3589:"Netanyahu invokes 'Amalek' narrative in speech about expanding ground operation in Gaza"
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Eynei Kol Ḥai, 73, on Sanhedrin 96b. Also Minchat Chinuch, parshat Ki Tetze, mitzvah 434.
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Some Arabian stories mention an Arab tribe called "Amaliq" that existed at the time of
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Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands
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Is God a Vindictive Bully? Reconciling Portrayals of God in the Old and New Testaments
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3603:"PM's office says it's 'preposterous' to say his invoking Amalek was a genocide call"
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203:, Timna was a princess who tried to convert to Judaism. However, she was rejected by
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Making Sense of Old Testament Genocide: Christian Interpretations of Herem Passages
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Rabbis generally agree that Amalekites no longer exist, based on the argument that
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143:, 'a people who lick (blood)', but most scholars regard the origin to be unknown.
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It is possible that some of the fortified settlements in the Negev highlands and
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state that the Amalekites were extinct by the second half of Hezekiah's reign.
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and pay a tax to the Jewish kingdom. If they refuse, they are to be executed.
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theorized that the Amalekites were not the descendants of Amalek by taking a
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1266:, who affirmed the Amalekite origins of Haman and his antisemitic vendetta.
1022:, the Amalekites were the "first" in their hostility toward the Israelites.
109:. The name "Amalek" can refer to the descendants of Amalek, the grandson of
3815:
The Punishment of Amalek in Jewish Tradition: Coping with the Moral Problem
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Sanctified aggression: legacies of biblical and post-biblical vocabularies
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Copan, Paul (Fall 2010). "How Could God Command Killing the Canaanites?".
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identified Palestinians as the descendants of the ancient Amalekites and
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301:) were claimed to be Amalek's descendants through the genealogy of Esau.
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Britt, Brian; Lipton, Diana; Soltes, Ori Z.; Walfish, Barry Dov (2010).
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2723:"Ethical Criticism of the Bible: The Case of Divinely Mandated Genocide"
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The Bible's Top Fifty Ideas: The essential concepts everyone should know
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In Deuteronomy 25:17–19, The Israelites are specifically commanded to "
164:"Amalekites" redirects here. For Amalekites in the Book of Mormon, see
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3776:(3rd and corr. print. ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press.
1200:, where Amalek and other antichristian states are exterminated by the
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Laying Down the Sword: Why We Can't Ignore the Bible's Violent Verses
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Amalek is the archetypal enemy of the Jews and the symbol of evil in
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25:17, 19 – "Remember what Amalek has done to you ... do not forget."
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3290:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
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Introduction to positive commandments, Beer Mayim Hayim, letter Alef
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Not to forget the wicked deeds which Amalek perpetrated against us
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states: "He came before all of them to make war with Israel". The
3924:
A discussion with R. Eliezer Breitowitz & Dr. Elliott Malamet
3900:- Amalek symbolism in relations between Israelis and Palestinians
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the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the 9th to 7th centuries BC.
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Judaism and modernity: the religious philosophy of David Hartman
1113:
is read in commemoration of the salvation of Jewish people from
983:. However, the modern biblical scholar Gerald L. Mattingly uses
3829:
Israeli PM invokes the Amalek in the context of the war on Gaza
3304:"Amalek and the amalekites in the ancient christian literature"
3086:
Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion
2765:"Religion, nationalism and genocide: ancient Judaism revisited"
1553:
A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad
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elaborates this concept by making a comparison: one might say "
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In some rabbinical interpretations, Amalek is etymologised as
3915:
2976:
2935:"A Metallurgical Perspective on the Birth of Ancient Israel,"
2541:
Is God a Moral Monster? Making Sense of the Old Testament God
2269:
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1729:. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 77–79.
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1247:
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1158:
1114:
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1071:
1052:
882:
775:
774:, the king of Israel, to depose the Amalekites, which caused
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have defended a literal reading of these passages at length.
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to help humanity evolve in their understanding of the Torah.
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3106:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 99–105.
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to be defensive warfare since the Amalekites were invaders.
304:
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Amalekites inhabited the
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and his men conduct raids against the Amalekites and their
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promised land and their livestock; scripture purports that
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126:
110:
70:
64:
3817:, Harvard Theological Review Vol.87, No.3, p. 323-46.
3461:"The Dangerous History Behind Netanyahu's Amalek Rhetoric"
2668:
The Ethics of War: Shared problems in different traditions
1576:
M. Weippert, Semitische Nomaden des zweiten Jahrtausends.
1387:
allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
436:
According to 1 Samuel 30:1–2, the Amalekites invaded the
269:
58:
3532:
Defining Israel:The Jewish State, Democracy, and the Law
3276:
Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
3275:
3052:
2638:
Divine Command Ethics: Jewish and Christian perspectives
2447:"1 Samuel 15: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
1986:"1 Samuel 15: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
794:. It has also been described as genocidal, according to
3841:
Amalek, Based on the teachings of the Lubavitcher Rebbe
3492:
Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence
3356:"1 Samuel 15 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
3263:
3122:
Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence
3024:
3022:
2912:
2469:"1 Samuel 14: Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible"
1727:
A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume I (Part I: A – Cyrus)
1533:
1531:
964:, existed before the Edomite Amalekites thus affirming
316:
or seminomadic lifestyle along the fringes of southern
3034:
1781:
1779:
1680:
1509:
736:
of Alexandria is sometimes cited as having viewed the
2880:(2004 reprint ed.). Cornell University Library.
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
512:. The text at the side (in Dutch and Hebrew) is from
293:
284:
171:
According to the Hebrew Bible, Amalek was the son of
73:
3198:"Destroying Amalek: Removing Doubt & Insecurity"
3019:
1528:
1181:) to defeat the demonic Strong Man, as described in
754:
commands were hyperbolic since the passages contain
365:
blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven
290:
278:
67:
27:
Nation and a character described in the Hebrew Bible
3973:
Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
3863:
Latznu: Popular Culture and the Disciples of Amalek
3223:"Esther 3 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"
2604:
2602:
2600:
1776:
339:, the Amalekites ambush the Israelites encamped at
272:
266:
61:
55:
3652:. London: K. Paul, Trench, & Company. p.
2044:
1663:"Timna, concubine of Eliphaz: Midrash and Aggadah"
950:", though Gaul only later became known as France.
3378:"1 Chronicles 4 Keil and Delitzsch OT Commentary"
2256:(Sefer Hamitzvot, end of positive commandments),
1659:For an Rabbanic explanation of Timna lineage see
1365:groups consider Zionists to be Amalekites due to
1281:Since the Holocaust, the phrase as it appears in
907:
351:to lead the Israelites into battle, while Moses,
156:, but it is not clear if this is the same tribe.
3929:
3489:
2597:
1556:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43, 244.
885:. Bruins discovered that their inhabitants were
3078:
3076:
2272:, 1 Samuel 15:3 commentary, The Rubin Edition,
1588:
1586:
1349:are not related to Amalekites and prior to the
1169:. Origen sees the battle as an allegory of the
3846:Remember Amalek: A lesson in Divine Providence
1315:of our generation" by 200 rabbis. Many in the
475:king, believing him to be guilty by admission.
113:, or anyone who lived in their territories in
3868:Antiquities of the Jews - by Josephus Flavius
2518:. Oxford University Press. pp. 247–248.
2155:. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
1667:The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
687:explains that the Amalekites were subject to
596:To constantly remember what Amalek did to us
460:and taking its citizens away into captivity.
3485:
3483:
3481:
3097:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 360–362.
3073:
2817:
2681:Rogerson, John William; Carroll, M. Daniel.
2340:
2338:
1769:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1583:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1480:
1471:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1188:John Gill believes that Amalek is a type of
452:border area towards the end of the reign of
3217:
3215:
2683:Theory and Practice in Old Testament Ethics
2615:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–63.
2608:
581:"You shall blot out the memory of Amalek" (
409:allies, destroy Israelite farms "as far as
3526:
3524:
3301:
2423:Cardazo, Nathan Lopes (October 19, 2016).
2332:, Hilchot Melachim uMilchamot, 6:1 and 6:4
1720:
693:in the Book of Samuel for the purposes of
671:world. He believes that God appointed the
3697:
3478:
2918:
2720:
2700:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–9.
2512:Hofreiter, Christian (16 February 2018).
2511:
2335:
1549:
1522:
1495:
1477:
367:" once they have taken possession of the
3432:
3212:
3118:
2665:
1642:
1592:
1442:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
1208:, which was only used elsewhere for the
1063:, and bellicose Iranian leaders such as
911:
495:
227:
29:
3678:
3521:
3508:
3398:
3083:
2762:
2695:
2422:
2399:
2344:
2289:
1964:"1 Samuel 15: Matthew Poole Commentary"
1686:
1353:, some Jews associated Amalek with the
1136:
1025:
14:
3930:
3790:
3734:
3720:
3660:
3243:
3191:
3189:
3169:
3101:
3028:
3009:
2949:
2875:
2840:
2650:
2425:"The Deliberately Flawed Divine Torah"
2059:
1660:
1537:
744:passages described historical events.
625:, the commandment only applies to the
159:
3797:A Biblical and theological dictionary
3767:
3548:
3244:Finley, Mordecai (21 February 2018).
3092:
2818:Taggar-Cohen, Ada (October 6, 2022).
2578:
2563:
2538:
2146:
1785:
1233:
953:John Gill believes the Amalekites of
759:"hostility towards targeted groups".
3511:Imperial Israel and the Palestinians
3195:
2400:Sassoon, Isaac S.D. (May 14, 2015).
2143:, Camden, NJ: Thomas Nelson and Sons
1030:
239:(1860), representing Exodus 17:8–16.
86:
3642:
3186:
3040:
2651:Elkins, Dov Peretz; Treu, Abigail.
1292:
1177:, who recruits strong people (i.e.
599:"Remember what Amalek did to you" (
405:In Judges 6:1–6, Amalek, and their
24:
3806:
3458:
3433:Goldberg, Jeffrey (May 24, 2004).
2635:
2153:The New Jerome Biblical Commentary
2131:
1661:Kadari, Tamar (31 December 1999).
785:
609:Many rabbinic authorities such as
578:To exterminate the seed of Amalek
394:In Judges 3:13, Amalek, and their
25:
3999:
3822:
3649:Balaam: An Exposition and a Study
3233:from the original on Jul 2, 2023.
3170:Zaimov, Stoyan (April 29, 2017).
2959:Negev, Dead Sea and Arava Studies
2543:. Baker Books. pp. 175–176.
2228:"Mishneh Torah, Positive Mitzvot"
2201:"Mishneh Torah, Positive Mitzvot"
2174:"Mishneh Torah, Negative Mitzvot"
1153:consider the defeat of Amalek in
1125:. It is also customary to recite
1086:rejection of God, which leads to
999:, and in the early 19th century,
873:Archaeological evidence from the
486:
219:refers to Amalek as a "bastard" (
3704:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
3613:
3595:
3581:
3542:
3502:
3452:
3426:
3417:
3392:
3370:
3348:
3269:
3182:from the original on 2021-04-16.
3088:. Pluto Press. pp. 129–131.
2820:"War at the Command of the Gods"
2666:Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David.
2501:from the original on 2013-12-17.
2491:"1 Samuel 15: Gill's Exposition"
2457:from the original on 2014-11-08.
2008:"1 Samuel 15: Benson Commentary"
1258:, who was the antagonist of the
778:'s hostility to the Jews in the
262:
51:
3914:'s controversial view that the
3555:Journal of Contemporary History
3326:
3302:Paczkowski, Mieczysław (2014).
3295:
3237:
3163:
3143:
3112:
3046:
2981:
2969:
2943:
2924:
2894:
2869:
2834:
2811:
2756:
2714:
2689:
2674:
2659:
2644:
2629:
2583:. Baker Academic. p. 205.
2572:
2557:
2532:
2505:
2483:
2461:
2439:
2416:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2323:
2314:
2302:from the original on 2020-03-04
2290:Klapper, Aryeh (4 March 2020).
2283:
2263:
2247:
2220:
2193:
2166:
2140:Peake's Commentary on the Bible
2137:Black, Matthew, editor (1962),
2120:
2109:
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2033:
2022:
2000:
1978:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1857:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1756:
1743:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1653:
1636:
1580:vol. 55, 1974, 265-280, 427-433
1398:, not Palestinians as a whole.
1269:
1067:. More metaphorically, to some
816:Ada Taggar-Cohen observes that
678:
3904:Contemporary Amalek - Hirhurim
3897:Between Rephidim and Jerusalem
3774:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
3727:Penny Cyclopaedia, Volumes 1-2
3683:. Hebrew Union College Press.
3403:. HarperCollins Religious US.
2989:"Genesis 14 Gill's Exposition"
2292:"How Not to Talk About Amalek"
1625:
1570:
1543:
1459:
1422:Antisemitism in the Arab world
1383:International Court of Justice
1285:is used as a call to witness.
908:Alternative theories of origin
844:
312:. They appear to have lived a
13:
1:
3753:10.1080/14623528.2020.1827781
3698:Mattingly, Gerald L. (2000).
3334:"Exodus 17 Gill's Exposition"
2609:Silverstein, Adam J. (2018).
1447:
1376:(beginning in October 2023),
1141:Early Church fathers such as
243:
237:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
3881:A Kabbalistic view of Amalek
3741:Journal of Genocide Research
3667:Illustrated Bible Dictionary
2847:(1st ed.). De Gruyter.
2372:Commentary to Deuteronomy 25
1725:. In Hastings, James (ed.).
1452:
1299:Far-right politics in Israel
1161:defeating the powers of the
709:describes the cherem as the
376:ultimately loses favor with
139:
132:
97:
42:fighting Amalek (Exodus 17).
7:
2950:Bruins, Hendrik J. (2022).
2696:Naimark, Norman M. (2017).
2345:Kampeas, Ron (2024-01-16).
1401:
1311:was called "the Amalek and
1196:specifically refers to the
866:and possibly equivalent to
824:C. L. Crouch considers the
391:without Moses's permission.
166:Amalekites (Book of Mormon)
105:as the enemy nation of the
36:Phillip Medhurst Collection
10:
4004:
3918:were considered Amalekites
3772:. In Roger Bullard (ed.).
3635:
3567:10.1177/002200949202700408
3536:Hebrew Union College Press
3496:Princeton University Press
3292:Retrieved 13 February 2017
3127:Princeton University Press
3119:Horowitz, Elliott (2018).
1611:10.1515/islm.2004.81.2.184
1432:Jewish extremist terrorism
1296:
1117:, who plotted to kill all
770:believed that God ordered
491:
335:In Exodus 17:8–16, during
233:Battle with the Amalekites
221:
163:
3768:Mills, Watson E. (1997).
3679:Feldman, Louis H (2004).
3577:– via SageJournals.
3490:Elliott Horowitz (2018).
3322:– via ResearchGate.
2781:10.1017/S000397560000686X
2763:Freeman, Michael (1994).
2742:10.1007/s11841-011-0261-5
2698:Genocide: A World History
2352:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1593:Athamina, Khalil (2005).
1550:Patterson, David (2011).
1305:Israel–Palestine conflict
987:to glean that the use of
380:for failing to kill King
225:) in a derogatory sense.
87:
3922:"Amalek" (Passages 1999)
3670:(2nd ed.). London:
3399:Jenkins, Philip (2013).
2876:Singer, Isidore (1901).
1721:Macpherson, J. (2004) .
1643:Ginzberg, Louis (1913).
762:
3906:- a blog post by Rabbi
3874:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3835:Wipe Out Amalek, Today?
3287:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2721:Morriston, Wes (2012).
1646:The Legends of the Jews
1621:– via De Gruyter.
1242:evangelized to them in
3968:Massacres in the Bible
3662:Easton, Matthew George
3384:. 2024. Archived from
3362:. 2024. Archived from
3340:. 2024. Archived from
3320:10.12775/TiCz.2014.021
3284:; et al. (eds.).
2995:. 2024. Archived from
2909:vol. 20, issue 4 1978.
2841:Crouch, C. L. (2009).
2475:. 2022. Archived from
2014:. 2024. Archived from
1992:. 2024. Archived from
1970:. 2024. Archived from
1437:Religious antisemitism
1173:mysteriously invoking
1119:Jews in Persian Empire
928:
517:
240:
101:) is described in the
43:
3890:Catholic Encyclopedia
3800:. London: John Mason.
3735:Kugler, Gili (2020).
3388:on February 12, 2024.
3366:on February 12, 2024.
3344:on February 12, 2024.
3154:Pardes from Jerusalem
3084:Masalha, Nur (2000).
2999:on February 12, 2024.
2853:10.1515/9783110223521
2435:on February 12, 2024.
2402:"Obliterating Cherem"
1427:Antisemitism in Islam
1351:Arab–Israeli conflict
1327:, which includes the
1323:from settling in the
1157:to be reminiscent of
1078:), Amalek represents
973:Matthew George Easton
915:
792:collective punishment
650:Samson Raphael Hirsch
504:) by Dick Stins is a
499:
337:the Exodus from Egypt
231:
33:
3958:Hebrew Bible nations
3700:"Amalek, Amalekites"
3549:Porat, Dina (1992).
3435:"Among the Settlers"
3208:on January 23, 2024.
2830:on February 9, 2024.
2579:Copan, Paul (2022).
2539:Copan, Paul (2011).
2479:on January 23, 2024.
2412:on February 9, 2024.
2018:on January 23, 2024.
1996:on January 23, 2024.
1974:on January 23, 2024.
1831:Deuteronomy 25:16–18
1809:Deuteronomy 25:17–19
1367:Zionist antisemitism
1137:Christian traditions
1131:Shabbat before Purim
1127:Deuteronomy 25:17–18
1026:Abrahamic traditions
627:future messianic era
623:Haggahot Maimuniyyot
424:In 1 Samuel 27:8–9,
343:, but are defeated.
175:(himself the son of
3770:"Amalek/Amalekites"
3308:Teologia i Człowiek
3278:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
3043:, pp. 125–126.
2938:Entangled Religions
2906:Expedition Magazine
2655:. pp. 315–316.
2640:. pp. 137–138.
2636:Harris, Michael J.
2296:The Times of Israel
1649:. pp. 422–423.
1372:During the 2023–24
1361:. Conversely, some
1359:medieval Christians
1220:Carl Friedrich Keil
1100:Jewish doubt in God
1092:violent antisemites
1065:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
713:being carried out.
191:Timna. Timna was a
183:and the brother of
160:In the Hebrew Bible
3983:Pre-Islamic Arabia
3856:2016-03-04 at the
3851:Remembering Amalek
3813:Sagi, Avi (1994).
3627:. 18 January 2024.
3609:. 16 January 2024.
3056:Amalek, Amalekites
2900:Aharon Kempinski,
2566:Enrichment Journal
1820:Deuteronomy 7:1–16
1378:Benjamin Netanyahu
1345:. Genealogically,
1234:Islamic traditions
1088:unethical hedonism
1074:(particularly the
929:
711:law of retaliation
666:believes that the
664:Isaac S.D. Sassoon
643:Seven Laws of Noah
518:
506:Holocaust memorial
241:
179:, ancestor of the
44:
34:Illustration from
3136:978-0-691-19039-6
3066:978-3-11-018355-9
2707:978-0-19-976526-3
2525:978-0-19-253900-7
2381:Shemot Zachor 646
2116:1 Chronicles 4:43
1632:1 Chronicles 1:36
1491:1 Chronicles 1:36
1410:, an ancestor of
1283:Deuteronomy 25:17
1031:Jewish traditions
921:The Death of Agag
894:masseboth shrines
890:agro-pastoralists
796:genocide scholars
607:
606:
563:"Do not forget" (
199:. According to a
95:
16:(Redirected from
3995:
3988:Tribes of Arabia
3912:Rav Soloveitchik
3876:, 1901-6: Amalek
3801:
3787:
3764:
3731:
3730:. Great Britain.
3717:
3694:
3675:
3657:
3629:
3628:
3625:Associated Press
3617:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3204:. Archived from
3196:Koperwas, Josh.
3193:
3184:
3183:
3167:
3161:
3156:, 18 Feb. 2018.
3147:
3141:
3140:
3129:. pp. 1–7.
3116:
3110:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2808:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2431:. Archived from
2420:
2414:
2413:
2408:. Archived from
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2287:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:1 Samuel 30:9–20
2080:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1374:Israel–Hamas war
1293:In modern Israel
1260:Exodus narrative
985:textual analysis
977:literal approach
875:Tell el-Qudeirat
862:, which is near
750:argues that the
685:Charles Ellicott
537:
536:
469:battle of Gilboa
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
224:
223:
217:Flavius Josephus
187:) and Eliphaz's
142:
100:
94:romanized:
93:
91:
89:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
21:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3928:
3927:
3858:Wayback Machine
3825:
3820:
3809:
3807:Further reading
3804:
3792:Watson, Richard
3784:
3722:Knight, Charles
3714:
3691:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3607:Times of Israel
3601:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3547:
3543:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3507:
3503:
3498:. pp. 2–4.
3488:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3397:
3393:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3300:
3296:
3282:Singer, Isidore
3270:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3194:
3187:
3168:
3164:
3158:Elmad by Pardes
3148:
3144:
3137:
3117:
3113:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3020:
3008:
3004:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2965:(2–4): 121–142.
2954:
2948:
2944:
2931:Nissim Amzallag
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2839:
2835:
2816:
2812:
2761:
2757:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2421:
2417:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
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2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2268:
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2252:
2248:
2238:
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2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2094:2 Samuel 1:5–10
2092:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2072:1 Samuel 30:1–2
2070:
2066:
2058:
2045:
2040:1 Samuel 27:8–9
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1919:1 Samuel 15:1–9
1917:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1875:Judges 10:11–13
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1485:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1404:
1301:
1295:
1272:
1236:
1224:Franz Delitzsch
1139:
1037:Jewish religion
1033:
1028:
1018:. According to
995:is actually an
910:
847:
833:rulers such as
788:
786:Modern academia
765:
681:
494:
489:
265:
261:
246:
169:
162:
135:
121:descendants of
83:Biblical Hebrew
54:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3901:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3823:External links
3821:
3819:
3818:
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3808:
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3594:
3580:
3561:(4): 695–729.
3541:
3538:. p. 281.
3520:
3517:. p. 113.
3501:
3477:
3459:Lanard, Noah.
3451:
3439:The New Yorker
3425:
3416:
3410:978-0061990724
3409:
3391:
3369:
3347:
3325:
3314:(2): 137–155.
3294:
3262:
3250:Jewish Journal
3236:
3211:
3185:
3176:Christian Post
3162:
3149:Roth, Daniel.
3142:
3135:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3072:
3065:
3059:. De Gruyter.
3045:
3033:
3018:
3012:, p. 35,
3002:
2980:
2968:
2942:
2923:
2919:Mattingly 2000
2911:
2893:
2887:978-1112115349
2886:
2868:
2862:978-3110223514
2861:
2833:
2810:
2775:(2): 259–282.
2755:
2736:(1): 117–135.
2713:
2706:
2688:
2673:
2658:
2643:
2628:
2622:978-0198797227
2621:
2596:
2590:978-1540964557
2589:
2571:
2556:
2550:978-0801072758
2549:
2531:
2524:
2504:
2482:
2473:StudyLight.org
2460:
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2415:
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2165:
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2119:
2108:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2064:
2043:
2032:
2029:1 Samuel 15:33
2021:
1999:
1977:
1955:
1952:1 Samuel 14:48
1944:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1908:Judges 7:11–13
1900:
1897:Judges 6:32–34
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1801:
1798:Exodus 17:8–16
1790:
1775:
1755:
1742:
1735:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1689:, p. 8–9.
1679:
1652:
1635:
1624:
1605:(2): 193–196.
1582:
1569:
1562:
1542:
1540:, p. 411.
1527:
1523:Mattingly 2000
1508:
1494:
1476:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
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1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1403:
1400:
1363:ultra-Orthodox
1325:Land of Israel
1294:
1291:
1271:
1268:
1235:
1232:
1206:1 Samuel 15:18
1183:Ephesians 6:12
1155:Exodus 17:8–13
1138:
1135:
1111:Book of Esther
1107:Purim festival
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1001:Richard Watson
927:(1 Samuel 15).
909:
906:
846:
843:
800:Norman Naimark
787:
784:
780:Book of Esther
764:
761:
726:Thomas Aquinas
701:considers the
695:incapacitation
680:
677:
605:
604:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
561:
558:
555:
551:
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547:
544:
541:
493:
490:
488:
487:Interpretation
485:
484:
483:
479:
476:
465:
434:
422:
414:
403:
392:
385:
361:
245:
242:
195:and sister of
161:
158:
134:
131:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4000:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3920:
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3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
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3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3783:9780865543737
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
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3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3713:9780802824004
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3509:Nur Masalha.
3505:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3031:, p. 50.
3030:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2921:, p. 49.
2920:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2685:. p. 92.
2684:
2677:
2670:. p. 98.
2669:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:Mishneh Torah
2326:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2278:1-57819-333-8
2275:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2161:0-13-614934-0
2158:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2105:2 Samuel 1:16
2101:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
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2056:
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2050:
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2030:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1941:1 Samuel 15:3
1937:
1931:
1930:1 Samuel 15:2
1926:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1853:Numbers 14:45
1849:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:, p. 21.
1787:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1736:9781410217226
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1710:Numbers 24:20
1706:
1700:
1699:Genesis 36:16
1695:
1688:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1563:9781139492430
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1525:, p. 48.
1524:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1505:Numbers 13:29
1501:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1487:Genesis 36:12
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:2014 Gaza war
1331:. During the
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Yasser Arafat
1306:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Quranic Haman
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:Genesis 13:13
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Messianic Age
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Justin Martyr
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Baal Shem Tov
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Numbers 24:20
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:Numbers 24:20
963:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
926:
922:
918:
914:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
852:Hugo Winckler
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
822:
819:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:Matthew Henry
696:
692:
691:
686:
676:
674:
669:
665:
661:
659:
658:Chofetz Chaim
655:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
619:1 Samuel 15:3
616:
612:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:
523:Mishneh Torah
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Star of David
500:"Davidster" (
498:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
370:
369:Promised Land
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
298:
259:
255:
251:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
157:
155:
152:
149:
144:
141:
130:
128:
125:, the son of
124:
120:
119:North African
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
84:
78:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3978:Antisemitism
3963:Torah people
3896:
3873:
3814:
3796:
3773:
3744:
3740:
3726:
3703:
3680:
3666:
3648:
3624:
3615:
3606:
3597:
3583:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3531:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3468:. Retrieved
3465:Mother Jones
3464:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3386:the original
3382:Biblehub.com
3381:
3372:
3364:the original
3360:Biblehub.com
3359:
3350:
3342:the original
3338:Biblehub.com
3337:
3328:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3285:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3249:
3239:
3226:
3206:the original
3201:
3175:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3121:
3114:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3055:
3048:
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2997:the original
2993:Biblehub.com
2992:
2983:
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2962:
2958:
2945:
2937:
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2914:
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2828:the original
2824:TheTorah.com
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2813:
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2428:
2418:
2410:the original
2406:TheTorah.com
2405:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2350:
2325:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2295:
2285:
2265:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2035:
2024:
2016:the original
2011:
2002:
1994:the original
1989:
1980:
1972:the original
1967:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1886:Judges 6:1–6
1881:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1767:
1758:
1745:
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1705:
1694:
1687:Feldman 2004
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1655:
1645:
1638:
1627:
1602:
1598:
1577:
1572:
1552:
1545:
1469:
1461:
1417:Anti-Judaism
1391:South Africa
1371:
1355:Roman Empire
1336:
1335:, a leading
1329:Palestinians
1302:
1280:
1273:
1270:Modern usage
1252:
1237:
1228:
1218:
1194:Exodus 17:16
1187:
1140:
1123:Exodus 17:14
1104:
1034:
1005:
993:Genesis 14:7
988:
981:Genesis 14:7
970:
962:Chedorlaomer
955:Genesis 14:7
952:
937:
933:Genesis 14:7
930:
920:
917:Gustave Doré
887:semi-nomadic
872:
857:
848:
839:Assurbanipal
825:
823:
817:
815:
807:rejected son
804:
789:
766:
751:
746:
741:
737:
717:
715:
702:
689:
682:
679:Christianity
667:
662:
647:
640:
608:
546:Commandment
521:
519:
330:
303:
257:
247:
232:
170:
145:
136:
103:Hebrew Bible
46:
45:
35:
3910:explaining
3908:Gil Student
3644:Cox, Samuel
3515:Pluto Press
3470:15 November
3444:14 November
3255:22 February
3029:Watson 1832
3010:Easton 1894
2940:12.2 (2021)
2358:13 February
2258:Nachmanides
2060:Kugler 2020
1864:Judges 3:13
1842:1 Samuel 15
1764:"Amalekite"
1538:Knight 1833
1343:Philistines
1317:Gush Emunim
1276:Sennacherib
1264:Ibn Khaldūn
1240:Ishmaelites
1105:During the
1045:Nur Masalha
997:anachronism
845:Historicity
811:self-hatred
768:Ibn Khaldūn
730:John Calvin
683:Theologian
601:Deut. 25:17
583:Deut. 25:19
565:Deut. 25:19
514:Deuteronomy
3932:Categories
3837:chabad.org
3690:0878204636
3014:Am'alekite
2975:Including
2568:: 138–143.
2306:16 January
2254:Maimonides
2239:15 January
2212:15 January
2185:15 January
2127:Psalm 83:7
1786:Mills 1997
1672:16 January
1448:References
1297:See also:
1287:Yad Vashem
1190:antichrist
1179:Christians
1057:Stalinists
1020:Samuel Cox
1016:post-Flood
946:went into
902:Simeonites
864:Beer-sheba
835:Esarhaddon
748:Paul Copan
611:Maimonides
456:, burning
450:Philistine
258:Amalekites
244:Amalekites
107:Israelites
38:depicting
18:Amalekites
3761:228959516
3672:T. Nelson
3575:154626003
2805:170860040
2789:0003-9756
2750:159560414
1619:170567885
1599:Der Islam
1453:Citations
1210:Sodomites
989:Amalekite
940:C. Knight
860:Tel Masos
722:Augustine
707:John Gill
654:Sfat Emet
593:Positive
575:Positive
557:Negative
510:The Hague
454:King Saul
430:Geshurite
407:Midianite
374:King Saul
189:concubine
133:Etymology
3953:Genocide
3854:Archived
3794:(1832).
3747:: 1–16.
3724:(1833).
3664:(1894).
3646:(1884).
3231:Archived
3227:Biblehub
3180:Archived
3041:Cox 1884
2797:23997469
2499:Archived
2495:Biblehub
2455:Archived
2451:Biblehub
2300:Archived
2012:Biblehub
1990:Biblehub
1968:Biblehub
1723:"Amalek"
1466:"Amalek"
1402:See also
1147:Irenaeus
1096:nihilism
1041:folklore
1008:exegesis
898:Edomites
831:Assyrian
473:anointed
400:Ammonite
389:Amorites
360:victory.
341:Rephidim
181:Edomites
3892:article
3636:Sources
3202:Sefaria
2280:, p. 93
2233:Sefaria
2206:Sefaria
2179:Sefaria
1578:Biblica
1338:yeshiva
1303:In the
1165:at the
1151:Cyprian
1129:on the
1084:cynical
1082:or the
1080:atheism
1069:Hasidic
1006:In his
959:Shemite
756:merisms
632:Michael
549:Source
520:In the
492:Judaism
444:in the
396:Moabite
347:orders
328:14:7).
326:Genesis
314:nomadic
205:Abraham
201:midrash
173:Eliphaz
154:Ishmael
151:prophet
148:Islamic
98:ʿĂmālēq
90:
88:עֲמָלֵק
3938:Amalek
3886:Amalec
3780:
3759:
3710:
3687:
3573:
3407:
3274:
3133:
3063:
2884:
2859:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2748:
2730:Sophia
2704:
2619:
2587:
2547:
2522:
2276:
2159:
1733:
1617:
1560:
1385:about
1313:Hitler
1175:Christ
1109:, the
1072:rabbis
1049:Romans
948:France
944:Caesar
925:Samuel
868:Hormah
826:cherem
818:cherem
752:cherem
738:cherem
734:Origen
718:cherem
703:cherem
690:cherem
668:cherem
528:Rambam
458:Ziklag
446:Judean
442:Ziklag
378:Yahweh
349:Joshua
322:Kadesh
318:Canaan
250:Balaam
193:Horite
185:Israel
140:am lak
115:Canaan
47:Amalek
40:Joshua
3916:Nazis
3757:S2CID
3571:S2CID
3280:. In
2977:Rashi
2955:(PDF)
2801:S2CID
2793:JSTOR
2746:S2CID
2726:(PDF)
2270:Rashi
1750:Rashi
1615:S2CID
1412:Haman
1396:Hamas
1347:Arabs
1248:Kaaba
1244:Mecca
1167:cross
1163:devil
1159:Jesus
1115:Haman
1053:Nazis
883:David
798:like
776:Haman
763:Islam
742:herem
673:Sages
636:Satan
615:Rashi
543:Type
532:Torah
462:David
438:Negev
426:David
353:Aaron
345:Moses
310:Sinai
306:Negev
254:Rashi
235:, by
222:νόθος
213:Jacob
209:Isaac
197:Lotan
117:, or
3948:Esau
3943:Edom
3778:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3472:2023
3446:2023
3405:ISBN
3257:2018
3131:ISBN
3061:ISBN
2882:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2785:ISSN
2702:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2360:2024
2308:2022
2274:ISBN
2241:2024
2214:2024
2187:2024
2157:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1674:2022
1558:ISBN
1408:Agag
1357:and
1321:Jews
1222:and
1202:Lamb
1149:and
1098:and
1061:ISIS
1039:and
881:and
879:Saul
837:and
772:Saul
728:and
590:189
572:188
440:and
419:Agag
411:Gaza
398:and
382:Agag
355:and
308:and
211:and
177:Esau
127:Noah
111:Esau
3749:doi
3654:125
3563:doi
3316:doi
2849:doi
2777:doi
2738:doi
1607:doi
1212:in
1171:Law
1010:of
991:in
979:to
931:In
900:or
554:59
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357:Hur
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